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The Japanese micropterigid moths are revised. Seventeen species in five genera are recognized from Japan, described or redescribed with the male and female genital figures. Of these, two genera, Issikiomartyria HASHIMOTO and Kurolkopteryx HASHIMOTO, and seven species, Issikiomartyria akemiae HASHIMOTO, Issikiomartylia plicata HASHIMOTO, Issihiomartyria distincta HASHIMOTO, Issihiomartyria bisegmentata HASHIMOTO, Kurokopteryx dolichocerata HASHIMOTO, Neomicropteryx hiwana HASHIMOTO, and Neomicropteryx redacta HASHIMOTO, are new to science. A new combination is given: Issikiomartyria nudata (Issuu). Biology and immature structures of the Japanese species are also described together with the keys to genera and to species provided on the basis of the adult characters. Phylogenetic relationships among the Northern Hemisphere genera are analyzed by the cladistic analysis using PAUP* (SWOFFORD, 2002) based on the morphological characters of adults. A monophyly of the Northern Hemisphere genera except for Micropterix is supported by nine apomorphies, but their immediate sister taxon remains unresolved.
The 70 Frullania species (+ 1 subspecies, 9 varieties, and 3 formae) belonging to 9 subgenera are confirmed in China, among which 1 subgenus and 4 species are new to science, and 12 species are newly reported from China. A new name (nom. nov.) and 12 combinations are proposed and several species are reduced to synonyms of other species. This study reveals the Frullania flora of China, particularly Yunnan and the neighboring provinces, to be most highly differentiated, containing many phytogeographic ally interesting taxa, and may be regarded as a center of the Paleotropic Frullania flora.
Crépin (1891) arranged 55 species of Rosa into 15 sections. Three of those sections contain taxa native to the British Isles, and members of several further sections have been reported as naturelized. In the discussion below, accepted names are shown in bold, while rejected names are given in italics.
"Neobiota" ist ein biologischer Begriff zur Bezeichnung von nicht-einheimischen Arten, welche infolge direkter oder indirekter menschlicher Einwirkungen in neue geografische Gebiete eindringen. Biologische Invasionen durch neue gebietsfremde Lebewesen (Neobiota), die sowohl Tierarten (Neozoa) als auch Pftanzenarten (Neophyta) betreffen, wurden in den letzten Jahren zunehmend von Interesse, da ihre Anzahl und Ausbreitung ständig zunimmt. Solche Fremdlinge (Aliens) verändern oft ihre neue Umwelt, die einheimischen bodenständigen Planzen- und Tierarten müssen sich an diese ungewohnte Umgebung anpassen. Insbesondere invasive fremde Arten werden als eine der Hauptursachen für Verluste an Biodiversität erachtet. In der vorliegenden Arbeit werden für Südtirol einige markante Beispiele rezent einschleppter Tier- und Pflanzenarten erörtert. Es wird der bestehende Trend einer rezenten Zunahme von Neobiota aufgezeigt, als Folge einer Zunahme von Verkehr und Warenaustausch, und auf die Notwenigkeit hingewiesen, die Einschleppungswege und Zeiträume genau zu verfolgen und zu registrieren. Insgesamt werden hier 44 Tierarten behandelt: davon 40 Invertebraten und 4 Vertebrata, sowie 5 Pflanzenarten. Davon sind einige Arten auch Neumeldungen für Südtirol: Diptera: Rhagoletis alternata, Rhagoletis completa; Heteroptera: Leptoglossus occidentalis; Pisces: Rhodeus amarus, Pseudorasbora parva; Crustacea: Procambarus klarkii; Araneae: Atea triguttata und Araniella displicata (beides heimische Arten), Tegenaria atrica (adventiv).
A recently completed field survey of springs throughout the Great Basin yielded collections of hydrobiid snails from more than 500 sites, and revealed a wealth of undescribed diversity of these small gastropods. In this, the first or a two-part taxonomic series treating this material, 58 new species of Pyrgulopsis Call & Pilsbry, 1886, are described; and new records are provided for 10 previously described members of this genus. Assignment of these novelties to Pyrgulopsis is done with the acknowledgement that this large genus, as currently constituted, is probably not monophyletic, but a more refined classiffcation of these snails reflecting evolutionary relationships must await preparation of a phylogenetic analysis, which is beyond the scope of this work. Pyrgulopsis occur in a variety of spring-fed water bodies in the Great Basin, including brackish and/or thermal habitats. Although a few species are widespread in the region, local endemism is prevalent lind 22 of the new species are known only from single localities. Several areas contain concentrations of locally endemic snails which may represent species flocks, notably Duckwater Valley (seven species) and southern Steptoe Valley (five species). This fauna is hugely distributed in an allopatric fashion, although a few springs harbor two or three species. Most of the springs inhabited by hydlrobiids in the region are small, fishless, and have been ignored by state and federal land management agencies. However, many of these sites are degraded by livestock grazing, water withdrawal, anti other activities and will require protection in order to conserve snails and other native aquatic biota. Two of the novellies described herein have become extinct during the past two decades.
This second and final part of a taxonomic treatment of hydrobiid snails of the Great Basin region in the western United States (based principally on material collected during a recently completed field survey) focuses on fauna other than the genus Pyrgulopsis. A new genus of small amnieoline snails, Colligyrlls, is proposed for Hydroia greggi Pilsbry, 1935, together with a new species from the Harney Lake basin of Oregon. This group is strongly differentiated from other amnicolines by a unique female genitalic groundplan. New records are provided for three species of Fluminicola, and two new congeners are described from the northwest Great Basin, both of which had previously been confused with F. turbiniformis (Tryon, 1865). A new genus of cochliopine snails, Eremopyrgus, is erected for a new species from Steptoe Valley, Nevada. Eremopyrgus is distinguished from other cochliopines by unique aspects of its glandular penial lobes and other genitalic features. New records are provided for two species of Tyronia, and a new congener is described from thermal springs in central Nevada. Several new records of Pristincola hemphilli (Pilsbry, 1890) from the extreme northwest Great Basin are provided
The purpose of the present paper is to describe the thoracic cirripeds found in the waters around the Seto Marine Biological Laboratory. The material dealt with in this paper was collected almost entirely by myself during the period extending from the summer of 1930 up to the present time, except a few species obtained from the Soyo-maru Expedition undertaken by the Imperial Fisheries Experimental Station during the years 1926-1930. Descriptions of the latter have already been given (HIRO, 1933a). The present material consists, with few exceptions, of specimens from the littoral zone and shallow water; none of the specimens are from deep water. However, I have paid special attention to the commensal forms from the ecological and faunistic standpoint, and have thus been able to enumerate a comparatively large number of species in such a restricted area as this district.
In der vorliegenden monographischen Studie sollen die indomalayischen Arten der Gattung Pycnolejeunea Spruce einer kritischen Betrachtung unterzogen werden. Nach der Feststellung, welche systematische Bedeutung den Einzelmerkmalen innerhalb der Gattung zukommt. wird im speziellen Teil zuerst das untersuchte Herbarmaterial quellemnässig aufgeführt. Es folgt dann als Hauptteil die Behandlung der wichtigsten Fragen, die sich während der Arbeit herausstellten und von grundlegender Bedeutung für einzelne Arten sind. Im dritten Abschnitt wird die Abgrenzung sowohl der Arten untereinander als auch die der Gattung gegen andere klargestellt. Die Beschreibung der im Material vorhandenen neuen Arten beendet diesen Teil. Zum Schluss folgen einige geographische Einzelheiten der indomalayische Formen.
The taxonomy, diversity, and distribution of the aquatic insect order Trichoptera, caddisflies, are reviewed. The order is among the most important and diverse of all aquatic taxa. Larvae are vital participants in aquatic food webs and their presence and relative abundance are used in the biological assessment and monitoring of water quality. The species described by Linnaeus are listed. The morphology of all life history stages (adults, larvae, and pupae) is diagnosed and major features of the anatomy are illustrated. Major components of life history and biology are summarized. A discussion of phylogenetic studies within the order is presented, including higher classification of the suborders and superfamilies, based on recent literature. Synopses of each of 45 families are presented, including the taxonomic history of the family, a list of all known genera in each family, their general distribution and relative species diversity, and a short overview of family-level biological features. The order contains 600 genera, and approximately 13,000 species.
Diese Arbeit beschreibt die verschiedenen Celltypen (ungefähr dreizig), die in die Larve von Alcyonidium ployoum (Hassall) sind, und zeigt ihre Verschiedenheit und ihren specifischen Merkmale, hesonders wegen der elektronischcn Mikroskopie. Die ektodermischen Zellstoffe sind viel mehr verschieden, als die Arbeiten den alten Autoren es zu glauben lasscn. Aborale und pericoronale Zellstoffe, deren einige von Warzen und mancherlei Wimper bedeckt sind, sind beschreibt. Ein besonderer Zellstoff, der die Einmündung des Saugnapfs beschränkt, ist im Kleine gelernt. Ein Ring von infracoronalen und sehr besonderen Wimperzellen, die nachher den grössten Teil der Anfang des ersten Polypid geben werden, hat sehr genau geanalisiert. Speziale palleale und des Saugnapfs Zellstoffekörnchen werden nachher die Kutukula der Ancestrula zu geben. Der verwickelte Bau der Musultnlareinpflanzungzellen ihre ektodermale Natur, der desmosomiale Anblick der Einfüngungen der Muskularfasern sind entdecken. Die mesodermalen Zellstoffe sind sehr verändert, und kann man die Verwandlung einer Typus von mesenchymalen Zell in einen anderen Typus folgen, in Beziehung auf dem Alter der Larve, Die Verteilung und der Bau der verschieden Muskeln sind geanalisiert, und mit den der anderen bekannten Ectoproctlarven vergleichen. Eine kritische Studium der mancherleien Kategorien von mesenchymalen Zellen ist bezüglich auf die histologischen Beschreibungen früherer Autoren gemacht. Die morulären Zellen, die bis nun allein bei die tätigen Alcyonidium´s Zoecien kurz beschreibt waren, sind hier einzeln gelernt, Ein Haupteingebrachte unserer Erforschung bewilligt den Bau des neuroempfindlichkeiten Ganze dieser Larve. Empfindungszellen stellen in der Mitte der Kappe, und sind in Verbindung, wegen synaptischen Vereinigungen, mit einem Dorsalganglion wo ein von einem mesodermalen zusammenhängenden Muff beschtzer Nerv anfangt. Axonen gehen unter dem Nerv fort, folgen den ganzen larva´s peripherie in der untercoronalen Gegend, und bezüglich mehreren Synapsen verbinden sie mit den allen regsamen Wimperstoffe der Larve. Es gibt kein nervöse Zellkörper neben deIn birniformingen Organ (der nun uns «complexe ectodernlique ventro-anterieur» vorziehen nennen); da bermerckt man nur ein Axonenhalftern. Mit den Gesamtheit der vereinigten Urkunden kannt man ein genau Kenntnis der Larva von Alcyonidium haben. Diese Kenntnis war die nötige Vorbedingung für das Studiaum der Vorfälle von der Verwandlung und Polypids´ Ancestrularbildung unternehmen. Dieses Studium wird logisch für uns diese Arbeit folgen.
Die Arbeit enthält Ergänzungen und Korrekturen zu Teil I der Revision, insbesondere einen revidierten Bestimmungsschlüssel für die in Europa vertretenen Gattungen und Bemerkungen zur Taxonomie und Verbreitung der Arten. Zusätzlich wird die Gattung Baryenemis Förster revidiert. Es werden eine Gattung (Gelanes spec. nov.; Typusart Thersylochus fusculus Holmgren) und 30 Arten neu beschrieben, sechs bisher als Gattungen ausgefaßte Taxa als Untergattungen eingeordnet und neun Arten neu synonymisiert.
In 1080 samples (feathers, nesls, pellets, droppings, cloaca contents and visceral organs) collected from 92 species of free-living birds in many localities and habitats, a total of 6266 fungi was found; we identified 232 species and 112 genera of fungi (73.4 % Ascomycetes, 12.4 % Fungi imperfecti, 8.0 % Zygomycetes, 5.7 % Endomycetes, 0.3 % Oomycetes; and 0.2 % Basidiomycetes). The most common fungal genera were, in plumage, Alternaria. Cladosporium, Arthroderma, Chaetominum, Aspergillus, Penicillium and Chrllsosporium; in nests, Alternaria, Arthroderma, Penicillium, Aphanoascus and Scopulariopsis; on pellets, Penicillium, Mucor, Aspergillus, Chrysosporium and Rhizopus; in droppings, Scopulariopsis, Mucor, Aspergillus, Penicillium and Candida; from the cloaca contents, we isolated Penicillium, Candida, Aspergillus, Scopulariopsis, a. o., and from the visceral organs, Aspergillus, Penicillium, Rhodotorula, and some others. Of the fungi with a potential pathogenicity for homeotherms, we obtained, e. g., Absidia corymbifera, Aspergillus fumigatus, Candida albicans, Cryptococcus neoforrnans and Microsporum gypseum. We confirmed also the presence of several species of toxinogenic fungi (e. g., Aspergillus flavus), of the fungi with a potential pathogenicity for poikilotherms (e. g., Beauveria bassiana. Paecilomyces jarinosus, P. fumoso-roseus), and of plant parasites (Cylindrocarpon radicicola, Fusarium oxysponom and Verticillium albo-atrum). Aphanoascus reticulisporum has been described as comb. nov. (basionym: Anixiopsis: reticulispom ROUTIEN). 66 species of the fungi have not been recorded earlier in Czechoslovakia. Similarly, the occurrence of 111 species had, apparently, not been confirmed in free-living birds on a world-wide scale.
Over 6260 fungi have been isolated from samples of feathers, nests, pellets, droppings, cloaca contents and visceral organs of 92 species of free-living birds in Czechoslovakia and Yugoslavia. Several species have been obtained of fungi pathogenic to homeotherms, poikilotherms and plants, and many fungi recorded belong to the toxinogenic species.Cellulolytic fungi have participated with 44.3 % in the total number of fungi, and keratinolytic fungi with 18.3 %. The thesis has been confirmed that habits (specific bionomics) of the birds influence,. to a certain degree, the distribution of the fungi among them. According to the results of this study, the fungi may conveniently be divided into three categories with respect to the character of their distribution and dispersal by free-living birds: (1) euryornithochous fungi , the occurrence of which in birds is undetermined by the birds' habits (ubiqitous species: Aspergillus flavus, Gliocladium roseum, Rhizopus. nigricans, Trichothecium roseum); (2) mesoornitohochorous fungi, the occurrence of which in birds is determined to a certain degree by the birds' habits (e. g., Aphanoascus fulvescens, Arthrodermcr curreyi, Chrysosporium keratinophilum, C. tropicum, Mucor hiemalis); (3) stenoornithochoruss fungi, which are associated with certain habit groups of the birds only (e. g., Aphanoascus terreus, Arthroderma ciferrii, A. tuberculatum,.Aspergillus fumigatus, Chrysosporium pannorum, Ctenomyces serratus). The importance of free-living birds in the spreading of pathogenic organisms has also been discussed from a more general point of view, particularly with regard to several epidemiologically important aspects of bird ecology such as synanthropism, migration (making possible a long-range carriage of pathogens or infected vectors), colonial breeding or mass roosting.
Arthropods use fluid medium motion-sensing filiform hairs on their exoskeleton to detect aerodynamic or hydrodynamic stimuli in their surroundings that affect their behaviour. The hairs, often of different lengths and organized in groups or arrays, respond to particular fluid motion amplitudes and frequencies produced by prey, predators, or conspecifics, even in the presence of background noise peculiar to the environment. While long known to biologists and experimentally investigated by them, it is only relatively recently that comprehensive physical-mathematical models have emerged offering an alternative methodology for investigating the biomechanics of filiform hair motion. These models have been developed and applied to quantitatively predict the performance characteristics of filiform hairs in air and water as a function of the relevant parameters that affect their physical behaviour. They even allow the exploration of possible biological evolutionary paths for filiform hair changes resulting from physical selection pressures. In this chapter we review the state of knowledge of filiform hair biomechanics and discuss two physical-mathematical models to predict hair dynamical behaviour. One modelling approach is analytically exact, serving for quantitative purposes, while the other, derived from it, is approximate, serving for qualitative guidance concerning the parameter dependencies of hair motion. Using these models we look in turn at the influence of these parameters and the fluid media physical properties on hair motion, including the possibility of medium-facilitated viscous coupling between hairs. The models point to areas where data is currently lacking and future research could be focused. In addition, new results are presented pertaining to transient tlows. We qualitatively explore the possibility of an overlapping water-air niches adaptation potential that may explain how, over many generations, the filiform hairs of an arthropod living in water could have evolved to function in air. Because flow-sensing hairs have served to inspire corresponding artificial medium motion microsensors, we discuss recent advances in this area. Significant challenges remain to be overcome, especially with respect to the materials and fabrication techniques used. In spite of the impressive technological advances made, nature still remains unrivalled.
Fly larvae of the Anthomyiidae, Muscidae, Calliphoridae, and Sarcophagidae are scavengers and breed in filthy material such as animal dung, human feces, dead animals and decaying vegetables. Therefore, the presence of these larvae in our environment indicates defective sanitary conditions, and offers many problems from the standpoint of public health. Clinically, the larvae of some species cause myiasis in man and animals. On the other hand, in the field of legal medicine postmortem time of dead bodies is estimated in some cases by the species and age of larvae collected from them. Thus, the fly larvae are closely associated with our lives. Morphologic studies on larval stages of flies were started in the beginning of this century by Portchinsky (1910), Banks (1912), MacGregor (1914), and Keilin (1915 and 1917). Portchinsky first described chiefly the habits and metamorphosis, and later MacGregor emphasized structure of posterior spiracles in the identification of the larvae. Keilin (1917) discovered and emphasized the importance of the characteristic structures such as the cephalopharyngeal sclerite, anterior and posterior spiracles and other external and internal characters. Following them, many authors made comparative and systematic studies of fly larvae and there are many reports of such research. However, morphology, taxonomy and ecology of these fly larvae have not been studied systematically in Japan. During the period from 1915 to 1936, 10 or more accounts were made about fly larvae that caused intestinal myiasis in man. In 1937, Kodama and Yasuda reported Ophyra nigra Wied. asa cause of intestinal myiasis. Yasuda (1939) reported 12 species of fly larvae in Seoul, Korea with detailed drawings and descriptions. Lopes (1943 and 1946) reported sarcophagid larvae from Neotropical region. Hall (1947) described calliphorid larvae from North America in his publication "The blow flies of North America". In 1951, Roback used the characters of the larvae such as pharyngeal sclerites and posterior spiracles for the classification of the Calypterate, Diptera. In the same year, Zimin reported Russian muscoicllarvae in his publication "Fauna USSR, Muscidae" using the external characters such as spines, papillae, and anal plate on the body surface as well as anterior and posterior spiracles and cepahlopharyngeal sclerite. Fan (1957) reported some filth fly larvae from China. In Japan, Kana et a!. (1950-1958) described larvae of 39 species belonging to 4 families. In the present paper, the author describes 3rd stage larvae belonging to 70 species in 33 genera of 4 families. In addition, photographs of internal and external structures and keys to families and species of 3rd stage larvae are given. Moreover, 6 species belonging to Muscidae and 1 species ofSarcophagidae for which the larvae were not seen are cited from the descriptions and figures published by Keilin (1917), Zimin (1951), Kano and Sato (1951), and Fan (1957). Those species are also included in the keys of this paper.
Catalog of the mosses of Japan compiled by the author in 1991 was revised. This new catalog lists all names of genera and species of mosses described or reported from Japan, based on all literature available to the author up to the end of January 2004. The new catalog is comprised of 1,135 species of mosses belonging to 332 genera. These taxa are listed in alphabetical order. Each valid epithet is followed by author citation, literature, distributional area in Japan, and Japanese name.
Westwoodilla Bate. 1862 is revised and 12 species are recognized as distinct, 2 of which, W. tone and W. helle. are described as new. New characters of taxonomic importance are described and illustrated. The many variable characters that have led to taxonomic confusion in the pas! are converted to morphometries and the intra- and interspecific variation are illustrated. This has led to a new understanding of the genus and a clarification of the "W. caecula complex". The type species Westwoodia caecula Bate. 1857 is redescribed and a neotype is designated. W. megalops (Sars, 1883) is resurrected. The junior synonymy of W. longidactyla Carausu, 1949 with W. caecula is supported by the find of Carausu's original unpublished notes and drawings. Notes on undescribed species are given. New drawings are provided for W. manta Griffiths, 1974, W. longimana Shoemaker, 1934, W. brevicalcar (Goes, 1865) and W. megalops. All species are diagnosed; new distributions are given and plotted on a map; and a key to the named species is included.
A skeletal world revision of the genus is presented to accompany a family account for Flora Malesiana. 82 species are recognised, of which 74 occur in the Malesiana region. Six species are desctibed as new, one species is raised from infraspecific status, and five species are restored from synonymy. Many names are typified for the first time. Three widespread, or locally abundant hybrids are also included. Full descriptions are given for new (6) or recircumscribed (7) species, and emended descriptions of species arc given where necessary (9). Critical notes are given for all the species. Little known and excluded species are discussed. An index to all published species names and an index of exsiccatae is given.
Die jahreszeitlichen Zugmuster der häufigeren Singvogelarten auf dem Col de Bretolet im Herbst sind von Dorka (1966) dargestellt und eingehend analysiert worden. Basierend auf Beobachtungen und FängIingen legte er charakteristische Unterschiede zwischen Kurz- und Langstreckenziehern dar. Aus der Form der Zugmuster konnten in der Folge Rückschlüsse auf die Art der Steuerung der Zugaktivität gezogen werden (Berthold & Dorka 1969). Seither haben sich die Fangzahlen vom Col de Bretolet mehr als verdoppelt und die Fangzeit wurde gegen den Sommer hin ausgedehnt. Dadurch wird es einerseits möglich, bisherige Aussagen zu verfeinern ; andererseits können wesentlich mehr Arten einbezogen werden, und die bisher kaum untersuchte Phase vor der eigentlichen Zugzeit kann analysiert werden. Ein erstes Ziel dieser Arbeit ist es, die jahreszeitlichen Zugmuster nach Fänglingen für möglichst viele Arten darzustellen und damit - ohne eine eingehendere Besprechung der einzelnen Arten - eine Arbeits- und VergleichsgrundIage zu schaffen. Eine Besonderheit der Beringungsstation auf dem Col de Bretolet liegt in der subalpin-alpinen Brutvogelgemeinschaft der Umgebung. Die Durchzugsverhältnisse der Tieflandarten sind dadurch im Vergleich zu anderen Stationen in Europa, die meist im Tiefland liegen, leichter zu interpretieren. Beim Vergleich mit solchen Stationen ergeben sich bei manchen Arten augenfällige Unterschiede in der Form der Zugmuster. Solche Formunterschiede hat auch Denker (1973) beim Fitis Phylloscopus trochilus zwischen Helgoland und dem Festland gefunden. Deshalb sollen die Zugmusterformen der einzelnen Arten sowie von Bretolet und anderen Stationen miteinander verglichen werden. Dabei stehen nachbrutzeitliche Bewegungen, d. h. das Umherstreifen ohne Bindung an den Brutort zwischen dem Ende der Brutzeit und dem Beginn des Wegzuges, im Vordergrund, wobei die Lage der Fangstationen zum Herkunftsgebiet der auftretenden Arten besondere Bedeutung erhält.
Presented herein is the first morphological analysis of turtle relationships to examine the monophyly of many turtle groups by using only single species as terminals and by integrating a large number of primitive fossil taxa. The data matrix consists of 136 osteological parsimony informative characters with 169 derived character states for 45 fossil and 22 living species of the clade TESTUDINATA. The results corroborate the monophyly of a large number of previously hypothesized clades, but refute the accepted hypothesis regarding the basal split of living turtles. In particular, the primitive turdes Proterochersis robusta, Kayentachelys aprix, Mongolochelys efremovi, Meiolania platyceps, and Kallokibotion bajazidi are removed from their current position as crown turtles and placed along the phylogenetic stem of this clade. The age of the turtle crown is thereby adjusted from the Late Triassic to the Late Jurassic, which is relevant to testing molecular clock hypotheses. This revised topology has important implications for the evolution of several character complexes, because it implies that the common ancestor of all living turtles must have had a partially braced brain case and a primitive trochlear mechanism. Other noteworthy conclusions include the tentative exclusion of protostegids from CHELONIOIDEA, the placement of Platysternon megacephalum outside of CHELYDRIDAE, and the tentative interpretation of Sandownia harrisi as a basal eucryptodire.
Nachdem im Teil I der Entomofauna (Jueg 1997b) das Untersuchungsgebiet "Schloßpark Ludwigslust" Erfassungsergebnisse der im Vergleich zu den Käfern und Schmetterlingen artenarmen bzw. mangelhaft bearbeiteten Ordnungen vorgestellt wurden, soll im Teil II die Ordnung Coleoptera irn Vordergnind stehen. Die Käferfauna wird im LSG "Schloßpark Ludwigslust" seit den 1980er Jahren erfaßt. Ältere Angaben oder Literaturquellen sind, von einer Ausnahme abgesehen, nicht bekannt. Von den etwa 100 aus Deutschland bekannten Käferfamilien konnten bisher 53 auch für das LSG nachgewiesen werden. Der Bearbeitungsstand innerhalb der einzelnen Familien ist aber äußerst different. Relativ gut erfaßt sind nur die Familien Cerambycidae (Bockkäfer) und die artenarmen Familien Silphidae (Aaskäfer), Larnpyridae (Leuchtkäfer), Lagriidae (Wollkäfer) und Geotrupidae (Mistkäfer). Als äußerst unzureichend allerdings muß der Kenntnisstand z.B. zu den Familien Carabidae (Laufkäfer), Staphylinidae (Kurzflügler) , Nitidulidae (Glanzkäfer), Chrysomelidae (Blattkäfer) und CurcuLionidae (Rüsselkäfer) beurteilt werden. Die Ursachen sind dabei vielfältig. Im Vergleich zu vielen anderen Lokalfaunen kann aber als positiv vermerkt werden, daß sich die Erfassung nicht nur auf ausgewählte Familien beschränkte, sondern alle Käfer integrierte. Zumeist wurden die Belege von Jueg gesammelt und von Degen bestimmt. Einige kritische Arten oder Belege wurden von Spezialisten bestimmter Käferfamilien nachdeterminiert: z.B. Carabidae (Müller-Motzfeld - Greifswald), Elateridae (Brosin - Rostock) und Scarabaeidae (Rössner - Schwerin). Zu den Cerambycidae (Bockkäfer) konnte Goldberg (Neustadt-Glewe) zahlreiche Beobachtungen liefern. Zur Abundanz, Habitatpräferenz und Gefährdung im Gebiet können nur bei wenigen Arten gesicherte Aussagen getroffen werden. Nicht nur aus dieser Sicht bleibt eine Beschäftigung mit der Käferfauna des LSG „Schloßpark Ludwigslust" weiterhin interessant und lohnenswert. Die Systematik und Nomenklatur richtet sich nach FREUDE, HARDE, LOHSE (1964-1983).
Research about the nutrition of 363 specimens of Halte, 79 of Bogue, 282 of Striped mullets and 259 species of Pandora, has been carried on the bisis of the trawler catches which were realised during 1963/64 year in the bay of Kastela. Examinations were performed in relation to the qualitative and quantitative composition of the food, seasonal changes of food, as well as the influence of the temperature to the change of food quantity in the stomach. By the qualitative analysis of the food structure it was oftenly possiblr to determine the organisms up to the genus or species. In order to find out the quantity of food in the stomach we used the degree of stomach fullness according to which: A empty stomach, B = very little amount of food, C = half of the stomach filled with food, D = completely stomachfull with food, E = the wall of stomach thin owing to the abundance of food. The material for the xamination was immcdiately preserved in 10% formalin on thc vessel and few days later the qualitative-quantitative analysis was performed in the laboratory. ....
(1) a. The mating behavior (including copulation) is described for the first time in the following species: Pardosa modica, P. emertoni, P. saxatilis, P. lapidicina, Lycosa helluo, .L. gulosa, Dolomedes scriptus, Phidippus clarus, P. audax, Philodromus pernix, and Coriarachne versicolor. b. The courtship only is described for the first time in Phidippus purpuratus. c. In Lycosa rabida and Pardosa milvina new data concerning the copulation, and in Schizocosa crassipes new data concerning courtship, are added to what is already available from Montgomery's work. d. In Tibellns oblongus and Xysticus triguttatus new data are added to the accounts of Gerhardt, and of Emerton, respectively. (2) a. On the basis of a large number of observations and experiments with the males of 19 species from 4 families of vagabond spiders, it is pointed out that the senses involved in courtship may vary with the species. b. There is no evidence that a sense of smell is used in sex recognition by any spiders. At least this sense plays no part in initiating courtship activity in the male. c. There is no evidence that Attid males can "recognize" the females by any sense other than sight. At any rate, it appears that the visual stimulus is the only one that suffices to incite courtship in this family. d. In one Lycosid observed, Pardosa emertoni, the courtship behavior is elicited only when the male can both see and touch the female. e. In the Pisaurid, Dolomedes scriptus, the sole stimulus for courtship is the chemoperception by contact of an ether-soluble substance normally covering the cuticle of the female. f. In the Lycosid, Pardosa milvina, the chemoperception by contact of an ether-soluble substance normally covering the cuticle of the female, together with the simultaneous perception of tactile stimuli will elicit courtship. This probably holds for P. saxatilis, Lycosa rabida, Schizocosa crassipes, and perhaps for Pardosa modica. Moreover, the sight of a moving Lycosid of about their own size may, in some cases, be sufficient for these males to start courting. g. In the Lycosids, Pardosa banksi, and probably Lycosn gulosa and L. helluo, only the simultaneous perception of both tactile and tacto-chemical stimuli suffices. Visual stimuli play no part in eliciting courtship. h. The condition in the Thomisids is in all probability similar to that in the preceding group of Lycosids. (3) a. In the case of those species in which contact chemoperception occurs it is shown that perception is not limited to the tarsi. Such stimuli can be perceived on all the segments of the legs as well as on the abdomen. From the known distribution of the slit sense organs it is probable that they are the chemoreceptors involved in courtship.