Weitere biologische Literatur (eingeschränkter Zugriff)
Refine
Year of publication
Document Type
- Article (428) (remove)
Language
- English (251)
- German (106)
- French (34)
- Italian (14)
- Portuguese (7)
- Spanish (6)
- mis (2)
- Multiple languages (2)
- Russian (2)
- cze (1)
Has Fulltext
- yes (428)
Is part of the Bibliography
- no (428) (remove)
Keywords
- taxonomy (11)
- morphology (5)
- phylogeny (5)
- Coleoptera (4)
- distribution (4)
- new species (4)
- systematics (4)
- Chilopoda (3)
- Europe (3)
- Geophilomorpha (3)
Institute
- Extern (67)
The family Cimicidae consists of 6 subfamilies, 23 genera, and 91 species. Nineteen new species names, one new species, and one new genus have been proposed since the monograph by Usinger was published in 1966. A checklist includes the world cimicid fauna with sinonymy. A selected bibliography is concerned with cimicids as potential disease vectors; the bibliography is a comprehensive treatment of the cimicid literature of the Americas and islands of the Pacific, Atlantic and Indian Oceans.
This paper aims to compile an exhaustive list of the behavioral patterns exhibited by the chimpanzees of the Mahale Mountains National Park, Tanzania. The compilation is based on the glossary compiled by Goodall (1989), but a substantial numbers of new terms have been added. Thus, we list 316 simple anatomical terms, 81 complex anatomical terms, 37 simple functional terms, and 81 complex functional terms, in addition to 116 synonyms. The behavioral patterns are divided into eight categories on the basis of degree of universality: (1) commonly seen in both Homo and two species of Pan, (1?) commonly seen in Homo and only one species of Pan, (2) patterns common to the genus Pan but not to Homo, (3) patterns common to the chimpanzee Pan troglodytes but not the bonobo Pan paniscus, (4) patterns common to eastern (P.t. schweinfurthii) and central (P.t. troglodytes) but not western (P.t. vents) chimpanzees, (5) patterns unique to the eastern chimpanzees, P.t. schweinfurthii, (6) patterns unique to the population of Mahale, (7) patterns unique to many individuals (at least most members of an age/sex class) of M group chimpanzees, (8) patterns limited to a single (idiosyncrasy) or a few individuals of M group. It is most likely that the behavior patterns of the last common ancestor of Homo and Pan are found in Categories 1 and I? and less likely in Categories 2 and 3. It is possible that behavior patterns belonging to Categories 5, 6 or 7 are cultures.
È stata effettuata una revisione sistematica sulle specie del genere Genista in Italia. L'indagine ha permesso di accertare la posizione tassonomica delle diverse entità che rappresentano il genere nel territorio italiano. In questa prima nota sono riferiti i risultati emersi dallo studio delle entità di sezioni a prevalente distribuzione in opposte zone del bacino del Mediterraneo e precisamente Erinacoides Spach del Mediterraneo occidentale ed Ephedrospartum Spach, Aureospartum sect. nova del Mediterraneo centrale. La sezione Erinacoides é rappresentata da G. salzmanii DC. in Sardegna e in Corsica, G. pichisermolliana sp. nov. in Sardegna, G. aspalathoides Lam. in Sicilia, Pantelleria, Africa settentrionale, G. desoleana Valso in Liguria, Toscana, Elba, Corsica e Sardegna, G. arbusensis Vals., G. sulcitana Valso e G. toluensis Valso in Sardegna. La sezione Aureospartum (sect. nova) comprende solo l'endemica sardo-sicula G. aetnensis (Raf.) DC. e l'Ephedrospartum racchiude G. ephedroides DC. presente in Sardegna, G. thyrrena Valso nell'arcipelago ponziano, G. gasparrini in Sicilia e G. cilentina Vals. in Campania e in Sicilia.
1. The migration of the spotted mackerel, Pneumatophorus tapeinacephalus distributing in the coastal sea of Japan was investigated in relation to the geographical distribution of the fishing grounds, seasonal change of fishing condition. sea conditions and fork length. Secondarily, some anatomical and histological observations were carried out on spotted mackerels caught in the coastal sea area around Kagoshima and its vicinity to clarify the sex differentiation and the seasonal cycle of the gonads. 2. Spotted mackerels are distributed throughout a wide sea area stretching from north of Formosa to the south of Japan Sea. including the Pacific coastal sea from Kyushu to Chiba Prefecture. The northern limit of the distribution area is assumed to be the sea areas off San-in and Chosi. 3. The schools of adult fish make a feeding migration to the circumference of Saishu Island and to the sea area off Ashizuri cape in summer. and these schools make a spawning migration toward the sea area around the Osumi Islands and the southern area of the East China Sea in winter. 4. In winter some schools of adult fish remain living in the sea area south of the Izu Islands. These schools belong to a group isolated incompletely from that of the East China Sea. as some of them are those which came from the East China Sea. 5. The larvae grow while they are being brought by the sea current or tide current. When they have reached 50~60mm. in total length. they aggregate in schools and approach the coast. In spring they swim in the coastal nursery grounds. 6. From summer to autumn, the schools of the young fish make a feeding migration to the sea off San-in and to the eastern coastal sea of Chiba Prefecture. In winter. they make a seasonal migration to the coastal sea of South Kyushu, the East China Sea and the southern sea area of the Izu Islands. 7. The range of vertical distribution of the larvae is supposed to be the layer from the surface to 40m. in depth. The vertical distribution of the adult fish is chiefly in the layer, 40-70m. in depth, during the period from late autumn to early spring. It becomes shallower in late spring and summer, the depth being about 20-40m. 8. The ranges of water temperature and salinity in the sea where the adult fish schools are distributed are 17.0-26.0°C and 34.0~34.8%0. respectively. 9. The spawning takes place during the period from the end of January to June in the southern part of the East China Sea and the sea areas around the Osumi Islands, off Ashizuri Cape and around the Izu Islands. These spawning grounds are sea areas where a comparatively rapid current is running towards a land shelf. 10. The ranges of the optimum water temperatures and salinities for the spawning are assumed to be 17-23°C and 34.0-34.8 0/00, respectively. 11. The primordial germ cells seem to migrate to the gonad by amoeboid movement from other places than the gonad. 12. The early indifferent gonad is very slender and suspended with a mesogonium, in the coelom. It is composed of peritoneal epithelium, stroma cells and primordial germ cells. 13. The formation of the gonocoel begins as a longitudinal depression on the surface of the gonad, facing the mesentery. This depression takes place in the gonad of the fish, about 60mm. in fork length, prior to the sex differentiation. 14. The sex differentiation occurs directly without a phase of a juvenile hermaphrodite. 15. The gonad in which the gonocoel is greatly enlarged becomes an ovary, while that in which the gonocoel is left narrow becomes a testis. 16. In the early ovary the layer containing oogonia is surrounded with stroma cells. The surface of the ovary is covered with cuboidal epithelium. 17. In the ovary of the fish, 100-130mm. in fork length, the wall of the ovocoel forms small protuberances, which become the lobes of the ovary. The oocytes are situated in these lobes. The yolk formation begins in the oocytes, 15.....,20.a in diameter, 18. The maturing process of eggs is clasified into the following 7 stages; the chromatin nucleolus, the peripheral nucleolus, the yolk vesicle, the early yolk globule, the late yolk globule, the migrating nucleus and the matured stage. Ovarian eggs at the migrating nucleus stage and the matured stage are observed in the fish, more than 300mm. in fork length. 19. The surface of the early testis is covered with peritoneal epithelium. The interior is filled up with the multiplied stroma cells and the spermatogonia scattered among them. In the testis of a somewhat later stage, a lot of branches are stretched out of the testocoel. Some of the spermatogonia are arranged directly beneath the peritoneal epithelium and the others are buried deep in the testis. The testis lacks a layer of stroma cells under the peritoneal epithelium. 20. In the testis of young male fish the spermatogonia increase in number and surround the small branches of testocoel; they form seminiferous tubules. The testocoel and its large branches become the rete apparatus constructed of collecting ducts. The maturation division appears in the testes of the fish more than 280mm. in fork length. 21. The sex ratio of the young fish is approximately 1 : 1. The ratio between the gonad length and the fork length shows an exponential increase. The gonads of adult fish are enlarged about 9-13 % of the original length during the spawning season. 22. During the months from July to November the oocytes in the ovaries of adult female :fish are at the chromatin nucleolus stage and the peripheral nucleolus stage. During the same season there are only spermatogonia in the testes of adult male fish. The gonads of adult fish begin to increase in size in December and become the largest in March and April. The increase in size of the ovary is chiefly due to the enlargement of ova on account of yolk deposition. The increase in size of the testis is due to accumulation of spermatozoa. 23. A few oogonia can be seen m the ovanes of adult female fish during and immediately after spawning. Numerous spermatogonia appear along the inner walls of the seminiferous tubules late in the spawning season.
Die Pilzgattung Hygrocybe wird taxonomisch besprochen, wobei die bisherige Sektion Oreocybe Boertmann (subgenus Cuphophyllus) den Status einer eigenen Untergattung erhält. Ein Bestimmungsschlüssel zur Gattung wird vorgelegt, wobei Gruppen sehr ähnlicher Arten, die früher teilweise nicht getrennt wurden, im Hauptschlüssel zu Aggregaten zusammen gefaßt wurden. Diese Aggregate werden getrennt aufgeschlüsselt. 50 europäische Arten der Gattung Hygrocybe werden schließlich hinsichtlich ihrer Morphologie, Taxonomie, Ökologie und Verbreitung vorgestellt.
Scharben und Scharbenfischerei : nach einem Vortrag in der "Ornithologischen Gesellschaft in Bayern"
(1938)
The re-emergence of tuberculosis in its present-day manifestations - single, multiple and extensive drug-resistant forms and as HIV-TB coinfections - has resulted in renewed research on fundamental questions such as the nature of the organism itself, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, the molecular basis of its pathogenesis, definition of the immunological response in animal models and humans, and development of new intervention strategies such as vaccines and drugs. Foremost among these developments has been the precise chemical definition of the complex and distinctive cell wall of M. tuberculosis, elucidation of the relevant pathways and underlying genetics responsible for the synthesis of the hallmark moieties of the tubercle bacillus such as the mycolic acid-arabinogalactan-peptidoglycan complex, the phthiocerol- and trehalose-containing effector lipids, the phosphatidylinositol-containing mannosides, lipomannosides and lipoarabinomannosides, major immunomodulators, and others. In this review, the laboratory personnel who have been the focal point of some to these developments review recent progress towards a comprehensive understanding of the basic physiology and functions of the cell wall of M. tuberculosis.
Les microcèbes de l'espèce Microcebus murinus doivent leur succès évolutif à leurs capacités à s'adapter aux conditions climatiques et écologiques difficiles auxquelles ils ont à faire face. Ces adaptations concernent tous les systèmes de communication. La vision semble particulièrement performante dans le biotope de branches fines de cette espèce strictement nocturne. L'appréhension du monde extérieur par le sens du tact passe moins par les membres que par le museau, organe multisensoriel riche en terminaisons tactiles. Cependant, les échanges sociaux par signaux visuels et tactiles sont beaucoup plus l'ares que chez les simiens ou même que chez les prosimiens diurnes. Les seuils de détection gustative démontrent une sensibilité relativement faible pour les sucres et, pour les composés amers comme la quinine ou astringents comme les tanins, une variation saisonnière liée aux ressources du milieu. Les autres détecteurs de signaux chimiques - olfaction et sens voméronasal - sont particulièrement développés. Il s j agit de deux systèmes différents dont l'indépendance fonctionnelle a été démontrée. Chez le microcèbe, l'urine, dispersée grâce à des comportements de marquage extrêmement efficaces, joue un rôle social fondamental, notamment par toute une série d'effets de type phéromonal. Les émissions sonores se caractérisent par des fréquences élevées, en partie ultrasoniques. Le répertoire vocal comprend au moins huit types de vocalisations dont certaines, ayant, dans une population locale donnée, une partie de leur structure acoustique en commun, sont interprétées comme des dialectes. Au niveau interindividuel, certains cris de contact pourraient fournir, comme c'est le cas pour les traces urinaires, des repères suffisant à identifier l'émetteur et comatitere son état psychophysiologique. Cette revue montre que le microcèbe est un généraliste, chez qui tous les organes des sens sont bien developpés sans dominance ni spécialisation excessive de l'un d'entre eux. Elle montre, aussi que ce primate possède un développement cerebral suffisant pour répondre de manière originale aux contraintes de son environnement physique et social.
Sexual reproduction in yeasts has a survival function by providing an alternative to the vegetative processes when conditions are no longer conducive for growth. If both sexes are in the correct physiological state (usually under starvation conditions), then initiation of copulation involves the mutual induction of a sexual response. This response is mediated by diffusible compounds and by physical contact. Initial cell contacts between opposite mating types can be disrupted easily, but stronger intercellular bonds form later that result in the fusion of two cells into one. Union between mates involves mixing of parental gene pools. The new diploid organism or its subsequent offspring might be better equipped to survive in a new environment because they may contain new combinations of parental genes. Hence, sex is more advantageous to the survival of the species than it is to the individual organism. The purpose of this review is to compare the steps in the mating process in three species of yeasts. The various physiological factors, events and regulatory phenomena that are part of the mating process will be described for Hansenuta wingei, Schizosaccharomyces pombe and Saccharomyces cerevisiae in Sections II, III and IV, respectively. Then, in Section V, the similarities and differences among these yeast systems will be discussed. Emphasis in this article will be on recent observations since reviews of earlier work are available for each mating system (for H. wingei: Crandall and Brock, 1968; Crandall and Caulton, 1975; for Schizosacch. pombe: Leupold, 1970; Gutz et at., 1974; for Sacch. cerevisiae: Fowell, 1969a, b; Bilinski et at., 1975; Sena et at., 1975). For a comprehensive review of conjugation in all yeasts, fungi and other micro-organisms, consult Crandall (1977). The three yeasts to be reviewed here are quite diverse in terms of their ecological niches, metabolism, morphology and life cycles. Therefore, for a better understanding of the physiology of sexual reproduction in these organisms, it is necessary first to consider these characteristics. A more detailed description of each yeast is given in Lodder (1970).
A synthesis of the Carabid fauna of the Central and Eastern Alps and Pre-Alps, from a biogeographical point of view, is presented. Only the Italian side of the Alpine chain is considered, from the basin of the Toce river to the Trieste and Gorizia Karst. Main features of the landscape are: 1. an ancient orogenetic history and evolution, that made this area available to the colonization by carabids, of both gondwanaland and laurasian lineages, since the lower Tertiary; 2. a marked geological and geo-morphological complexity, with highest elevation at Pizzo Bernina m 4.049; 3. the presence of a very developed, dolomitic-calcareous and markedly carsified prealpine belt, rich of deep and large hypogean systems (also at high altitude), which makes this area highly different, from the geo-morphological point of view, from the Western Alps; 4. the geographic position, as a mountain chain of some 750 kms between central Europe and the Padanian plain, connected with the Caravanche and the Dinaric chain and close to the Adriatic sea in me Eastern part; 5. finally, a puzzled climate situation, that includes xero-thermic areas (500-700 mm of rain per year, also in some intra-alpine sectors), close to highly rainy areas - more than 2.500 mm per year - in the westernmost and easternmost parts of the chain. Thus, like in the Western Alps, sub-mediterranean vegetation types, dose to cool-moist forests, coexist with high-altitude environments above the timber line. These facts explain the heterogeneity, the richness, the variety, and the interest of the carabid fauna of the area: the highest number of species (658) ascertained so far, i.e. 112 of the whole Italian carabid fauna and about 115 of the carabid fauna cited so far for the Europe in politic sense, fi·om me Canary islands to the Urals; the high number of euri- or stenoendemites (204, i.e. abour 31 % of the species, 3/5 of which concentrated in the pre-alpine belt), and the complex origins and/or affinities of different taxa. A large number of species (174, i.e. 26%) belongs to European chorotypes (European, South-European or typically Alpine), and even more (255, i.e. 38%) to Holarctic (Holarctic, Palaearccic, West-Palaearctic, Asiatic-European, Siberian-European, Central-Asiatic-European, Central-Asiatic-European-Mediterrancan, Turanic-European, Turanic-EuropeanMediterranean, European-Mediterranean) chorotypes. This darum confirms the well known role, both of connection and separation, that the Alps as a whole played between Europe and the Mediterranean area. Furthermore, it is to be recalled the presence, in some localities of the Eastern Alps, of micro thermophilous, boreal species, like Miscodera arctica, now widespread in Northern regions of the Holarctic Region. Many orophilous, forest-dwelling, riparian and hygrophilolls species, are of northern, north-eastern, ruranic or dinaric-balkanian origin. A very small, bur interesting group of thermophilous elements (mostly Harpalini), originally from the Mediterranean area or temperate steppes, during the hypsothermic periods of the Pleistocene and Olocene, reached the Central and Eastern Alps and Pre-Alps, and persist in xerothermlc biotopes. Some of these could increase their range of distribution as a consequence human activities in agricultural use overgrazing and deforestation. Some others, like Carabus montivagus and Laemostenus algerinus, seem to be present owing to very recent anthropogenic introduction. From the biogeograpic point of view, however the most important group of species is represented by the impressive number of endemics (204, of which 116 species restricted to politic Italy), either eurendemics to Central and Eastern Alps and Pre-Alps, or stenoendemics to single sectors of the area or to very small biotopes (caves, isolated montane massifs): among these, we may cite some large-sized species like Cychrus cylindricollis, endemic at high altitude, to the Central Pre-Alps, several montane, very localized Trechus species, many subterranean, highly specialized Trechini of the peculiar genera Boldoriella, Orotrechus, Anophthalmus, Allegrettia, Italaphaenops, Lessinodytes: many Pterostlchini, and others, Most of them must be considered as pre-Quaternarian elements, With affinltl,es either til Gondwana (such as the blind Reicheina of the genus Alpiodytes), or in the Angarian (as the Broscosoma species) areas, They are, the result of an ancient, subtropical or temperate forest dweller Carabid fauna, tied now to soil: forest littter, superficlal subterranean environment, caves, and upper montane refugia, Both from floristic and faunistic informatlon, It IS a well known fact that the pre-alpine belt as a whole represents a large, unique Pleistocene refugium, that shows a scenario of marked isolation and speciation in mountains, valleys and hypogean compartments. The analysis of the entire Carabid fauna in the Central and Eastern Alps and Pre-Alps shows that the present composition and complexity is the result both of ancient clado-vicariance events and of recellt, ecological factors, These facts surprisingly make this area (not only concerning carabids) very close to important towns and to one of the most populated, cultivated and industrialized area of Italy (the Padanian plain), and in spite of its relatively small surface, one of the most important hot spar of biodiversity in Europe, in which many biotopes are presently highly endangered, or in some cases completely destroyed, A checklist of the Carabid species of the Central and Eastern Alps and Pre-Alps, with their chororypes, is added.
The Invertebrate section of the Museum of Zoology QCAZ at the Pontifical Catholic University of Ecuador in Quito maintains nearly two million curated specimens, and comprises Ecuador's largest collection of native taxa. We review 1902 type specimens from 6 subspecies and 320 species in 121 genera and 42 families, currently kept in the Museum. The list includes 116 holotypes, 10 allotypes, 1774 paratypes and 2 neoparatypes. The collection of type specimens is particularly strong in the Coleoptera (family Carabidae and Staphylinidae) and Hymenoptera. However, other insect orders such as Diptera and Lepidoptera and non-insect arthropods such as Acari, Aranea and Scorpiones, are moderately represented in the collection. This report provides original data from labels of every type specimen record. An analysis of the geographic distribution of type localities showed that collection sites are clustered geographically with most of them found. towards the northern region of Ecuador, in Pichincha, Cotopaxi and Napo provinces. Sites are mainly located in highly accessible areas near highways and towns. Localities with a high number of type species include the cloud forest reserve Bosque Integral Otonga and Parque Nacional Yasunf in the Amazon rainforest near PUCE's Yasuni Scientific Station. Type localities are not well represented in the Ecuadorian National System of Protected Areas. Future fieldwork Sllould include. localities in the southern region of Ecuador but also target less accessible areas not located near highways or towns. We discuss the value of the collection as a source of information for conservation and biodiversity policies in Ecuador.
Gli Autori presentano i risultati preliminari dello studio interdisciplinare (geostratigrafia e paleopedologia; palinologia; malaccfaune; faune mammologiche; industrie; datazioni raiometriche) dei depositi würmiani, fortemente antropizzati, del Riparo Tagliente in Valpantena (Monti Lessini). I depositi più antichi, riferibili al I Pleniglaciale wiirmiano e alla parte iniziale del Würm medio, contengono industrie del Paleolitico Medio e della fase arcaica del Paleolitico Superiore (Aurignaziano a dufours). Una fase erosiva, la deposizione di ghiale fluviali all'esterno del riparo e fenomeni di geliflusso sono riconducibili al II Pleniglaciale würmiano. I depositi più recenti, riferibili al Tardiglaciale (dal Dryas antico all'oscillazione di Alleriöd), hanno dato industrie dell'Epigravettiano italico finale e altri resti di occupazione antropica del riparo (strutture di abitato, oggetti ornamentali, una sepoltura, opere d'arte). Le sequenze di industrie musteriane cd epigravcttianc del Riparo Tngliente costituiscono attualmente il punto di riferimento fondamentale per lo studio dei complessi del Paleolitico Medio e della fine del Paleolitico Superiore nell'Italia nordorientale.
The impact of naval sonar on beaked whales is of increasing concern. In recent years the presence of gas and fat embolism consistent with decompression sickness (DCS) has been reported through postmortem analyses on beaked whales that stranded in connection with naval sonar exercises. In the present study, we use basic principles of diving physiology to model nitrogen tension and bubble growth in several tissue compartments during normal div ng behavior and for several hypothetical dive profiles to assess the risk of DCS. Assuming that normal diving does not cause nitrogen tensions in excess of those shown to be safe for odontocetes, the modeling indicates that repetitive shallow dives, perhaps as a consequence of an extended avoidance reaction to sonar sound, can indeed pose a risk for DCS and that this risk should increase with the duration of the response. If the model is correct, then limiting the duration of sonar exposure to minimize the duration of any avoidance reaction therefore has the potential to reduce the risk of DCS.
Im Jahre 1932 wurden 4 Beobachtungen über Strömungen im Schwarzen Meere (Meerbusen Mamaia) mit folgendem Ergebnis angestellt: 1. Zwischen 24. Juni und 2. Juli wurde eine S.N.-Strömung beobachtet, deren Wasser am 26. Juni in den Meerbusen Mamaia eindrang und da ein plötzliches Temperatursinken um 8,40 C hervorrief. Die Fischbevölkerung änderte sich ebenso rasch, da mit dem kalten Wasser grosse Exemplare von Mugil cephalus, Temnedon saltator und Trachurus trachurus an der Stelle der sonst täglich an der Küste angetroffenen Fische traten. 2. Zwischen 5. und 12. Juli wurde eine Verminderung der Dichte von 1,010 auf 1,005 binnen 24 Stunden bei fast gleichbleibender Wassertemperatur festgestellt. Parallel mit der Verminderung des Salzgehaltes wurden im Meere grosse Mengen Süsswasserfische, besonders Karpfen, die aus der Donaugegend stammten, gefischt; andererseits warfen die Wellen Zweige und Wurzeln von Weidebäumen an die Küste. Diese Erscheinungen sprechen für das Vorhandensein einer N.S.-Strömung, die in dieser Zeit in den Mamaiaer Meerbusen einströmte. 3. In der Zeitspanne 22. August - 18. September wurde die N.S.-Strömung wieder beobachtet, da sie eine abermalige Verminderung des Salzgehaltes im Meerbusen herbeiführte. Am 23. August wurde die Hauptströmung zirka 10 km. vor Constantza, in der Gegend der 20-25 m. Tiefenlinie gefunden (bei 27° C war die Dichte 1,005). Durch langanhaltende und wiederholte N.O.- und O.-Winde wurde das warme Wasser der N.S.-Strömung in den Meerbusen Mamaia getrieben, sodass dort am 11. September das Dichteminimum von 1,0039 bei 22,5° C erreicht wurde. 4· Schliesslich wurde zwischen 31. Oktober und 7. November ein Eindringen von kaltem Wasser in denselben Meerbusen beobachtet, das ein plötzliches Temperatursinken von 16° C auf 6,50 C bei fast gleichbleibenden Dichtewerten zur Folge hatte. Dieses kalte Wasser gehörte der S.N.-Strömung an, denn wir stellten in dieser Zeit fest, dass die Stellnetze 100-.300 m. weit nordwärts von ihrem Platze getrieben wurden . Der Fischfang zeigte sich ergiebig zwischen 15,5° C und 8° C., während bel 6,5° C die Makrelen, die vorher in grossen Mengen gefangen wurden, ausblieben.
The siliceous claystone and chert lithologic units of the Triassic-Jurassic chert-clastic sequence are well exposed in the Inuyama, Mt. Kinkazan and Hisuikyo areas of the southeastern Mino Terrane. Twenty-one continuous sections from those areas were investigated in order to establish comprehensive radiolarian biozones and clarify the successive lithologic changes through the Triassic and lowest Jurassic. Twenty new radiolarian zones are established; the lowest two are assemblage zones and the others are defined by the first or last occurrence of index taxa. The definitions are as follows in chronological order: TR 0, Follicucullus Assemblage Zone (early Spathian or older); TR 1, Parentactinia nakatsugawaensis Assemblage Zone (late Spathian); TR 2A, Eptingium nakasekoi Lowest-occurrence Zone (early Anisian); TR 2B, Triassocampe coronata group Lowest-occurrence Zone (early Anisian); TR 2C, Triassocampe deweveri Lowest-occurrence Zone (late Anisian); TR 3A, Spine A2 (possiblly derived from Oertlispongus inaequispinosus) Lowest occurrence Zone (late Anisian) ; TR 3B, Yeharaia elegans group Lowest-occurrence Zone (early Ladinian); TR 4A, Muelleritortis cochleata Lowest-occurrence Zone (late Ladinian); TR 4B, Spongoserrula dehli Lowest-occurrence Zone (late Ladinian to early Carnian); TR 5A, Capnuchosphaera Lowest-occurrence Zone (early Carnian); TR 5B, Poulpus carcharus sp. nov. Lowest-occurrence Zone (early to late Carnian); TR 6A, Capnodoce- Trialatus Concurrentrange Zone (late Carnian to early Norian), TR 6B, Trialatus robustus-Lysemelas olbia gen. et sp. nov. Partial-range Zone (early Norian); TR 7, Lysemelas olbia gen. et sp. nov. Lowest-occurrence Zone (early to late Norian); TR 8A: Praemesosaturnalis multidentatus group Lowest-occurrence Zone (late Norian); TR 8B: Praemesosaturnalis pseudokahleri sp. nov. Lowest-occurrence Zone (late Norian) ; TR 8C: Skirt F (possiblly derived from Haeckelicyrtium takemurai) Lowest-occurrence Zone (late Norian to early Rhaetian); TR 8D: Haeckelicyrtium breviora sp. nov. Taxon-range Zone (early to late Rhaetian) ; JR OA: Haeckelicyrtium breviora sp. nov.-Bipedis horiae sp. nov. Partial-range Zone (Hettangian); and JR OB: Bipedis horiae sp. nov. Lowest-occurrence Zone (Hettangian/Sinemurian) . These zones are correlated to previousy established radiolarian assemblages and zones in Japan and other regions. Age assignment of the zones is also discussed on the basis of the correlation and other available chronological data. The original stratigraphic succession of the Triassic in the studied area, which ranges in age from Early Triassic to Early Jurassic, is more than 100 m in thickness and can be reconstructed in detail. The succession is subdivided into seven units based on lithologic features. Each unit was probably accumulated under a particular sedimentary condition, thus successive changes of paleoceanographic environments during Triassic time can be traced continuously. Nine new genera including Ayrtonius, Blonzella, Braginella, Bulbocampe, Enoplocampe, Lysenzelas, Parvibrachiale, Spongoxystris and Veles, and 47 new species are described herein. A comprehensive list of identified taxa is presented.
South-Western Anatolia (including provinces Antalya, Burdur, Isparta, Denizli, Aydın, Muğla) was surveyed for the fauna of Neuroptera during 2000–2002. In total, 2817 specimens representing 77 species, 43 genera and 10 families: Osmylidae (1 species), Chrysopidae (22 species), Hemerobiidae (11 species), Coniopterygidae (7 species), Dilaridae (1 species), Mantispidae (4 species), Berothidae (1 species), Nemopteridae (3 species), Myrmeleontidae (22 species), Ascalaphidae (6 species). The records of Nineta guadarramensis, Sympherobius (S.) elegans, Nimboa ressli, Dilar turcicus, Mantispa aphavexelte, Synclisis baetica, Solter ledereri, Myrmeleon inconspicuous, Megistopus flavicornis are their second records from Turkey. Fourty five species are recorded for the first time from the studied area. As a result of the present study the total number of species reported from Southwest Anatolia increased to 87.
Einleitung: Ernährungsbiologische Untersuchungen dienen unter anderem dazu, die Position einzelner Tierarten in der jeweiligen Lebensgemeinschaft, der sie angehören, näher zu bestimmen. Dabei wird man sich nicht darauf beschränken können, die Nahrungsbestandteile in kleinen Serien zu ermitteln, denn die Zusammensetzung der Nahrung variiert entsprechend den Umweltbedingungen und dem physiologischen Zustand des Tieres. Die Variationsbreite des Nahrungsspektrums ist allerdings bei omnivoren Tieren, zu denen auch die Sperlinge zählen, verhaltnismäßig schwer zu erfassen, und es bedarf dazu einer grösseren Anzahl von Stichproben aus verschiedenen Populationen, die in unterschiedlichen Lebensräumen vorkommen. Noch schwieriger ist es, die Variationsursachen zu erkennen, denn dazu sind quantitative Untersuchungen über das Nahrungsangebot und seine Ausnutzung notwendig. Die Arbeiten in dieser Richtung sind in den letzten Jahren vor allem von L. Tinbergen und seinen Schülern, denen Vögel und Arthropoden als Forschungsobjekte dienten, entscheidend gefördert worden. Doch auch viele andere Forscher davor und danach befassten sich mit Nahrungsuntersuchungen an Vögeln und begründeten damit eine Sammlung von Faktenmaterial zur Problemstellungen, die zum Teil nur im Rahmen ökologischer Komplexaufgaben sinnvoll bearbeitet werden können. Im Internationalen Biologischen Programm bot sich eine Gelegenheit, die Ergebnisse vieler tausender Arbeitsstunden, die der Erforschung der Ernährung von Haus- und Feldsperling gewidmet waren, zusammenzufassen und einer allgemeinen Synthese zuzuführen. Auf Grund ihrer weiten Verbreitung und der hohen Dominanz, dle die Sperlinge stellenweise erreichen können, ist nicht nur ihre Bedeutung im Artengefüge (species network; Elton 1966) von Ökosystemen ziemlich hoch einzuschätzen, sondern es besteht auch ein begründetes volkswirtschaftliches Interesse an der Verringerung der von ihnen in der Landwirtschaft verursachten Schäden. Die im folgenden vorgetragenen Fakten und Vorstellungen sollen dazu beitragen, ein Modell zu finden, das die Rolle der Sperlinge in verschiedenen Ökosystemen zum Ausdruck bringt und uns dadurch befähigt, zweckmässigere Wege bei der Regulierung von Sperlingspopulationen einzuschlagen. Es kann jedoch nicht die Aufgabe dieser Abhandlung sein, die trophische Position der Sperlinge in verschiedenen Klima- und Vegetationsgsbieten erschöpfend zu analysieren und quantitativ zu vergleichen, da dies einen Gesamtüberblick über das produktionsbiologische Datenmaterial voraussetzt, der erst noch in Gemeinschaftsarbeit geschaffen werden muss.
L'Autore esamina le specie di Scafopodi del Neogene del Bacino del Mediterraneo, dandone un'ampia iconografia. Vengono riassunte varie notizie relative alle differenti specie ed in particolar modo viene proposta una rilettura filologicamente corretta delle diagnosi originarie. Due nuove specie sono istituite: Fustiaria (Fllstiaria) emersoni e Cadulus (Gadila) razzorei, dal Pliocene italiano. Anche le specie attuali mediterranee sono esaminate e correlate, ove occorra, alle forme fossili.
Habitat, food and population dynamics of the field vole Microtus agrestis (L.) in south Sweden
(1971)
The habitat, food and population dynamics of the field vole (Microtus agrestis) were studied mainly in southernmost Sweden (Scania) with a few comparisons from a northern locality. The habitats of Microtus agrestis consist mainly of successional stages, arising from abandoned cultivated fields, drained mires and felled mature forests. They were characterized botanically and classified according to moisture and time since abandonment. Capture distributions were significantly clumped, being most contagious at the lowest densities. Microdistribution was affected more by shelter than by food conditions. The weight of the stomach contents showed various skewed distributions, giving indications of the feeding behaviour of various population categories. The staple food in southernmost Sweden was various grasses, while herbs, gnss seeds, vegetative storage organs and moss were primary food items during summer, summer-autumn, winter and early summer respectively. In a northern locality herbs played a more important role in summer. Among plant species e.g. Agrostis spp., Festuca rubra, Achillea millefolium and Ranunculus spp. were often eaten, while the common Deschampsia caesjJiiosa and Charnaenerion angustifoliurn were disliked. There were clear differences between habitats but plant species belonging to the same group replaced each other in the diet. There were few differences between populatipn categories. Experiments disclosed the same preferences as found at stomach analysis. Digestibility was higher during spring than winter, that of the preferred species being highest. The digestibility was most affected by the proportions of crude protein but the changes in weight by the amounts consumed. The animals showed a decided interest in certain carbohydrates and fatty substances with differences between seasons and years. The interest in sugars was not correlated with the similar interest in bark. The probability of capture was especially low in juveniles and during winter. Trap lines and grids showed the same trappability, but, the intervals between checkings influenced the removal rate. The density changes on two distant, large, dry fields in southernmost Sweden were correlated, while a nearby isolated population in a spruce plantation fluctuated out of phase. The increases during the reproductive season were significantly lower than those expected at exponential increase. The density in various habitats did not depend on the moisture conditions. Differences in population structure and body weight in various areas were partly related to the phase of population development. However, there were also differences in the same area between habitats, which might differ in plant nutrient supply. The animals had a low energy reserve in their depot fat, which would only sustain the animals for 5-14 hours in an emergency. It was highest during midwinter but with significant depressions in April and December. Drier habitats could sustain populations of little more than 200 animals/ha over :winter and these densities were not realized in southernmost Sweden. The spring-summer density variations in a northern locality were correlated with the spruce seed supply during the following autumn-winter. A relation was assumed with the quantity or quality of previous storage tissues. In southernmost Sweden, with irregular and low-amplitude fluctuations, there was no clear relation to primary production.
Arthropods inhabiting the sporophores of Fomes fomentarius (Polyporaceae) in Gatineau Park, Quebec
(1971)
The fauna of the sporophores of the perennial bracket fungus Fomes fomentarius (L. ex Fr.) Kickx were examined in a 3-year study. One species of molluscs and more than 152 species of arthropods excluding mites, representing 13 orders, 70 families, and 5400 individuals, emerged from or were found on or in, 1448 sporophores detached from dead birch trees; the sporophores were collected each year in Gatineau Park, Que., kept individually in screen-topped glass jars in a laboratory, and examined for several months. Mites, which were recorded quantitatively only in the final year, added 4 orders, 19 families, and 30 species to the preceding totals. Mites were the most frequently occurring and probably the most numerous arthropods, followed by Coleoptera, Psocoptera, Collembola, Hymenoptera, and Diptera. The key organisms of the fauna were five species of beetles that were primarily responsible for tunnelling and destruction of the sporophores and would therefore exert great influence on the composition of the community. Their tunnels provided shelter and food for many smaller arthropods or facilitated their feeding. Some beetle species tunnelled the sporophores for one season and others, for several, but many living sporophores and most dead ones tunnelled by beetles were tunnelled in the same season by more than one species of beetles. There was considerable latitude in types of sporophores inhabited by various arthropods but some species were particularly attracted to living or dead, to younger or older, and to smaller or larger, sporophores. Some species were also attracted to certain regions of the sporophore more than were other species. Possible economic implications of observations made in the study are discussed.
Application of vibrational spectroscopy to the problem of structure determination of molecules of biological interest goes back to the early uses of raman and infrared spectroscopy in the study of organic molecules. For reviews of earlier work the reader is referred to compilations by Kohlrausch (1943) and by Jones and Sandorfy (1956), whereas more recently a comprehensive discussion has been presented by Bellamy (1975). These compilations accentuate the correlation of vibrational spectra with molecular structure from an essentially empirical point of view and culminate in the establishment of empirical correlation charts. For typical examples the reader is referred to Weast (1974) and Bellamy (1975). There have been many treatments of the theoretical basis of molecular vibrational spectroscopy. Among them the classical work by Herzberg (1945) and by Wilson et al. (1955) should be mentioned. Applications of infrared spectroscopy (IR) to structure problems of biological interest have been summarized by Susi (1969), Fraser and MacRae (1973), and Wallach and Winzler (1974). It was remarked quite eraly that relevant structural information about biological systems often requires study in aqueous solution, which forms the natural environment for most biologically important systems. Besides critical control of experimental conditions and samples the conventional methods of raman spectroscopy may be applied to aqueous solutions in a quite straightforward manner, cf. the contribution by Lord and Mendelson, Chapter 8. The condition of biological environment, i.e., the study in aqueous solutions, by IR spectroscopy is difficult to achieve by conventional absorption technique, since the high absorption coefficient of water in wide regions of the mid and far infrared implies use of thin layers and high concentrations. As a consequence the application of special techniques for measurement of IR spectra of biological material has been a necessity in many cases. This contribution covers the following topics: (1) specific spectroscopic techniques used in this field, in particular for membrane spectroscopy, (2) discussion of typical results derived from application of IR techniques to model and natural membrane systems and to important constituent molecules of such systems.
Die Arbeit enthält Ergänzungen und Korrekturen zu Teil I der Revision, insbesondere einen revidierten Bestimmungsschlüssel für die in Europa vertretenen Gattungen und Bemerkungen zur Taxonomie und Verbreitung der Arten. Zusätzlich wird die Gattung Baryenemis Förster revidiert. Es werden eine Gattung (Gelanes spec. nov.; Typusart Thersylochus fusculus Holmgren) und 30 Arten neu beschrieben, sechs bisher als Gattungen ausgefaßte Taxa als Untergattungen eingeordnet und neun Arten neu synonymisiert.
El autor hace observaciones sobre diferentes formas de Enmolpidos sudamericanos. Agrega una lista provisoria de especies y variedades argentinas. Llama la atención sobre el hecho que los Eumolpidos son mal conocidos y sobre la necesidad de revisar el sistema de clasificacion de este grupo, en lo que se refiere a los géneros y tribus. Se enumeran 87 especies de Eumolpidos para la República Argentina, varias de ellas señaladas por primera vez en el país.
Hatching asynchrony and the onset of incubation in birds revisited : when is the critical period?
(1995)
1. Birds are unique among animals in being able to influence the birthing intervals of their young through the timing of the onset incubation. However, many species hatch their young asynchronously, frequently resulting in reduced survivorship for later-hatched young. This is the Paradox of Hatching Asynchrony. 2. The Brood Reduction Hypothesis provided a resolution to the paradox by suggesting an adaptive function to the offspring mortality that results from asynchrony. Experimental tests have provided little support, and 16 alternative hypotheses have been proposed, but few have been tested. Most experimental tests have not measured important parameters such as parental effort and postfledging survival. Many have lacked adequate controls or sufficient statistical power. 3. We divide the hypotheses for hatching asynchrony into four categories based on the effects of intrinsic or extrinsic factors during a critical period of the nesting cycle which constrains reproductive success. Hatching asynchrony could be simply the consequence of the early onset of incubation during egg-laying, either as a result of physiological constraints on incubation or because parents derive fitness benefits from the protective function of early incubation. During the nestling period, hatching asynchrony could be adaptive if it allowed parents to eliminate one or more nestlings selectively, or increased parental efficiency. Alternatively, parents could manipulate the duration of the different periods of the nesting cycle to maximize benefits. 4. Because the onset of incubation generally determines hatching patterns, we encourage refocusing attention from the search for adaptive hatching patterns during the nestling period to the events surrounding the onset of incubation during egg-laying. Many factors can affect when incubation is begun, including physiology, and interactions with the environment, predators, competitors, and mates. 5. Patterns of the onset of incubation are difficult to determine and to quantify, in part because many birds begin incubating gradually, or at night. In some species, the onset of incubation varies with clutch size, but not in others. 6. The onset of incubation is the principle proximate control of hatching patterns, but other factors, such as egg size, embryonic vocalizations, and time of year may also affect hatching patterns. 7. Synchronous hatching is the primitive condition in birds, and is widespread in the lower, primarily precocial taxa. Most altricial species hatch their eggs asynchronously, although some exhibit synchrony as a secondarily derived trait. Hatching patterns show wide variation within some orders and families. 8. Patterns of the onset of incubation and hatching in a species may reflect the influence of multiplefactors. The relative importance of those factors may depend on the trade-offs associated with the potential benefits of early incubation to the survival of eggs and the potential costs to the survivor of later-hatching young associatedwith nestling size hierarchies. 9. The relative effects of multiple factors can be examined by integrating the results of empirical tests of single factors through modeling. 10. We demonstrated the use of a stochastic model by using empirical data from the House Sparrow. Results revealed the trade-offs inherent in the onset of incubation from differences in egg viability and nestling survivorship. An intermediate onset of incubation produced the greatest fledging success. 11. Other factors may be integrated into such models if they can be measured in terms of their effects on fledging success. Different factors, represented by different hypotheses, vary in how readily they may be modeled.
Vengono descritti 2 nuovi sottogeneri di Agrilus: Lilliput (specie tipo: A. paracuspidatus Obenberger, 1939) e Agriphylus (specie tipo: A. maddalenae n. sp.). Vengono inoltre descritte 34 nuove specie e 4 nuove sottospecie di Agrilus (sensu lato) provenienti da diverse regioni del continente africano e dall' Arabia Saudita: A. (Paralophotus) sahelicus n. sp. del Marocco; A. (Diplolophotus) rastellii n. sp., A. (Paralophotus) rubescens n. sp., A. (Paralophotus) vo- 101 n. sp. del Senegal; A. (Lilliput) minimus n. sp., A. (Diplolopbotus) somalus n. sp., A. (Paralopbotus) myops n. sp. della Somalia; A. (Robertius) ocellatus n. sp. del Kenya; A. (Duftus) exoletus ugandensis n.ssp. dell'Uganda; A. (Pinarius) muehlei n. sp., A. (Robertius) provincialis n. sp., A. (Robertius) syndici n. sp., A. (Agrilus) wagneri n.sp. del Ruanda; A. (Pantberina) teocchii n. sp., A. (Robertius) delenilor celtivorus n. ssp., A. (Robertius) regius n. sp., A. (Roher/ius) ocularius n. sp., A. (Robertius) boanoi n. sp., A. (Robertius) mabokeamls n. sp.,A. Vlgrilus) parapupala n. sp.) A. (Agrilus) pupalinus n. sp., A. (Agrilus) hal'l7lodius centrafricanu.' n. ssp. della Repubblica Centrafricana; A. (Nigritius) leveyi n. sp., A. (Agrilus) 01- mii tropicus n. ssp. dello Zambia; A. (Agriphylus) maddalenac n. sp., Il. (Robertius) iniudicatus n. sp. della Sierra Leone; A. (Robertius) scutatus n. sp., Il. (Rohertius) rotundus n. sp. della Costa d'Avorio; A. (Robcrtius) zehra/us n. sp., Il. (Rohertius) subgravidus n. sp., A. (Agrilus) balena n. sp. del Camerun; Il. (Agripbylus) trico n. sp., A. (Pantherina) barbutulus n. sp., A. (Agrilus) salurnus 11. sp. dello Zaire; A. (Agrilus) olmii n. sp. del Mozambico; A. (Lilliput) lorscbbammcri n. sp. del Botswana e del Sud Africa.; A. (Robertius) bruschii n. sp. dei Sud Africa, Botswana e del Mozambico; A. (Bubagrilus) saudita n. sp. dell'Arabia Saudita. Sulla base dell\'esame del materiale tipico viene proposta infine una nuova sinonimia: A. schoutedeni Kerremans, 1913 (= A. rothkircbi Obenberger, 1923), nov. syn.
Fly larvae of the Anthomyiidae, Muscidae, Calliphoridae, and Sarcophagidae are scavengers and breed in filthy material such as animal dung, human feces, dead animals and decaying vegetables. Therefore, the presence of these larvae in our environment indicates defective sanitary conditions, and offers many problems from the standpoint of public health. Clinically, the larvae of some species cause myiasis in man and animals. On the other hand, in the field of legal medicine postmortem time of dead bodies is estimated in some cases by the species and age of larvae collected from them. Thus, the fly larvae are closely associated with our lives. Morphologic studies on larval stages of flies were started in the beginning of this century by Portchinsky (1910), Banks (1912), MacGregor (1914), and Keilin (1915 and 1917). Portchinsky first described chiefly the habits and metamorphosis, and later MacGregor emphasized structure of posterior spiracles in the identification of the larvae. Keilin (1917) discovered and emphasized the importance of the characteristic structures such as the cephalopharyngeal sclerite, anterior and posterior spiracles and other external and internal characters. Following them, many authors made comparative and systematic studies of fly larvae and there are many reports of such research. However, morphology, taxonomy and ecology of these fly larvae have not been studied systematically in Japan. During the period from 1915 to 1936, 10 or more accounts were made about fly larvae that caused intestinal myiasis in man. In 1937, Kodama and Yasuda reported Ophyra nigra Wied. asa cause of intestinal myiasis. Yasuda (1939) reported 12 species of fly larvae in Seoul, Korea with detailed drawings and descriptions. Lopes (1943 and 1946) reported sarcophagid larvae from Neotropical region. Hall (1947) described calliphorid larvae from North America in his publication "The blow flies of North America". In 1951, Roback used the characters of the larvae such as pharyngeal sclerites and posterior spiracles for the classification of the Calypterate, Diptera. In the same year, Zimin reported Russian muscoicllarvae in his publication "Fauna USSR, Muscidae" using the external characters such as spines, papillae, and anal plate on the body surface as well as anterior and posterior spiracles and cepahlopharyngeal sclerite. Fan (1957) reported some filth fly larvae from China. In Japan, Kana et a!. (1950-1958) described larvae of 39 species belonging to 4 families. In the present paper, the author describes 3rd stage larvae belonging to 70 species in 33 genera of 4 families. In addition, photographs of internal and external structures and keys to families and species of 3rd stage larvae are given. Moreover, 6 species belonging to Muscidae and 1 species ofSarcophagidae for which the larvae were not seen are cited from the descriptions and figures published by Keilin (1917), Zimin (1951), Kano and Sato (1951), and Fan (1957). Those species are also included in the keys of this paper.
Fauna of Isopoda and Tanaidacea in the coastal zones of the Antarctic and Subantarctic waters
(1968)
This work presents results of the processing of the material collected by the Soviet Antarctic Expedition (1955 - 1963), chiefly on the "Ob" and to a lesser extent by the geographer E. S. Korotkevich and the ichthyologist V. M. Makushek., during their wintering at the Mirnyi station, as well as by the hydrobiologist G. A. Solyanik on board the whalers "Slava" and "Ivan Nosenko."
Notes on some primates, Carnivora and the babirusa from the Indo-Malayan and Indo-Australian regions
(1949)
The Great Spotted Woodpecker is the most common and best-known woodpecker species in the W Palearctic. The sections Habitat, Distribution, Population, Movements, Food, Social pattern and behaviour, Voice, Breeding, Plumages, Bare parts, Moults, Measurements, Weights, and Geographical variation have been updated or completely rewritten, and a new section has been added on Conservation. High flexibility enables the Great Spotted Woodpecker to utilize a great variety of habitats, from Arctic taiga through boreal and temperate to Mediterranean (N Africa and Canary Islands) and Alpine forest zones, wherever there are mature trees of any sort with sufficient growth to accommodate nest-holes and with a supply of available food. The Distribution and Population sections include new data of population tendencies, with stable or positive trends in most European countries and fluctuating populations in N Europe. Recent negative range trends with small decreases only in S Europe, apparently due to loss of wooded habitats. The Conservation section presents literature on the Great Spotted Woodpecker as the key or umbrella species for secondary cavity-nesting species. This section also demonstrates the importance of woodpeckers as indicators for naturally dynamic forests with tree species diversity, forest management, and sustainable forestry. Woodpeckers can be part of a monitoring system of e.g. sustainable forestry, but species from other organism groups are also required. The section on Movements has been updated with new data on dispersal and summer/autumn and spring migration. The Great Spotted Woodpecker uses a very wide and varied diet and is characterized as a 'universalist' in food-gathering; pecking and hammering are most important in autumn and winter, gleaning and probing are important at times of high food availability at the tree surface in spring and summer. It takes arthropods and insect larvae, coniferous seeds and various nuts mainly in autumn and winter, and drills holes for sap-sucking in spring, takes surface dwelling arthropods and caterpillars, bird eggs and nestlings, and fruits and berries in spring and summer. The Social pattern and behaviour section presents new data on the mating system, parental effort, pair-bond, divorce rate, survival rate, and mortality. Great Spotted Woodpeckers are socially and genetically monogamous with a potential to polyandry, which was recorded in Japan. Changes of partner between seasons common. Males usually invest more in nesthole construction and guarding than the females and contribute the same amount or more to brood care. Males usually incubate and brood at night, as with all studied woodpeckers, and defend territories, which seem to be important for female choice. Females compete intensely for access to males and perform male-like courtship behaviours such as drumming. Great Spotted Woodpeckers are intelligent and currently doing damage to house facades. The Voice section presents mainly new data on calls and instrumental signals of the young. The Breeding section has been updated with new information about nest-sites, breeding behaviour, and breeding success. New data on age determination are shown in the Bare parts and Moults sections. Additional data are provided on size and weight.
The Japanese micropterigid moths are revised. Seventeen species in five genera are recognized from Japan, described or redescribed with the male and female genital figures. Of these, two genera, Issikiomartyria HASHIMOTO and Kurolkopteryx HASHIMOTO, and seven species, Issikiomartyria akemiae HASHIMOTO, Issikiomartylia plicata HASHIMOTO, Issihiomartyria distincta HASHIMOTO, Issihiomartyria bisegmentata HASHIMOTO, Kurokopteryx dolichocerata HASHIMOTO, Neomicropteryx hiwana HASHIMOTO, and Neomicropteryx redacta HASHIMOTO, are new to science. A new combination is given: Issikiomartyria nudata (Issuu). Biology and immature structures of the Japanese species are also described together with the keys to genera and to species provided on the basis of the adult characters. Phylogenetic relationships among the Northern Hemisphere genera are analyzed by the cladistic analysis using PAUP* (SWOFFORD, 2002) based on the morphological characters of adults. A monophyly of the Northern Hemisphere genera except for Micropterix is supported by nine apomorphies, but their immediate sister taxon remains unresolved.
"Neobiota" ist ein biologischer Begriff zur Bezeichnung von nicht-einheimischen Arten, welche infolge direkter oder indirekter menschlicher Einwirkungen in neue geografische Gebiete eindringen. Biologische Invasionen durch neue gebietsfremde Lebewesen (Neobiota), die sowohl Tierarten (Neozoa) als auch Pftanzenarten (Neophyta) betreffen, wurden in den letzten Jahren zunehmend von Interesse, da ihre Anzahl und Ausbreitung ständig zunimmt. Solche Fremdlinge (Aliens) verändern oft ihre neue Umwelt, die einheimischen bodenständigen Planzen- und Tierarten müssen sich an diese ungewohnte Umgebung anpassen. Insbesondere invasive fremde Arten werden als eine der Hauptursachen für Verluste an Biodiversität erachtet. In der vorliegenden Arbeit werden für Südtirol einige markante Beispiele rezent einschleppter Tier- und Pflanzenarten erörtert. Es wird der bestehende Trend einer rezenten Zunahme von Neobiota aufgezeigt, als Folge einer Zunahme von Verkehr und Warenaustausch, und auf die Notwenigkeit hingewiesen, die Einschleppungswege und Zeiträume genau zu verfolgen und zu registrieren. Insgesamt werden hier 44 Tierarten behandelt: davon 40 Invertebraten und 4 Vertebrata, sowie 5 Pflanzenarten. Davon sind einige Arten auch Neumeldungen für Südtirol: Diptera: Rhagoletis alternata, Rhagoletis completa; Heteroptera: Leptoglossus occidentalis; Pisces: Rhodeus amarus, Pseudorasbora parva; Crustacea: Procambarus klarkii; Araneae: Atea triguttata und Araniella displicata (beides heimische Arten), Tegenaria atrica (adventiv).
Die Gattung Phormictopuswurde im Jahre 1901 von POCOCK aufgestellt. In seine neue Gattung nahm er als Typusart Mygale cancerides LATREILLE, 1806 von der Insel Hispaniola auf, dazu kam Lasiodora cautus AUSSERER, 1875, eine Art, die ohne Angabe des locus typicus beschrieben worden war. Bisher waren 14 Arten und 2 Unterarten bekannt, von denen 5 aus Südamerika stammen. Die vorliegende Arbeit reduziert die Artenzahl auf 12, wobei 5 neue Arten beschrieben und 4 synonymisiert, 3 zu nomina dubia (Typus verschollen), und 3 "incertae sedis" (in andere Gattungen gehörig) erklärt werden.
La famille des Pyuridae n'est représentée en Nouvelle-Calédonie que par onze espèces, la plupart vivant dans les zones portuaires. Une seule espèce est nouvelle, Bolteniopsis pacificus, qui vit dans des sables grossiers et représente la première espèce de ce genre trouvée dans le littoral tropical. Les Molgulidae ne sont représentées que par une espèce nouvelle.
Dix-neuf espèces de Styelidae, pour la plupart coloniales, sont décrites ou signalées du lagon. Huit sont nouvelles. Sur les onze espèces connues, neuf sont présentes en Australie. Quatre espèces ont une repartitlon tres vaste couvrant dans certains cas toutes les mers chaudes. Les espèces nouvelles appartiennent toutes à des genres dont la diversité maximale est en zone tropicale.
Quinze espèces dont deux nouvelles pour la Science ont été récoltées en Nouvelle-Calédonie. La plupart d'entre elles sont aussi connues de l'Australie et de l'Indonésie. Une seule espèce est considérée comme faisant partie d'une faune tempérée australe. Toutes les autres sont d'affinités tropicales.
Quinze espèces d'ascidies Phlébobranches ont été récoltées dans le lagon de Nouvelle-Calédonie. Elles appartiennent à quatre familles: Corellidae, Ascidiidae, Perophoridae et Cionidae. Cette dernière n'avait pas encore été signalée de cette région. Quatre espèces sont nduvelles pour la science: Diazona textura (Cionidae), Ascidia dorsalis (Ascidiidae), Ecteinascidia aequale et E. koumaci (Perophoridae). Seules cinq espèces (une Corellidae et quatre Ascidiidae) étaient déjà connues de Nouvelle-Calédonie.
Homology of virtually all major components of facial anatomy is assessed in Archosauria in order to address the function of the antorbital cavity, an enigmatic structure that is diagnostic for the group. Proposed functions center on its being a housing for a gland, a muscle, or a paranasal air sinus. Homology is approached in the context of the Extant Phylogenetic Bracket method of reconstructing unpreserved aspects of extinct organisms. Facial anatomy and its ontogeny was studied in extant archosaurs (birds and crocodilians) to determine the osteological correlates of each soft-tissue component; resemblances between birds and crocodilians comprised the similarity test of homology. The congruence test of homology involved surveying phyiogenetically relevant fossil archosaurs for these bony signatures. The facial anatomy of extant birds and crocodilians is examined in detail to provide background and to discover those apomorphic aspects that contribute to the divergent specialization of these two groups and thus obscure homologies. Birds apomorphically show enlarged eyeballs, expanded nasal vestibules, and reduced maxillae, whereas crocodilian faces are dorsoventrally flattened (due to nasal rotation) and elongated. Most facial attributes of archosaurs are demonstrably homologous and in fact characterize much more inclusive groups. Special emphasis has been placed on the nasal conchae and paranasal air sinuses. Within Amniota, the following conchal structures are homologous, and all others are neomorphs: avian caudal concha, crocodilian concha + preconcha, Sphenodon caudal concha, squamate concha, and probably the mammalian crista semicircularis. The avian antorhital paranasal air sinus is homologous with the crocodilian caviconchal sinus; the maxillary sinus of placental mammals is not homologous with the archosaurian paranasal sinus. With regard to the function of the antorbital cavity, archosaurs possess homologous nasal glands, dorsal pterygoideus muscles, and paranasal air sinuses, but the osteological correlates of only the paranasal sinus involve the antorbital fenestrae and fossae. Thus, the antorbital cavity is best interpreted as principally a pneumatic structure.
An annotated checklist and bibliography of 197 species (representing 78 genera and 26 families) of non-marine polychaetes of the world is presented, including synonymies, information on ecology, distribution, habitat, and references to the taxonomic and biological literature. Over half (57%) of the checklist species are represented by just three families as follows: Nereididae (61 species including Namanereis, Namalycastis, Neanthes and Hediste), Aeolosomatidae (27 species, mostly Aeolosoma) and Sabellidae (24 species including Caobangia and Manayunkia). Other well-represented taxa are the epizoic histriobdel1id Stratiodrilus (11 species), the inland-sea-specialist ampharetid Hypania and related genera (5 species), and the freshwater-tolerant spionid Marenzelleria (5 species). One new combination is proposed for the nereidid Nereis tenuipalpa Pflugfelder, 1933, viz. Paraleonnates tenuipalpa n. comb.
Birds are characterized by pneumatization of their skeletons by epithelial diverticula from larger, air-filled cavities. The diverticula-or 'air sacs'-that invade the postcranium result from outgrowths of the lungs; poslcranial pneumaticity has been very well studied. Much more poorly understood are the air sacs that pneumatize the skull. Study or craniofacial pneumaticity in modern birds (Neornithes) indicates the presence of two separate systems: nasal pneumaticity and tympanic pneumaticity, The lacrimal and maxillary bones arc pneumatized by diverticula of the main paranasal cavity, the antorbital sinus. There are five tympanic diverticula in neornithines that pneumatize the quadrate, articulare and the bones of the braincase. The pneumatic features of the following six genera of Mesozoic birds are examined: Archaeopteryx, Ellaliornis, Baplomis, Parahesperornis, Hesperornis and lchthyornis. Despite the 'archaic' aspect of most of these birds, many of the pneumatic features of neornithines are found in .Mesozoic birds and are considered primitive for Aves. The phylogenetic levels at which most of the avian pneumatic features arose within Archosauria are uncertain. Until the phylogenetic levels at which homologous pneumatic features arose are determined, it is unwise to use most pneumatic characters in the discussion of avian origins. Within avian phylogeny, Ornithurae and Neornithes are well-supported by pneumatic synapomorphies. There is a trend towards reduction of craniofacial pneumaticity within Hesperornithiformes. Witthin Neornithes, four derived pneumatic characters suggest that the Palaeognathae (ratites and tinamous) is monophyletic.
Aus den vorhergehenden Untersuchungen erhellt, dass die fossilen Hölzer von König-Karls-Land ein aussergewöhnliches Interesse beanspruchen. Sie umfassen sechs Arten, die zu fünf verschiedenen Gattungen gehören, und zwar: Phyllocladoxylon sp., Xenoxylon phyllocladoides GOTHAN, Cupressinoxylon cf. McGeei KNOWLTON, Cedroxylon cedroides n. sp., Cedroxylon transiens n. sp., Protopiceoxylon exstinctum n. gen. et sp. und dazu noch ein paar nicht bestimmbare Arten.
After giving a brief historical account of the use and precise definitions of the various measurements and their indices in termites, the need for bringing together all such known measurements and indices in the fonn a monograph is explained. Precisely defined measurements obviate the necessity of using vague expressions for the comparison of allied taxa. Of the 88 measurements and 53 indices thus listed, 66 and 34 respectively have been used already in the published literature, and 22 and 19 new ones are added here.
Carnian (Upper Triassic) fishes from Polzberg bei Lunz have been known since 1886 but no comprehensive account has been published. Eleven species are described nine of which, Saurichthys calcaratus, Polzbergia brochatus, Peltoplellrus dinlmptus, Habroichthys gregarius, Nannolepis elegans, Phaidrosoma lunzensis, Elpistoichthys pectinatus, E. striolatus and Pholidophoretes salvus are new, and two others, Thoracopterus niederristi Bronn and Gigantopterus telleri Abel, previously little-known. New supraspecific taxa defined are: the order Polzbergiiformes, the family Thoracopteridae and the genera Polzbergia, Nannolepis, Phaidrosoma, Elpistoichthys and Pholidophoretes. Habroichthys. Thoracopterus, Gigantopterus and Nannolepis show an unusual skull-roof pattern and are included in the re-defined order Luganoiiformes. Two new ichthyokentemids considerably extend the known time-range of this family. The genus Pholidophoretes is intermediate between the Archaeomenidae Goodrich 1909, and the Pholidophoridae sensu stricto Nybelin 1966. The Polzberg assemblage was probably mainly marine with a small freshwater contribution; it shows less similarity to the Besano and Raibl assemblages than these do to each other. The Luganoiiformes are probably, but not certainly, monophyletic; relationships within the order are analyzed and a cladogram constructed. The Platysiagiformes, Peltopleuriformes, Luganoiiformes and Cephaloxeniformes could all have been derived from a common ancestor at the Perleidus level and are probably offshoots of the perleidid radiation.
Recently, the first part of the morphological revision of the Southeast Asian water monitor lizards of the Varanus salvator (Laurenti, 1768) species group provided a taxonomic overview over the members of this successful and widespread species complex (Koch et al. 2007). There, the Philippine taxa marmoratus, nuchalis and cumingi were reelevated to species status due to diagnostic morphological characteristics, e.g. significantly enlarged scales on the neck region. In this second part of the ongoing revision, these three species are re-investigated using additional voucher specimens and advanced statistical techniques including canonical variates analysis and principal component analysis. Our new investigations indicate that V. marmoratus represents a composite species, comprising at least three distinct taxa. Hence, the populations of the Sulu Archipelago (Tawi-Tawi Island) and those of the Palawan region are described as new species, viz. Varanus rasmusseni sp. nov. and V. palawanensis sp. nov., respectively. The allopatric island populations of V. cumingi inhabiting Samar, Leyte, and Bohol (the East Visayan subregion) show characteristic and geographically correlated colour patterns distinct from the type locality Mindanao (the second subregion of Greater Mindanao), warranting subspecific partition of this species. The new subspecies is named V. cumingi samarensis ssp. nov. In contrast, the taxonomic status of V. nuchalis remained unchanged, although this species shows some considerable variation in colour pattern. The systematic chapters are supplemented with notes about biology and conservation status. The hitherto underestimated diversity and zoogeography of Philippine water monitors is discussed in the light of Pleistocene sea level fluctuations. Finally, we introduce a scenario for the evolution and spread of Southeast Asian water monitor lizards and provide an identification key for the Philippine members of the V. salvatoI' complex.
Ignaz Venetz (* 21. März 1788; † 1859) war ein Ingenieur, Botaniker und Glaziologe aus Visperterminen, Schweiz. Er gilt als einer der Väter der Eiszeit-Theorie. Sein offizielles botanisches Autorenkürzel lautet „Venetz“.
Phytosociological syntaxa of North and Central Anatolia were reviewed almost at all categories and discussed from some methodological viewpoints. Totally 178 diumallepidopteran associations, inhabited on various vegetational units from planar to alpin zone were studied for the first time. The possibility of the application of some phytosociologica1 methods for the Lepidoptera associations were investigated. The selection of the character-species of the higher lepidopteran syntaxa, and the aspect concept, as well as importance of the distribution pattern in biogeography for the character-species to be selected were discussed. Faunistically, 334 diurnal species in 25 lepidopteran families were recorded. Among them, four species and one genus are new to the fauna of Turkey. Each species recorded were also investigated autoecologically. Their habitats were described using the phytosociological syntaxa, as well as the plant formations. Habitat preferences of the species were evaluated. Vertical and horizontal distributions, abundances, phenology, and food-plants of the adult stages were listed. Species recorded in various plant formations and vegetational units were given in separate lists.
1. Fomes applanatus, a perennial polypore of wide distribution and of common occurrence in North America and in Europe is responsible for the decay of very large quantities of wood annually. It attacks practically all deciduous species and several coniferous species, both dead wood and living trees. This fungus, heretofore commonly regarded as a pure saprophyte, has now for the first time been comprehensively studied; the investigations recorded in this paper have followed along three main lines of inquiry; (1) a study of the morphology and the ecology of F. applanatus and of the action on its host; (2) a determination of its etiological relationships by culture methods, and a testing of the applicability of such methods to a study of the timber destroying fungi; (3) an investigation of the possibility of finding criteria by which we may distinguish parasitic action on wood from saprophytic. 2. Fomes applanatus produces basidiospores only; conidia are not produced by the mycelium, nor, as is commonly affirmed, on the upper surface of the sporophore. The basidiospores are not of the ordinary type; each consists of a yellow, papillate, thick-walled chlamydospore within a thin hyaline wall. The so-called" truncate" base is in reality the apical end of the spore. Spore discharge is enormous and continues for by far the longest period recorded for fungi. It is continuous day and night for about six months-visible from vigorous fruiting bodies as spore clouds. Discharge is not affected by variations in light, humidity of the air, or temperature within very wide limits; frost causes an instant cessation and thereafter there is no further spore fall until a new set of pores is organized. The spores were not found to retain their viability for more than 6 1/2 months. They germinate in water and various other media within 48 hours after sowing, but the percentage of viable spores is very low and their behaviour with respect to germination is erratic. 3. No difficulty was experienced in culturing F. applanatus on artificial media or on wood. Three parallel series of cultures on wood were carried through to sporulation with mycelium obtained from (a) spores, (b) pieces of sporophore, (c) pieces of diseased wood. 4. Wood rotted by F. applanatus exhibits a mottled appearance sufficiently characteristic to permit of its recognition. when compared with other rots. In the case of living wood the area of attack is delimited by a wide dark band. Histologically, the decay is characterized by a perforation and corrosion of the elements culminating in disappearance of the tissues in localized pockets into which the mycelium gathers forming strands. Chemically, the change is one of delignification followed by a progressive solution of the resultant cellulose wall except for a few resistant fragments. In the later uniform white stage of decay, the threads of F. applanatus were always found to be accompanied by other destructive agentsbacteria or fungi. 5. The particular type of decay in timber due to Fomes applanatus has now been linked with its causal agent by actual culture. 6. Fomes applanatus has been proved to be a wound parasite, and in southern Ontario at least is one of the commonest and most destructive of this type. The proof rests on three grounds: (a) the conventional test applied to other such fungi-the mycelium works upward most readily by the way of the heartwood causing a characteristic decay and outward into the sapwood, eventual1y reaching the cambium, and is apparently the cause of the death of the tissues traversed by it; (b) a broad brown band is present in the wood of living trees along the advance line of the invading mycelium of this fungus. Within this band there is a copious production of brown wound gum and an excessive multiplication of tyloses; This band steadily moves fonvard with the advancing hyphae, the tyloses and wound gum being destroyed by the mycelium along its posterior margin as rapidly as they are formed along its antedor edge. The tyloses (and possibly the wound gum alsoJ certify to the living condition of the invaded tissues; their production can be ascribed only to the influence of the fungus, and the invasion of these tissues and their fate demonstrates directly its ability to act as a parasite; (c) inoculations with the spores and mycelium of F. applanatus into living trees resulted in an extensive browning of the inoculated wood with a multiplication of tyloses-both far in excess of similar phenomena due to traumatic stimulation. 7. The occurrence of wound gum and the multiplication of tyloses in a band marking the advance of a wood~destroying fungus in a living tree would appear to furnish an unerring criterion for the recognition of the fungus as a parasite.
Over 6260 fungi have been isolated from samples of feathers, nests, pellets, droppings, cloaca contents and visceral organs of 92 species of free-living birds in Czechoslovakia and Yugoslavia. Several species have been obtained of fungi pathogenic to homeotherms, poikilotherms and plants, and many fungi recorded belong to the toxinogenic species.Cellulolytic fungi have participated with 44.3 % in the total number of fungi, and keratinolytic fungi with 18.3 %. The thesis has been confirmed that habits (specific bionomics) of the birds influence,. to a certain degree, the distribution of the fungi among them. According to the results of this study, the fungi may conveniently be divided into three categories with respect to the character of their distribution and dispersal by free-living birds: (1) euryornithochous fungi , the occurrence of which in birds is undetermined by the birds' habits (ubiqitous species: Aspergillus flavus, Gliocladium roseum, Rhizopus. nigricans, Trichothecium roseum); (2) mesoornitohochorous fungi, the occurrence of which in birds is determined to a certain degree by the birds' habits (e. g., Aphanoascus fulvescens, Arthrodermcr curreyi, Chrysosporium keratinophilum, C. tropicum, Mucor hiemalis); (3) stenoornithochoruss fungi, which are associated with certain habit groups of the birds only (e. g., Aphanoascus terreus, Arthroderma ciferrii, A. tuberculatum,.Aspergillus fumigatus, Chrysosporium pannorum, Ctenomyces serratus). The importance of free-living birds in the spreading of pathogenic organisms has also been discussed from a more general point of view, particularly with regard to several epidemiologically important aspects of bird ecology such as synanthropism, migration (making possible a long-range carriage of pathogens or infected vectors), colonial breeding or mass roosting.
In 1080 samples (feathers, nesls, pellets, droppings, cloaca contents and visceral organs) collected from 92 species of free-living birds in many localities and habitats, a total of 6266 fungi was found; we identified 232 species and 112 genera of fungi (73.4 % Ascomycetes, 12.4 % Fungi imperfecti, 8.0 % Zygomycetes, 5.7 % Endomycetes, 0.3 % Oomycetes; and 0.2 % Basidiomycetes). The most common fungal genera were, in plumage, Alternaria. Cladosporium, Arthroderma, Chaetominum, Aspergillus, Penicillium and Chrllsosporium; in nests, Alternaria, Arthroderma, Penicillium, Aphanoascus and Scopulariopsis; on pellets, Penicillium, Mucor, Aspergillus, Chrysosporium and Rhizopus; in droppings, Scopulariopsis, Mucor, Aspergillus, Penicillium and Candida; from the cloaca contents, we isolated Penicillium, Candida, Aspergillus, Scopulariopsis, a. o., and from the visceral organs, Aspergillus, Penicillium, Rhodotorula, and some others. Of the fungi with a potential pathogenicity for homeotherms, we obtained, e. g., Absidia corymbifera, Aspergillus fumigatus, Candida albicans, Cryptococcus neoforrnans and Microsporum gypseum. We confirmed also the presence of several species of toxinogenic fungi (e. g., Aspergillus flavus), of the fungi with a potential pathogenicity for poikilotherms (e. g., Beauveria bassiana. Paecilomyces jarinosus, P. fumoso-roseus), and of plant parasites (Cylindrocarpon radicicola, Fusarium oxysponom and Verticillium albo-atrum). Aphanoascus reticulisporum has been described as comb. nov. (basionym: Anixiopsis: reticulispom ROUTIEN). 66 species of the fungi have not been recorded earlier in Czechoslovakia. Similarly, the occurrence of 111 species had, apparently, not been confirmed in free-living birds on a world-wide scale.
In der vorliegenden monographischen Studie sollen die indomalayischen Arten der Gattung Pycnolejeunea Spruce einer kritischen Betrachtung unterzogen werden. Nach der Feststellung, welche systematische Bedeutung den Einzelmerkmalen innerhalb der Gattung zukommt. wird im speziellen Teil zuerst das untersuchte Herbarmaterial quellemnässig aufgeführt. Es folgt dann als Hauptteil die Behandlung der wichtigsten Fragen, die sich während der Arbeit herausstellten und von grundlegender Bedeutung für einzelne Arten sind. Im dritten Abschnitt wird die Abgrenzung sowohl der Arten untereinander als auch die der Gattung gegen andere klargestellt. Die Beschreibung der im Material vorhandenen neuen Arten beendet diesen Teil. Zum Schluss folgen einige geographische Einzelheiten der indomalayische Formen.
The 70 Frullania species (+ 1 subspecies, 9 varieties, and 3 formae) belonging to 9 subgenera are confirmed in China, among which 1 subgenus and 4 species are new to science, and 12 species are newly reported from China. A new name (nom. nov.) and 12 combinations are proposed and several species are reduced to synonyms of other species. This study reveals the Frullania flora of China, particularly Yunnan and the neighboring provinces, to be most highly differentiated, containing many phytogeographic ally interesting taxa, and may be regarded as a center of the Paleotropic Frullania flora.
In den vorliegenden Untersuchungen wurde anhand umfangreichen Herbarmateriala sowie über längere Zeit ausgedehnter Geländestudien versucht, zwei Problemen nachzugehen, einem allgemeinen und einem speziellen. Bei den Flechten werden seit langem relativ primitiv gebaute krustige und morphologisch wie anatomisch hochentwickelte laubige und strauchige Typen unterschieden. Anhand einer Gruppe, die am Übergang zwischen beiden Lebensformen steht, eben der als (Sektion oder) Untergattung Placodium des Genus Lecanora sensu amplo zusammengefaßten Arten, sollte nun geprüft werden, wie sich die morphologische Differenzierung von Randloben usw. im anatomischen Bau auswirkt. Die leitenden Prinzipien finden sich nun gleichsam in den verschiedenen systematisohen Einheiten manifestiert und können etwa folgendermaßen skizziert werden: Die primitiveren, rein krustigen oder auch schon primitiv gelappten Formen verfügen noch nicht über eine echte Rinde. Die sog. Rinde besteht bei ihnen aus absterbendem und kollabierendem Thallusgewebe mit Einschluß alter Algernüllen. Als nächsthöhere Stufe sind die Arten mit einfacher, echter Rinde aufzufassen, welche als spezielles Organ aufgebaut wird und keine toten Algenhüllen mehr enthält. Im weiteren Verlauf der angenommenen Entwicklung kommt es zu einer verschiedenartigen Differenzierung der Rinde unter gleichzeitiger Reduktion des Markes. Bei den als Gattung Squamarina ausgeschiedenen Arten wird die Oberrinde allein zum formgebenden Element des Fleohtenkörpers; sie ist auch durch auffällige Starrheit ausgezeichnet. Das streng abgesetzte Mark wird weit mehr als bei den vorher genannten Typen zum Ablagerungsplatz anorganischer Bestandteile. Bei den meisten Arten von § Placodium ist der Cortex dagegen in eine Vielzahl kegeliger, unter sich nur wenig zusammenhängender Teile aufgelöst die jeweils straff mit dem Mark verbunden sind und den Loben dadurch ihre flache Gestalt geben. Von hier, wie von den Arten mit einfacher echter Rinde, führt nun durch Ausdifferrenzierung einer Unterrinde, die zusammen mit der Oberrrinde als Außenskelett wirkt, der Weg zu blattflechtenähnlichen Typen, bei denen das Mark mehr und mehr zum Verschwinden kommt bzw. nur als sehr lockeres Füllorgan dient. Als hier anzuschließende Sonderform können die Schildflechten gelten, die bei gleicher Grundstruktur ihre Verbindung mit dem Substrat auf einen Punkt reduziert haben. Parallel zur anatomiechen Differenzierung der Pilzkomponente steht das Verhalten der Algen: im Anfang eine mehrminder regellose Verteilung in den oberen Partien des Flechtenkörpers, dann die Entstehung einer fest definierten schicht, schließlich wieder - bei den auch unterseits berindeten Formen, bei denen das Mark sehr aufgelockert ist - die Auflösung dieser Ordnung und das Wandern der Algen in die für die Assimilation günstig gelegenen, belichteten Teile des Flechtdnkörpers. Die höchstentwickelten Formen verschiedener Gruppen können bereits als echte Laubflechten gelten, womit auch in einem kleinen Bereich wieder der Beweis erbracht wäre, daß die Lebensformen der Flechten nur als Entwicklungsstufen, nicht aber als reelle systematische Einheiten höherer Ordnung aufzufassen sind. Als zweites Problem sollte, im Zusammenhang mit den eben kurz skizzierten Untersuchungen und unter Berüoksichtigung der gefundenen Tatsachen, eine systematische Gliederung und Bewertung der lobaten Arten der Sammelgattung Lecanara erarbeitet werden. Die großen Verschiedenheiten der entsprechenden Spezies führten dabei zu einer Auflösung der ganzen Einheit, also zur Erkenntnis der Polyphylie der Gruppe und damit zum Nachweis vielfältiger, parallel gerichteter Entwicklungstendenzen. Insgesamt werden -- einige species incertae sedis ausgenommen - 88 Arten behandelt und auf 4 Gattungen verteilt, von denen eine -- Squamarina mit 15 Arten in 2 Sektionen -- neu aufgestellt werden mußte. Die bei Leoanora verbleibenden Arten werden in 11, größtenteils aus Sektionen bewertete Gruppen gegliedert. Eine Anzahl bisher anerkannter Spezies mußte eingezogen werden; 14 neue aus den Alpen, dem Mittelmeergebiet, dem Himalaya und aus Innerasien werden beschrieben.
As a preliminary step towards a more intensive research on the diversity of macromycetes in Greece, an updated check-list of the Greek mycoflora is presented together with information on the host-substrates and geographic occurrence. The data originated from a thorough literature search and the authors' field observations. In total, 58 families, 214 genera and 811 species of fungi are recorded belonging to Basidiomycetes. The systematics and nomenclature of the relative bibliography have been updated and suitably revised. The large gaps in our knowledge on the existence and distribution of higher fungi in Greece are emphasized.
Echinococcosis/hydatidosis, caused by Echinococcus granulosus, is a chronic and debilitating zoonotic larval cestode infection in humans, which is principally transmitted between dogs and domestic livestock, particularly sheep. Human hydatid disease occurs in almost all pastoral communities and rangeland areas of the underdeveloped and developed world. Control programmes against hydatidosis have been implemented in several endemic countries, states, provinces, districts or regions to reduce or eliminate cystic echinococcosis (CE) as a public health problem. This review assesses the impact of 13 of the hydatid control programmes implemented, since the first was introduced in Iceland in 1863. Five island-based control programmes (Iceland, New Zealand, Tasmania, Falklands and Cyprus) resulted, over various intervention periods (from < 15 to > 50 years), in successful control of transmission as evidenced by major reduction in incidence rates of human CE, and prevalence levels in sheep and dogs. By 2002, two countries, Iceland and New Zealand, and one island-state, Tasmania, had already declared that hydatid disease had been eliminated from their territories. Other hydatid programmes implemented in South America (Argentina, Chile, Uruguay), in Europe (mid-Wales, Sardinia) and in East Africa (northwest Kenya), showed varying degrees of success, but some were considered as having failed. Reasons for the eventual success of certain hydatid control programmes and the problems encountered in others are analysed and discussed, and recommendations for likely optimal approaches considered. The application of new control tools, including use of a hydatid vaccine, are also considered.
A brief account of the present state of weevil taxonomy is followed by a detailed study of certain structures used in their classification, namely the venter, abdominal tergites, sternite 8 of the male, apex of the hind tibia and deciduous mandibular processes. A key to some 50 families and subfamilies of Curculionoidea is followed by a list of family-group taxa. The following changes are made: Brachyceridae, Erirhinidae. Cryptolnryngidae und Raymondionymidae are promoted to family rank from Curculiollidne; Antliarhininae is demoted to a subfamily of Brentidae, and Allocoryninae to a subfamily of Oxycorynidne; Coptonotini is demoted to a tribe of Curculionidue Scolytinae; Carinae, sufam. n. is erected for Car Blackburn (genus incertae sedis) in Belidae; Dinomor'phini is demoted to a tribe of Molytinae and Brachyccropsidinae is revived from synonymy with Dinomorphinae (Curclliionidae); Urachyderini, Eremnini, Otiorhynchini and Sitonini are demoted to tribes of Entiminue; Desmidophorinae is transferred from Brentidae to Brachyccridae, Ocladiini is promoted to a tribe of Desmidophorinae (from Curculionidae-Cryptorhynchinae); Campyloseelini (including Phaenomerina) is transferred from Rhynchophoridae to Curculionidae-Zygopinae; Carphodicticinae is promoted to subfamily rank and transferred from Curculionidae-Scolytinae to Platypodidae; Perieges; Schönherr is transferred from Curculionidae-Thecesterninae to Cryptoiaryngidae and Agriochaeta Pascoe from Cryptorhynchinae to Hyperinae (Curculionidae); Schadlarius Wood and Mecopelmus Blackman are transferred from Coptonotidae to Platypodidae.
The primary subdivisions of the brain (telencephalon, diencephalon, mesencephalon, metencephalon, and myelencephalon) have similar relations and comparable functions in all vertebrates. Accordingly, the landmarksthat define their boundaries can be regarded as reliable for following their development. On the basis of a more complete series of well preserved embryos than has been available hitherto, we present evidence that the subdivisions of the adult brain can be traced back to neural-fold stages in which a series of growth centers can be recognized, differing from one another in form, size, and relations. The possibility of following the constrictions between the various subdivisions throughout development has been doubted by some, notably Hochstetter (1919). At present we are convinced that they can be distinguished if certain criteria are followed. These are: (a) constrictions involve the neural tube as a whole; (b) constrictions do not give rise primarily to any neural centers; (c) constrictions change in relative length and width, and in certain stages they become inconspicuous in models. The anatomical descriptions of progressive stages of development have important practical implications. It is known, for example, that congenital malformations of the central nervous system in man are common and that they are responsible for a substantial portion of fetal wastage as well as infant mortality and morbidity. In certain patients comprehensive clinical studies may indicate the underlying abnormality, such as dysraphism, arhinencephaly, hypoplasia of the cerebellum. or absence of the corpus callosum. In addition, anatomical examination of the affected brains may reveal in detail such abnormalities as lyssencephaly, polymicrogyria, or other cortical dysgeneses. These very complex cerebral malformations can only be understood and unraveled in the light of normal development. An investigation of early development of the brain must necessarily begin with a stage in which the major landmarks of the adult brain can be readily identified.As progressively younger stages are analyzed certain landmarks can no longer be recognized, although others persist at least to the third week of gestation. We believe that the evidence on which this study is based can be followed more satisfactorily in this inverted sequence, and the detailed description is so presented. It is followed by a summary of the sequence of events written in the conventional manner, as far as the eighth week of gestation.
A recently completed field survey of springs throughout the Great Basin yielded collections of hydrobiid snails from more than 500 sites, and revealed a wealth of undescribed diversity of these small gastropods. In this, the first or a two-part taxonomic series treating this material, 58 new species of Pyrgulopsis Call & Pilsbry, 1886, are described; and new records are provided for 10 previously described members of this genus. Assignment of these novelties to Pyrgulopsis is done with the acknowledgement that this large genus, as currently constituted, is probably not monophyletic, but a more refined classiffcation of these snails reflecting evolutionary relationships must await preparation of a phylogenetic analysis, which is beyond the scope of this work. Pyrgulopsis occur in a variety of spring-fed water bodies in the Great Basin, including brackish and/or thermal habitats. Although a few species are widespread in the region, local endemism is prevalent lind 22 of the new species are known only from single localities. Several areas contain concentrations of locally endemic snails which may represent species flocks, notably Duckwater Valley (seven species) and southern Steptoe Valley (five species). This fauna is hugely distributed in an allopatric fashion, although a few springs harbor two or three species. Most of the springs inhabited by hydlrobiids in the region are small, fishless, and have been ignored by state and federal land management agencies. However, many of these sites are degraded by livestock grazing, water withdrawal, anti other activities and will require protection in order to conserve snails and other native aquatic biota. Two of the novellies described herein have become extinct during the past two decades.
This second and final part of a taxonomic treatment of hydrobiid snails of the Great Basin region in the western United States (based principally on material collected during a recently completed field survey) focuses on fauna other than the genus Pyrgulopsis. A new genus of small amnieoline snails, Colligyrlls, is proposed for Hydroia greggi Pilsbry, 1935, together with a new species from the Harney Lake basin of Oregon. This group is strongly differentiated from other amnicolines by a unique female genitalic groundplan. New records are provided for three species of Fluminicola, and two new congeners are described from the northwest Great Basin, both of which had previously been confused with F. turbiniformis (Tryon, 1865). A new genus of cochliopine snails, Eremopyrgus, is erected for a new species from Steptoe Valley, Nevada. Eremopyrgus is distinguished from other cochliopines by unique aspects of its glandular penial lobes and other genitalic features. New records are provided for two species of Tyronia, and a new congener is described from thermal springs in central Nevada. Several new records of Pristincola hemphilli (Pilsbry, 1890) from the extreme northwest Great Basin are provided
The present catalogue is an attempt to bring together the genera and species of Trematoda currently known to parasitize Chiroptera Blumenbach, 1774, throughout their world distribution, as published in various journals. Since many of these are difficult to obtain for consultation, it is hoped that this catalogue may be of some utility in facilitating the work of helminthologists working with trematodes from bats.
Die 4. Fassung der Roten Liste der Brutvögel Deutschlands wurde durch das "Nationale Gremium Rote Liste Vögel" erarbeitet, in dem die wissenschaftlichen Institutionen der Ornithologie und Avifaunistik in Deutschland vertreten sind. Die Rote Liste ersetzt die 3. Fassung aus dem Jahr 2002 (BAUER et al. 2002); sie wurde erstmalig nach dem für alle Tier- und Pflanzenartengruppen sowie den Pilzen in Deutschland entwickelten Kriterienschema (5. LUDWIG et al. 2007) erarbeitet. Somit wird ein direkter Vergleich der Gefährdungssituation zwischen diesen Gruppen ermöglicht. Bestandsgröße, kurzfristiger (25 Jahre) und langfristiger (50-150 Jahre) Bestandstrend sind die wichtigsten Parameter zur Gefahrdungseinstufung der einzelnen Arten. Zusätzlich wurde jeweils die Wirksamkeit von Risikofaktoren artspezifisch identifiziert und berücksichtigt. Alle Einstufungen werden transparent vorgenommen und in der Anhangsliste publiziert. Der Dachverband Deutscher Avifaunisten (DDA) hat zur Erstellung der Datengrundlagen mit Stand 2005 für die Gefahrdungseinstufung ein neues Abfrageschema entwickelt, in dem die relevanten Informationen aus den nationalen Vogelmonitoring-Programmen aufgearbeitet und als Hintergrunddaten für die Einschätzungen von Bestandstrend und -größe auf Landesebene bereitgestellt wurden. Dadurch gewinnen die Einstufungen an Verlässlichkeit und Nachvollziehbarkeit. Der langfristige Trend wurde vom "Nationalen Gremium Rote Liste Vogel" ermittelt. Vor der Einstufung der Brutvogelarten wurde je Art eine Statuszuordnung vorgenommen, von denen nur die regelmäßig brütenden einheimischen Arten den weiteren Weg der Rote Liste-Erstellung durchlaufen. In der Roten Liste 2007 werden insgesamt 260 regelmäßige einheimische Brutvogelarten in Deutschland berücksichtigt, 25 weitere Arten brüteten nur unregelmäßig ('vermehrungsgäste': Status II), zudem wurden 29 Neozoen-Arten ermittelt (Status III), von denen 20 regelmäßig brüten. Dies ergibt zusammen 314 Arten, die höchste Zahl an Brutvogelarten, die je für eine Rote Liste zu Grunde gelegt wurde. Insgesamt befinden sich 110 regelmäßige Brutvogelarten in den Kategorien der Roten Liste 2007 (0 = ausgestorben, 1 = vom Aussterben bedroht, 2 :: stark gefährdet, 3 :: gefährdet und R = extrem selten), das entspricht 42,3 % der Arten, was einer minimal geringeren Gefahrdungsquote gegenüber der Vorgängerliste entspricht. Erfreulich ist, dass mit dem Bruchwasserläufer und dem Steinrötel zwei ehemals in Deutschland ausgestorbene Arten zwischen 2000 und 2005 wieder regelmäßig gebrütet haben. Dem entgegen ist mit der Blauracke eine weitere Art ausgestorben. Schwarzstorch, Wanderfalke, Seeadler und Uhu sind hier erstmals seit der ersten deutschen Roten Liste 1971 nicht mehr aufgeführt - ein Erfolg jahrzehntelanger direkter Schutzmaßnahmen der ehrenamtlichen und amtlichen Vogelschützer und gleichzeitig ein Beweis, dass sich Vogelschutz bei stark gefährdeten Arten lohnen kann. Andererseits sind mit Schreiadler, Zwergseeschwalbe oder Großem Brachvogel Alien in die höchste Gefährdungskategorie eingestuft worden, die zwar auch im Fokus des Vogelschutzes standen und stehen, bei denen aber bislang Maßnahmen nicht ausreichend erfolgreich umgesetzt werden konnten. Gerade die Kategorie "vom Aussterben bedroht" umfasst mit nunmehr 30 Arten den höchsten Wert seit Erscheinen der gesamtdeutschen Roten Liste. Der Analyse der aktuellen deutschen Brutvogelfauna zufolge sind die Boden brütenden Vogelarten, Großinsektenfresser und Langstreckenzieher am stärksten von Gefährdungen betroffen. Vogelgruppen mit einem hohen Anteil gefährdeter Arten sind demzufolge Hühnervögel, Rallen, Limikolen und Würger, während Eulen und Schnäpperverwandte derzeit vergleichsweise wenig gefährdet sind. Zudem erfolgt deutschlandweit ein weiteres Ausdünnen der typischen Vögel in der Normallandschaft, was sich vor allem in den Trendanalysen manifestiert, aber in der Roten Liste noch nicht sehr stark zum Ausdruck kommt. Die Nutzungsintensivierungen von Land- und Forstwirtschaft in jüngster Zeit geben hier großen Anlass zur Sorge in diesen Großlebensräumen. Diese Rote Liste stellt erneut ein kritisches Zeugnis über den Zustand der deutschen Vogelwelt aus. Aufgrund der in jüngster Zeit stark ausgeweiteten Monitoringprogramme wird es in Deutschland zukünftig noch besser möglich sein, die Gefahrdung aufzuzeigen. Um den dauerhaften Rückgang der Vogelbestände zu stoppen oder wenigstens zu verlangsamen, müssen die wirksamen Gefahrdungsfaktoren reduziert und minimiert werden. Dem gezielten Vogelartenschutz stellen sich dabei folgende vordringliche Aufgaben: Erhaltung der offenen Kulturlandschaft, Erhaltung strukturreicher Walder, Erhaltung nährstoffarmer Lebensräume, Sicherung der Schutzgebiete - insbesondere Natura 2000, Stärkung der internationalen Zusammenarbeit im Vogelschutz, Reduktion der Populationsverluste durch Unfälle und menschliche Verfolgung sowie Förderung des vogelkundlichen Nachwuchses.
The genus Maculinea van Eecke, 1915 (Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae) from the East Palaearctic Region
(1994)
We revise the classification of taxa belonging to the genus Maculinea from the East Palaearctic Region. In this region, in addition to the well-known three species: M. arion (Linnaeus, 1758), M. ationides (Staudinger, 1887) and M. teleius (Bergstriisser, [1779] 1778-1780), two additional species occur: M. alcon ([Denis & Schiffermiiller], 1775) (upper and middle Amur River, Primor'e, China Northeast/Manchuria and North Korea) and M. kurentzovi sp. nov. (upper and middle Amur River, Primor'e, China Northeast and North Korea). Lycaena kondakovi (Kurentzov, 1970) described from Primor'e is a composite species: the lectotype if' designated here represents an East-Asian subspecies of M. alcon, but its single paralectotype is a female to be assigned to M. kurentzovi sp. nov. Only limited numbers of specimens have been known with M. alcon kondakovi from lowlands of "Far-Eastern" Russia and China Northeast, but in North Korea we found a conspicuous allied taxon arirang nov. (female unknown), which we treat here as a highland subspecies of M. alcon but which may actually represent a good species. Of kurentzovi, we have found a series of specimens which have so far been mostly confused with M. teleius in various collections. We treat Glaucopsyche xiaheana Murayama, 1991 from western Gansu as a subspecies of M. arion along with other subspecies from the central and western parts of China: M. adon philidor (Fruhstorfer, 1915) from the east end of the Qilian Range as well as Mongolia, the type locality, and M. arion inferna nom. nov., a replacement name for Lycaena talsienluica (OberthUr, 1910) (praeoccupied) from Tibet, Sichuan and Qinghai. Because of the similarity of male genitalia and existence of intermediate forms, we regard M. sinalcon Murayama, 1992 described from Qinghai as a subspecies of M. teleius despite a few significant characteristics of the holotype. East continental Asia may be regarded as the headquarter of the genus Maculinea.
Glyptostrobus Endlicher is well represented in early Early Cretaceous to Pleistocene deposits in the middle to high latitudes of North America and Eurasia. Although the taxonomy and nomenclature of the genus is complicated, the fossil record indicates Glyptostrobus was represented by a small number of species. The genus first appears in Aptian age deposits from western Canada and Greenland, and achieved a wide distribution early in its evolutionary history. Exchange of Glyptostrobus between Asia and North America occurred across the Spitsbergen and Beringian corridors, which were functional about 110 and 100 million years ago, respectively The Late Cretaceous fossil record of Glyptostrobus shows that the genus had spread into Russia, China and the shores of the Turgai Strait. By the early Tertiary, Glyptostrobus was a prominent constituent of the polar broad-leaved deciduous forests. Paleocene age deposits across western Canada and the United States indicate the genus was present in great abundance in the lowland warm temperate and subtropical forests east of the Rocky Mountains. The broad distribution in North America and Russia during the Paleocene and Eocene indicates that Glyptostrobus grew and reproduced under a diverse range of climatic and environmental conditions, including the cold and unique lighting conditions of the polar latitudes. The presence of Glyptostrobus in Europe indicates the North Atlantic land bridges that extended between North America and Eurasia (Fennoscandia) and Europe during the early Tertiary were used. In Europe, extensive Glyptostrobus dominated swan1ps occupied the Central European Depression during the late Tertiary. Increasing global aridity and cooling, as well as landscape stabilization together with increasing competition for resources and habitat by representatives of the Pinaceae, seem to have forced the genus out of North America, Europe and most of Asia during the Miocene and Pliocene. In Japan, Glyptostrobus persisted until the early Pleistocene. After the early Pleistocene extinction in Japan, Glyptostrobus reappeared in southeastern China. Details of the taxonomic and biogeographic history of Glyptostrobus are examined.
The regular or obligate aphytophagy of certain lycaenid butterflies (Lepidoptera) is discussed within the framework of the most recent general classification of the family. A summary survey of all Lycaenidae known to be aphytophagous is presented, together with a brief account of cannibalism and other opportunistic aphytophagy exhibited by normally phytophagous butterflies. The range of food sources (plants, animals, excretions and regurgitations) exploited by lycaenids is reviewed with emphasis falling on the ecology of myrmecophilous early stages and the significance of their ant-related adaptations. Adult feeding and oviposition behaviour reveal further associations with ants. Specificity oflycaenid/ant relationships and the possible biological effects ofaphytophagy on the Lycaenidae are discussed. Finally, speculations concerning the evolution of aphytophagy by these bulterflies are critically presented.
Epilabidocera amphitrites is one of the most common copepods in the deep waters adjacent to Friday Harbor and shows characteristic swarming behavior in the surface film of the water from later spring through early summer. That the swarms are composed mainly, up to 99 %, of adult males appears to be due to difference in phototaxis to a weak light. This species, at least in copepodid stages, is omnivorous, but seems to prefer an animal diet rather than diatoms. Reproduction takes place continuously from early spring through autumn. The external anatomy of both the female and male has been described in detail. The cuticle forming the arthrodial membrane and the lining of the esophagus, hindgut, and hypostomal and labral troughs appears to be of the same nature throughout, consisting of a single stratum. The cuticle on the general body surface, however, consists of two main strata. The endoskeletal structures consist of two categories, the endoskeleton proper and the endoskeletal tendons. The former involves apodemes and apophyses. Of these the major ones are described in detail. The latter consist of two median tendinous endosternites in the « head », four pairs of ventral intersegmental thoracic tendons, and a pair of dorsal longitudinal tendons in the metasome. The endosternites are well developed, serving as origins for dilators to the atrium oris and esophagus and also for a number of extrinsic muscles to the head appendages. The skeletomusculature may be divided into longitudinal trunk and limb muscles. The paired dorsal and ventral longitudinal trunk muscles in the metasome extend, respectively, from the levels of the cervical groove and the post-maxillulary apodeme to the end of the metasome. The longitudinal trunk muscles in the urosome origate at the anterior end and run most of its length. They are arranged as paired dorsal and ventral groups and a pair of lateral muscles. The extrinsic limb muscles are described in detail. They originate either from the lateral to dorsal exoskeleton or from the endosternites. The digestive tract starts with the atrium oris in the oral cone, followed by the mouth proper, esophagus, midgut, and finally by the hindgut which opens as the anus at the end of the urosome. The oral cone consisting of the three lobed labrum and the paired paragnaths has a longitudinal groove, the oral groove, which is covered ventrally by the spinulose setae of the maxillae and laterally by the gnathobasal endites of the maxillules, these together forming an effective feeding apparatus. The midgut is produced anteriorly into a diverticulum which is higly secretory. In the middle portion of the midgut the epithelial cells are highly vacuolated. As they pass through this vacuolated region the gut contents are cemented into fecal pellets by a mucous secretion and they acquire a peritrophic membrane. There is a strong valve between the midgut and the hindgut. Peristalsis in the midgut is irregular but powerful and primarily in the reverse direction. The circulatory system involves a single heart, enclosed in a large pericardial space, and an anteriorly directed aorta terminating in an anterodorsal aortic sines. The latter communicates through three paires of openings with the sinuses in the head, which are in turn continuous with the perivisceral cavity, from which blood is returned to the pericardium. The heart has the form of a flask with an aortic valve at the tapered anterior end and a posterior ostium. The aortic wall is continued posteriorly over the heart and wraps around the anterior three-fifths as an outer membrane. This outer membrane is extended dorsally at three places to attach the heart to the dorsal exoskeleton; and it is also drawn out ventrally to form the anterior and lateral walls of the pericardium. These walls are continuous with the pericardial floor which seals the pericardia! cavity from the perivisceral cavity. The heart-beat and the blood flow through the system have been discussed. The excretory system consists of a pair of maxillary glands, each comprising a coelomic end-sac, a coelomic secretory tubule and an ectodermal excretory duct. The end-sac communicates with the tubule through a valvular opening. Antennary glands are not gound either in the nauplius stage or in the adult. The male reproductive system consists of a single testis and a single genital duct which is divided into four differentiated sections, the vas deferens, the seminal vesicle, the spermatophore sac, and the ductus ejaculatorius. The vas deferens is a thick-walled glandular tube secreting the various constituents of the spermatophore. The seminal vesicle serves mainly as a reservoir for the various components of a definitive spermatophore, and it is here that these take up their final positions. The spermatophore sac is highly glandular and is mainly responsible for formation of the coupling apparatus of the spermatophore. The spermatophore is not open directly to the outside but is connected with a canal system in the coupling apparatus. When transferred to the female genital segment at copulation, the central secretion of the spermatophore is discharged through the canal system of the coupling apparatus to glue down the spermatophore. A duct through which the spermatozoa can pass from the spermatophore to the spermathecae of the female appears to be formed later by an action of the female, possibly secretion of an enzyme or lysin. The discharge of the contents of the spermatophore is effected by swelling of Q-spermatozoa in the distal region of the spermatophore. The functional spermatozoa are spherical or polygonal and nonmotile. The female reproductive system consists of a single ovary, two oviducts, each with several diverticula, leading to the paired opnenings into the vaginal vacity, a pair of spermathecae and a pair of glands which open into the oviducts. In the mature female the oviducts are wide and sac-like, expanded by growing oocytes. However, the last portion of the oviduct is usually empty of eggs and is highly secretory. The oldest oocytes in the oviducts are usually at the metaphase of the first maturation division. The evidence points to the conclusion that the eggs are laid in this stage, and they are fertilized when they pass through the vaginal cavity. Oogenesis has been studied in detail. There are two periods of yolk formation: the first immediately after the dispersion of the mitochondrial bodies and the second in the last phase of the oocyte growth when the vacuoles in the cytoplasm are gradually replaced by yolk. Two dorsal ocelli, in the copepodid stages, are placed dorsolaterally against the exoskeleton and highly developed, each with a perfectly spherical, cuticular lens, while a single ventral ocellus remains unspecialized through the copepodid stages. Each dorsal ocellus proper is suspended in the head sinus by several connective tissue stands in addition to an aye muscle and consists of a large, syncytial pigmented cup occupied by a cellular sphere which is composed of 9 retinular and 4 crystalline cells. Each of the 9 retinular cells gives off an axon which leaves the ocellar cup at one of three places to proceed to the nauplius eye center in the protocerebrum. The ventral ocellus consists of two multinucleated pigmented cells, a cup-shaped tapetum, 6 retinular cells and about 8 conjunctival cells. Each of the 6 retinular cells sends an axon which loops over the posterior rim of the ocellar cup in common with the others to course to the nauplius eye center in the protocerebrum. The ventral ocellus is innervated by two afferent nerve fibers. There is also found a pair of conspicuous nerve fibers, possibly afferent, associated with the dorsal and ventral ocelli. A pair of accessory retinular groups, each consisting of three retinular cells, is found posterior to the dorsal ocelli. Three efferent aXOl1S from each group form a nerve running to the nauplius eye center in the protocerebrum. A pair of frontal organs, each innervated by a frontal nerve, lies in the anterior end of the head. The frontal nerves can be traced up to a pair of neuropiles immerdiately ventral to the nauplius eye center in the proto cerebrum. A pair of suprafrontal nerves branched off from the frontal nerves is found to innervate a pair of sensory filaments, the suprafrontal sensiIla, at the lower anterior end of the head. The central nervous system, consisting of a well developed brain connected by massive circumesophageaI connectives to the ventral nerve cord, has been described in detail. The ganglion cells are found throughout the nerve cord, and they are arranged into ganglia in the thoracic segments bearing the swimming legs. The stomatogastric nervous system has two pairs of labral and a single gastric ganglia. The medial pair of the labral ganglia forms anteriorly a single ganglion which is connected to the brain by three small nerves. The giant fiber system, consisting of giant motor fibers and giant interneurons, has been studied in detail, and it appears to constitute the effector portion of an escape reflex. The cutaneous glands opening through small pores in the cuticle of the metasome, urosome, and the appendages have been described. Chromatophores, unicellular or syncytial with several nuclei, are scattered deep in the body and are responsible for the metachrosis.
During the last decade, three new acidophilous forests associations were detected in the Mecsek Mts (SW Hungary), and described as acidophilous beech wood (Sorbo torminalis-Fagetum (A. O. Horvat 1963a) Borhidi et Kevey in Kevey 2001), acido-mesophilous oak wood (Luzulo forsteri-Quercetum petraeae (A. O. Horvat 1963a) Borhidi et Kevey 1996) and acido-xerophilous oak shrubland (Genisto pilosae-Quercetum polycarpae (A. O. Horvat 1967) Borhidi et Kevey 1996). In this article two further new associations are described: the acidophilous oakwood of the Mecsek (Viscario-Quercetum polycarpae Kevey, ass. nova) and the acido-mesophilous oakwood of western Hungary (Campanulo rotundifoliae-Quercetum petraeae (Csapody 1964) Kevey, ass. nova). These associations are related to the acidophilous forests of the Balkan Peninsula based on the infrequent presence of sub-Mediterranean species. A detailed comparative study of these new associations with the earlier known ones permitted to develop a reshaped classification of the syntaxonomy of these units, creating four new suballiances: within the frame of Quercion farnetto I. Horvat 1938 the suballiances Luzulo forsteri-Quercenion polycarpae Kevey, suball. nova and the typical Quercenion farnetto Kevey, suball. nova, in the frame of Quercion petraeae Zolyomi et Jakucs 1957 the suballiances Luzulo multiflorae-Quercenion petraeae Kevey, suball. nova and the Quercenion petraeae Kevey, suball. nova.
Westwoodilla Bate. 1862 is revised and 12 species are recognized as distinct, 2 of which, W. tone and W. helle. are described as new. New characters of taxonomic importance are described and illustrated. The many variable characters that have led to taxonomic confusion in the pas! are converted to morphometries and the intra- and interspecific variation are illustrated. This has led to a new understanding of the genus and a clarification of the "W. caecula complex". The type species Westwoodia caecula Bate. 1857 is redescribed and a neotype is designated. W. megalops (Sars, 1883) is resurrected. The junior synonymy of W. longidactyla Carausu, 1949 with W. caecula is supported by the find of Carausu's original unpublished notes and drawings. Notes on undescribed species are given. New drawings are provided for W. manta Griffiths, 1974, W. longimana Shoemaker, 1934, W. brevicalcar (Goes, 1865) and W. megalops. All species are diagnosed; new distributions are given and plotted on a map; and a key to the named species is included.
Von den Canaren waren nur wenige Thysanopteren bekannt. Es ist daher um so mehr zu begrüßen, daß Titschack auf seiner Canaren-Reise im Frühjahre 1931 den Thysanopteren seine besondere Aufmerksamkeit schenkte. Ich freue mich, hervorheben zu können, daß dieses Material nicht nur durch seinen Reichtum an Individuen zu einer besonders exakten Bearbeitung geeignet war, sondern daß Titschack auch selbst das ganze Material in Canadabalsam-Präparate übertragen, dadurch der Zerstörung entrissen und damit das Hamburger Museum um eine prächtige Sammlung tadelloser Präparate bereichert hat. ... Die Ausbeute umfaßt 13 bereits bekannte und 14 für die Wissenschaft neue Arten; nur einige zweifelhafte Stücke wurden hier nicht behandelt. Die bekannten Arten sind 3 Kosmopoliten: Limothrips cerealium Hal., Thrips tabaci Lind. und Haplothrips gowdeyi Frkl. Eine Anzahl - wohl auch der größte Teil der neuen Arten - gehört dem Mediterranen Faunengebiet an, einzelne sind weiter verbreitet. Haplothrips retamae (Enderl.) ist nur von den Canaren bekannt. Ich gehe gleich in die Besprechung bzw. Beschreibung der Arten ein...
Les glycériens de Norvege
(1941)
En este catálogo provisional se recogen las malaeofaunas arqueológicas asociadas a ocupaciones humanas de la Península Ibérica. Se incluyen un total de 142 análisis malacológicos, y un anexo de 68 yacimientos donde los conjuntos son estrictamente ornament.tles o se encuentran en fase de estudio. Se encuentran reseñadas casi 200 especies de moluscos marinas, de agua dulce y terrestres. Además se ofrecen datos inéditos de 6 yacimientos (Abrigo de la Peila del Perro, Tennas romanas de Gijón, Cabezo Pequeño del Estaño, Pico Ramos, Almontc y La Viña). Consideramos que un trabajo de estas características resulta imprescindible en el actual estado de conocimiento arqueozoológico en la Península Ibérica y confiamos en que el catálogo se convierta en una referencia básica en estudios futuros.
Die oftmals apostrophierten Schwierigkeiten bei der taxonomischen Behandlung der Gattung Hylaeus F. können spätestens seit den genitalmorphologischen Untersuchungen von MEHELY (1935) als prinzipiell bewältigt gelten. Auf die beträchtlichen Unterschiede im Bau des Kopulationsapparates der Männchen hatte bereits E. SAUNDERS (1882a,b) unter Beifügung genauet Zeichnungen hingewiesen. Damit war der Schlüssel zur zuverlässigen Bestimmung dieser kleinen und relativ uniformen Bienen gegeben, aber leider hat in Europa bisher nur ELFVING (1951) versucht, diese Merkmale mit Bestimmungstabellen zu verbinden, wie es etwa in der Neuen Welt längst unumgänglich ist (vgl. z. B. METZ 1911, SNELLING 1966-1970). POPOV (1939) gründete seine subgenerische Einteilung der Gattung auf die Erkenntnisse von MEHELY, und diese hat sich trotz einseitiger Anlage, obwohl nur die 33 berücksichtigt wurden, bis heute weitgehend bewährt. Die Erfahrung lehrt, daß einzelne Insektengruppen erst über geeignete Bestimmungsliteratur auch mehr Bearbeiter finden und einem breiteren, kooperativen Studium zugänglich werden. Im gegenwärtigen Stand bedürfen die Hj/acus vor allem eingehender biologischer Bearbeitung von vielen Seiten. Insbesondere sollte unsere Kenntnis ihrer natürlichen Variation, Bionomie und Verbreitung ergänzt werden, bevor taxonomische Konsequenzen gezogen werden. Das vorliegende Manuskript ist deshalb in erster Linie als Arbeitsmaterial zur Verständigung und Diskussion angelegt und berücksichtigt praktische Erfordernisse, insbesondere die der Determinationspraxis. Trotzdem hat sich daraus gleichwohl von selbst eine Revision der Untergattungen (unter Einbeziehung der ... ) und eine nicht geringe Anzahl systematischer Anmerkungen ergeben. Durch die freundliche Vermittlung von Herrn Dr. KÖNIGSMANN (Berlin) konnte aus dem Nachlaß BLÜTHGENS ein umfangreiches, wenn auch unvollständiges Manuskript mit dem Arbeitstitel "Die mitteleuropäischen Arten der Gattung Prosopis F." mit ausgewertet werden. Für den Druck ist dieser Text, an dem BLÜTHGEN vor und noch neben seiner Vespoiden-Arbeit (1961) schrieb, viel zu breit angelegt. Von seiner Intention dürfte aber viel in die vorliegende Untersuchung eingeflossen sein. Außerdem habe ich seine sorgfältig recherchierte Synonymie weitgehend übernommen. Sie wurde nach Möglichkeit kontrolliert und ergänzt, ohne jedoch Vollständigkeit anzustreben. Die langen Listen von LEcLERcg (I964) und WARNCKE (1972 ) konnten nur insoweit überprüft werden, als es Fragen von akuter nomenklatorischer Relevanz betraf. Der Praktiker benötigt ohnehin zunächst nur die Angaben, die ihm den Anschluß an die (wenige) Spezialliteratur der jüngeren Vergangenheit erlauben. Diese Synonymie ist vollständig. Die Tabellen beziehen sich auf das gesamte Europa von Gibraltar bis zum Ural und schließen die großen Mittelmeerinseln ein; Zypern, wiewohl Kleinasien vorgelagert, wurde zusätzlich aufgenommen, denn die wenigen Formen (meist Endemiten) lassen sich nahtlos anfügen. Die Aufteilung der europäischen geographischen Regionen folgt dem allgemeinen Verständnis: Es werden West-, Ost-, Mittel-, Nord- und Südeuropa unterschieden (Abkürzungen: W, E, C, N, S). SE-Europa bezieht sich insonderheit auf den Balkan und die S-Ukraine. Zoogeographische Grenzen bestehen vor allem zwischen W- und C-Europa, wobei sich die Iberische Halbinsel noch einmal absetzt, sowie zwischen S- und C-Europa mit den Alpen als Barriere. Der Kaukasus gehört nur teilweise zu Europa, er wurde und wird aber gern besammelt und deshalb mit verlangt. In seinem westlichen Teil ist die Fauna noch sehr zentraleuropäisch, im östlichen zeigen sich verstärkt auch klein- und mittelasiatische Arten, die, soweit bekannt, ~inbegriffen wurden. Es sind alle Arten berücksichtigt, die nach meiner Kenntnis bisher für das Gesamtgebiet als gesichert gelten bzw. noch zu erwarten sind. Daß auch weiterhin mit neuen Arten zu rechnen ist, ergaben vorbereitende Studien (DATHE 1977, 1979b). Wenig an Fundangaben und Material lag mir aus dem europäischen Teil der RSFSR (E-Europa) vor. Die Bearbeitung für die europäische UdSSR von OSYCNJUK (1978) stellt erst einen Anfang dar. Von allen verzeichneten Arten werden Abbildungen der Gesichtsmaske und des Kopulationsapparates (...) gegeben. Der Verweis auf eine bestimmte Abbildungsnummer steht in eckigen Klammern. Alle Beschreibungen wurden in standardisierter Form völlig neu angefertigt. Dazu stund das umfangreiche Material des Zoologischen Museums Berlin (ZMB) zur Verfügung, insbesondere die Sammlungen von ALFKEN und BLÜTHGEN.