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Infektionen mit Herpesviren sind bereits seit der Antike bekannt. So beschrieb zum Beispiel schon Hippokrates in seinem »Corpus Hippocraticum« die sich auf der Haut ausbreitenden Herpes Simplex Läsionen und gab der Krankheit ihren bis heute gültigen Namen. Verbürgt ist auch, dass der römische Kaiser Tiberius vor etwa 2000 Jahren während einer auftretenden Herpes labialis-Epidemie das Küssen bei öffentlichen Zeremonien per Dekret verbat. Shakespeare war ebenfalls bestens vertraut mit den periodisch auftretenden Herpes-Bläschen; in seinem Werk »Romeo & Julia« spricht Mercutio zu Romeo: »O’er ladies lips, who straight on kisses dream, which oft the angry Mab with blisters plagues, ….« Doch erst in den 1960er Jahren erkannte man die virale Herkunft der Erkrankung.
Ahnenforschung unter sozialen Amöben : die morphologische Taxonomie muss umgeschrieben werden
(2007)
Seit fast 150 Jahren forschen Wissenschaftler aus aller Welt über den faszinierenden Wechsel zwischen Einzelligkeit und Vielzelligkeit im Lebenszyklus der »zellulären Schleimpilze«. Diese Forschung war bisher so erfolgreich, dass einem Vertreter der zellulären Schleimpilze, Dictyostelium discoideum, vom US-amerikanischen Gesundheitsministerium National Institutes of Health (NIH) ganz offiziell der Status eines Modellorganismus für biomedizinische Forschung verliehen wurde. Obwohl wir inzwischen glauben, viel über die »sozialen Amöben«, die sich bei Nahrungsmangel von Einzellern zu einem vielzelligen Verband zusammenlagern, gelernt zu haben, basiert unser Wissen doch fast ausschließlich auf Arbeiten mit der einen Art D. discoideum. Man kennt allerdings heute mehr als 100 Arten sozialer Amöben. Alle bilden multizelluläre Fruchtkörper aus, die aus Stielen und Sporenpaketen bestehen. Bisher ging man davon aus, dass die Spezies mit azellulären Stielen in ihren Fruchtkörpern phylogenetische Vorläufer der Vertreter mit zellulären Stielen sind, und dass die Vertreter mit verzweigten Fruchtkörpern näher mit sich selbst als mit den anderen sozialen Amöben verwandt sind. Diese Hypothesen wurden nun durch aktuelle molekulargenetische Analysen widerlegt.
Expeditionen ins Pilzreich Panamas : Pionierarbeit in einer der artenreichsten Regionen unserer Erde
(2007)
Als Bindeglied zwischen Nord- und Südamerika ist Panama ein »Biodiversitäts-Hotspot« – es beherbergt eine außerordentlich hohe Artenvielfalt an Pflanzen, Tieren und Pilzen. Pilze übernehmen in tropischen Ökosystemen wichtige Aufgaben: Sie zersetzen totes organisches Material, helfen den Pflanzen bei der Aufnahme von Wasser und Mineralstoffen aus dem Boden, und sie leisten sogar als Parasiten einen Beitrag zum Erhalt einer großen Artenvielfalt. Aufgrund einzelner Stichproben wissen wir, dass die Anzahl der Pilzarten in den Tropen diejenige der Pflanzen um ein Vielfaches übertrifft. Doch während für Panama zirka 9500 verschiedene Arten von Gefäßpflanzen bekannt sind, zählt eine im Rahmen unserer Arbeit erstellte Checkliste der Pilze nur zirka 1800 Arten. Das zeigt, dass für die Erforschung der Pilze noch umfangreiche Pionierarbeit geleistet werden muss. Zwischen 2003 und 2006 geschah dies im Rahmen einer Universitätspartnerschaft der Universität Frankfurt mit der Universidad Autónoma de Chiriquí, die durch den Deutschen Akademischen Austauschdienst (DAAD) gefördert wurde. Im Zentrum eines Projekts der Deutschen Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG) steht die Erforschung der Vielfalt und Ökologie pflanzenparasitischer Pilze. Des Weiteren untersucht unsere Arbeitsgruppe Pilze an Insekten sowie an menschlichen Haut- und Nagelläsionen.
Background Synchronous neuronal firing has been discussed as a potential neuronal code. For testing first, if synchronous firing exists, second if it is modulated by the behaviour, and third if it is not by chance, a large set of tools has been developed. However, to test whether synchronous neuronal firing is really involved in information processing one needs a direct comparison of the amount of synchronous firing for different factors like experimental or behavioural conditions. To this end we present an extended version of a previously published method NeuroXidence [1], which tests, based on a bi- and multivariate test design, whether the amount of synchronous firing above the chance level is different for different factors.
Background The synchrony hypothesis postulates that precise temporal synchronization of different pools of neurons conveys information that is not contained in their firing rates. The synchrony hypothesis had been supported by experimental findings demonstrating that millisecond precise synchrony of neuronal oscillations across well separated brain regions plays an essential role in visual perception and other higher cognitive tasks [1]. Albeit, more evidence is being accumulated in favour of its role as a binding mechanism of distributed neural responses, the physical and anatomical substrate for such a dynamic and precise synchrony, especially zero-lag even in the presence of non-negligible delays, remains unclear. Here we propose a simple network motif that naturally accounts for zero-lag synchronization for a wide range of temporal delays [3]. We demonstrate that zero-lag synchronization between two distant neurons or neural populations can be achieved by relaying the dynamics via a third mediating single neuron or population. Methods We simulated the dynamics of two Hodgkin-Huxley neurons that interact with each other via an intermediate third neuron. The synaptic coupling was mediated through alpha-functions. Individual temporal delays of the arrival of pre-synaptic potentials were modelled by a gamma distribution. The strength of the synchronization and the phase-difference between each individual pairs were derived by cross-correlation of the membrane potentials. Results In the regular spiking regime the two outer neurons consistently synchronize with zero phase lag irrespective of the initial conditions. This robust zero-lag synchronization naturally arises as a consequence of the relay and redistribution of the dynamics performed by the central neuron. This result is independent on whether the coupling is excitatory or inhibitory and can be maintained for arbitrarily long time delays (see Fig. 1). Conclusion We have presented a simple and extremely robust network motif able to account for the isochronous synchronization of distant neural elements in a natural way. As opposed to other possible mechanisms of neural synchronization, neither inhibitory coupling, gap junctions nor precise tuning of morphological parameters are required to obtain zero-lag synchronized neuronal oscillation.
Background The cell cycle of all organisms includes mass increase by a factor of two, replication of the genetic material, segregation of the genome to different parts of the cell, and cell division into two daughter cells. It is tightly regulated and typically includes cell cycle-specific oscillations of the levels of transcripts, proteins, protein modifications, and signaling molecules. Until now cell cycle-specific transcriptome changes have been described for four eukaryotic species ranging from yeast to human, but only for two prokaryotic species. Similarly, oscillations of small signaling molecules have been identified in very few eukaryotic species, but not in any prokaryote. Results A synchronization procedure for the archaeon Halobacterium salinarum was optimized, so that nearly 100% of all cells divide in a time interval that is 1/4th of the generation time of exponentially growing cells. The method was used to characterize cell cycle-dependent transcriptome changes using a genome-wide DNA microarray. The transcript levels of 87 genes were found to be cell cycle-regulated, corresponding to 3% of all genes. They could be clustered into seven groups with different transcript level profiles. Cluster-specific sequence motifs were detected around the start of the genes that are predicted to be involved in cell cycle-specific transcriptional regulation. Notably, many cell cycle genes that have oscillating transcript levels in eukaryotes are not regulated on the transcriptional level in H. salinarum. Synchronized cultures were also used to identify putative small signaling molecules. H. salinarum was found to contain a basal cAMP concentration of 200 uM, considerably higher than that of yeast. The cAMP concentration is shortly induced directly prior to and after cell division, and thus cAMP probably is an important signal for cell cycle progression. Conclusions The analysis of cell cycle-specific transcriptome changes of H. salinarum allowed to identify a strategy of transcript level regulation that is different from all previously characterized species. The transcript levels of only 3% of all genes are regulated, a fraction that is considerably lower than has been reported for four eukaryotic species (6% - 28%) and for the bacterium C. crescentus (19%). It was shown that cAMP is present in significant concentrations in an archaeon, and the phylogenetic profile of the adenylate cyclase indicates that this signaling molecule is widely distributed in archaea. The occurrence of cell cycle-dependent oscillations of the cAMP concentration in an archaeon and in several eukaryotic species indicates that cAMP level changes might be a phylogenetically old signal for cell cycle progression.
Effects of BPA in snails
(2006)
It is an ethical requirement that new findings be presented in light of and in conjunction with a balanced evaluation of the current knowledge and published literature. We believe that Oehlmann et al. (2006) violated this general principle in several ways. For example, the authors inferred that prosobranch snails have a functional estrogen receptor and therefore a much higher sensitivity to estrogens and endocrine-disrupting compounds (EDCs) than other species previously reported in the literature. We found several other problems in their article...