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South-Western Anatolia (including provinces Antalya, Burdur, Isparta, Denizli, Aydın, Muğla) was surveyed for the fauna of Neuroptera during 2000–2002. In total, 2817 specimens representing 77 species, 43 genera and 10 families: Osmylidae (1 species), Chrysopidae (22 species), Hemerobiidae (11 species), Coniopterygidae (7 species), Dilaridae (1 species), Mantispidae (4 species), Berothidae (1 species), Nemopteridae (3 species), Myrmeleontidae (22 species), Ascalaphidae (6 species). The records of Nineta guadarramensis, Sympherobius (S.) elegans, Nimboa ressli, Dilar turcicus, Mantispa aphavexelte, Synclisis baetica, Solter ledereri, Myrmeleon inconspicuous, Megistopus flavicornis are their second records from Turkey. Fourty five species are recorded for the first time from the studied area. As a result of the present study the total number of species reported from Southwest Anatolia increased to 87.
Einleitung: Ernährungsbiologische Untersuchungen dienen unter anderem dazu, die Position einzelner Tierarten in der jeweiligen Lebensgemeinschaft, der sie angehören, näher zu bestimmen. Dabei wird man sich nicht darauf beschränken können, die Nahrungsbestandteile in kleinen Serien zu ermitteln, denn die Zusammensetzung der Nahrung variiert entsprechend den Umweltbedingungen und dem physiologischen Zustand des Tieres. Die Variationsbreite des Nahrungsspektrums ist allerdings bei omnivoren Tieren, zu denen auch die Sperlinge zählen, verhaltnismäßig schwer zu erfassen, und es bedarf dazu einer grösseren Anzahl von Stichproben aus verschiedenen Populationen, die in unterschiedlichen Lebensräumen vorkommen. Noch schwieriger ist es, die Variationsursachen zu erkennen, denn dazu sind quantitative Untersuchungen über das Nahrungsangebot und seine Ausnutzung notwendig. Die Arbeiten in dieser Richtung sind in den letzten Jahren vor allem von L. Tinbergen und seinen Schülern, denen Vögel und Arthropoden als Forschungsobjekte dienten, entscheidend gefördert worden. Doch auch viele andere Forscher davor und danach befassten sich mit Nahrungsuntersuchungen an Vögeln und begründeten damit eine Sammlung von Faktenmaterial zur Problemstellungen, die zum Teil nur im Rahmen ökologischer Komplexaufgaben sinnvoll bearbeitet werden können. Im Internationalen Biologischen Programm bot sich eine Gelegenheit, die Ergebnisse vieler tausender Arbeitsstunden, die der Erforschung der Ernährung von Haus- und Feldsperling gewidmet waren, zusammenzufassen und einer allgemeinen Synthese zuzuführen. Auf Grund ihrer weiten Verbreitung und der hohen Dominanz, dle die Sperlinge stellenweise erreichen können, ist nicht nur ihre Bedeutung im Artengefüge (species network; Elton 1966) von Ökosystemen ziemlich hoch einzuschätzen, sondern es besteht auch ein begründetes volkswirtschaftliches Interesse an der Verringerung der von ihnen in der Landwirtschaft verursachten Schäden. Die im folgenden vorgetragenen Fakten und Vorstellungen sollen dazu beitragen, ein Modell zu finden, das die Rolle der Sperlinge in verschiedenen Ökosystemen zum Ausdruck bringt und uns dadurch befähigt, zweckmässigere Wege bei der Regulierung von Sperlingspopulationen einzuschlagen. Es kann jedoch nicht die Aufgabe dieser Abhandlung sein, die trophische Position der Sperlinge in verschiedenen Klima- und Vegetationsgsbieten erschöpfend zu analysieren und quantitativ zu vergleichen, da dies einen Gesamtüberblick über das produktionsbiologische Datenmaterial voraussetzt, der erst noch in Gemeinschaftsarbeit geschaffen werden muss.
L'Autore esamina le specie di Scafopodi del Neogene del Bacino del Mediterraneo, dandone un'ampia iconografia. Vengono riassunte varie notizie relative alle differenti specie ed in particolar modo viene proposta una rilettura filologicamente corretta delle diagnosi originarie. Due nuove specie sono istituite: Fustiaria (Fllstiaria) emersoni e Cadulus (Gadila) razzorei, dal Pliocene italiano. Anche le specie attuali mediterranee sono esaminate e correlate, ove occorra, alle forme fossili.
Habitat, food and population dynamics of the field vole Microtus agrestis (L.) in south Sweden
(1971)
The habitat, food and population dynamics of the field vole (Microtus agrestis) were studied mainly in southernmost Sweden (Scania) with a few comparisons from a northern locality. The habitats of Microtus agrestis consist mainly of successional stages, arising from abandoned cultivated fields, drained mires and felled mature forests. They were characterized botanically and classified according to moisture and time since abandonment. Capture distributions were significantly clumped, being most contagious at the lowest densities. Microdistribution was affected more by shelter than by food conditions. The weight of the stomach contents showed various skewed distributions, giving indications of the feeding behaviour of various population categories. The staple food in southernmost Sweden was various grasses, while herbs, gnss seeds, vegetative storage organs and moss were primary food items during summer, summer-autumn, winter and early summer respectively. In a northern locality herbs played a more important role in summer. Among plant species e.g. Agrostis spp., Festuca rubra, Achillea millefolium and Ranunculus spp. were often eaten, while the common Deschampsia caesjJiiosa and Charnaenerion angustifoliurn were disliked. There were clear differences between habitats but plant species belonging to the same group replaced each other in the diet. There were few differences between populatipn categories. Experiments disclosed the same preferences as found at stomach analysis. Digestibility was higher during spring than winter, that of the preferred species being highest. The digestibility was most affected by the proportions of crude protein but the changes in weight by the amounts consumed. The animals showed a decided interest in certain carbohydrates and fatty substances with differences between seasons and years. The interest in sugars was not correlated with the similar interest in bark. The probability of capture was especially low in juveniles and during winter. Trap lines and grids showed the same trappability, but, the intervals between checkings influenced the removal rate. The density changes on two distant, large, dry fields in southernmost Sweden were correlated, while a nearby isolated population in a spruce plantation fluctuated out of phase. The increases during the reproductive season were significantly lower than those expected at exponential increase. The density in various habitats did not depend on the moisture conditions. Differences in population structure and body weight in various areas were partly related to the phase of population development. However, there were also differences in the same area between habitats, which might differ in plant nutrient supply. The animals had a low energy reserve in their depot fat, which would only sustain the animals for 5-14 hours in an emergency. It was highest during midwinter but with significant depressions in April and December. Drier habitats could sustain populations of little more than 200 animals/ha over :winter and these densities were not realized in southernmost Sweden. The spring-summer density variations in a northern locality were correlated with the spruce seed supply during the following autumn-winter. A relation was assumed with the quantity or quality of previous storage tissues. In southernmost Sweden, with irregular and low-amplitude fluctuations, there was no clear relation to primary production.