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- Physik (131) (remove)
The subject of this thesis is the experimental investigation of the neutron-capture cross sections of the neutron-rich, short-lived boron isotopes 13B and 14B, as they are thought to influence the rapid neutron-capture process (r process) nucleosynthesis in a neutrino-driven wind scenario.
The 13;14B(n,g)14;15B reactions were studied in inverse kinematics via Coulomb dissociation at the LAND/R3B setup (Reactions with Relativistic Radioactive Beams). A radioactive beam of 14;15B was produced via in-flight fragmentation and directed onto a lead-target at about 500 AMeV. The neutron breakup of the projectile within the electromagnetic field of the target nucleus was investigated in a kinematically complete measurement. All outgoing reaction products were detected and analyzed in order to reconstruct the excitation energy.
The differential Coulomb dissociation cross sections as a function of the excitation energy were obtained and first experimental constraints on the photoabsorption and the neutron-capture cross sections were deduced. The results were compared to theoretical approximations of the cross sections in question. The Coulomb dissociation cross section of 15B into 14B(g.s.) + n was determined to be s(15B;14B(g:s:)+n) CD = 81(8stat)(10syst) mb ; while the Coulomb dissociation cross section of 14B into a neutron and 13B in its ground state was found to be s(14B;13B(g:s:)+n) CD = 281(25stat)(43syst) mb: Furthermore, new information on the nuclear structure of 14B were achieved, as the spectral shape of the differential Coulomb dissociation cross section indicates a halolike structure of the nucleus.
Additionally, the Coulomb dissociation of 11Be was investigated and compared to previous measurements in order to verify the present analysis. The corresponding Coulomb dissociation cross section of 11Be into 10Be(g.s.) + n was found to be 450(40stat)(54syst ) mb, which is in good agreement with the results of Palit et al.
Experiments for p-process nucleosynthesis with special focus on the most abundant p nucleus 92Mo
(2014)
This thesis describes experimental investigations and astrophysical network calculations relevant for the nucleosynthesis of the p nuclei. These 35 proton-rich isotopes cannot be produced by neutron-capture reactions which is the general production mechanism for elements heavier than iron in the r and s processes. Therefore, other mechanisms like photo-disintegration reactions on heavy seed nuclei (γ process) or proton-capture reactions are taken into account.
The modelling of these processes relies on a hugh amount of reactions which mostly occur for unstable isotopes. This demands, in combination with the contribution of excited states to the stellar rate, the prediction of the rates by a suited theoretical approach: the Hauser-Feshbach statistical model. To improve the reliability of the predictions, systematic experimental investigations are performed within this work for the nuclear input to the calculations. The study of charged-particle optical model potentials using the activation approach for the investigation of (α,n) and (p,n) reactions is described as well as the investigation of (γ,n) reactions in a broad mass range of 140 ≤ A ≤ 210.
However, there are also key reactions which are of special interest for the nucleosynthesis of individual p nuclei. An impressive example is the puzzle about the production of the most abundant p nucleus 92Mo. Within this work, the results of an experiment using high-resolution in-beam γ-spectroscopy for the study of the 90Zr(p,γ) reaction are summarized. In addition, the efforts to investigate the 91Nb(p,γ) reaction in standard kinematics by the production of target of the unstable isotope 91Nb to be used with the high-intensity proton-beam provided by the accelerator of FRANZ, Frankfurt, are discussed.
Finally, the influence of experimental results in astrophysical network calculations is discussed using post-processing nucleosynthesis methods for the γ process in type II supernovae.
Oscillations play a critical role in cognitive phenomena and have been observed in many brain regions. Experimental evidence indicates that classes of neurons exhibit properties that could promote oscillations, such as subthreshold resonance and electrical gap junctions. Typically, these two properties are studied separately but it is not clear which is the dominant determinant of global network rhythms. Our aim is to provide an analytical understanding of how these two effects destabilize the fluctuation-driven state, in which neurons fire irregularly, and lead to an emergence of global synchronous oscillations. Here we show how the oscillation frequency is shaped by single neuron resonance, electrical and chemical synapses.The presence of both gap junctions and subthreshold resonance are necessary for the emergence of oscillations. Our results are in agreement with several experimental observations such as network responses to oscillatory inputs and offer a much-needed conceptual link connecting a collection of disparate effects observed in networks.
A measurement of the transverse momentum spectra of jets in Pb-Pb collisions at sNN−−−√=2.76 TeV is reported. Jets are reconstructed from charged particles using the anti-kT jet algorithm with jet resolution parameters R of 0.2 and 0.3 in pseudo-rapidity |η|<0.5. The transverse momentum pT of charged particles is measured down to 0.15 GeV/c which gives access to the low pT fragments of the jet. Jets found in heavy-ion collisions are corrected event-by-event for average background density and on an inclusive basis (via unfolding) for residual background fluctuations and detector effects. A strong suppression of jet production in central events with respect to peripheral events is observed. The suppression is found to be similar to the suppression of charged hadrons, which suggests that substantial energy is radiated at angles larger than the jet resolution parameter R=0.3 considered in the analysis. The fragmentation bias introduced by selecting jets with a high pT leading particle, which rejects jets with a soft fragmentation pattern, has a similar effect on the jet yield for central and peripheral events. The ratio of jet spectra with R=0.2 and R=0.3 is found to be similar in Pb-Pb and simulated PYTHIA pp events, indicating no strong broadening of the radial jet structure in the reconstructed jets with R<0.3.
Within the nucleosynthetic processes of the slow neutron-capture reaction network (called the s process) the so called branching points, unstable isotopes where different nuclear reactions are competing, are important to understand . For modeling and calculating the nucleosynthesis and compare the resulting abundances to the observed ones, it is indispensable to know the branching ratios as well as the corresponding cross sections.
A great challenge in measuring those rates in experiments may be the radioactivity of the isotopes involved, which can make it nearly impossible to manufacture the needed targets. In addition, in stellar environments the excited states of isotopes can be in equilibrium with the ground state, affecting the half-lives and the branching ratios significantly. The isotope 152Eu is such a branching point, with neutron captures and β-decays competing. Those challenges were approached in the s405 experiment performed at the GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung GmbH: the challenge the challenge of the radioactivity can be approached by experiments carried out in inverse kinematics with radioactive beams, solving the problem of unstable targets. Also a reversed reaction was used to access the excited states of the studied isotope. The performed 152Sm(p,n)152Eu is a pioneering attempt to use those methods on heavy ions. The (p,n) reaction was used as a substitute for electron capture, the focus lies on reactions with low-momentum transfers, resulting in the emission of low-energy neutrons. The new developed low-energy detector array LENA was put to test for the fist time in the s405 experiment.
Ziel dieser Arbeit war, mittels einer (n,γ)-Aktivierung, 129Te zu erzeugen und eine Teilchenzahlbestimmung durchzuführen. Aktivierung der Probe am Forschungsreaktor TRIGA und Spektrenaufnahme mittels eines HPGe-Detektors erfolgten im Mai 2014 am Institut für Kernchemie der Johannes Gutenberg Universität in Mainz.
Die Teilchenzahl des Tochternuklids 129I kann anhand der Teilchenzahlen des Isomers und des Grundzustandes von 129Te berechnet werden. In den Aktivierungen #2 bis #6 wurden (14.27 ± 0.53)x10exp12 Iodnuklide erzeugt. Angegeben ist die maximal mögliche Anzahl von Iodteilchen bei unendlich langer Wartezeit und vollständigem Zerfall aller Tellurnuklide.
Beobachtet werden konnte die Abnahme der Grundzustandsaktivität bis zum Erreichen des Gleichgewichts aus Nachbevölkerung durch das Isomer und Zerfall. Die Grundzustandslinien der Energien von 459.60 keV, 487 keV, 1083 KeV und 1111 keV konnten zu dieser Untersuchung herangezogen werden. Diese 4 Linien erfüllen die erforderten Konsistenzkriterien bezüglich der Systematik und können daher zur Teilchenzahlbestimmung des Grundzustandes verwendet werden (Seite 31).
Der Einfluss der Eigenabsorption ist noch zu untersuchen, da die genaue Position der Probe im Polyethylenbehältnis nicht bestimmt werden konnte. Weiterhin ist die Datenanalyse der ersten Aktivierung aufgrund des Detektorwechsels noch nicht erfolgt. Der Austausch war wegen technischer Probleme notwendig. Ziel weiterführender Untersuchungen ist, eine erneute Halbwertszeitbestimmung des radioaktiven 129I vorzunehmen. Sie ist von Interesse, angesichts des Widerspruchs zweier Veröffentlichungen. Die Halbwertszeit des 129I kann Aufschluss über stellare Bedingungen des s-Prozesses geben.
This thesis presents experimental studies of proton capture and fragmentation reactions with heavy-ion storage rings. In one experiment, the 96Ru(p, γ)97Rh cross sections near the Gamow window have been measured at the ESR of GSI. In the other experiment, the measurement of the fragmentation yields has been carried out at the CSRe of IMP.
It is essential to determine the cross sections of (γ, p) or (p, γ) reactions for p-process network calculations. However, only very few of the required cross sections have been measured and thus most of them rely solely on Hauser-Feshbach model predictions. The predictions of the model have always very large uncertainties because of the not well-known input parameters. These parameters can be constrained by experiments. Compared to the traditional activation technique, a novel method using a storage ring has been developed to measure the cross sections of (p, γ) reactions in inverse kinematics.
This proton capture experiment has been performed at the ESR, where the circulating 96Ru44+ ions interacted with a hydrogen gas target at 9, 10 and 11 MeV/u. The nuclear reaction products of (p, p), (p, α), (p, n) and (p, γ) reactions were registered by position sensitive detectors. A Geant4 simulation code has been developed to distinguish the (p, γ) reaction products unambiguously from the background reactions. In this work, a relative normalization method has been utilized to accurately determine the cross sections of the (p, γ) reaction. The 96Ru(p, γ)97Rh cross section in the Gamow window of the p process is sensitive to two parameters, i.e., the γ-ray strength function and the optical model potential, while it is mainly sensitive to the γ-ray strength function in the energy region of our experiment. Therefore, our experimental (p, γ) cross sections near 10 MeV/u have been used to directly constrain the γ-ray strength function used in the model. Furthermore, the proton potential has also been constrained by combining our results with additional experimental data for this reaction in the lower energy region. The constrained model has been used to calculate the reaction rate over a wide temperature range, which is an extremely important input for astrophysical calculations.
The yields of fragments produced by 78Kr fragmentation reactions have been measured at the CSRe for the Tz = −1/2 and Tz = 1/2 nuclei along or close to the paths of αp- and rp-processes. The measured yields present a significant odd-even staggering effect for Tz = −1/2 nuclides but they are small for Tz = 1/2 nuclides.
The magnitude of this effect for four consecutive yields has been quantified using a third-order difference formula. It is found that the largest odd-even staggering is reached near the closed shells Z = 20 and Z = 28. Our experimental results could also compared with the data from other experiments with different projectile-target combinations. All these experimental data strongly support the closed shells Z = 20 and Z = 28 for the Tz = −1/2 nuclei.
This work derived the value of α-induced production cross sections of 77Kr and 77Br at α-energies of 12 MeV and 14 MeV, the thick target yields of 77Kr and 77Br at α-energies of 11.19 MeV, 13 MeV and 15.1 MeV and the thick target yield of 80Br as well as 80mBr at an α-energy of 15.1 MeV using the activation technique...
Eines der wichtigsten Experimente für Kernstrukturforschung und Messung stellarer Reaktionsraten ist das R3B-Experiment im Rahmen des FAIR-Projekts am GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung in Darmstadt. Der experimentelle Aufbau von R3B besteht aus mehreren einzelnen Teilchendetektoren für verschiedene Teilchensorten (Neutronen, Protonen, Spallationsund Spaltprodukte, Gammastrahlen), die alle möglichst vollständig detektiert und gemessen werden müssen. Für die Identifikation und Energiemessung schwerer, geladener Reaktionsprodukte ist eine sogenannte Time-of-Flight-Wall (Flugzeitwand) nötig. Der Name ergibt sich aus der Hauptaufgabe, der Flugzeitmessung für die Energiebestimmung der Teilchen, sowie der Geometrie eines solchen Detektors. Die in vorherigen Aufbauten verwendeten Detektoren diesen Typs erfüllen noch nicht die Anforderungen, die die Forschungsziele des R3B-Experiments stellen, daher wurde ein neues Design basierend auf Plastikszintillatoren entwickelt.
Für diese Arbeit wurde die theoretisch erreichbare Zeitauflösung des neuen Designs abgeschätzt sowie Testmessungen mit verschiedenen experimentellen Setups durchgeführt. Insbesondere wurde ein Prototyp der ToF-Wand im Rahmen einer Strahlzeit an der Beschleunigeranlage der GSI getestet. Die Ergebnisse dieser Messungen mit einem 58Ni28+-Strahl wurden im Hinblick auf Energie-, Zeit- und Ladungsauflösung sowie die Stabilität dieser Werte bei hohen Raten ausgewertet und so ein erster Eindruck von der Leistungsfähigkeit des Detektors und der Ausleseelektronik gewonnen und Einschränkungen und nötige Verbesserungen erkannt.
XIII Nuclei in the Cosmos, 7-11 July, 2014 Debrecen, Hungary.
As an alternative production scenario to the so-called g process, the most abundant p nucleus 92Mo may be produced by a chain of proton-capture reactions in supernovae type Ia. The reactions 90Zr(p,g) and 91Nb(p,g) are the most important reactions in this chain. We have measured the first reaction using high-resolution in-beam g-spectroscopy at HORUS, Cologne, Germany, to contribute to the existing experimental data base. So far, we only investigated the high-energy part of the Gamow window and the analysis is still in progress. We plan to study the second reaction in standard kinematics at the FRANZ facility, Frankfurt, Germany. Current developments at FRANZ will be explained in detail.
Cryo-electron tomography (CET) is a unique technique to visualize biological objects under near-to-native conditions at near-atomic resolution. CET provides three-dimensional (3D) snapshots of the cellular proteome, in which the spatial relations between macromolecular complexes in their near native cellular context can be explored. Due to the limitation of the electron dose applicable on biological samples, the achievable resolution of a tomogram is restricted to a few nanometers, higher resolution can be achieved by averaging of structures occurring in multiples. For this purpose, computational techniques such as template matching, sub-tomogram averaging and classification are essential for a meaningful processing of CET data.
This thesis introduces the techniques of template matching and sub-tomogram averaging and their applications on real biological data sets. Subsequently, the problem of reference bias, which restricts the applicability of those techniques, is addressed. Two methods that estimate the reference bias in Fourier and real space are demonstrated. The real space method, which we have named the “M-free” score, provides a reliable estimation of the reference bias, which gives access to the reliability of the template matching or sub-tomogram averaging process. Thus, the “M-free” score makes those approaches more applicable to structural biology. Furthermore, a classification algorithm based on Neural Networks (NN) called “KerDenSOM3D” is introduced, which is implemented in 3D and compensates for the missing-wedge. This approach helps extracting different structural states of macromolecular complexes or increasing the class purity of data sets by eliminating outliers. A comprehensive comparison with other classification methods shows superior performance of KerDenSOM3D.
Conventional radar-based image reconstruction techniques fail when they are applied to heterogeneous breast tissue, since the underlying in-breast relative permittivity is unknown or assumed to be constant. This results in a systematic error during the process of image formation. A recent trend in microwave biomedical imaging is to extract the relative permittivity from the object under test to improve the image reconstruction quality and thereby to enhance the diagnostic assessment. In this paper, we present a novel radar-based methodology for microwave breast cancer detection in heterogeneous breast tissue integrating a 3D map of relative permittivity as a priori information. This leads to a novel image reconstruction formulation where the delay-and-sum focusing takes place in time rather than range domain. Results are shown for a heterogeneous dense (class-4) and a scattered fibroglandular (class-2) numerical breast phantom using Bristol's 31-element array configuration.
The elements in the universe are mainly produced by charged-particle fusion reactions and neutron-capture reactions. About 35 proton-rich isotopes, the p-nuclei, cannot be produced via neutron-induced reactions. To date, nucleosynthesis simulations of possible production sites fail to reproduce the p-nuclei abundances observed in the solar system. In particular, the origin of the light p-nuclei 92Mo, 94Mo, 96Ru and 98Ru is little understood. The nucleosynthesis simulations rely on assumptions about the seed abundance distributions, the nuclear reaction network and the astrophysical environment. This work addressed the nuclear data input.
The key reaction 94Mo(g,n) for the production ratio of the p-nuclei 92Mo and 94Mo was investigated via Coulomb dissociation at the LAND/R3B setup at GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung in Darmstadt, Germany. A beam of 94Mo with an energy of 500 AMeV was directed onto a lead target. The neutron-dissociation reactions following the Coulomb excitation by virtual photons of the electromagnetic field of the target nucleus were investigated. All particles in the incoming and outgoing channels of the reaction were identified and their kinematics were determined in a complex analysis. The systematic uncertainties were analyzed by calculating the cross sections for all possible combinations of the data selection criteria. The integral Coulomb dissociation cross section of the reaction 94Mo(g,n) was determined to be (571 +- 14 (stat) +- 46 (syst) ) mb. The result was compared to the data obtained in a real photon experiment carried out at the Saclay linear accelerator. The ratio of the integral cross sections was found to be 0.63 +- 0.07, which is lower than the expected value of about 0.8.
The nucleosynthesis of the light p-nuclei 92Mo, 94Mo, 96Ru and 98Ru was investigated in post-processing nucleosynthesis simulations within the NuGrid research platform. The impact of rate uncertainties of the most important production and destruction reactions was studied for a Supernova type II model. It could be shown that the light p-nuclei are mainly produced via neutron-dissociation reactions on heavier nuclei in the isotopic chains, and that the final abundances of these p-nuclei are determined by their main destruction reactions. The nucleosynthesis of 92Mo and 94Mo was also studied in different environments of a Supernova type Ia model. It was concluded that the maximum temperature and the duration of the high temperature phase determine the final abundances of 92Mo and 94Mo.
Das Strahldynamikdesign für den MYRRHA-Injektor wurde im Hinblick auf eine hohe Zuverlässigkeit und Verfügbarkeit, sowie eine verbesserte Strahlausgangsemittanz, neu entwickelt und erfüllt nun die Anforderungen des Kernreaktors.
In der statistischen Fehleranalyse zeigt sich die Strahldynamik der CH-Sektion als äußerst robust und liefert selbst unter pessimistischen Fehlerannahmen eine Transmission von über 99,9 %.
Das neue Injektorkonzept bietet wesentliche Vorteile gegenüber dem in „MAX Referenzdesign 2012“ vorgestellten Injektordesign und wird als neues „MAX Referenzdesign 2014“ für den MYRRHA-Injektor verwendet. Die guten strahldynamischen Eigenschaften des neuen Injektordesigns konnten in Vergleichsrechnungen mit TraceWin am IN2P3@CNRS1 (Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules @ Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Orsay, Frankreich) bestätigt werden.
Neben der Strahldynamik wurde das HF-Design für die benötigten Beschleunigerkavitäten entwickelt und ebenfalls für eine hohe Zuverlässigkeit und Verfügbarkeit optimiert. Das HF-Design der CH-Strukturen ist für eine größtmögliche Ausfallsicherheit auf den Betrieb mit niedrigen elektrischen Feldgradienten, weit unterhalb der technischen Leistungsgrenzen und Möglichkeiten der jeweiligen Kavität, ausgelegt.
Nichtinvasive Detektoren für ortsaufgelöste Strahlprofilmessungen gewinnen mit zunehmenden Strahlströmen und -energien immer mehr an Bedeutung. An der Universität Frankfurt im Institut für Angewandte Physik (IAP) wird ein “Figure Eight”-förmiger magnetostatischer Speichering mit Stellarator-Konfiguration (F8SR) entwickelt. Einige Aspekte der Strahldynamik in einem solchen Ring können mit einem experimentellen Aufbau am IAP untersucht werden. Die Herausforderung bei der Entwicklung eines Detektors an einem (F8SR) liegt auf der einen Seite darin den Strahl nichtinvasiv zu detektieren, und andererseits müssen magnetisch unempfindliche Komponenten für den Detektor ausgewählt werden. Dabei sollte der Detektor so flexibel sein, dass der Strahl entlang der Flugbahn transversal gemessen werden kann. In dieser Arbeit geht es um einen Detektor mit radial um den Strahl angeordneten Photodioden, mit deren Hilfe die strahlinduzierte Fluoreszenz detektiert wird und mit einem geeigneten Rekonstruktionsverfahren, Strahlposition und den Strahldurchmesser ermittelt werden kann. Die Messungen werden mit einem weiteren schon erprobten Detektor - einem Szintillationsschirm verglichen.