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The Japanese micropterigid moths are revised. Seventeen species in five genera are recognized from Japan, described or redescribed with the male and female genital figures. Of these, two genera, Issikiomartyria HASHIMOTO and Kurolkopteryx HASHIMOTO, and seven species, Issikiomartyria akemiae HASHIMOTO, Issikiomartylia plicata HASHIMOTO, Issihiomartyria distincta HASHIMOTO, Issihiomartyria bisegmentata HASHIMOTO, Kurokopteryx dolichocerata HASHIMOTO, Neomicropteryx hiwana HASHIMOTO, and Neomicropteryx redacta HASHIMOTO, are new to science. A new combination is given: Issikiomartyria nudata (Issuu). Biology and immature structures of the Japanese species are also described together with the keys to genera and to species provided on the basis of the adult characters. Phylogenetic relationships among the Northern Hemisphere genera are analyzed by the cladistic analysis using PAUP* (SWOFFORD, 2002) based on the morphological characters of adults. A monophyly of the Northern Hemisphere genera except for Micropterix is supported by nine apomorphies, but their immediate sister taxon remains unresolved.
The 70 Frullania species (+ 1 subspecies, 9 varieties, and 3 formae) belonging to 9 subgenera are confirmed in China, among which 1 subgenus and 4 species are new to science, and 12 species are newly reported from China. A new name (nom. nov.) and 12 combinations are proposed and several species are reduced to synonyms of other species. This study reveals the Frullania flora of China, particularly Yunnan and the neighboring provinces, to be most highly differentiated, containing many phytogeographic ally interesting taxa, and may be regarded as a center of the Paleotropic Frullania flora.
Crépin (1891) arranged 55 species of Rosa into 15 sections. Three of those sections contain taxa native to the British Isles, and members of several further sections have been reported as naturelized. In the discussion below, accepted names are shown in bold, while rejected names are given in italics.
"Neobiota" ist ein biologischer Begriff zur Bezeichnung von nicht-einheimischen Arten, welche infolge direkter oder indirekter menschlicher Einwirkungen in neue geografische Gebiete eindringen. Biologische Invasionen durch neue gebietsfremde Lebewesen (Neobiota), die sowohl Tierarten (Neozoa) als auch Pftanzenarten (Neophyta) betreffen, wurden in den letzten Jahren zunehmend von Interesse, da ihre Anzahl und Ausbreitung ständig zunimmt. Solche Fremdlinge (Aliens) verändern oft ihre neue Umwelt, die einheimischen bodenständigen Planzen- und Tierarten müssen sich an diese ungewohnte Umgebung anpassen. Insbesondere invasive fremde Arten werden als eine der Hauptursachen für Verluste an Biodiversität erachtet. In der vorliegenden Arbeit werden für Südtirol einige markante Beispiele rezent einschleppter Tier- und Pflanzenarten erörtert. Es wird der bestehende Trend einer rezenten Zunahme von Neobiota aufgezeigt, als Folge einer Zunahme von Verkehr und Warenaustausch, und auf die Notwenigkeit hingewiesen, die Einschleppungswege und Zeiträume genau zu verfolgen und zu registrieren. Insgesamt werden hier 44 Tierarten behandelt: davon 40 Invertebraten und 4 Vertebrata, sowie 5 Pflanzenarten. Davon sind einige Arten auch Neumeldungen für Südtirol: Diptera: Rhagoletis alternata, Rhagoletis completa; Heteroptera: Leptoglossus occidentalis; Pisces: Rhodeus amarus, Pseudorasbora parva; Crustacea: Procambarus klarkii; Araneae: Atea triguttata und Araniella displicata (beides heimische Arten), Tegenaria atrica (adventiv).
A recently completed field survey of springs throughout the Great Basin yielded collections of hydrobiid snails from more than 500 sites, and revealed a wealth of undescribed diversity of these small gastropods. In this, the first or a two-part taxonomic series treating this material, 58 new species of Pyrgulopsis Call & Pilsbry, 1886, are described; and new records are provided for 10 previously described members of this genus. Assignment of these novelties to Pyrgulopsis is done with the acknowledgement that this large genus, as currently constituted, is probably not monophyletic, but a more refined classiffcation of these snails reflecting evolutionary relationships must await preparation of a phylogenetic analysis, which is beyond the scope of this work. Pyrgulopsis occur in a variety of spring-fed water bodies in the Great Basin, including brackish and/or thermal habitats. Although a few species are widespread in the region, local endemism is prevalent lind 22 of the new species are known only from single localities. Several areas contain concentrations of locally endemic snails which may represent species flocks, notably Duckwater Valley (seven species) and southern Steptoe Valley (five species). This fauna is hugely distributed in an allopatric fashion, although a few springs harbor two or three species. Most of the springs inhabited by hydlrobiids in the region are small, fishless, and have been ignored by state and federal land management agencies. However, many of these sites are degraded by livestock grazing, water withdrawal, anti other activities and will require protection in order to conserve snails and other native aquatic biota. Two of the novellies described herein have become extinct during the past two decades.
This second and final part of a taxonomic treatment of hydrobiid snails of the Great Basin region in the western United States (based principally on material collected during a recently completed field survey) focuses on fauna other than the genus Pyrgulopsis. A new genus of small amnieoline snails, Colligyrlls, is proposed for Hydroia greggi Pilsbry, 1935, together with a new species from the Harney Lake basin of Oregon. This group is strongly differentiated from other amnicolines by a unique female genitalic groundplan. New records are provided for three species of Fluminicola, and two new congeners are described from the northwest Great Basin, both of which had previously been confused with F. turbiniformis (Tryon, 1865). A new genus of cochliopine snails, Eremopyrgus, is erected for a new species from Steptoe Valley, Nevada. Eremopyrgus is distinguished from other cochliopines by unique aspects of its glandular penial lobes and other genitalic features. New records are provided for two species of Tyronia, and a new congener is described from thermal springs in central Nevada. Several new records of Pristincola hemphilli (Pilsbry, 1890) from the extreme northwest Great Basin are provided
The purpose of the present paper is to describe the thoracic cirripeds found in the waters around the Seto Marine Biological Laboratory. The material dealt with in this paper was collected almost entirely by myself during the period extending from the summer of 1930 up to the present time, except a few species obtained from the Soyo-maru Expedition undertaken by the Imperial Fisheries Experimental Station during the years 1926-1930. Descriptions of the latter have already been given (HIRO, 1933a). The present material consists, with few exceptions, of specimens from the littoral zone and shallow water; none of the specimens are from deep water. However, I have paid special attention to the commensal forms from the ecological and faunistic standpoint, and have thus been able to enumerate a comparatively large number of species in such a restricted area as this district.
In der vorliegenden monographischen Studie sollen die indomalayischen Arten der Gattung Pycnolejeunea Spruce einer kritischen Betrachtung unterzogen werden. Nach der Feststellung, welche systematische Bedeutung den Einzelmerkmalen innerhalb der Gattung zukommt. wird im speziellen Teil zuerst das untersuchte Herbarmaterial quellemnässig aufgeführt. Es folgt dann als Hauptteil die Behandlung der wichtigsten Fragen, die sich während der Arbeit herausstellten und von grundlegender Bedeutung für einzelne Arten sind. Im dritten Abschnitt wird die Abgrenzung sowohl der Arten untereinander als auch die der Gattung gegen andere klargestellt. Die Beschreibung der im Material vorhandenen neuen Arten beendet diesen Teil. Zum Schluss folgen einige geographische Einzelheiten der indomalayische Formen.
The taxonomy, diversity, and distribution of the aquatic insect order Trichoptera, caddisflies, are reviewed. The order is among the most important and diverse of all aquatic taxa. Larvae are vital participants in aquatic food webs and their presence and relative abundance are used in the biological assessment and monitoring of water quality. The species described by Linnaeus are listed. The morphology of all life history stages (adults, larvae, and pupae) is diagnosed and major features of the anatomy are illustrated. Major components of life history and biology are summarized. A discussion of phylogenetic studies within the order is presented, including higher classification of the suborders and superfamilies, based on recent literature. Synopses of each of 45 families are presented, including the taxonomic history of the family, a list of all known genera in each family, their general distribution and relative species diversity, and a short overview of family-level biological features. The order contains 600 genera, and approximately 13,000 species.
Diese Arbeit beschreibt die verschiedenen Celltypen (ungefähr dreizig), die in die Larve von Alcyonidium ployoum (Hassall) sind, und zeigt ihre Verschiedenheit und ihren specifischen Merkmale, hesonders wegen der elektronischcn Mikroskopie. Die ektodermischen Zellstoffe sind viel mehr verschieden, als die Arbeiten den alten Autoren es zu glauben lasscn. Aborale und pericoronale Zellstoffe, deren einige von Warzen und mancherlei Wimper bedeckt sind, sind beschreibt. Ein besonderer Zellstoff, der die Einmündung des Saugnapfs beschränkt, ist im Kleine gelernt. Ein Ring von infracoronalen und sehr besonderen Wimperzellen, die nachher den grössten Teil der Anfang des ersten Polypid geben werden, hat sehr genau geanalisiert. Speziale palleale und des Saugnapfs Zellstoffekörnchen werden nachher die Kutukula der Ancestrula zu geben. Der verwickelte Bau der Musultnlareinpflanzungzellen ihre ektodermale Natur, der desmosomiale Anblick der Einfüngungen der Muskularfasern sind entdecken. Die mesodermalen Zellstoffe sind sehr verändert, und kann man die Verwandlung einer Typus von mesenchymalen Zell in einen anderen Typus folgen, in Beziehung auf dem Alter der Larve, Die Verteilung und der Bau der verschieden Muskeln sind geanalisiert, und mit den der anderen bekannten Ectoproctlarven vergleichen. Eine kritische Studium der mancherleien Kategorien von mesenchymalen Zellen ist bezüglich auf die histologischen Beschreibungen früherer Autoren gemacht. Die morulären Zellen, die bis nun allein bei die tätigen Alcyonidium´s Zoecien kurz beschreibt waren, sind hier einzeln gelernt, Ein Haupteingebrachte unserer Erforschung bewilligt den Bau des neuroempfindlichkeiten Ganze dieser Larve. Empfindungszellen stellen in der Mitte der Kappe, und sind in Verbindung, wegen synaptischen Vereinigungen, mit einem Dorsalganglion wo ein von einem mesodermalen zusammenhängenden Muff beschtzer Nerv anfangt. Axonen gehen unter dem Nerv fort, folgen den ganzen larva´s peripherie in der untercoronalen Gegend, und bezüglich mehreren Synapsen verbinden sie mit den allen regsamen Wimperstoffe der Larve. Es gibt kein nervöse Zellkörper neben deIn birniformingen Organ (der nun uns «complexe ectodernlique ventro-anterieur» vorziehen nennen); da bermerckt man nur ein Axonenhalftern. Mit den Gesamtheit der vereinigten Urkunden kannt man ein genau Kenntnis der Larva von Alcyonidium haben. Diese Kenntnis war die nötige Vorbedingung für das Studiaum der Vorfälle von der Verwandlung und Polypids´ Ancestrularbildung unternehmen. Dieses Studium wird logisch für uns diese Arbeit folgen.
Die Arbeit enthält Ergänzungen und Korrekturen zu Teil I der Revision, insbesondere einen revidierten Bestimmungsschlüssel für die in Europa vertretenen Gattungen und Bemerkungen zur Taxonomie und Verbreitung der Arten. Zusätzlich wird die Gattung Baryenemis Förster revidiert. Es werden eine Gattung (Gelanes spec. nov.; Typusart Thersylochus fusculus Holmgren) und 30 Arten neu beschrieben, sechs bisher als Gattungen ausgefaßte Taxa als Untergattungen eingeordnet und neun Arten neu synonymisiert.
In 1080 samples (feathers, nesls, pellets, droppings, cloaca contents and visceral organs) collected from 92 species of free-living birds in many localities and habitats, a total of 6266 fungi was found; we identified 232 species and 112 genera of fungi (73.4 % Ascomycetes, 12.4 % Fungi imperfecti, 8.0 % Zygomycetes, 5.7 % Endomycetes, 0.3 % Oomycetes; and 0.2 % Basidiomycetes). The most common fungal genera were, in plumage, Alternaria. Cladosporium, Arthroderma, Chaetominum, Aspergillus, Penicillium and Chrllsosporium; in nests, Alternaria, Arthroderma, Penicillium, Aphanoascus and Scopulariopsis; on pellets, Penicillium, Mucor, Aspergillus, Chrysosporium and Rhizopus; in droppings, Scopulariopsis, Mucor, Aspergillus, Penicillium and Candida; from the cloaca contents, we isolated Penicillium, Candida, Aspergillus, Scopulariopsis, a. o., and from the visceral organs, Aspergillus, Penicillium, Rhodotorula, and some others. Of the fungi with a potential pathogenicity for homeotherms, we obtained, e. g., Absidia corymbifera, Aspergillus fumigatus, Candida albicans, Cryptococcus neoforrnans and Microsporum gypseum. We confirmed also the presence of several species of toxinogenic fungi (e. g., Aspergillus flavus), of the fungi with a potential pathogenicity for poikilotherms (e. g., Beauveria bassiana. Paecilomyces jarinosus, P. fumoso-roseus), and of plant parasites (Cylindrocarpon radicicola, Fusarium oxysponom and Verticillium albo-atrum). Aphanoascus reticulisporum has been described as comb. nov. (basionym: Anixiopsis: reticulispom ROUTIEN). 66 species of the fungi have not been recorded earlier in Czechoslovakia. Similarly, the occurrence of 111 species had, apparently, not been confirmed in free-living birds on a world-wide scale.
Over 6260 fungi have been isolated from samples of feathers, nests, pellets, droppings, cloaca contents and visceral organs of 92 species of free-living birds in Czechoslovakia and Yugoslavia. Several species have been obtained of fungi pathogenic to homeotherms, poikilotherms and plants, and many fungi recorded belong to the toxinogenic species.Cellulolytic fungi have participated with 44.3 % in the total number of fungi, and keratinolytic fungi with 18.3 %. The thesis has been confirmed that habits (specific bionomics) of the birds influence,. to a certain degree, the distribution of the fungi among them. According to the results of this study, the fungi may conveniently be divided into three categories with respect to the character of their distribution and dispersal by free-living birds: (1) euryornithochous fungi , the occurrence of which in birds is undetermined by the birds' habits (ubiqitous species: Aspergillus flavus, Gliocladium roseum, Rhizopus. nigricans, Trichothecium roseum); (2) mesoornitohochorous fungi, the occurrence of which in birds is determined to a certain degree by the birds' habits (e. g., Aphanoascus fulvescens, Arthrodermcr curreyi, Chrysosporium keratinophilum, C. tropicum, Mucor hiemalis); (3) stenoornithochoruss fungi, which are associated with certain habit groups of the birds only (e. g., Aphanoascus terreus, Arthroderma ciferrii, A. tuberculatum,.Aspergillus fumigatus, Chrysosporium pannorum, Ctenomyces serratus). The importance of free-living birds in the spreading of pathogenic organisms has also been discussed from a more general point of view, particularly with regard to several epidemiologically important aspects of bird ecology such as synanthropism, migration (making possible a long-range carriage of pathogens or infected vectors), colonial breeding or mass roosting.
Arthropods use fluid medium motion-sensing filiform hairs on their exoskeleton to detect aerodynamic or hydrodynamic stimuli in their surroundings that affect their behaviour. The hairs, often of different lengths and organized in groups or arrays, respond to particular fluid motion amplitudes and frequencies produced by prey, predators, or conspecifics, even in the presence of background noise peculiar to the environment. While long known to biologists and experimentally investigated by them, it is only relatively recently that comprehensive physical-mathematical models have emerged offering an alternative methodology for investigating the biomechanics of filiform hair motion. These models have been developed and applied to quantitatively predict the performance characteristics of filiform hairs in air and water as a function of the relevant parameters that affect their physical behaviour. They even allow the exploration of possible biological evolutionary paths for filiform hair changes resulting from physical selection pressures. In this chapter we review the state of knowledge of filiform hair biomechanics and discuss two physical-mathematical models to predict hair dynamical behaviour. One modelling approach is analytically exact, serving for quantitative purposes, while the other, derived from it, is approximate, serving for qualitative guidance concerning the parameter dependencies of hair motion. Using these models we look in turn at the influence of these parameters and the fluid media physical properties on hair motion, including the possibility of medium-facilitated viscous coupling between hairs. The models point to areas where data is currently lacking and future research could be focused. In addition, new results are presented pertaining to transient tlows. We qualitatively explore the possibility of an overlapping water-air niches adaptation potential that may explain how, over many generations, the filiform hairs of an arthropod living in water could have evolved to function in air. Because flow-sensing hairs have served to inspire corresponding artificial medium motion microsensors, we discuss recent advances in this area. Significant challenges remain to be overcome, especially with respect to the materials and fabrication techniques used. In spite of the impressive technological advances made, nature still remains unrivalled.
Fly larvae of the Anthomyiidae, Muscidae, Calliphoridae, and Sarcophagidae are scavengers and breed in filthy material such as animal dung, human feces, dead animals and decaying vegetables. Therefore, the presence of these larvae in our environment indicates defective sanitary conditions, and offers many problems from the standpoint of public health. Clinically, the larvae of some species cause myiasis in man and animals. On the other hand, in the field of legal medicine postmortem time of dead bodies is estimated in some cases by the species and age of larvae collected from them. Thus, the fly larvae are closely associated with our lives. Morphologic studies on larval stages of flies were started in the beginning of this century by Portchinsky (1910), Banks (1912), MacGregor (1914), and Keilin (1915 and 1917). Portchinsky first described chiefly the habits and metamorphosis, and later MacGregor emphasized structure of posterior spiracles in the identification of the larvae. Keilin (1917) discovered and emphasized the importance of the characteristic structures such as the cephalopharyngeal sclerite, anterior and posterior spiracles and other external and internal characters. Following them, many authors made comparative and systematic studies of fly larvae and there are many reports of such research. However, morphology, taxonomy and ecology of these fly larvae have not been studied systematically in Japan. During the period from 1915 to 1936, 10 or more accounts were made about fly larvae that caused intestinal myiasis in man. In 1937, Kodama and Yasuda reported Ophyra nigra Wied. asa cause of intestinal myiasis. Yasuda (1939) reported 12 species of fly larvae in Seoul, Korea with detailed drawings and descriptions. Lopes (1943 and 1946) reported sarcophagid larvae from Neotropical region. Hall (1947) described calliphorid larvae from North America in his publication "The blow flies of North America". In 1951, Roback used the characters of the larvae such as pharyngeal sclerites and posterior spiracles for the classification of the Calypterate, Diptera. In the same year, Zimin reported Russian muscoicllarvae in his publication "Fauna USSR, Muscidae" using the external characters such as spines, papillae, and anal plate on the body surface as well as anterior and posterior spiracles and cepahlopharyngeal sclerite. Fan (1957) reported some filth fly larvae from China. In Japan, Kana et a!. (1950-1958) described larvae of 39 species belonging to 4 families. In the present paper, the author describes 3rd stage larvae belonging to 70 species in 33 genera of 4 families. In addition, photographs of internal and external structures and keys to families and species of 3rd stage larvae are given. Moreover, 6 species belonging to Muscidae and 1 species ofSarcophagidae for which the larvae were not seen are cited from the descriptions and figures published by Keilin (1917), Zimin (1951), Kano and Sato (1951), and Fan (1957). Those species are also included in the keys of this paper.
Catalog of the mosses of Japan compiled by the author in 1991 was revised. This new catalog lists all names of genera and species of mosses described or reported from Japan, based on all literature available to the author up to the end of January 2004. The new catalog is comprised of 1,135 species of mosses belonging to 332 genera. These taxa are listed in alphabetical order. Each valid epithet is followed by author citation, literature, distributional area in Japan, and Japanese name.
Westwoodilla Bate. 1862 is revised and 12 species are recognized as distinct, 2 of which, W. tone and W. helle. are described as new. New characters of taxonomic importance are described and illustrated. The many variable characters that have led to taxonomic confusion in the pas! are converted to morphometries and the intra- and interspecific variation are illustrated. This has led to a new understanding of the genus and a clarification of the "W. caecula complex". The type species Westwoodia caecula Bate. 1857 is redescribed and a neotype is designated. W. megalops (Sars, 1883) is resurrected. The junior synonymy of W. longidactyla Carausu, 1949 with W. caecula is supported by the find of Carausu's original unpublished notes and drawings. Notes on undescribed species are given. New drawings are provided for W. manta Griffiths, 1974, W. longimana Shoemaker, 1934, W. brevicalcar (Goes, 1865) and W. megalops. All species are diagnosed; new distributions are given and plotted on a map; and a key to the named species is included.
A skeletal world revision of the genus is presented to accompany a family account for Flora Malesiana. 82 species are recognised, of which 74 occur in the Malesiana region. Six species are desctibed as new, one species is raised from infraspecific status, and five species are restored from synonymy. Many names are typified for the first time. Three widespread, or locally abundant hybrids are also included. Full descriptions are given for new (6) or recircumscribed (7) species, and emended descriptions of species arc given where necessary (9). Critical notes are given for all the species. Little known and excluded species are discussed. An index to all published species names and an index of exsiccatae is given.
Die jahreszeitlichen Zugmuster der häufigeren Singvogelarten auf dem Col de Bretolet im Herbst sind von Dorka (1966) dargestellt und eingehend analysiert worden. Basierend auf Beobachtungen und FängIingen legte er charakteristische Unterschiede zwischen Kurz- und Langstreckenziehern dar. Aus der Form der Zugmuster konnten in der Folge Rückschlüsse auf die Art der Steuerung der Zugaktivität gezogen werden (Berthold & Dorka 1969). Seither haben sich die Fangzahlen vom Col de Bretolet mehr als verdoppelt und die Fangzeit wurde gegen den Sommer hin ausgedehnt. Dadurch wird es einerseits möglich, bisherige Aussagen zu verfeinern ; andererseits können wesentlich mehr Arten einbezogen werden, und die bisher kaum untersuchte Phase vor der eigentlichen Zugzeit kann analysiert werden. Ein erstes Ziel dieser Arbeit ist es, die jahreszeitlichen Zugmuster nach Fänglingen für möglichst viele Arten darzustellen und damit - ohne eine eingehendere Besprechung der einzelnen Arten - eine Arbeits- und VergleichsgrundIage zu schaffen. Eine Besonderheit der Beringungsstation auf dem Col de Bretolet liegt in der subalpin-alpinen Brutvogelgemeinschaft der Umgebung. Die Durchzugsverhältnisse der Tieflandarten sind dadurch im Vergleich zu anderen Stationen in Europa, die meist im Tiefland liegen, leichter zu interpretieren. Beim Vergleich mit solchen Stationen ergeben sich bei manchen Arten augenfällige Unterschiede in der Form der Zugmuster. Solche Formunterschiede hat auch Denker (1973) beim Fitis Phylloscopus trochilus zwischen Helgoland und dem Festland gefunden. Deshalb sollen die Zugmusterformen der einzelnen Arten sowie von Bretolet und anderen Stationen miteinander verglichen werden. Dabei stehen nachbrutzeitliche Bewegungen, d. h. das Umherstreifen ohne Bindung an den Brutort zwischen dem Ende der Brutzeit und dem Beginn des Wegzuges, im Vordergrund, wobei die Lage der Fangstationen zum Herkunftsgebiet der auftretenden Arten besondere Bedeutung erhält.
Presented herein is the first morphological analysis of turtle relationships to examine the monophyly of many turtle groups by using only single species as terminals and by integrating a large number of primitive fossil taxa. The data matrix consists of 136 osteological parsimony informative characters with 169 derived character states for 45 fossil and 22 living species of the clade TESTUDINATA. The results corroborate the monophyly of a large number of previously hypothesized clades, but refute the accepted hypothesis regarding the basal split of living turtles. In particular, the primitive turdes Proterochersis robusta, Kayentachelys aprix, Mongolochelys efremovi, Meiolania platyceps, and Kallokibotion bajazidi are removed from their current position as crown turtles and placed along the phylogenetic stem of this clade. The age of the turtle crown is thereby adjusted from the Late Triassic to the Late Jurassic, which is relevant to testing molecular clock hypotheses. This revised topology has important implications for the evolution of several character complexes, because it implies that the common ancestor of all living turtles must have had a partially braced brain case and a primitive trochlear mechanism. Other noteworthy conclusions include the tentative exclusion of protostegids from CHELONIOIDEA, the placement of Platysternon megacephalum outside of CHELYDRIDAE, and the tentative interpretation of Sandownia harrisi as a basal eucryptodire.
Nachdem im Teil I der Entomofauna (Jueg 1997b) das Untersuchungsgebiet "Schloßpark Ludwigslust" Erfassungsergebnisse der im Vergleich zu den Käfern und Schmetterlingen artenarmen bzw. mangelhaft bearbeiteten Ordnungen vorgestellt wurden, soll im Teil II die Ordnung Coleoptera irn Vordergnind stehen. Die Käferfauna wird im LSG "Schloßpark Ludwigslust" seit den 1980er Jahren erfaßt. Ältere Angaben oder Literaturquellen sind, von einer Ausnahme abgesehen, nicht bekannt. Von den etwa 100 aus Deutschland bekannten Käferfamilien konnten bisher 53 auch für das LSG nachgewiesen werden. Der Bearbeitungsstand innerhalb der einzelnen Familien ist aber äußerst different. Relativ gut erfaßt sind nur die Familien Cerambycidae (Bockkäfer) und die artenarmen Familien Silphidae (Aaskäfer), Larnpyridae (Leuchtkäfer), Lagriidae (Wollkäfer) und Geotrupidae (Mistkäfer). Als äußerst unzureichend allerdings muß der Kenntnisstand z.B. zu den Familien Carabidae (Laufkäfer), Staphylinidae (Kurzflügler) , Nitidulidae (Glanzkäfer), Chrysomelidae (Blattkäfer) und CurcuLionidae (Rüsselkäfer) beurteilt werden. Die Ursachen sind dabei vielfältig. Im Vergleich zu vielen anderen Lokalfaunen kann aber als positiv vermerkt werden, daß sich die Erfassung nicht nur auf ausgewählte Familien beschränkte, sondern alle Käfer integrierte. Zumeist wurden die Belege von Jueg gesammelt und von Degen bestimmt. Einige kritische Arten oder Belege wurden von Spezialisten bestimmter Käferfamilien nachdeterminiert: z.B. Carabidae (Müller-Motzfeld - Greifswald), Elateridae (Brosin - Rostock) und Scarabaeidae (Rössner - Schwerin). Zu den Cerambycidae (Bockkäfer) konnte Goldberg (Neustadt-Glewe) zahlreiche Beobachtungen liefern. Zur Abundanz, Habitatpräferenz und Gefährdung im Gebiet können nur bei wenigen Arten gesicherte Aussagen getroffen werden. Nicht nur aus dieser Sicht bleibt eine Beschäftigung mit der Käferfauna des LSG „Schloßpark Ludwigslust" weiterhin interessant und lohnenswert. Die Systematik und Nomenklatur richtet sich nach FREUDE, HARDE, LOHSE (1964-1983).
Research about the nutrition of 363 specimens of Halte, 79 of Bogue, 282 of Striped mullets and 259 species of Pandora, has been carried on the bisis of the trawler catches which were realised during 1963/64 year in the bay of Kastela. Examinations were performed in relation to the qualitative and quantitative composition of the food, seasonal changes of food, as well as the influence of the temperature to the change of food quantity in the stomach. By the qualitative analysis of the food structure it was oftenly possiblr to determine the organisms up to the genus or species. In order to find out the quantity of food in the stomach we used the degree of stomach fullness according to which: A empty stomach, B = very little amount of food, C = half of the stomach filled with food, D = completely stomachfull with food, E = the wall of stomach thin owing to the abundance of food. The material for the xamination was immcdiately preserved in 10% formalin on thc vessel and few days later the qualitative-quantitative analysis was performed in the laboratory. ....
(1) a. The mating behavior (including copulation) is described for the first time in the following species: Pardosa modica, P. emertoni, P. saxatilis, P. lapidicina, Lycosa helluo, .L. gulosa, Dolomedes scriptus, Phidippus clarus, P. audax, Philodromus pernix, and Coriarachne versicolor. b. The courtship only is described for the first time in Phidippus purpuratus. c. In Lycosa rabida and Pardosa milvina new data concerning the copulation, and in Schizocosa crassipes new data concerning courtship, are added to what is already available from Montgomery's work. d. In Tibellns oblongus and Xysticus triguttatus new data are added to the accounts of Gerhardt, and of Emerton, respectively. (2) a. On the basis of a large number of observations and experiments with the males of 19 species from 4 families of vagabond spiders, it is pointed out that the senses involved in courtship may vary with the species. b. There is no evidence that a sense of smell is used in sex recognition by any spiders. At least this sense plays no part in initiating courtship activity in the male. c. There is no evidence that Attid males can "recognize" the females by any sense other than sight. At any rate, it appears that the visual stimulus is the only one that suffices to incite courtship in this family. d. In one Lycosid observed, Pardosa emertoni, the courtship behavior is elicited only when the male can both see and touch the female. e. In the Pisaurid, Dolomedes scriptus, the sole stimulus for courtship is the chemoperception by contact of an ether-soluble substance normally covering the cuticle of the female. f. In the Lycosid, Pardosa milvina, the chemoperception by contact of an ether-soluble substance normally covering the cuticle of the female, together with the simultaneous perception of tactile stimuli will elicit courtship. This probably holds for P. saxatilis, Lycosa rabida, Schizocosa crassipes, and perhaps for Pardosa modica. Moreover, the sight of a moving Lycosid of about their own size may, in some cases, be sufficient for these males to start courting. g. In the Lycosids, Pardosa banksi, and probably Lycosn gulosa and L. helluo, only the simultaneous perception of both tactile and tacto-chemical stimuli suffices. Visual stimuli play no part in eliciting courtship. h. The condition in the Thomisids is in all probability similar to that in the preceding group of Lycosids. (3) a. In the case of those species in which contact chemoperception occurs it is shown that perception is not limited to the tarsi. Such stimuli can be perceived on all the segments of the legs as well as on the abdomen. From the known distribution of the slit sense organs it is probable that they are the chemoreceptors involved in courtship.
The re-emergence of tuberculosis in its present-day manifestations - single, multiple and extensive drug-resistant forms and as HIV-TB coinfections - has resulted in renewed research on fundamental questions such as the nature of the organism itself, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, the molecular basis of its pathogenesis, definition of the immunological response in animal models and humans, and development of new intervention strategies such as vaccines and drugs. Foremost among these developments has been the precise chemical definition of the complex and distinctive cell wall of M. tuberculosis, elucidation of the relevant pathways and underlying genetics responsible for the synthesis of the hallmark moieties of the tubercle bacillus such as the mycolic acid-arabinogalactan-peptidoglycan complex, the phthiocerol- and trehalose-containing effector lipids, the phosphatidylinositol-containing mannosides, lipomannosides and lipoarabinomannosides, major immunomodulators, and others. In this review, the laboratory personnel who have been the focal point of some to these developments review recent progress towards a comprehensive understanding of the basic physiology and functions of the cell wall of M. tuberculosis.
In order to elucidate what species among so many kind of marine organisms are likely to be consmed Iargely by the balaenopterid whales, the existing evidence on the food habits of baleen whales is reviewed. To meet with this primary purpose the report was mainly focussed on to describe qualitative aspects of food species having been known to date from the notable whaling grounds over the world rather than documenting quantitative subjects. One of interesting facts noticed throughout the contribution was that there exists fairly intense diversity in the assembly of food species composition by regions such as; northern hemisphere vs. southern hemisphere, Pacific region vs. Atlantic region, inshore waters vs. offshore waters, embayed waters vs. open waters, where the former usually shows more diversed complexity than the latter. The fact however suggests that although the composition of food species locally varies over the various whaling grounds, the food organisms as taxonomical groups are very similar one another even in locally isolated whaIing grounds when the food organisms and their assemblies are considered by the family or genus basis. In this connection many evidences given in the text may suggest that the balaenopterid whales as a whole may substantially live on quite simply compositioned forage assembly in comparison with tremendous variety of organisms existing in the marine ecosystems. One of important aspects of the baleen whales food must be found in their characteristics of forming dense swarms, schools, and/or aggregations in the shallower enough layers to be fed by the whales. The present and past status of larger baleen whales as the mighty monarch through their evolutional pathways may entirely depend upon the spatial distribution pattern of possible food organisms, i.e. the animal aggregations.
This paper describes the effect of the "Boleslaw" mining and metallurgic complex in Bukowno near Olkusz on the vegetation of the fresh coniferous forest association Vaccinia myrtilli-Pineitum. The increase in concentration of zinc, lead and cadmium in selected plant species under the influence of industrial emission, and the dependence of this increase upon the magnitude of dust fall and site conditions, are analized. The extent of accumulation of heavy metals in plants was assumed to be an indicator of the degree of pressure exerted by the industrial complex. The degradation of fresh coniferous forest was. increasing along with an increase in this pressure. The species composition of the association, and the quantitative relations among species representing various site types underwent considerable changes. In patches extremely degraded, the plant species characteristic of poor sandy grass-lands gained predominance over forest plants.
Keys to the hairs of 44 species of southern African Cricetidae and Muridae have been devised for the identification of these species. The keys are based primarily on the cuticular scale patterns and groove characters. Distribution data and descriptions of the hairs are presented with micrographs to assist in identification.
During the last decade, three new acidophilous forests associations were detected in the Mecsek Mts (SW Hungary), and described as acidophilous beech wood (Sorbo torminalis-Fagetum (A. O. Horvat 1963a) Borhidi et Kevey in Kevey 2001), acido-mesophilous oak wood (Luzulo forsteri-Quercetum petraeae (A. O. Horvat 1963a) Borhidi et Kevey 1996) and acido-xerophilous oak shrubland (Genisto pilosae-Quercetum polycarpae (A. O. Horvat 1967) Borhidi et Kevey 1996). In this article two further new associations are described: the acidophilous oakwood of the Mecsek (Viscario-Quercetum polycarpae Kevey, ass. nova) and the acido-mesophilous oakwood of western Hungary (Campanulo rotundifoliae-Quercetum petraeae (Csapody 1964) Kevey, ass. nova). These associations are related to the acidophilous forests of the Balkan Peninsula based on the infrequent presence of sub-Mediterranean species. A detailed comparative study of these new associations with the earlier known ones permitted to develop a reshaped classification of the syntaxonomy of these units, creating four new suballiances: within the frame of Quercion farnetto I. Horvat 1938 the suballiances Luzulo forsteri-Quercenion polycarpae Kevey, suball. nova and the typical Quercenion farnetto Kevey, suball. nova, in the frame of Quercion petraeae Zolyomi et Jakucs 1957 the suballiances Luzulo multiflorae-Quercenion petraeae Kevey, suball. nova and the Quercenion petraeae Kevey, suball. nova.
A cladistic analysis is presented of the hawkmoths of the tribe Acherontiini, Morgan´s Sphinx (Xanthopan morganii (Walker», and related genera. The study aims to test the monophyly of tribe Acherontiini; the hypothesis that all taxa with extremely long probosces (some Acherontiini, Meganoton rubescens, Neococytius, Xanthopan) form a monophyletic group, or at least fall within a single reasonably compact clade; and, within this group, to determine whether Xanthopan is more closely related to Acherontiini or to COCytillS and Neococytius. The data set comprises 109 characters derived from adult and immature stage morphology, biology and behaviour. These data were analysed using equal weighting, successive approximations character weighting (SACW) and implied weighting. All weighting schemes agreed on the monophyly of Acherontiini and of a group of genera comprising Amphimoea, Cocytius and Neococytius (the Cocytius group). Several other generic and suprageneric clades were also consistently recovered. However, those hawkmoths with extremely long probosces were never recovered as a monophyletic group. The relationships of Xanthopan were also ambiguous. Equal weighting and SACW placedXanthopan + Meganoton rztbescens (Butler) as sister to the COCytills group, while implied weighting placed Xanthopan as sister to Acherontiini. This latter relationship is based primarily on shared possession of a pilifer/palp hearing organ. Further analyses suggested the two components of this organ were not biologically independent. Downweighting this feature accordingly resulted in all weighting schemes converging on the topology found by equal weighting. Exclusion of the incomplete subset of immature stage data had no effect under implied weighting but equal weighting and SACW now recovered a Neotropical clade comprising Manduca. and the Cocytius group, while Xanthopan was placed with M. rubescens and Panogena. Downweighting the pilifer/palp hearing organ under implied weighting again caused convergence with the equal weighting/SACW results. Thus, the relationships of Xanthopan remain equivocal and further data, particularly from the immature stages, will be required to elucidate its phylogenetic position further.
Durch die Herren Dr. EDUARD und HANS-RUDOLF SCHMIDT, Tropicarium Frankfurt am Main, erhielt das Senckenberg-Museum eine Reihe von See- und Süßwasserfischen, die im folgenden kurz dargestellt werden. Eine Art der Gattung Chaerodon sowie eine Unterart von Parosphromenus deissneri werden neu beschrieben. Auffällige Abweichungen der untersuchten Fische von den bisherigen Darstellungen und Beschreibungen werden durch Zeichnungen veranschaulicht.
Schlüssel zur Bestiminung europäischer Boletales mit Röhren werden vorgestellt. Der Artenschlüssel ist großteils nir Bestimmung von Frischmaterial angelegt. Die Schlüssel zu den Familien und Gattungen sowie die Gattungsdiagnosen sind auf Europa bezogen und müßten in weltweiter Sicht noch erweitert werden. Im Schlüssel wurden einige in den letzten Jahren vorgcnoinmenen Neukombinationen und Synonymisierungen nicht übernommen. Für die nunmehr in Xerocomus integrierte Gattung Phylloporus wird die Schaffung einer Untergattung vorgeschlagen. Auch eine neue Sektion, eine neue Art und einige neue Kombinationen werden vorgeschlagen.
Aus den nordostmecklenburgischen Niederungen werden folgende Pflanzengesellschaften nicht intensiv genutzter Kalkmoore beschrieben: Schoenus ferrugineus-Primula farinosa Ges., Carex buxbaumii-Primula farinosa-Ges., Primula farinosa-Carex panicea-Ges., drei Gesellschaften aus der Gruppe der Juncus subnodulosus-Gesellschaften, ferner die Betula pubescens-Lotus uliginosus-Ges. und die Betula pubescens-Rhamnus cathartica·Ges. Das Schoenetum Mecklenburgs steht in pflanzengeographischer Beziehung zwischen dem präalpischen und dem baltischen Schoenetum. Durch Austrocknung entsteht aus ihm die Carex buxbaumii-Ges. und durch schwache Eutrophierung die Primula farinosa-Carex panicea-Ges. Die Juncus subnodulosus-Vegetation wird in drei Gesellschaften gegliedert. Die gehölzarmen Kalkmoore sind von Birkengesellschaften umgeben, die nicht Ersatzgesellschaften eutropher Bruchwälder darstellen. Auf tiefem, neutral reagierenden, aber nährstoffarmen Torf sind wahrscheinlich Birkengesellschaften und nicht Erlenbruchwälder Dauergesellschaften.
Recently, the first part of the morphological revision of the Southeast Asian water monitor lizards of the Varanus salvator (Laurenti, 1768) species group provided a taxonomic overview over the members of this successful and widespread species complex (Koch et al. 2007). There, the Philippine taxa marmoratus, nuchalis and cumingi were reelevated to species status due to diagnostic morphological characteristics, e.g. significantly enlarged scales on the neck region. In this second part of the ongoing revision, these three species are re-investigated using additional voucher specimens and advanced statistical techniques including canonical variates analysis and principal component analysis. Our new investigations indicate that V. marmoratus represents a composite species, comprising at least three distinct taxa. Hence, the populations of the Sulu Archipelago (Tawi-Tawi Island) and those of the Palawan region are described as new species, viz. Varanus rasmusseni sp. nov. and V. palawanensis sp. nov., respectively. The allopatric island populations of V. cumingi inhabiting Samar, Leyte, and Bohol (the East Visayan subregion) show characteristic and geographically correlated colour patterns distinct from the type locality Mindanao (the second subregion of Greater Mindanao), warranting subspecific partition of this species. The new subspecies is named V. cumingi samarensis ssp. nov. In contrast, the taxonomic status of V. nuchalis remained unchanged, although this species shows some considerable variation in colour pattern. The systematic chapters are supplemented with notes about biology and conservation status. The hitherto underestimated diversity and zoogeography of Philippine water monitors is discussed in the light of Pleistocene sea level fluctuations. Finally, we introduce a scenario for the evolution and spread of Southeast Asian water monitor lizards and provide an identification key for the Philippine members of the V. salvatoI' complex.
This synonymic list of the flat bugs (Aradidae) ofthe world enumerates 1,798 species in 211 genera. Names of eight fossil species are given in their original combination in modern genera. The list is introduced by brief discussions of habits, food, ecology and distribution. Many taxonomic innovations are included, as follows: Subfamily Chinamyersiinae is divided into two new tribes, Chinamyersiini and Tretocorini; the subfamily Prosympiestinae is divided into two new tribes, Llaimacorini and Prosympiestini. All currently recognized subgenera are raised to generic rank: Aneurillus, Breviscutaneurus, lralunelus, and Paraneurus from Aneurus; Miraradus and Quilnus from Aradus; Lissaptera and Nesiaptera from Acaraptera; Neoproxius and Nesoproxius from Proxius (see list below for new combinations resulting). Three genus-group names are raised from synonymy: Aneurosoma; Burgeonia and Brachyrhynchus. One genus-group name is reduced to synonymy; Zimera as a junior synonym of Brachyrhynchus. The following new species-genus combinations are made, these mostly resulting from elevation of subgenera to generic status or species transfers. In Aneurillus - borneensis, cetratus, cheesmanae, consimilis, doesbergi, foliaceus, glaberrimus, gracilis, jacobsoni, longicollis, papuasicus, pumilus, superbus; in Aneurosoma - dissimile; in Aneurus - septentrionalis; in Aradus - dignatus; in Arbanatus - asiaticus, loriae; in Brachyrhynchus - affinis, amplicollis, andamanensis, angolensis, armigerus, australis, bergrothi, bergrothianus, bhoutanensis, breuiceps, burmensis, confectus, confusus, consimilis, crenatus, dentipes, discrepans, dispar, duboisi, elegans, exarmatus, funebrus, furcatulus, furcatus, germari, gracilicornis, granos us, hospidus, hoberlandti, horridus, hsiaoi, incisus, incognitus, insignis, intermedius, javanensis, kachenensis, kerzhneri, lindemannae, longicornis, longirostris, luberoensis, luzonicus, machadoi, madagascariensis, mauricii, membranaceus, micronesicus, monedulus, mario, ouerlaeti, parallelus, pauper, philippinensis, piliferus, poriaicolus, projectus, quadridentatus, quadrispinosus, rossi, rugosus, scrupulosus, serratus, similis, solomonensis, spinipes, stolidus, subinermis, subtriangulus, sulcatus, sulcicornis, sumatrensis, taiwanicus, teter, thailandicus, triangulus, tristis, urijdaghi; in Breviscutaneurus - breviscutatus, helenae, madagascariensis, medioscutatus; in Burgeonia - burgeon, dilatatus, froidebisei, intermedius, kormileui, madagascariensis, maynei, paruus, schoutedeni, usingeri; in Chiastoplonia - pusio; in lralunellus - aibonitensis, bergi, bispinosus, boliuianus, carioca, costariquensis, flavomaculatus, ftitzi, gallicus, leptocerus, longicornis, marginalis, monrosi, plaumanni, politus, sahlbergi, simulans, subdipterous, tenuis, westwoodi, wygodzinsky; in Miraradus - foliaceus, himalayensis, mirabilis, oeruendetes; in Neoproxius - amazonicus, carioca, costariquensis, gypsatus, incaicus, lindemannae, magdalenae, nicaraguensis, palliatus, panamensis, personatus, peruuianus, schwarzii; in Nesiaptera - denticulata, gibbosa, ouata, rotundata, tuberculata, zimmermani; in Nesoproxius - angulatus, constrictus, gracilis, hexagonalis, malayensis, minutus, punctulatus, vietnamensis, yoshimotoi; in Neuroctenus - ghesqueri; in Oreossa - insignis; in Quilnus - amurensis, breuirostris, discedens, heidemanni, niger, nigrinus, oregonicus, paruicollis, subsimilis, usingeri. Three new species names are proposed: Brachyrhynchus pauper for the preoccupied Mezira modesta Kormilev, 1972; Mezira uicina for the preoccupied Mezira proxima Kormilev, 1982; and Mezira doesburgi for the preoccupied Mezira surinamensis Kormilev, 1974. Five new species-synonymys are made: Aradus centriguttatus as a junior synonym of Aradus similis; Mezira jacobsoni as a junior synonym of Daulocoris cornigerus; Mezira modesta as a junior synonym of Brachyrhynchus membranaceus; Neuroctenus breuicornis as a junior synonym of Neuroctenus ater; Notoplocaptera malaisei as a junior synonym of Zoroaptera malaisei. Four new emendations of gender endings are proposed for the species name "halaszfyi": Artabanus halaszfyae, Chelysosoma halaszfyae, Ctenoneurus halaszfyae, Mezira halaszfyae.
Phytosociological syntaxa of North and Central Anatolia were reviewed almost at all categories and discussed from some methodological viewpoints. Totally 178 diumallepidopteran associations, inhabited on various vegetational units from planar to alpin zone were studied for the first time. The possibility of the application of some phytosociologica1 methods for the Lepidoptera associations were investigated. The selection of the character-species of the higher lepidopteran syntaxa, and the aspect concept, as well as importance of the distribution pattern in biogeography for the character-species to be selected were discussed. Faunistically, 334 diurnal species in 25 lepidopteran families were recorded. Among them, four species and one genus are new to the fauna of Turkey. Each species recorded were also investigated autoecologically. Their habitats were described using the phytosociological syntaxa, as well as the plant formations. Habitat preferences of the species were evaluated. Vertical and horizontal distributions, abundances, phenology, and food-plants of the adult stages were listed. Species recorded in various plant formations and vegetational units were given in separate lists.
I) Durch die vielen Extrem-Faktoren, die im Seewinkel zusammentreffen, erscheint dieses Steppengebiet, das östlich des Neusiedlersees gelegen ist, als besonders geeignetes Untersuchungsobjekt, sowohl für faunistische als auch für ökologische Forschungen. II) Die geologischen Verhältnisse und III) die Entstehungstheorien der Lacken werden in großen Zügen skizziert. IV) Das Klima ist als kontinental zu bezeichnen, es unterscheidet sich aber vom typischen Steppenklima der Ungarischen Tiefebene. V) Die Salzlacken sind durch eine hohe Alkalinitkit, bedeutende Salzgehalte, die zum Großteil auf Soda zurückzuführen sind, ihre große Härte, vor allem aber die Schwankungen im Ionenverhältnis und in der Gesamtkonzentration gekennzeichnet. Die Brunnen sind ebenso wie die Schottergruben als Süßwasser anzusprechen. VI) Es wurden insgesamt 32 Locken, 3 Brunnen, 3 Schottergruben und 7 Kanäle auf ihre Turbellarienfauna untersucht. VII) Die in den Gewässern gefundenen Turbellarien (30 an der Zahl) werden systematisch geordnet. Auch ihre Verteilung auf die einzelnen Lacken in den verschiedenen Monaten wird erläutert. Castrada gigantea ist eine neue Castrada-Art, die in zwei chemisch sehr verschiedenen Lacken gefunden wurde. Die allgemeine Organisation weicht von der der anderen Castraden nicht ab, auffallend ist hier lediglich der sehr große Kopulatiol1sapparat und die eigenartige "pflastersteinartige" Bestachelung der Bursa. Es sind vor allem die Karbonat-, in geringem Maße die Chlorid- und Sulfatkonzentrationen, die für das Artengefüge ausschlaggebend und als auslesender Faktor wirksam sind. Die meisten Turbellarien vertragen nur mittlere und niedere Konzentrationen, die Art der Ionen scheint dann eine untergeordnetere Rolle zu spielen. VIII) Zur Autökologie der Arten in den einzelnen Gewässertypen wird Stellung genommen und mit ihrem von anderen Autoren beschriebenen Vorkommen verglichen. Auf Grund der großen jahreszeitlichen Temperaturschwankungen ist es verständlich, daß wir im Gebiet einen starken Faunenwechsel vermerken können. In den Lacken haben die Temperaturänderungen aber gleichzeitig eine solche der Konzentration zur Folge, diese beiden Faktoren ließen sich nur im Experiment trennen. Man findet in den Lacken hauptsächlich Frühjahrsformen, einige davon erscheinen neben neu hinzutretenden auch im Herbst. Stenostomum leucops ist die einzige Art, die das ganze Jahr hindurch zu finden ist. Übersichtlich sind die Verhältnisse in den Brunnen, da hier die Schwankungen im Chemismus nicht so groß sind. Da das Brunnenwasser viel kühler ist und auch im Sommer nicht versiegt, können sich hier mehrere Arten über das ganze Jahr behaupten. IX) Abschließend wird auf den Entwicklungszyldus von Monocystella Arndti, einer parasitischen Gregarine, die in den Planarien des Brunnens am Sandeck vorkommt, eingegangen.
Lepidoptera phylogeny and systematics : the state of inventorying moth and butterfly diversity
(2007)
The currently recognized robust support for the monophyly of the Lepidoptera (and the superorder Amphiesmenoptera comprising Lepidoptera + Trichoptera) is outlined, and the phylogeny of the principal lineages within the order is reviewed succinctly. The state of the taxonomic inventory of Lepidoptera is discussed separately for ‘micro-moths’, ‘macro-moths’ and butterflies, three assemblages on which work has followed historically somewhat different paths. While currently there are about 160,000 described species of Lepidoptera, the total number of extant species is estimated to be around half a million. On average, just over one thousand new species of Lepidoptera have been described annually in recent years. Allowing for the new synonyms simultaneously established, the net increase in species numbers still exceeds 800/year. Most of the additions are foreseeable in the micro-moth grade, but even for butterflies ca 100 species are added annually. Examples of particularly interesting new high-rank taxa that have been described (or whose significance has become realized) since the middle of the 20th century include the non-glossatan lineages represented by Agathiphaga and Heterobathmia and the heteroneuran families Andesianidae, Palaephatidae, Hedylidae and Micronoctuidae. Some thoughts on how present and future systematic lepidopterology might be prioritised are presented.
Results from a comparative anatomical study of the mesosomal skeleton of Chalcidoidea are presented. External and internal features are described and illustrated for 39 chalcidoid taxa, representing 16 families and 29 subfamilies. This is the most comprehensive morphological study ever conducted for the superfamily. The mesosoma was dissected, macerated and investigated using scanning electron microscopy. The mesothorax and metathorax contributed most of the phylogenetically relevant information. The metafurca is highly variable within Chalcidoidea but seems to be relatively constant at the subfamily level. One hundred and fifty-four morphological characters were scored and analysed cladistically. Outgroup species were chosen from six apocritan superfamilies: Stephanoidea, Ceraphronoidea, Cynipoidea, Platygastroidea, Proctotrupoidea and Mymarommatoidea. Some previously suggested chalcidoid relationships were retrieved: (1) Pteromalidae: Pteromalinae + Miscogasterinae + Panstenoninae; (2) Perilampidae + Eucharitidae; (3) Chalcididae + Leucospidae + Eurytomidae; (4) Eulophidae: Eulophinae + Tetrastichinae + Entedoninae; and (5) Eupelmidae + Encyrtidae, Mymarommatoidea renders Chalcidoidea paraphyletic in our analyses; however, the taxon sample is too restricted to provide a robust hypothesis. Three previously unreported putative autapomorphies of Chalcidoidea were revealed: (1) presence of an exposed, triangular or diamond-shaped prosternum; (2) presence of a percurrent mesopleural sulcus anteriorly terminating in the acropleuron; and (3) presence of paired metapectal plates lateral to the metafurca.
The morphology of the skeletal portions of the sting apparatus is described and compared in 63 genera of myrmicine ants in order to evaluate its taxonomic potential in this difficult subfamily. The survey covers about half of the myrmicine genera, and an but 3 small tribes (Ochetomyrmecini, Melissotarsini, Stegomyrmicini). Interspecific variation in the apparatus is described in a third of the genera examined. In addition, the sting apparatus of the primitive ponerine ant, Amblyopone pallipes is described for comparison with the primitive myrmicines; and the sting associated glands (poison gland, Dufour's gland) are illustrated for single species of Amblyopone, Basiceros, Monomorium, Aphaenogaster, Crematogasier, and Zacryptocerus.
Fauna of Isopoda and Tanaidacea in the coastal zones of the Antarctic and Subantarctic waters
(1968)
This work presents results of the processing of the material collected by the Soviet Antarctic Expedition (1955 - 1963), chiefly on the "Ob" and to a lesser extent by the geographer E. S. Korotkevich and the ichthyologist V. M. Makushek., during their wintering at the Mirnyi station, as well as by the hydrobiologist G. A. Solyanik on board the whalers "Slava" and "Ivan Nosenko."
Nach einigen fehlgeschiagenen Versuchen, in der Frankfurter Nidda-Aue eine große Parkanlage einzurichten, entwickelten Planer und Politiker in den 80er Jahren ein Konzept, um unter dem Motto „Natur in der Stadt" und mit der Hilfe einer Gartenschau ein bisher vorwlegend agrarisch und gartenbaulich genutztes Areal in eine naturnahe Grünanlage zu verwandeln. Der vorliegende Beitrag rekonstruiert in kritischer Weise den Planungs- und Realisierungsprozess vom Ausgangszustand über die BUGA'89 bis hin zur Anlage des Volksparks Niddatal. Etwa zehn Jahre nach Ende der Parkeinrichtung werden die unterschiedlichen Aspekte der Fläche hinsichtlich ihrer Nutzbarkeit und ihrer Potentiale für die Stadtnatur betrachtet. Dabei zeigt sich, dass die unmittelbar auf den Menschen bezogenen Planungszieie durchweg erreicht wurden, bei den auf die Natur abzielenden Vorstellungen aber Defizite festzustellen sind. Drastisch formuliert besteht der ökologische Wert der Maßnahmen derzeit vorrangig in der Bewahrung des Areals vor Bebauung. Die Lebensraumqualität für Pflanzen und Tiere sowie Naturnahe der neuangelegten Bereiche ist bisher noch relativ gering, nicht zuletzt aufgrund der massiven Eingriffe im Rahmen der Bauarbeiten. Auf längere Sicht werden dem Volkspark Niddatal aber sehr gute Chancen einer für urbane Verhältnisse naturnahen Entwicklung zuerkannt.
This paper is a general review of the problem of clutch-size in birds. It grew out of a search through the literature to see to what extent clutch-size trends found in the Robin, Erithaau8 rebecula, might apply generally. Part I. describes those types of clutch-size variation found within any species, Part II. provides a general discussion of the factors involved. In Part IlI, which follows separately later, some of the differences between different species of birds will be considered. Examples are taken mainly from European birds, hence this review is in some ways supplementary to that on African birds by Moreau (1944), to which the present study owes a considerable debt.
This review lists Agama smithii Boulenger 1896 as a synonym of Agama agama (Linnaeus 1758), Agama trachypleura Peters 1982 as a synonym of Acanthocercus phillipsii (Boulenger 1895) and describes for the first time Acanthocercus guentherpetersi n. sp. Without more convincing evidence, Chamaeleon ruspolii Boettger 1893 cannot be accepted as specifically distinct from Chamaeleo dilepis Leach 1819, nor Chamaeleo calcaricarens Böhme 1985 from C. africanus Laurenti 1768. Consequently, 101 species of lizard are currently recognised in Ethiopia, of which some 40% appear to be denizens of the Somali-arid zone. This significant proportion is attributable in part to the importance of the Horn of Africa as a centre for reptilian diversification and endemicity, in part to the fact that this lowland fauna was rather extensively sampled during the 1930s, but also to the conspicuous neglect of lizards in other regions of the country. Mountain and forested habitats are widespread in Ethiopia, so it seems extraordinary to record only five saurian species which are believed to be endemic in such environments. The inference that there are many more still to be discovered has important implications for conservation, because montane forest is known to be among the most threatened of Ethiopian biomes and there is clearly an urgent need for its herpetofauna to be more thoroughly researched and documented.
A review of biological control efforts against Diptera of medical and veterinary importance includes pertinent literature of major dipterous taxonomic groups where some success has been achieved or where work is currently being conducted on species breeding in aquatic (e.g., mosquitoes, blackflies, tabanids) and terrestrial habitats (muscids, tsetse, etc.). Most effort has been directed against aquatic Diptera because of the human and animal disease agents they transmit. Research has established that the natural enemy component frequently is responsible for significant population reduction and indispensable to integrated control which seeks to maintain populations below annoyance or disease transmission levels. The manipulation of natural enemies through introduction and/or augmentation has in some cases provided satisfactory control, and sustained releases of natural enemies over several years may overcome the relative high cost of massive release rates. Ultimately, to guarantee the existence and maximum expression of resident natural enemies has become almost universally accepted, and challenging, to sound control practices. Indeed, chemical industry recognizing this, has sought to manufacture products such as Bacillus toxins, juvenile hormones, and baits that are minimally disruptive to existing natural controls. Although such easily applied products have been widely adopted, their cost continues to become prohibitive with developing resistance, as was observed earlier with many organophosphate and chlorinated hydrocarbon insecticides. Further advancements in the control ofthese Diptera should continue to embrace a sound appreciation for the natural control component and nurture ways to allow its maximum expression. Keyword Index: Biological Control, Diptera, Medical, Veterinary.
Naturschutz in Germany
(1936)
Glyptostrobus Endlicher is well represented in early Early Cretaceous to Pleistocene deposits in the middle to high latitudes of North America and Eurasia. Although the taxonomy and nomenclature of the genus is complicated, the fossil record indicates Glyptostrobus was represented by a small number of species. The genus first appears in Aptian age deposits from western Canada and Greenland, and achieved a wide distribution early in its evolutionary history. Exchange of Glyptostrobus between Asia and North America occurred across the Spitsbergen and Beringian corridors, which were functional about 110 and 100 million years ago, respectively The Late Cretaceous fossil record of Glyptostrobus shows that the genus had spread into Russia, China and the shores of the Turgai Strait. By the early Tertiary, Glyptostrobus was a prominent constituent of the polar broad-leaved deciduous forests. Paleocene age deposits across western Canada and the United States indicate the genus was present in great abundance in the lowland warm temperate and subtropical forests east of the Rocky Mountains. The broad distribution in North America and Russia during the Paleocene and Eocene indicates that Glyptostrobus grew and reproduced under a diverse range of climatic and environmental conditions, including the cold and unique lighting conditions of the polar latitudes. The presence of Glyptostrobus in Europe indicates the North Atlantic land bridges that extended between North America and Eurasia (Fennoscandia) and Europe during the early Tertiary were used. In Europe, extensive Glyptostrobus dominated swan1ps occupied the Central European Depression during the late Tertiary. Increasing global aridity and cooling, as well as landscape stabilization together with increasing competition for resources and habitat by representatives of the Pinaceae, seem to have forced the genus out of North America, Europe and most of Asia during the Miocene and Pliocene. In Japan, Glyptostrobus persisted until the early Pleistocene. After the early Pleistocene extinction in Japan, Glyptostrobus reappeared in southeastern China. Details of the taxonomic and biogeographic history of Glyptostrobus are examined.
Six clearly separable evolutionary levels in the floral evolution of the Ranunculaceae were found to coincide with the six corresponding stages of sensory development of their pollinators as follows: amorphic -> haplomorphic -> actinomorphic -> pleomorphic -> stereomorphic-zygomorphic. This is a basic trend of floral evolution, fully recapitulated in a single family. Except for the first (amorphic), all upper levels are represented in the present-day floras as clearly separable type-classes. They are therefore accessible to direct observations and experimental study. Extensive statistical data on flower visitors of the Ranunculaceae confirm the proposed theory of the mutual interrelationship between the evolutionary levels of flower types and sensory stages of pollinating insects. The new picture, obtained by this study, gives us a better understanding of the evolutionary relationship between insects and plants and explains the extreme diversity in the floral structure of the Ranunculaceae.
In this study the rich variety of fossil microorganisms and other ultrastruchlres in the Messel oil shale is documented. The taphonomy of the micro- and the macro organisms is discussed and a basic model for microbial life in the Eocene Lake Messel is proposed. Documentation of the Messel microbiota was made using a scanning electron microscope fitted with an energy-dispersive X-ray analyzer, and a transmission electron microscope. The most common objects discovered were fossil bacteria in the form of cocci, coccobacilli, bacilli, curved rods and filaments, preserved as moulds, crusts, casts, encrusted casts and clay-coated casts. The main lithifying mineral is apatite, followed by siderite. The bacteria occur on fossil remains of macroorganisms. Sideritic bacteria are usually found on keratinous substrates, whereas apatitic bacteria occur preferentially on fish remains. Lithification of the bacteria was selective. It is suggested that the preserved bacteria were heterotrophic, Gram-positive anaerobes, which may have belonged to the group of clostridians.
Plastid behavior in reciprocally different crosses between two races of Medicago truncatula Gaertn.
(1962)
During my mork on the inheritance of symmetry characters in Medicago (1956), chance played into my hands a case of fairIy pronounced reciprocal differentes in the behavior of plastids in a cross between two local races of Medicago truncatula GAERTN. which so far I know are not given even varietal rank. The facility in producing the hybrids encouraged me to investigate the material, and the results are reported in this paper.
Nach einer Betrachtung über die Geschichte und den. Stand der Erforschung der 2. Stufe des Mittleren Keupers, des "Schilfsandsteins", wurde der hisher bekannte Fossilinhalt der Stufe überprüft. Die in einer Tonstein-Grube von Eberstadt (Württ.) entdeckte neue, reiche Lamellibranchiaten-Fauna mit 47 sp. ssp. in 17 Gattungen wurde untersucht und beschriehen. Die Fauna ist marin und hat keine Beziehungen mehr zur Fauna der Germanischen Trias, im besonderen zu der verarmten Muschelkalk-Fauna des Lettenkeupers und Unteren Gipskeupers. Die Eberstadter Muschelfauna ist (vielleicht mit einer Ausnahme) nicht von S, aus dem alpinen Karn, eingewandert. Sie muß, als eigenständige Lamellibranchiaten-Fauna des Karn, von N, aus Richtung der heutigen Nordsee, gekommen sein; von dort floß Meerwasser in den Sedimentationsraum der Schilfsandstein-Stufe ein und nach S wieder aus. Einzelne Arten der Muschelfauna nehmen schon rhaetische und liassische Formen vorweg. Die Schilfsandstein-Stufe des süddeutschen Mittelkeupers ist mit ihren Peliten und ihrer autochthonen marinen Fauna als Ablagerung eines weiten, extrem flachen Binnen-Schelfmeeres zu verstehen, in das zusätzlich aus dem kontinentalen Raum im NO Sand eingeschüttet wurde.
Several mosquito-borne arboviruses belonging to the genera Alphavirus, Flavivirus, and Bunyavirus have been reported to occur in mosquitoes and to infect humans and other vertebrates in western Europe. These zoonotic viruses circulate in nature either in an Aedes-mammal, Anopheles-mammal, or Culex-bird transmission cycle. Infected humans normally do not contribute to the virus circulation. West Nile virus (Flavivirus) caused an outbreak of fever, malaise, pain in eyes and muscles, and headache and encephalitis in southern France during 1962-1965, and an outbreak of encephalitis with a high case-fatality rate in Romania during 1996. West Nile virus has been isolated from birds, horses, and mosquitoes in Portugal, France, the former Czechoslovakia, and Romania. These data, together with reports of antibodies to West Nile virus in birds, domestic mammals, and humans in several other countries, show virus activity in southern and central Europe. Sindbis virus (Alphavirus) caused outbreaks of fever, rash, and arthralgia in northern Europe during 1981-1982, 1988, and 1995. Two California group viruses (Bunyavirus), Tahyna virus and Inkoo virus, have been identified in western Europe. Tahyna virus causes fever and respiratory symptoms and sometimes also central nervous system involvement. It occurs in most countries of central and southern Europe, and is most common in central Europe. Inkoo virus has not been associated with disease in humans in western Europe although Russian studies indicated that it can cause encephalitis. Inkoo virus occurs in northern Europe, especially in the far north. Batai virus of the Bunyamwera-group (Bunyavirus) occurs in southern, central, and northern Europe, most frequently in central Europe. The antibody prevalence in humans generally is very low, indicating that the potential of this virus as a human pathogen is probably low in Europe. The Lednice virus (Bunyavirus) has been reported only from the former Czechoslovakia and Romania, and apparently is not transmitted to humans. In addition to the six mosquito-borne viruses documented in western Europe, there is serological evidence of infection with a Semliki Forest complex virus (Alphavirus) in central and southern Europe. Although mosquito-borne viruses presently are not considered to be the cause of major health problems in western Europe, the morbidity caused by Sindbis virus, and the morbidity and mortality caused by West Nile virus, merit further studies on the ecology, epidemiology, and medical importance of these viruses. The California group of viruses and a virus of the Semliki Forest complex may be the cause of unrecognized health problems in western Europe. Specific sampling of potential vectors for virus isolation, detailed characterization of virus strains, and the use of fully characterized strains for serological diagnosis will help to elucidate the present and future potential of mosquito-borne viruses as human pathogens in Europe.
The last decade of research in the field of animal nutrition has Ied to the discovery of a new class of substances in the food stuffs constituting the animal dietary. These compounds have been designated "Vitamines, Accessory Factors of the Diet, Exogenous Hormones of the Diet". They are present in infinitesimal quantities in certain articles of the diet, but their role in the metabolic cycle is one of the greatest importance. Subsequent investigation has shown that they are essential for the wellbeing and even the life of the organism itself. Without these indispensable elements the animal cell is unable to maintain its activities unimpaired, or the adolescent subject to attain normal growth. Continued deprivation leads to disease and ultimately to cessation of life. The discovery of these cornpounds was the result of a generation's work on the etiology of two diseases - Beri-beri and Scurvy. These are now known as "Deficiency Diseases". Each of these pathological conditions is due to the dietary deficiency of a specific substance, which in the case of beri-beri is known as the "Anti-neuritic Vitamin" (Funk); "Water Soluble B substance" (McCollum). In the case of scurvy this element is called the "Antiscorbutic Substance". A third factor associated with fats of animal origin has been subsequently discovered, but its deficiency results in a general malnutrition of a chronic type complicated with Xerophthalmia.
Several generic schemes used in classifying species belonging to Prionospio Malmgren, 1867 sensu lato have been reviewed; three taxa have been retained at the generic level, and three additional taxa at the subgeneric level. The following genera and subgenera are recognized: Prionospio Malmgren, 1867, including the subgenera Minuspio Foster, 1971, Aquilaspio Foster, 1971 and Prionospio Malmgren (sensu striclo); Apoprionospio Foster, 1969, and Paraprionospio Caullery, 1914. Prionospio sensu lata includes species with various combinations of branchiae which are smooth (apinnate), wrinkled, or with digitiform pinnules, beginning on setiger 2. Apoprionospio includes species having branchiae from setiger 2, with at least one pair having plate-like pinnules. Paraprionospio includes species with branchiae from setiger 1, with all pairs having platelike pinnules. Fifteen species, including seven new species, belonging to the genus Prionospio are described. Prionospio (Prionospio) steenstrupi Malmgren, 1867 is described from the syntype series, and is newly synonymized with P. fallax Söderström, 1920. The validity of P. bocki Söderström, 1920 as a separate species is discussed, as is the indeterminable nature of P. malmgreni Claparède, 1869. Prionospio (Prionospio) dubia Day, 1961 originally described as a new variety of P. malmgreni from S Africa, is raised to full species status. Prionospio (P.) cristata Foster, 1971 and P. (P.) heterobranchia Moore, 1907 are redescribed. Prionospio (P.) tripinnata, a new species with three pairs of pinnate branchiae, is described from the Mediterranean Sea and compared with P. plumosa Sars, 1872. A new synonymy is proposed for P. lobulata Fauchald, 1972 with P. (P.) ehlersi Fauvel, 1928. Two new species, P. (Minuspio) fauchaldi and P. (M.) laciniosa, are described in which the apinnate branchiae are distinctly wrinkled or sculptured, rather than smooth. P. (M.) laciniosa is also distinguished by dorsal crests modified into semicircular flaps. Several species previously referred to Prionospio (Minuspio) cirrifera Wirén, 1883 are reviewed and described. The seven species recognized by Foster in the genus Minuspio are considered; several are retained, and new species and new synonymies are proposed. Because the types are apparently lost, a description of P. (M.) cirrifera is given based on specimens from near the type locality. Prionospio (M.) aluta new species is separated from P. (M.) cirrifera on the basis of the presence of lateral pouches in P. aluta and their absence in P. cirrifera. Prionospio (M.) delta Hartman, 1965 is retained as a valid species; P. (M.) longibranchiata Reish, 1968 and P. (M.) minor Fauchald & Hancock, 1981 are newly synonymized with P. delta. P. (M.) multibranchiata Berkeley, 1927 is also retained as a valid species, and P. (M.) perkinsi, P. (M.) lighti and P. (M.) wireni are newly described from shallow water. Two species are recognized as belonging to Apoprionospio Foster: A. pygmaea (Hartman, 1961) and A. dayi Foster, 1969. New records and range extensions are given for both species. New records are also presented for Paraprionospio pinnata (Ehlers, 1901). The specimens examined as part of this study are based primarily on deep-sea materials collected in the Atlantic Ocean, but also include shallow-water specimens from the east, west, and gulf coasts of N America.
High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) has proved extremely versatile over the past 25 yr for the isolation and punfication of peptides varying widely in their sources, quantity and complexity. This article covers the major modes of HPLC utilized for peptides (size-exclusion, ion-exchange, and reversed-phase), as well as demonstrating the potential of a novel mixed-mode hydrophilic interaction/cation-exchange approach developed in this laboratory. In addition to the value of these HPLC modes for peptide separations, the value of various HPLC techniques for structural characterization of peptides and proteins will be addressed, e.g., assessment of oligomerization state of peptideslproteins by sizeexclusion chromatography and monitoring the hydrophilicitykydrophobicity of amphipathic cr-helical peptides, a vital precursor Tor the development of novel antimicrobial peptides. The value of capillary electrophoresis for peptide separations is also demonstrated. Preparative reversed-phase chromatography purification protocols for sample loads of up to 200 mg on analytical columns and instrumentation are introduced for both peptides and recombinant proteins. Key Words: Peptides; proteins; size-exclusion chromatography (SEC); anion-exchange chromatography (AEX); cation-exchange chromatography (CEX); mixed-mode hydrophilic interaction chromatography (HIL1C)/cation-exchange chromatography (CEX); reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC); preparative RP-HPLC of peptides and proteins; amino acid side-chain hydrophilicitylhydrophobicity coefficients; amino acid U-helical propensity values; amino acid side-chain stability coefficients