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The Great Spotted Woodpecker is the most common and best-known woodpecker species in the W Palearctic. The sections Habitat, Distribution, Population, Movements, Food, Social pattern and behaviour, Voice, Breeding, Plumages, Bare parts, Moults, Measurements, Weights, and Geographical variation have been updated or completely rewritten, and a new section has been added on Conservation. High flexibility enables the Great Spotted Woodpecker to utilize a great variety of habitats, from Arctic taiga through boreal and temperate to Mediterranean (N Africa and Canary Islands) and Alpine forest zones, wherever there are mature trees of any sort with sufficient growth to accommodate nest-holes and with a supply of available food. The Distribution and Population sections include new data of population tendencies, with stable or positive trends in most European countries and fluctuating populations in N Europe. Recent negative range trends with small decreases only in S Europe, apparently due to loss of wooded habitats. The Conservation section presents literature on the Great Spotted Woodpecker as the key or umbrella species for secondary cavity-nesting species. This section also demonstrates the importance of woodpeckers as indicators for naturally dynamic forests with tree species diversity, forest management, and sustainable forestry. Woodpeckers can be part of a monitoring system of e.g. sustainable forestry, but species from other organism groups are also required. The section on Movements has been updated with new data on dispersal and summer/autumn and spring migration. The Great Spotted Woodpecker uses a very wide and varied diet and is characterized as a 'universalist' in food-gathering; pecking and hammering are most important in autumn and winter, gleaning and probing are important at times of high food availability at the tree surface in spring and summer. It takes arthropods and insect larvae, coniferous seeds and various nuts mainly in autumn and winter, and drills holes for sap-sucking in spring, takes surface dwelling arthropods and caterpillars, bird eggs and nestlings, and fruits and berries in spring and summer. The Social pattern and behaviour section presents new data on the mating system, parental effort, pair-bond, divorce rate, survival rate, and mortality. Great Spotted Woodpeckers are socially and genetically monogamous with a potential to polyandry, which was recorded in Japan. Changes of partner between seasons common. Males usually invest more in nesthole construction and guarding than the females and contribute the same amount or more to brood care. Males usually incubate and brood at night, as with all studied woodpeckers, and defend territories, which seem to be important for female choice. Females compete intensely for access to males and perform male-like courtship behaviours such as drumming. Great Spotted Woodpeckers are intelligent and currently doing damage to house facades. The Voice section presents mainly new data on calls and instrumental signals of the young. The Breeding section has been updated with new information about nest-sites, breeding behaviour, and breeding success. New data on age determination are shown in the Bare parts and Moults sections. Additional data are provided on size and weight.
The Japanese micropterigid moths are revised. Seventeen species in five genera are recognized from Japan, described or redescribed with the male and female genital figures. Of these, two genera, Issikiomartyria HASHIMOTO and Kurolkopteryx HASHIMOTO, and seven species, Issikiomartyria akemiae HASHIMOTO, Issikiomartylia plicata HASHIMOTO, Issihiomartyria distincta HASHIMOTO, Issihiomartyria bisegmentata HASHIMOTO, Kurokopteryx dolichocerata HASHIMOTO, Neomicropteryx hiwana HASHIMOTO, and Neomicropteryx redacta HASHIMOTO, are new to science. A new combination is given: Issikiomartyria nudata (Issuu). Biology and immature structures of the Japanese species are also described together with the keys to genera and to species provided on the basis of the adult characters. Phylogenetic relationships among the Northern Hemisphere genera are analyzed by the cladistic analysis using PAUP* (SWOFFORD, 2002) based on the morphological characters of adults. A monophyly of the Northern Hemisphere genera except for Micropterix is supported by nine apomorphies, but their immediate sister taxon remains unresolved.
"Neobiota" ist ein biologischer Begriff zur Bezeichnung von nicht-einheimischen Arten, welche infolge direkter oder indirekter menschlicher Einwirkungen in neue geografische Gebiete eindringen. Biologische Invasionen durch neue gebietsfremde Lebewesen (Neobiota), die sowohl Tierarten (Neozoa) als auch Pftanzenarten (Neophyta) betreffen, wurden in den letzten Jahren zunehmend von Interesse, da ihre Anzahl und Ausbreitung ständig zunimmt. Solche Fremdlinge (Aliens) verändern oft ihre neue Umwelt, die einheimischen bodenständigen Planzen- und Tierarten müssen sich an diese ungewohnte Umgebung anpassen. Insbesondere invasive fremde Arten werden als eine der Hauptursachen für Verluste an Biodiversität erachtet. In der vorliegenden Arbeit werden für Südtirol einige markante Beispiele rezent einschleppter Tier- und Pflanzenarten erörtert. Es wird der bestehende Trend einer rezenten Zunahme von Neobiota aufgezeigt, als Folge einer Zunahme von Verkehr und Warenaustausch, und auf die Notwenigkeit hingewiesen, die Einschleppungswege und Zeiträume genau zu verfolgen und zu registrieren. Insgesamt werden hier 44 Tierarten behandelt: davon 40 Invertebraten und 4 Vertebrata, sowie 5 Pflanzenarten. Davon sind einige Arten auch Neumeldungen für Südtirol: Diptera: Rhagoletis alternata, Rhagoletis completa; Heteroptera: Leptoglossus occidentalis; Pisces: Rhodeus amarus, Pseudorasbora parva; Crustacea: Procambarus klarkii; Araneae: Atea triguttata und Araniella displicata (beides heimische Arten), Tegenaria atrica (adventiv).
Die Gattung Phormictopuswurde im Jahre 1901 von POCOCK aufgestellt. In seine neue Gattung nahm er als Typusart Mygale cancerides LATREILLE, 1806 von der Insel Hispaniola auf, dazu kam Lasiodora cautus AUSSERER, 1875, eine Art, die ohne Angabe des locus typicus beschrieben worden war. Bisher waren 14 Arten und 2 Unterarten bekannt, von denen 5 aus Südamerika stammen. Die vorliegende Arbeit reduziert die Artenzahl auf 12, wobei 5 neue Arten beschrieben und 4 synonymisiert, 3 zu nomina dubia (Typus verschollen), und 3 "incertae sedis" (in andere Gattungen gehörig) erklärt werden.
La famille des Pyuridae n'est représentée en Nouvelle-Calédonie que par onze espèces, la plupart vivant dans les zones portuaires. Une seule espèce est nouvelle, Bolteniopsis pacificus, qui vit dans des sables grossiers et représente la première espèce de ce genre trouvée dans le littoral tropical. Les Molgulidae ne sont représentées que par une espèce nouvelle.
Dix-neuf espèces de Styelidae, pour la plupart coloniales, sont décrites ou signalées du lagon. Huit sont nouvelles. Sur les onze espèces connues, neuf sont présentes en Australie. Quatre espèces ont une repartitlon tres vaste couvrant dans certains cas toutes les mers chaudes. Les espèces nouvelles appartiennent toutes à des genres dont la diversité maximale est en zone tropicale.
Quinze espèces dont deux nouvelles pour la Science ont été récoltées en Nouvelle-Calédonie. La plupart d'entre elles sont aussi connues de l'Australie et de l'Indonésie. Une seule espèce est considérée comme faisant partie d'une faune tempérée australe. Toutes les autres sont d'affinités tropicales.
Quinze espèces d'ascidies Phlébobranches ont été récoltées dans le lagon de Nouvelle-Calédonie. Elles appartiennent à quatre familles: Corellidae, Ascidiidae, Perophoridae et Cionidae. Cette dernière n'avait pas encore été signalée de cette région. Quatre espèces sont nduvelles pour la science: Diazona textura (Cionidae), Ascidia dorsalis (Ascidiidae), Ecteinascidia aequale et E. koumaci (Perophoridae). Seules cinq espèces (une Corellidae et quatre Ascidiidae) étaient déjà connues de Nouvelle-Calédonie.
Homology of virtually all major components of facial anatomy is assessed in Archosauria in order to address the function of the antorbital cavity, an enigmatic structure that is diagnostic for the group. Proposed functions center on its being a housing for a gland, a muscle, or a paranasal air sinus. Homology is approached in the context of the Extant Phylogenetic Bracket method of reconstructing unpreserved aspects of extinct organisms. Facial anatomy and its ontogeny was studied in extant archosaurs (birds and crocodilians) to determine the osteological correlates of each soft-tissue component; resemblances between birds and crocodilians comprised the similarity test of homology. The congruence test of homology involved surveying phyiogenetically relevant fossil archosaurs for these bony signatures. The facial anatomy of extant birds and crocodilians is examined in detail to provide background and to discover those apomorphic aspects that contribute to the divergent specialization of these two groups and thus obscure homologies. Birds apomorphically show enlarged eyeballs, expanded nasal vestibules, and reduced maxillae, whereas crocodilian faces are dorsoventrally flattened (due to nasal rotation) and elongated. Most facial attributes of archosaurs are demonstrably homologous and in fact characterize much more inclusive groups. Special emphasis has been placed on the nasal conchae and paranasal air sinuses. Within Amniota, the following conchal structures are homologous, and all others are neomorphs: avian caudal concha, crocodilian concha + preconcha, Sphenodon caudal concha, squamate concha, and probably the mammalian crista semicircularis. The avian antorhital paranasal air sinus is homologous with the crocodilian caviconchal sinus; the maxillary sinus of placental mammals is not homologous with the archosaurian paranasal sinus. With regard to the function of the antorbital cavity, archosaurs possess homologous nasal glands, dorsal pterygoideus muscles, and paranasal air sinuses, but the osteological correlates of only the paranasal sinus involve the antorbital fenestrae and fossae. Thus, the antorbital cavity is best interpreted as principally a pneumatic structure.
An annotated checklist and bibliography of 197 species (representing 78 genera and 26 families) of non-marine polychaetes of the world is presented, including synonymies, information on ecology, distribution, habitat, and references to the taxonomic and biological literature. Over half (57%) of the checklist species are represented by just three families as follows: Nereididae (61 species including Namanereis, Namalycastis, Neanthes and Hediste), Aeolosomatidae (27 species, mostly Aeolosoma) and Sabellidae (24 species including Caobangia and Manayunkia). Other well-represented taxa are the epizoic histriobdel1id Stratiodrilus (11 species), the inland-sea-specialist ampharetid Hypania and related genera (5 species), and the freshwater-tolerant spionid Marenzelleria (5 species). One new combination is proposed for the nereidid Nereis tenuipalpa Pflugfelder, 1933, viz. Paraleonnates tenuipalpa n. comb.
Birds are characterized by pneumatization of their skeletons by epithelial diverticula from larger, air-filled cavities. The diverticula-or 'air sacs'-that invade the postcranium result from outgrowths of the lungs; poslcranial pneumaticity has been very well studied. Much more poorly understood are the air sacs that pneumatize the skull. Study or craniofacial pneumaticity in modern birds (Neornithes) indicates the presence of two separate systems: nasal pneumaticity and tympanic pneumaticity, The lacrimal and maxillary bones arc pneumatized by diverticula of the main paranasal cavity, the antorbital sinus. There are five tympanic diverticula in neornithines that pneumatize the quadrate, articulare and the bones of the braincase. The pneumatic features of the following six genera of Mesozoic birds are examined: Archaeopteryx, Ellaliornis, Baplomis, Parahesperornis, Hesperornis and lchthyornis. Despite the 'archaic' aspect of most of these birds, many of the pneumatic features of neornithines are found in .Mesozoic birds and are considered primitive for Aves. The phylogenetic levels at which most of the avian pneumatic features arose within Archosauria are uncertain. Until the phylogenetic levels at which homologous pneumatic features arose are determined, it is unwise to use most pneumatic characters in the discussion of avian origins. Within avian phylogeny, Ornithurae and Neornithes are well-supported by pneumatic synapomorphies. There is a trend towards reduction of craniofacial pneumaticity within Hesperornithiformes. Witthin Neornithes, four derived pneumatic characters suggest that the Palaeognathae (ratites and tinamous) is monophyletic.
Aus den vorhergehenden Untersuchungen erhellt, dass die fossilen Hölzer von König-Karls-Land ein aussergewöhnliches Interesse beanspruchen. Sie umfassen sechs Arten, die zu fünf verschiedenen Gattungen gehören, und zwar: Phyllocladoxylon sp., Xenoxylon phyllocladoides GOTHAN, Cupressinoxylon cf. McGeei KNOWLTON, Cedroxylon cedroides n. sp., Cedroxylon transiens n. sp., Protopiceoxylon exstinctum n. gen. et sp. und dazu noch ein paar nicht bestimmbare Arten.
After giving a brief historical account of the use and precise definitions of the various measurements and their indices in termites, the need for bringing together all such known measurements and indices in the fonn a monograph is explained. Precisely defined measurements obviate the necessity of using vague expressions for the comparison of allied taxa. Of the 88 measurements and 53 indices thus listed, 66 and 34 respectively have been used already in the published literature, and 22 and 19 new ones are added here.
Carnian (Upper Triassic) fishes from Polzberg bei Lunz have been known since 1886 but no comprehensive account has been published. Eleven species are described nine of which, Saurichthys calcaratus, Polzbergia brochatus, Peltoplellrus dinlmptus, Habroichthys gregarius, Nannolepis elegans, Phaidrosoma lunzensis, Elpistoichthys pectinatus, E. striolatus and Pholidophoretes salvus are new, and two others, Thoracopterus niederristi Bronn and Gigantopterus telleri Abel, previously little-known. New supraspecific taxa defined are: the order Polzbergiiformes, the family Thoracopteridae and the genera Polzbergia, Nannolepis, Phaidrosoma, Elpistoichthys and Pholidophoretes. Habroichthys. Thoracopterus, Gigantopterus and Nannolepis show an unusual skull-roof pattern and are included in the re-defined order Luganoiiformes. Two new ichthyokentemids considerably extend the known time-range of this family. The genus Pholidophoretes is intermediate between the Archaeomenidae Goodrich 1909, and the Pholidophoridae sensu stricto Nybelin 1966. The Polzberg assemblage was probably mainly marine with a small freshwater contribution; it shows less similarity to the Besano and Raibl assemblages than these do to each other. The Luganoiiformes are probably, but not certainly, monophyletic; relationships within the order are analyzed and a cladogram constructed. The Platysiagiformes, Peltopleuriformes, Luganoiiformes and Cephaloxeniformes could all have been derived from a common ancestor at the Perleidus level and are probably offshoots of the perleidid radiation.
Recently, the first part of the morphological revision of the Southeast Asian water monitor lizards of the Varanus salvator (Laurenti, 1768) species group provided a taxonomic overview over the members of this successful and widespread species complex (Koch et al. 2007). There, the Philippine taxa marmoratus, nuchalis and cumingi were reelevated to species status due to diagnostic morphological characteristics, e.g. significantly enlarged scales on the neck region. In this second part of the ongoing revision, these three species are re-investigated using additional voucher specimens and advanced statistical techniques including canonical variates analysis and principal component analysis. Our new investigations indicate that V. marmoratus represents a composite species, comprising at least three distinct taxa. Hence, the populations of the Sulu Archipelago (Tawi-Tawi Island) and those of the Palawan region are described as new species, viz. Varanus rasmusseni sp. nov. and V. palawanensis sp. nov., respectively. The allopatric island populations of V. cumingi inhabiting Samar, Leyte, and Bohol (the East Visayan subregion) show characteristic and geographically correlated colour patterns distinct from the type locality Mindanao (the second subregion of Greater Mindanao), warranting subspecific partition of this species. The new subspecies is named V. cumingi samarensis ssp. nov. In contrast, the taxonomic status of V. nuchalis remained unchanged, although this species shows some considerable variation in colour pattern. The systematic chapters are supplemented with notes about biology and conservation status. The hitherto underestimated diversity and zoogeography of Philippine water monitors is discussed in the light of Pleistocene sea level fluctuations. Finally, we introduce a scenario for the evolution and spread of Southeast Asian water monitor lizards and provide an identification key for the Philippine members of the V. salvatoI' complex.
Ignaz Venetz (* 21. März 1788; † 1859) war ein Ingenieur, Botaniker und Glaziologe aus Visperterminen, Schweiz. Er gilt als einer der Väter der Eiszeit-Theorie. Sein offizielles botanisches Autorenkürzel lautet „Venetz“.
Phytosociological syntaxa of North and Central Anatolia were reviewed almost at all categories and discussed from some methodological viewpoints. Totally 178 diumallepidopteran associations, inhabited on various vegetational units from planar to alpin zone were studied for the first time. The possibility of the application of some phytosociologica1 methods for the Lepidoptera associations were investigated. The selection of the character-species of the higher lepidopteran syntaxa, and the aspect concept, as well as importance of the distribution pattern in biogeography for the character-species to be selected were discussed. Faunistically, 334 diurnal species in 25 lepidopteran families were recorded. Among them, four species and one genus are new to the fauna of Turkey. Each species recorded were also investigated autoecologically. Their habitats were described using the phytosociological syntaxa, as well as the plant formations. Habitat preferences of the species were evaluated. Vertical and horizontal distributions, abundances, phenology, and food-plants of the adult stages were listed. Species recorded in various plant formations and vegetational units were given in separate lists.
1. Fomes applanatus, a perennial polypore of wide distribution and of common occurrence in North America and in Europe is responsible for the decay of very large quantities of wood annually. It attacks practically all deciduous species and several coniferous species, both dead wood and living trees. This fungus, heretofore commonly regarded as a pure saprophyte, has now for the first time been comprehensively studied; the investigations recorded in this paper have followed along three main lines of inquiry; (1) a study of the morphology and the ecology of F. applanatus and of the action on its host; (2) a determination of its etiological relationships by culture methods, and a testing of the applicability of such methods to a study of the timber destroying fungi; (3) an investigation of the possibility of finding criteria by which we may distinguish parasitic action on wood from saprophytic. 2. Fomes applanatus produces basidiospores only; conidia are not produced by the mycelium, nor, as is commonly affirmed, on the upper surface of the sporophore. The basidiospores are not of the ordinary type; each consists of a yellow, papillate, thick-walled chlamydospore within a thin hyaline wall. The so-called" truncate" base is in reality the apical end of the spore. Spore discharge is enormous and continues for by far the longest period recorded for fungi. It is continuous day and night for about six months-visible from vigorous fruiting bodies as spore clouds. Discharge is not affected by variations in light, humidity of the air, or temperature within very wide limits; frost causes an instant cessation and thereafter there is no further spore fall until a new set of pores is organized. The spores were not found to retain their viability for more than 6 1/2 months. They germinate in water and various other media within 48 hours after sowing, but the percentage of viable spores is very low and their behaviour with respect to germination is erratic. 3. No difficulty was experienced in culturing F. applanatus on artificial media or on wood. Three parallel series of cultures on wood were carried through to sporulation with mycelium obtained from (a) spores, (b) pieces of sporophore, (c) pieces of diseased wood. 4. Wood rotted by F. applanatus exhibits a mottled appearance sufficiently characteristic to permit of its recognition. when compared with other rots. In the case of living wood the area of attack is delimited by a wide dark band. Histologically, the decay is characterized by a perforation and corrosion of the elements culminating in disappearance of the tissues in localized pockets into which the mycelium gathers forming strands. Chemically, the change is one of delignification followed by a progressive solution of the resultant cellulose wall except for a few resistant fragments. In the later uniform white stage of decay, the threads of F. applanatus were always found to be accompanied by other destructive agentsbacteria or fungi. 5. The particular type of decay in timber due to Fomes applanatus has now been linked with its causal agent by actual culture. 6. Fomes applanatus has been proved to be a wound parasite, and in southern Ontario at least is one of the commonest and most destructive of this type. The proof rests on three grounds: (a) the conventional test applied to other such fungi-the mycelium works upward most readily by the way of the heartwood causing a characteristic decay and outward into the sapwood, eventual1y reaching the cambium, and is apparently the cause of the death of the tissues traversed by it; (b) a broad brown band is present in the wood of living trees along the advance line of the invading mycelium of this fungus. Within this band there is a copious production of brown wound gum and an excessive multiplication of tyloses; This band steadily moves fonvard with the advancing hyphae, the tyloses and wound gum being destroyed by the mycelium along its posterior margin as rapidly as they are formed along its antedor edge. The tyloses (and possibly the wound gum alsoJ certify to the living condition of the invaded tissues; their production can be ascribed only to the influence of the fungus, and the invasion of these tissues and their fate demonstrates directly its ability to act as a parasite; (c) inoculations with the spores and mycelium of F. applanatus into living trees resulted in an extensive browning of the inoculated wood with a multiplication of tyloses-both far in excess of similar phenomena due to traumatic stimulation. 7. The occurrence of wound gum and the multiplication of tyloses in a band marking the advance of a wood~destroying fungus in a living tree would appear to furnish an unerring criterion for the recognition of the fungus as a parasite.
Over 6260 fungi have been isolated from samples of feathers, nests, pellets, droppings, cloaca contents and visceral organs of 92 species of free-living birds in Czechoslovakia and Yugoslavia. Several species have been obtained of fungi pathogenic to homeotherms, poikilotherms and plants, and many fungi recorded belong to the toxinogenic species.Cellulolytic fungi have participated with 44.3 % in the total number of fungi, and keratinolytic fungi with 18.3 %. The thesis has been confirmed that habits (specific bionomics) of the birds influence,. to a certain degree, the distribution of the fungi among them. According to the results of this study, the fungi may conveniently be divided into three categories with respect to the character of their distribution and dispersal by free-living birds: (1) euryornithochous fungi , the occurrence of which in birds is undetermined by the birds' habits (ubiqitous species: Aspergillus flavus, Gliocladium roseum, Rhizopus. nigricans, Trichothecium roseum); (2) mesoornitohochorous fungi, the occurrence of which in birds is determined to a certain degree by the birds' habits (e. g., Aphanoascus fulvescens, Arthrodermcr curreyi, Chrysosporium keratinophilum, C. tropicum, Mucor hiemalis); (3) stenoornithochoruss fungi, which are associated with certain habit groups of the birds only (e. g., Aphanoascus terreus, Arthroderma ciferrii, A. tuberculatum,.Aspergillus fumigatus, Chrysosporium pannorum, Ctenomyces serratus). The importance of free-living birds in the spreading of pathogenic organisms has also been discussed from a more general point of view, particularly with regard to several epidemiologically important aspects of bird ecology such as synanthropism, migration (making possible a long-range carriage of pathogens or infected vectors), colonial breeding or mass roosting.
In 1080 samples (feathers, nesls, pellets, droppings, cloaca contents and visceral organs) collected from 92 species of free-living birds in many localities and habitats, a total of 6266 fungi was found; we identified 232 species and 112 genera of fungi (73.4 % Ascomycetes, 12.4 % Fungi imperfecti, 8.0 % Zygomycetes, 5.7 % Endomycetes, 0.3 % Oomycetes; and 0.2 % Basidiomycetes). The most common fungal genera were, in plumage, Alternaria. Cladosporium, Arthroderma, Chaetominum, Aspergillus, Penicillium and Chrllsosporium; in nests, Alternaria, Arthroderma, Penicillium, Aphanoascus and Scopulariopsis; on pellets, Penicillium, Mucor, Aspergillus, Chrysosporium and Rhizopus; in droppings, Scopulariopsis, Mucor, Aspergillus, Penicillium and Candida; from the cloaca contents, we isolated Penicillium, Candida, Aspergillus, Scopulariopsis, a. o., and from the visceral organs, Aspergillus, Penicillium, Rhodotorula, and some others. Of the fungi with a potential pathogenicity for homeotherms, we obtained, e. g., Absidia corymbifera, Aspergillus fumigatus, Candida albicans, Cryptococcus neoforrnans and Microsporum gypseum. We confirmed also the presence of several species of toxinogenic fungi (e. g., Aspergillus flavus), of the fungi with a potential pathogenicity for poikilotherms (e. g., Beauveria bassiana. Paecilomyces jarinosus, P. fumoso-roseus), and of plant parasites (Cylindrocarpon radicicola, Fusarium oxysponom and Verticillium albo-atrum). Aphanoascus reticulisporum has been described as comb. nov. (basionym: Anixiopsis: reticulispom ROUTIEN). 66 species of the fungi have not been recorded earlier in Czechoslovakia. Similarly, the occurrence of 111 species had, apparently, not been confirmed in free-living birds on a world-wide scale.
In der vorliegenden monographischen Studie sollen die indomalayischen Arten der Gattung Pycnolejeunea Spruce einer kritischen Betrachtung unterzogen werden. Nach der Feststellung, welche systematische Bedeutung den Einzelmerkmalen innerhalb der Gattung zukommt. wird im speziellen Teil zuerst das untersuchte Herbarmaterial quellemnässig aufgeführt. Es folgt dann als Hauptteil die Behandlung der wichtigsten Fragen, die sich während der Arbeit herausstellten und von grundlegender Bedeutung für einzelne Arten sind. Im dritten Abschnitt wird die Abgrenzung sowohl der Arten untereinander als auch die der Gattung gegen andere klargestellt. Die Beschreibung der im Material vorhandenen neuen Arten beendet diesen Teil. Zum Schluss folgen einige geographische Einzelheiten der indomalayische Formen.
The 70 Frullania species (+ 1 subspecies, 9 varieties, and 3 formae) belonging to 9 subgenera are confirmed in China, among which 1 subgenus and 4 species are new to science, and 12 species are newly reported from China. A new name (nom. nov.) and 12 combinations are proposed and several species are reduced to synonyms of other species. This study reveals the Frullania flora of China, particularly Yunnan and the neighboring provinces, to be most highly differentiated, containing many phytogeographic ally interesting taxa, and may be regarded as a center of the Paleotropic Frullania flora.
In den vorliegenden Untersuchungen wurde anhand umfangreichen Herbarmateriala sowie über längere Zeit ausgedehnter Geländestudien versucht, zwei Problemen nachzugehen, einem allgemeinen und einem speziellen. Bei den Flechten werden seit langem relativ primitiv gebaute krustige und morphologisch wie anatomisch hochentwickelte laubige und strauchige Typen unterschieden. Anhand einer Gruppe, die am Übergang zwischen beiden Lebensformen steht, eben der als (Sektion oder) Untergattung Placodium des Genus Lecanora sensu amplo zusammengefaßten Arten, sollte nun geprüft werden, wie sich die morphologische Differenzierung von Randloben usw. im anatomischen Bau auswirkt. Die leitenden Prinzipien finden sich nun gleichsam in den verschiedenen systematisohen Einheiten manifestiert und können etwa folgendermaßen skizziert werden: Die primitiveren, rein krustigen oder auch schon primitiv gelappten Formen verfügen noch nicht über eine echte Rinde. Die sog. Rinde besteht bei ihnen aus absterbendem und kollabierendem Thallusgewebe mit Einschluß alter Algernüllen. Als nächsthöhere Stufe sind die Arten mit einfacher, echter Rinde aufzufassen, welche als spezielles Organ aufgebaut wird und keine toten Algenhüllen mehr enthält. Im weiteren Verlauf der angenommenen Entwicklung kommt es zu einer verschiedenartigen Differenzierung der Rinde unter gleichzeitiger Reduktion des Markes. Bei den als Gattung Squamarina ausgeschiedenen Arten wird die Oberrinde allein zum formgebenden Element des Fleohtenkörpers; sie ist auch durch auffällige Starrheit ausgezeichnet. Das streng abgesetzte Mark wird weit mehr als bei den vorher genannten Typen zum Ablagerungsplatz anorganischer Bestandteile. Bei den meisten Arten von § Placodium ist der Cortex dagegen in eine Vielzahl kegeliger, unter sich nur wenig zusammenhängender Teile aufgelöst die jeweils straff mit dem Mark verbunden sind und den Loben dadurch ihre flache Gestalt geben. Von hier, wie von den Arten mit einfacher echter Rinde, führt nun durch Ausdifferrenzierung einer Unterrinde, die zusammen mit der Oberrrinde als Außenskelett wirkt, der Weg zu blattflechtenähnlichen Typen, bei denen das Mark mehr und mehr zum Verschwinden kommt bzw. nur als sehr lockeres Füllorgan dient. Als hier anzuschließende Sonderform können die Schildflechten gelten, die bei gleicher Grundstruktur ihre Verbindung mit dem Substrat auf einen Punkt reduziert haben. Parallel zur anatomiechen Differenzierung der Pilzkomponente steht das Verhalten der Algen: im Anfang eine mehrminder regellose Verteilung in den oberen Partien des Flechtenkörpers, dann die Entstehung einer fest definierten schicht, schließlich wieder - bei den auch unterseits berindeten Formen, bei denen das Mark sehr aufgelockert ist - die Auflösung dieser Ordnung und das Wandern der Algen in die für die Assimilation günstig gelegenen, belichteten Teile des Flechtdnkörpers. Die höchstentwickelten Formen verschiedener Gruppen können bereits als echte Laubflechten gelten, womit auch in einem kleinen Bereich wieder der Beweis erbracht wäre, daß die Lebensformen der Flechten nur als Entwicklungsstufen, nicht aber als reelle systematische Einheiten höherer Ordnung aufzufassen sind. Als zweites Problem sollte, im Zusammenhang mit den eben kurz skizzierten Untersuchungen und unter Berüoksichtigung der gefundenen Tatsachen, eine systematische Gliederung und Bewertung der lobaten Arten der Sammelgattung Lecanara erarbeitet werden. Die großen Verschiedenheiten der entsprechenden Spezies führten dabei zu einer Auflösung der ganzen Einheit, also zur Erkenntnis der Polyphylie der Gruppe und damit zum Nachweis vielfältiger, parallel gerichteter Entwicklungstendenzen. Insgesamt werden -- einige species incertae sedis ausgenommen - 88 Arten behandelt und auf 4 Gattungen verteilt, von denen eine -- Squamarina mit 15 Arten in 2 Sektionen -- neu aufgestellt werden mußte. Die bei Leoanora verbleibenden Arten werden in 11, größtenteils aus Sektionen bewertete Gruppen gegliedert. Eine Anzahl bisher anerkannter Spezies mußte eingezogen werden; 14 neue aus den Alpen, dem Mittelmeergebiet, dem Himalaya und aus Innerasien werden beschrieben.
As a preliminary step towards a more intensive research on the diversity of macromycetes in Greece, an updated check-list of the Greek mycoflora is presented together with information on the host-substrates and geographic occurrence. The data originated from a thorough literature search and the authors' field observations. In total, 58 families, 214 genera and 811 species of fungi are recorded belonging to Basidiomycetes. The systematics and nomenclature of the relative bibliography have been updated and suitably revised. The large gaps in our knowledge on the existence and distribution of higher fungi in Greece are emphasized.
Echinococcosis/hydatidosis, caused by Echinococcus granulosus, is a chronic and debilitating zoonotic larval cestode infection in humans, which is principally transmitted between dogs and domestic livestock, particularly sheep. Human hydatid disease occurs in almost all pastoral communities and rangeland areas of the underdeveloped and developed world. Control programmes against hydatidosis have been implemented in several endemic countries, states, provinces, districts or regions to reduce or eliminate cystic echinococcosis (CE) as a public health problem. This review assesses the impact of 13 of the hydatid control programmes implemented, since the first was introduced in Iceland in 1863. Five island-based control programmes (Iceland, New Zealand, Tasmania, Falklands and Cyprus) resulted, over various intervention periods (from < 15 to > 50 years), in successful control of transmission as evidenced by major reduction in incidence rates of human CE, and prevalence levels in sheep and dogs. By 2002, two countries, Iceland and New Zealand, and one island-state, Tasmania, had already declared that hydatid disease had been eliminated from their territories. Other hydatid programmes implemented in South America (Argentina, Chile, Uruguay), in Europe (mid-Wales, Sardinia) and in East Africa (northwest Kenya), showed varying degrees of success, but some were considered as having failed. Reasons for the eventual success of certain hydatid control programmes and the problems encountered in others are analysed and discussed, and recommendations for likely optimal approaches considered. The application of new control tools, including use of a hydatid vaccine, are also considered.
A brief account of the present state of weevil taxonomy is followed by a detailed study of certain structures used in their classification, namely the venter, abdominal tergites, sternite 8 of the male, apex of the hind tibia and deciduous mandibular processes. A key to some 50 families and subfamilies of Curculionoidea is followed by a list of family-group taxa. The following changes are made: Brachyceridae, Erirhinidae. Cryptolnryngidae und Raymondionymidae are promoted to family rank from Curculiollidne; Antliarhininae is demoted to a subfamily of Brentidae, and Allocoryninae to a subfamily of Oxycorynidne; Coptonotini is demoted to a tribe of Curculionidue Scolytinae; Carinae, sufam. n. is erected for Car Blackburn (genus incertae sedis) in Belidae; Dinomor'phini is demoted to a tribe of Molytinae and Brachyccropsidinae is revived from synonymy with Dinomorphinae (Curclliionidae); Urachyderini, Eremnini, Otiorhynchini and Sitonini are demoted to tribes of Entiminue; Desmidophorinae is transferred from Brentidae to Brachyccridae, Ocladiini is promoted to a tribe of Desmidophorinae (from Curculionidae-Cryptorhynchinae); Campyloseelini (including Phaenomerina) is transferred from Rhynchophoridae to Curculionidae-Zygopinae; Carphodicticinae is promoted to subfamily rank and transferred from Curculionidae-Scolytinae to Platypodidae; Perieges; Schönherr is transferred from Curculionidae-Thecesterninae to Cryptoiaryngidae and Agriochaeta Pascoe from Cryptorhynchinae to Hyperinae (Curculionidae); Schadlarius Wood and Mecopelmus Blackman are transferred from Coptonotidae to Platypodidae.
The primary subdivisions of the brain (telencephalon, diencephalon, mesencephalon, metencephalon, and myelencephalon) have similar relations and comparable functions in all vertebrates. Accordingly, the landmarksthat define their boundaries can be regarded as reliable for following their development. On the basis of a more complete series of well preserved embryos than has been available hitherto, we present evidence that the subdivisions of the adult brain can be traced back to neural-fold stages in which a series of growth centers can be recognized, differing from one another in form, size, and relations. The possibility of following the constrictions between the various subdivisions throughout development has been doubted by some, notably Hochstetter (1919). At present we are convinced that they can be distinguished if certain criteria are followed. These are: (a) constrictions involve the neural tube as a whole; (b) constrictions do not give rise primarily to any neural centers; (c) constrictions change in relative length and width, and in certain stages they become inconspicuous in models. The anatomical descriptions of progressive stages of development have important practical implications. It is known, for example, that congenital malformations of the central nervous system in man are common and that they are responsible for a substantial portion of fetal wastage as well as infant mortality and morbidity. In certain patients comprehensive clinical studies may indicate the underlying abnormality, such as dysraphism, arhinencephaly, hypoplasia of the cerebellum. or absence of the corpus callosum. In addition, anatomical examination of the affected brains may reveal in detail such abnormalities as lyssencephaly, polymicrogyria, or other cortical dysgeneses. These very complex cerebral malformations can only be understood and unraveled in the light of normal development. An investigation of early development of the brain must necessarily begin with a stage in which the major landmarks of the adult brain can be readily identified.As progressively younger stages are analyzed certain landmarks can no longer be recognized, although others persist at least to the third week of gestation. We believe that the evidence on which this study is based can be followed more satisfactorily in this inverted sequence, and the detailed description is so presented. It is followed by a summary of the sequence of events written in the conventional manner, as far as the eighth week of gestation.
A recently completed field survey of springs throughout the Great Basin yielded collections of hydrobiid snails from more than 500 sites, and revealed a wealth of undescribed diversity of these small gastropods. In this, the first or a two-part taxonomic series treating this material, 58 new species of Pyrgulopsis Call & Pilsbry, 1886, are described; and new records are provided for 10 previously described members of this genus. Assignment of these novelties to Pyrgulopsis is done with the acknowledgement that this large genus, as currently constituted, is probably not monophyletic, but a more refined classiffcation of these snails reflecting evolutionary relationships must await preparation of a phylogenetic analysis, which is beyond the scope of this work. Pyrgulopsis occur in a variety of spring-fed water bodies in the Great Basin, including brackish and/or thermal habitats. Although a few species are widespread in the region, local endemism is prevalent lind 22 of the new species are known only from single localities. Several areas contain concentrations of locally endemic snails which may represent species flocks, notably Duckwater Valley (seven species) and southern Steptoe Valley (five species). This fauna is hugely distributed in an allopatric fashion, although a few springs harbor two or three species. Most of the springs inhabited by hydlrobiids in the region are small, fishless, and have been ignored by state and federal land management agencies. However, many of these sites are degraded by livestock grazing, water withdrawal, anti other activities and will require protection in order to conserve snails and other native aquatic biota. Two of the novellies described herein have become extinct during the past two decades.
This second and final part of a taxonomic treatment of hydrobiid snails of the Great Basin region in the western United States (based principally on material collected during a recently completed field survey) focuses on fauna other than the genus Pyrgulopsis. A new genus of small amnieoline snails, Colligyrlls, is proposed for Hydroia greggi Pilsbry, 1935, together with a new species from the Harney Lake basin of Oregon. This group is strongly differentiated from other amnicolines by a unique female genitalic groundplan. New records are provided for three species of Fluminicola, and two new congeners are described from the northwest Great Basin, both of which had previously been confused with F. turbiniformis (Tryon, 1865). A new genus of cochliopine snails, Eremopyrgus, is erected for a new species from Steptoe Valley, Nevada. Eremopyrgus is distinguished from other cochliopines by unique aspects of its glandular penial lobes and other genitalic features. New records are provided for two species of Tyronia, and a new congener is described from thermal springs in central Nevada. Several new records of Pristincola hemphilli (Pilsbry, 1890) from the extreme northwest Great Basin are provided
The present catalogue is an attempt to bring together the genera and species of Trematoda currently known to parasitize Chiroptera Blumenbach, 1774, throughout their world distribution, as published in various journals. Since many of these are difficult to obtain for consultation, it is hoped that this catalogue may be of some utility in facilitating the work of helminthologists working with trematodes from bats.
Die 4. Fassung der Roten Liste der Brutvögel Deutschlands wurde durch das "Nationale Gremium Rote Liste Vögel" erarbeitet, in dem die wissenschaftlichen Institutionen der Ornithologie und Avifaunistik in Deutschland vertreten sind. Die Rote Liste ersetzt die 3. Fassung aus dem Jahr 2002 (BAUER et al. 2002); sie wurde erstmalig nach dem für alle Tier- und Pflanzenartengruppen sowie den Pilzen in Deutschland entwickelten Kriterienschema (5. LUDWIG et al. 2007) erarbeitet. Somit wird ein direkter Vergleich der Gefährdungssituation zwischen diesen Gruppen ermöglicht. Bestandsgröße, kurzfristiger (25 Jahre) und langfristiger (50-150 Jahre) Bestandstrend sind die wichtigsten Parameter zur Gefahrdungseinstufung der einzelnen Arten. Zusätzlich wurde jeweils die Wirksamkeit von Risikofaktoren artspezifisch identifiziert und berücksichtigt. Alle Einstufungen werden transparent vorgenommen und in der Anhangsliste publiziert. Der Dachverband Deutscher Avifaunisten (DDA) hat zur Erstellung der Datengrundlagen mit Stand 2005 für die Gefahrdungseinstufung ein neues Abfrageschema entwickelt, in dem die relevanten Informationen aus den nationalen Vogelmonitoring-Programmen aufgearbeitet und als Hintergrunddaten für die Einschätzungen von Bestandstrend und -größe auf Landesebene bereitgestellt wurden. Dadurch gewinnen die Einstufungen an Verlässlichkeit und Nachvollziehbarkeit. Der langfristige Trend wurde vom "Nationalen Gremium Rote Liste Vogel" ermittelt. Vor der Einstufung der Brutvogelarten wurde je Art eine Statuszuordnung vorgenommen, von denen nur die regelmäßig brütenden einheimischen Arten den weiteren Weg der Rote Liste-Erstellung durchlaufen. In der Roten Liste 2007 werden insgesamt 260 regelmäßige einheimische Brutvogelarten in Deutschland berücksichtigt, 25 weitere Arten brüteten nur unregelmäßig ('vermehrungsgäste': Status II), zudem wurden 29 Neozoen-Arten ermittelt (Status III), von denen 20 regelmäßig brüten. Dies ergibt zusammen 314 Arten, die höchste Zahl an Brutvogelarten, die je für eine Rote Liste zu Grunde gelegt wurde. Insgesamt befinden sich 110 regelmäßige Brutvogelarten in den Kategorien der Roten Liste 2007 (0 = ausgestorben, 1 = vom Aussterben bedroht, 2 :: stark gefährdet, 3 :: gefährdet und R = extrem selten), das entspricht 42,3 % der Arten, was einer minimal geringeren Gefahrdungsquote gegenüber der Vorgängerliste entspricht. Erfreulich ist, dass mit dem Bruchwasserläufer und dem Steinrötel zwei ehemals in Deutschland ausgestorbene Arten zwischen 2000 und 2005 wieder regelmäßig gebrütet haben. Dem entgegen ist mit der Blauracke eine weitere Art ausgestorben. Schwarzstorch, Wanderfalke, Seeadler und Uhu sind hier erstmals seit der ersten deutschen Roten Liste 1971 nicht mehr aufgeführt - ein Erfolg jahrzehntelanger direkter Schutzmaßnahmen der ehrenamtlichen und amtlichen Vogelschützer und gleichzeitig ein Beweis, dass sich Vogelschutz bei stark gefährdeten Arten lohnen kann. Andererseits sind mit Schreiadler, Zwergseeschwalbe oder Großem Brachvogel Alien in die höchste Gefährdungskategorie eingestuft worden, die zwar auch im Fokus des Vogelschutzes standen und stehen, bei denen aber bislang Maßnahmen nicht ausreichend erfolgreich umgesetzt werden konnten. Gerade die Kategorie "vom Aussterben bedroht" umfasst mit nunmehr 30 Arten den höchsten Wert seit Erscheinen der gesamtdeutschen Roten Liste. Der Analyse der aktuellen deutschen Brutvogelfauna zufolge sind die Boden brütenden Vogelarten, Großinsektenfresser und Langstreckenzieher am stärksten von Gefährdungen betroffen. Vogelgruppen mit einem hohen Anteil gefährdeter Arten sind demzufolge Hühnervögel, Rallen, Limikolen und Würger, während Eulen und Schnäpperverwandte derzeit vergleichsweise wenig gefährdet sind. Zudem erfolgt deutschlandweit ein weiteres Ausdünnen der typischen Vögel in der Normallandschaft, was sich vor allem in den Trendanalysen manifestiert, aber in der Roten Liste noch nicht sehr stark zum Ausdruck kommt. Die Nutzungsintensivierungen von Land- und Forstwirtschaft in jüngster Zeit geben hier großen Anlass zur Sorge in diesen Großlebensräumen. Diese Rote Liste stellt erneut ein kritisches Zeugnis über den Zustand der deutschen Vogelwelt aus. Aufgrund der in jüngster Zeit stark ausgeweiteten Monitoringprogramme wird es in Deutschland zukünftig noch besser möglich sein, die Gefahrdung aufzuzeigen. Um den dauerhaften Rückgang der Vogelbestände zu stoppen oder wenigstens zu verlangsamen, müssen die wirksamen Gefahrdungsfaktoren reduziert und minimiert werden. Dem gezielten Vogelartenschutz stellen sich dabei folgende vordringliche Aufgaben: Erhaltung der offenen Kulturlandschaft, Erhaltung strukturreicher Walder, Erhaltung nährstoffarmer Lebensräume, Sicherung der Schutzgebiete - insbesondere Natura 2000, Stärkung der internationalen Zusammenarbeit im Vogelschutz, Reduktion der Populationsverluste durch Unfälle und menschliche Verfolgung sowie Förderung des vogelkundlichen Nachwuchses.
The genus Maculinea van Eecke, 1915 (Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae) from the East Palaearctic Region
(1994)
We revise the classification of taxa belonging to the genus Maculinea from the East Palaearctic Region. In this region, in addition to the well-known three species: M. arion (Linnaeus, 1758), M. ationides (Staudinger, 1887) and M. teleius (Bergstriisser, [1779] 1778-1780), two additional species occur: M. alcon ([Denis & Schiffermiiller], 1775) (upper and middle Amur River, Primor'e, China Northeast/Manchuria and North Korea) and M. kurentzovi sp. nov. (upper and middle Amur River, Primor'e, China Northeast and North Korea). Lycaena kondakovi (Kurentzov, 1970) described from Primor'e is a composite species: the lectotype if' designated here represents an East-Asian subspecies of M. alcon, but its single paralectotype is a female to be assigned to M. kurentzovi sp. nov. Only limited numbers of specimens have been known with M. alcon kondakovi from lowlands of "Far-Eastern" Russia and China Northeast, but in North Korea we found a conspicuous allied taxon arirang nov. (female unknown), which we treat here as a highland subspecies of M. alcon but which may actually represent a good species. Of kurentzovi, we have found a series of specimens which have so far been mostly confused with M. teleius in various collections. We treat Glaucopsyche xiaheana Murayama, 1991 from western Gansu as a subspecies of M. arion along with other subspecies from the central and western parts of China: M. adon philidor (Fruhstorfer, 1915) from the east end of the Qilian Range as well as Mongolia, the type locality, and M. arion inferna nom. nov., a replacement name for Lycaena talsienluica (OberthUr, 1910) (praeoccupied) from Tibet, Sichuan and Qinghai. Because of the similarity of male genitalia and existence of intermediate forms, we regard M. sinalcon Murayama, 1992 described from Qinghai as a subspecies of M. teleius despite a few significant characteristics of the holotype. East continental Asia may be regarded as the headquarter of the genus Maculinea.
Glyptostrobus Endlicher is well represented in early Early Cretaceous to Pleistocene deposits in the middle to high latitudes of North America and Eurasia. Although the taxonomy and nomenclature of the genus is complicated, the fossil record indicates Glyptostrobus was represented by a small number of species. The genus first appears in Aptian age deposits from western Canada and Greenland, and achieved a wide distribution early in its evolutionary history. Exchange of Glyptostrobus between Asia and North America occurred across the Spitsbergen and Beringian corridors, which were functional about 110 and 100 million years ago, respectively The Late Cretaceous fossil record of Glyptostrobus shows that the genus had spread into Russia, China and the shores of the Turgai Strait. By the early Tertiary, Glyptostrobus was a prominent constituent of the polar broad-leaved deciduous forests. Paleocene age deposits across western Canada and the United States indicate the genus was present in great abundance in the lowland warm temperate and subtropical forests east of the Rocky Mountains. The broad distribution in North America and Russia during the Paleocene and Eocene indicates that Glyptostrobus grew and reproduced under a diverse range of climatic and environmental conditions, including the cold and unique lighting conditions of the polar latitudes. The presence of Glyptostrobus in Europe indicates the North Atlantic land bridges that extended between North America and Eurasia (Fennoscandia) and Europe during the early Tertiary were used. In Europe, extensive Glyptostrobus dominated swan1ps occupied the Central European Depression during the late Tertiary. Increasing global aridity and cooling, as well as landscape stabilization together with increasing competition for resources and habitat by representatives of the Pinaceae, seem to have forced the genus out of North America, Europe and most of Asia during the Miocene and Pliocene. In Japan, Glyptostrobus persisted until the early Pleistocene. After the early Pleistocene extinction in Japan, Glyptostrobus reappeared in southeastern China. Details of the taxonomic and biogeographic history of Glyptostrobus are examined.
The regular or obligate aphytophagy of certain lycaenid butterflies (Lepidoptera) is discussed within the framework of the most recent general classification of the family. A summary survey of all Lycaenidae known to be aphytophagous is presented, together with a brief account of cannibalism and other opportunistic aphytophagy exhibited by normally phytophagous butterflies. The range of food sources (plants, animals, excretions and regurgitations) exploited by lycaenids is reviewed with emphasis falling on the ecology of myrmecophilous early stages and the significance of their ant-related adaptations. Adult feeding and oviposition behaviour reveal further associations with ants. Specificity oflycaenid/ant relationships and the possible biological effects ofaphytophagy on the Lycaenidae are discussed. Finally, speculations concerning the evolution of aphytophagy by these bulterflies are critically presented.
Epilabidocera amphitrites is one of the most common copepods in the deep waters adjacent to Friday Harbor and shows characteristic swarming behavior in the surface film of the water from later spring through early summer. That the swarms are composed mainly, up to 99 %, of adult males appears to be due to difference in phototaxis to a weak light. This species, at least in copepodid stages, is omnivorous, but seems to prefer an animal diet rather than diatoms. Reproduction takes place continuously from early spring through autumn. The external anatomy of both the female and male has been described in detail. The cuticle forming the arthrodial membrane and the lining of the esophagus, hindgut, and hypostomal and labral troughs appears to be of the same nature throughout, consisting of a single stratum. The cuticle on the general body surface, however, consists of two main strata. The endoskeletal structures consist of two categories, the endoskeleton proper and the endoskeletal tendons. The former involves apodemes and apophyses. Of these the major ones are described in detail. The latter consist of two median tendinous endosternites in the « head », four pairs of ventral intersegmental thoracic tendons, and a pair of dorsal longitudinal tendons in the metasome. The endosternites are well developed, serving as origins for dilators to the atrium oris and esophagus and also for a number of extrinsic muscles to the head appendages. The skeletomusculature may be divided into longitudinal trunk and limb muscles. The paired dorsal and ventral longitudinal trunk muscles in the metasome extend, respectively, from the levels of the cervical groove and the post-maxillulary apodeme to the end of the metasome. The longitudinal trunk muscles in the urosome origate at the anterior end and run most of its length. They are arranged as paired dorsal and ventral groups and a pair of lateral muscles. The extrinsic limb muscles are described in detail. They originate either from the lateral to dorsal exoskeleton or from the endosternites. The digestive tract starts with the atrium oris in the oral cone, followed by the mouth proper, esophagus, midgut, and finally by the hindgut which opens as the anus at the end of the urosome. The oral cone consisting of the three lobed labrum and the paired paragnaths has a longitudinal groove, the oral groove, which is covered ventrally by the spinulose setae of the maxillae and laterally by the gnathobasal endites of the maxillules, these together forming an effective feeding apparatus. The midgut is produced anteriorly into a diverticulum which is higly secretory. In the middle portion of the midgut the epithelial cells are highly vacuolated. As they pass through this vacuolated region the gut contents are cemented into fecal pellets by a mucous secretion and they acquire a peritrophic membrane. There is a strong valve between the midgut and the hindgut. Peristalsis in the midgut is irregular but powerful and primarily in the reverse direction. The circulatory system involves a single heart, enclosed in a large pericardial space, and an anteriorly directed aorta terminating in an anterodorsal aortic sines. The latter communicates through three paires of openings with the sinuses in the head, which are in turn continuous with the perivisceral cavity, from which blood is returned to the pericardium. The heart has the form of a flask with an aortic valve at the tapered anterior end and a posterior ostium. The aortic wall is continued posteriorly over the heart and wraps around the anterior three-fifths as an outer membrane. This outer membrane is extended dorsally at three places to attach the heart to the dorsal exoskeleton; and it is also drawn out ventrally to form the anterior and lateral walls of the pericardium. These walls are continuous with the pericardial floor which seals the pericardia! cavity from the perivisceral cavity. The heart-beat and the blood flow through the system have been discussed. The excretory system consists of a pair of maxillary glands, each comprising a coelomic end-sac, a coelomic secretory tubule and an ectodermal excretory duct. The end-sac communicates with the tubule through a valvular opening. Antennary glands are not gound either in the nauplius stage or in the adult. The male reproductive system consists of a single testis and a single genital duct which is divided into four differentiated sections, the vas deferens, the seminal vesicle, the spermatophore sac, and the ductus ejaculatorius. The vas deferens is a thick-walled glandular tube secreting the various constituents of the spermatophore. The seminal vesicle serves mainly as a reservoir for the various components of a definitive spermatophore, and it is here that these take up their final positions. The spermatophore sac is highly glandular and is mainly responsible for formation of the coupling apparatus of the spermatophore. The spermatophore is not open directly to the outside but is connected with a canal system in the coupling apparatus. When transferred to the female genital segment at copulation, the central secretion of the spermatophore is discharged through the canal system of the coupling apparatus to glue down the spermatophore. A duct through which the spermatozoa can pass from the spermatophore to the spermathecae of the female appears to be formed later by an action of the female, possibly secretion of an enzyme or lysin. The discharge of the contents of the spermatophore is effected by swelling of Q-spermatozoa in the distal region of the spermatophore. The functional spermatozoa are spherical or polygonal and nonmotile. The female reproductive system consists of a single ovary, two oviducts, each with several diverticula, leading to the paired opnenings into the vaginal vacity, a pair of spermathecae and a pair of glands which open into the oviducts. In the mature female the oviducts are wide and sac-like, expanded by growing oocytes. However, the last portion of the oviduct is usually empty of eggs and is highly secretory. The oldest oocytes in the oviducts are usually at the metaphase of the first maturation division. The evidence points to the conclusion that the eggs are laid in this stage, and they are fertilized when they pass through the vaginal cavity. Oogenesis has been studied in detail. There are two periods of yolk formation: the first immediately after the dispersion of the mitochondrial bodies and the second in the last phase of the oocyte growth when the vacuoles in the cytoplasm are gradually replaced by yolk. Two dorsal ocelli, in the copepodid stages, are placed dorsolaterally against the exoskeleton and highly developed, each with a perfectly spherical, cuticular lens, while a single ventral ocellus remains unspecialized through the copepodid stages. Each dorsal ocellus proper is suspended in the head sinus by several connective tissue stands in addition to an aye muscle and consists of a large, syncytial pigmented cup occupied by a cellular sphere which is composed of 9 retinular and 4 crystalline cells. Each of the 9 retinular cells gives off an axon which leaves the ocellar cup at one of three places to proceed to the nauplius eye center in the protocerebrum. The ventral ocellus consists of two multinucleated pigmented cells, a cup-shaped tapetum, 6 retinular cells and about 8 conjunctival cells. Each of the 6 retinular cells sends an axon which loops over the posterior rim of the ocellar cup in common with the others to course to the nauplius eye center in the protocerebrum. The ventral ocellus is innervated by two afferent nerve fibers. There is also found a pair of conspicuous nerve fibers, possibly afferent, associated with the dorsal and ventral ocelli. A pair of accessory retinular groups, each consisting of three retinular cells, is found posterior to the dorsal ocelli. Three efferent aXOl1S from each group form a nerve running to the nauplius eye center in the protocerebrum. A pair of frontal organs, each innervated by a frontal nerve, lies in the anterior end of the head. The frontal nerves can be traced up to a pair of neuropiles immerdiately ventral to the nauplius eye center in the proto cerebrum. A pair of suprafrontal nerves branched off from the frontal nerves is found to innervate a pair of sensory filaments, the suprafrontal sensiIla, at the lower anterior end of the head. The central nervous system, consisting of a well developed brain connected by massive circumesophageaI connectives to the ventral nerve cord, has been described in detail. The ganglion cells are found throughout the nerve cord, and they are arranged into ganglia in the thoracic segments bearing the swimming legs. The stomatogastric nervous system has two pairs of labral and a single gastric ganglia. The medial pair of the labral ganglia forms anteriorly a single ganglion which is connected to the brain by three small nerves. The giant fiber system, consisting of giant motor fibers and giant interneurons, has been studied in detail, and it appears to constitute the effector portion of an escape reflex. The cutaneous glands opening through small pores in the cuticle of the metasome, urosome, and the appendages have been described. Chromatophores, unicellular or syncytial with several nuclei, are scattered deep in the body and are responsible for the metachrosis.
During the last decade, three new acidophilous forests associations were detected in the Mecsek Mts (SW Hungary), and described as acidophilous beech wood (Sorbo torminalis-Fagetum (A. O. Horvat 1963a) Borhidi et Kevey in Kevey 2001), acido-mesophilous oak wood (Luzulo forsteri-Quercetum petraeae (A. O. Horvat 1963a) Borhidi et Kevey 1996) and acido-xerophilous oak shrubland (Genisto pilosae-Quercetum polycarpae (A. O. Horvat 1967) Borhidi et Kevey 1996). In this article two further new associations are described: the acidophilous oakwood of the Mecsek (Viscario-Quercetum polycarpae Kevey, ass. nova) and the acido-mesophilous oakwood of western Hungary (Campanulo rotundifoliae-Quercetum petraeae (Csapody 1964) Kevey, ass. nova). These associations are related to the acidophilous forests of the Balkan Peninsula based on the infrequent presence of sub-Mediterranean species. A detailed comparative study of these new associations with the earlier known ones permitted to develop a reshaped classification of the syntaxonomy of these units, creating four new suballiances: within the frame of Quercion farnetto I. Horvat 1938 the suballiances Luzulo forsteri-Quercenion polycarpae Kevey, suball. nova and the typical Quercenion farnetto Kevey, suball. nova, in the frame of Quercion petraeae Zolyomi et Jakucs 1957 the suballiances Luzulo multiflorae-Quercenion petraeae Kevey, suball. nova and the Quercenion petraeae Kevey, suball. nova.
Westwoodilla Bate. 1862 is revised and 12 species are recognized as distinct, 2 of which, W. tone and W. helle. are described as new. New characters of taxonomic importance are described and illustrated. The many variable characters that have led to taxonomic confusion in the pas! are converted to morphometries and the intra- and interspecific variation are illustrated. This has led to a new understanding of the genus and a clarification of the "W. caecula complex". The type species Westwoodia caecula Bate. 1857 is redescribed and a neotype is designated. W. megalops (Sars, 1883) is resurrected. The junior synonymy of W. longidactyla Carausu, 1949 with W. caecula is supported by the find of Carausu's original unpublished notes and drawings. Notes on undescribed species are given. New drawings are provided for W. manta Griffiths, 1974, W. longimana Shoemaker, 1934, W. brevicalcar (Goes, 1865) and W. megalops. All species are diagnosed; new distributions are given and plotted on a map; and a key to the named species is included.
Von den Canaren waren nur wenige Thysanopteren bekannt. Es ist daher um so mehr zu begrüßen, daß Titschack auf seiner Canaren-Reise im Frühjahre 1931 den Thysanopteren seine besondere Aufmerksamkeit schenkte. Ich freue mich, hervorheben zu können, daß dieses Material nicht nur durch seinen Reichtum an Individuen zu einer besonders exakten Bearbeitung geeignet war, sondern daß Titschack auch selbst das ganze Material in Canadabalsam-Präparate übertragen, dadurch der Zerstörung entrissen und damit das Hamburger Museum um eine prächtige Sammlung tadelloser Präparate bereichert hat. ... Die Ausbeute umfaßt 13 bereits bekannte und 14 für die Wissenschaft neue Arten; nur einige zweifelhafte Stücke wurden hier nicht behandelt. Die bekannten Arten sind 3 Kosmopoliten: Limothrips cerealium Hal., Thrips tabaci Lind. und Haplothrips gowdeyi Frkl. Eine Anzahl - wohl auch der größte Teil der neuen Arten - gehört dem Mediterranen Faunengebiet an, einzelne sind weiter verbreitet. Haplothrips retamae (Enderl.) ist nur von den Canaren bekannt. Ich gehe gleich in die Besprechung bzw. Beschreibung der Arten ein...
Les glycériens de Norvege
(1941)
En este catálogo provisional se recogen las malaeofaunas arqueológicas asociadas a ocupaciones humanas de la Península Ibérica. Se incluyen un total de 142 análisis malacológicos, y un anexo de 68 yacimientos donde los conjuntos son estrictamente ornament.tles o se encuentran en fase de estudio. Se encuentran reseñadas casi 200 especies de moluscos marinas, de agua dulce y terrestres. Además se ofrecen datos inéditos de 6 yacimientos (Abrigo de la Peila del Perro, Tennas romanas de Gijón, Cabezo Pequeño del Estaño, Pico Ramos, Almontc y La Viña). Consideramos que un trabajo de estas características resulta imprescindible en el actual estado de conocimiento arqueozoológico en la Península Ibérica y confiamos en que el catálogo se convierta en una referencia básica en estudios futuros.
Die oftmals apostrophierten Schwierigkeiten bei der taxonomischen Behandlung der Gattung Hylaeus F. können spätestens seit den genitalmorphologischen Untersuchungen von MEHELY (1935) als prinzipiell bewältigt gelten. Auf die beträchtlichen Unterschiede im Bau des Kopulationsapparates der Männchen hatte bereits E. SAUNDERS (1882a,b) unter Beifügung genauet Zeichnungen hingewiesen. Damit war der Schlüssel zur zuverlässigen Bestimmung dieser kleinen und relativ uniformen Bienen gegeben, aber leider hat in Europa bisher nur ELFVING (1951) versucht, diese Merkmale mit Bestimmungstabellen zu verbinden, wie es etwa in der Neuen Welt längst unumgänglich ist (vgl. z. B. METZ 1911, SNELLING 1966-1970). POPOV (1939) gründete seine subgenerische Einteilung der Gattung auf die Erkenntnisse von MEHELY, und diese hat sich trotz einseitiger Anlage, obwohl nur die 33 berücksichtigt wurden, bis heute weitgehend bewährt. Die Erfahrung lehrt, daß einzelne Insektengruppen erst über geeignete Bestimmungsliteratur auch mehr Bearbeiter finden und einem breiteren, kooperativen Studium zugänglich werden. Im gegenwärtigen Stand bedürfen die Hj/acus vor allem eingehender biologischer Bearbeitung von vielen Seiten. Insbesondere sollte unsere Kenntnis ihrer natürlichen Variation, Bionomie und Verbreitung ergänzt werden, bevor taxonomische Konsequenzen gezogen werden. Das vorliegende Manuskript ist deshalb in erster Linie als Arbeitsmaterial zur Verständigung und Diskussion angelegt und berücksichtigt praktische Erfordernisse, insbesondere die der Determinationspraxis. Trotzdem hat sich daraus gleichwohl von selbst eine Revision der Untergattungen (unter Einbeziehung der ... ) und eine nicht geringe Anzahl systematischer Anmerkungen ergeben. Durch die freundliche Vermittlung von Herrn Dr. KÖNIGSMANN (Berlin) konnte aus dem Nachlaß BLÜTHGENS ein umfangreiches, wenn auch unvollständiges Manuskript mit dem Arbeitstitel "Die mitteleuropäischen Arten der Gattung Prosopis F." mit ausgewertet werden. Für den Druck ist dieser Text, an dem BLÜTHGEN vor und noch neben seiner Vespoiden-Arbeit (1961) schrieb, viel zu breit angelegt. Von seiner Intention dürfte aber viel in die vorliegende Untersuchung eingeflossen sein. Außerdem habe ich seine sorgfältig recherchierte Synonymie weitgehend übernommen. Sie wurde nach Möglichkeit kontrolliert und ergänzt, ohne jedoch Vollständigkeit anzustreben. Die langen Listen von LEcLERcg (I964) und WARNCKE (1972 ) konnten nur insoweit überprüft werden, als es Fragen von akuter nomenklatorischer Relevanz betraf. Der Praktiker benötigt ohnehin zunächst nur die Angaben, die ihm den Anschluß an die (wenige) Spezialliteratur der jüngeren Vergangenheit erlauben. Diese Synonymie ist vollständig. Die Tabellen beziehen sich auf das gesamte Europa von Gibraltar bis zum Ural und schließen die großen Mittelmeerinseln ein; Zypern, wiewohl Kleinasien vorgelagert, wurde zusätzlich aufgenommen, denn die wenigen Formen (meist Endemiten) lassen sich nahtlos anfügen. Die Aufteilung der europäischen geographischen Regionen folgt dem allgemeinen Verständnis: Es werden West-, Ost-, Mittel-, Nord- und Südeuropa unterschieden (Abkürzungen: W, E, C, N, S). SE-Europa bezieht sich insonderheit auf den Balkan und die S-Ukraine. Zoogeographische Grenzen bestehen vor allem zwischen W- und C-Europa, wobei sich die Iberische Halbinsel noch einmal absetzt, sowie zwischen S- und C-Europa mit den Alpen als Barriere. Der Kaukasus gehört nur teilweise zu Europa, er wurde und wird aber gern besammelt und deshalb mit verlangt. In seinem westlichen Teil ist die Fauna noch sehr zentraleuropäisch, im östlichen zeigen sich verstärkt auch klein- und mittelasiatische Arten, die, soweit bekannt, ~inbegriffen wurden. Es sind alle Arten berücksichtigt, die nach meiner Kenntnis bisher für das Gesamtgebiet als gesichert gelten bzw. noch zu erwarten sind. Daß auch weiterhin mit neuen Arten zu rechnen ist, ergaben vorbereitende Studien (DATHE 1977, 1979b). Wenig an Fundangaben und Material lag mir aus dem europäischen Teil der RSFSR (E-Europa) vor. Die Bearbeitung für die europäische UdSSR von OSYCNJUK (1978) stellt erst einen Anfang dar. Von allen verzeichneten Arten werden Abbildungen der Gesichtsmaske und des Kopulationsapparates (...) gegeben. Der Verweis auf eine bestimmte Abbildungsnummer steht in eckigen Klammern. Alle Beschreibungen wurden in standardisierter Form völlig neu angefertigt. Dazu stund das umfangreiche Material des Zoologischen Museums Berlin (ZMB) zur Verfügung, insbesondere die Sammlungen von ALFKEN und BLÜTHGEN.
Die Gattung Aspilota FOERSTER ist als solche verhältnismäßig leicht zu erkennen. Die Bestimmung der Arten hingegen stößt auf ungewöhnliche Schwierigkeiten. Es ist fast sicher, daß erst ein kleiner Teil der existierenden Arten entdeckt ist. Der vorliegende Beitrag hat jedoch nicht das Ziel, neue Arten zu beschreiben, sondern stellt einen ersten Versuch dar, wenigstens den Großteil der schon bekannten Spezies in ein zusammenfassendes taxonomisches System zu bringen.
Several generic schemes used in classifying species belonging to Prionospio Malmgren, 1867 sensu lato have been reviewed; three taxa have been retained at the generic level, and three additional taxa at the subgeneric level. The following genera and subgenera are recognized: Prionospio Malmgren, 1867, including the subgenera Minuspio Foster, 1971, Aquilaspio Foster, 1971 and Prionospio Malmgren (sensu striclo); Apoprionospio Foster, 1969, and Paraprionospio Caullery, 1914. Prionospio sensu lata includes species with various combinations of branchiae which are smooth (apinnate), wrinkled, or with digitiform pinnules, beginning on setiger 2. Apoprionospio includes species having branchiae from setiger 2, with at least one pair having plate-like pinnules. Paraprionospio includes species with branchiae from setiger 1, with all pairs having platelike pinnules. Fifteen species, including seven new species, belonging to the genus Prionospio are described. Prionospio (Prionospio) steenstrupi Malmgren, 1867 is described from the syntype series, and is newly synonymized with P. fallax Söderström, 1920. The validity of P. bocki Söderström, 1920 as a separate species is discussed, as is the indeterminable nature of P. malmgreni Claparède, 1869. Prionospio (Prionospio) dubia Day, 1961 originally described as a new variety of P. malmgreni from S Africa, is raised to full species status. Prionospio (P.) cristata Foster, 1971 and P. (P.) heterobranchia Moore, 1907 are redescribed. Prionospio (P.) tripinnata, a new species with three pairs of pinnate branchiae, is described from the Mediterranean Sea and compared with P. plumosa Sars, 1872. A new synonymy is proposed for P. lobulata Fauchald, 1972 with P. (P.) ehlersi Fauvel, 1928. Two new species, P. (Minuspio) fauchaldi and P. (M.) laciniosa, are described in which the apinnate branchiae are distinctly wrinkled or sculptured, rather than smooth. P. (M.) laciniosa is also distinguished by dorsal crests modified into semicircular flaps. Several species previously referred to Prionospio (Minuspio) cirrifera Wirén, 1883 are reviewed and described. The seven species recognized by Foster in the genus Minuspio are considered; several are retained, and new species and new synonymies are proposed. Because the types are apparently lost, a description of P. (M.) cirrifera is given based on specimens from near the type locality. Prionospio (M.) aluta new species is separated from P. (M.) cirrifera on the basis of the presence of lateral pouches in P. aluta and their absence in P. cirrifera. Prionospio (M.) delta Hartman, 1965 is retained as a valid species; P. (M.) longibranchiata Reish, 1968 and P. (M.) minor Fauchald & Hancock, 1981 are newly synonymized with P. delta. P. (M.) multibranchiata Berkeley, 1927 is also retained as a valid species, and P. (M.) perkinsi, P. (M.) lighti and P. (M.) wireni are newly described from shallow water. Two species are recognized as belonging to Apoprionospio Foster: A. pygmaea (Hartman, 1961) and A. dayi Foster, 1969. New records and range extensions are given for both species. New records are also presented for Paraprionospio pinnata (Ehlers, 1901). The specimens examined as part of this study are based primarily on deep-sea materials collected in the Atlantic Ocean, but also include shallow-water specimens from the east, west, and gulf coasts of N America.
The theoretical concept of the biological species and the multidimensional species category, as currently applied by a majority of ornithologists and by many other biologists, replaced the typological-morphological species concept during the first half of this century and became a central tenet of the synthetic theory of evolution. The concept of biospecies is a 'horizontal' concept referring to contemporary reproductive communities at any particular period, e.g. the Recent period or any other time level of the geological past. Historical 'species' concepts as applied by cladists and palaeontologists refer to artificially delimited portions of 'vertical' phyletic lineages for which the application of the term 'species' causes severe problems. Discussions would be simplified if the concept and term 'species' was to be restricted to cross sections of phyletic lineages at any time level and a separate taxonomy outside the Linnaean system of genera and species was to be conceived to deal with phyletic lineages. Under each of the theoretical species concepts, species taxa are assigned broadly to intermediate or narrowly defined taxonomic species categories. Ornithologists of the 19th century applied morphological species concepts, emphasizing morphological character differences between species (rather than distinctness) and the fertility of con specific individuals (rather than the isolation from non-conspecific populations). Nearly all leading museum ornithologists in 19th-century Europe delineated monotypic Linnaean species, whereas the explorer-naturalists of the Gloger-Middendorff school (including Panas, Faber, Gloger, Nordmann, Middendorff, Schrenck, Radde, as well as Schlegel and Blasius) delimited widely circumscribed species taxa. Their researches in the vast territories of eastern Europe, Siberia and the Far East from the late 18th century to the 1880s and, in particular, their rich specimen material, demonstrated direct intergradation of many taxa (geographical varieties) of birds, thus revealing the conspecific nature of numerous narrowly conceived morphospecies previously described by museum workers. The ornithologists of the Gloger-Middendorff school also studied several conspicuous phenomena of geographical character variation in birds (and mammals) across Eurasia, especially plumage colouration (and pelage) and body size, but none of them was an evolutionist. They an adhered to a typological-creationist theoretical species concept. During the late 19th century, the museum specialists' taxonomic notion of narrow morphospecies dominated systematic ornithology in Europe, overtaking the work of the naturalists of the Gloger-Middendorff school, which fell into oblivion. The ornithologists of the Bairdian school in North America (Baird, Coues, Allen, Ridgway) further developed the concept of subspecies after the 1850s and especially from the 1870s onward. Their views were fully in accord with Darwin's theories of evolution' thus they defined the subspecies in a somewhat simplified manner as 'nascent species': These ornithologists were able to base their studies on collections of extensive specimen material which they had obtained during a series of exploring expeditions across the North American continent. Their studies led to the discovery of many aspects of both individual and geographic variation in birds. There are interesting historical similarities between the coinciding taxonomic interpretations and the comparable application of fairly broad limits of morphospecies by the North American ornithologists and the earlier exploring ornithologists in Europe, arrived at Independently by these, research groups, The study of specimens in 'series' (,suites'), beginninng with the naturalists of the Gloger-Middendorff school and, in particular, with the naturalists of the Bairdian school in North America, eventually led to the overcoming of the prevating typological view of variation and the development of 'population thinking'. Influenced by the work of Henry Seebohm in Britain and that of the North American ornithologists, Hartert in England and Kleinschmidt in Germany jointly succeeded in overcoming the strong opposition of the leadi.ng ornithologists in Europe during the 1890s and early 19008 and introduced a concept which soon developed into the biological species concept through the work of Stresemann, Rensch, and in particular, Ernst Mayr. Hopefully, ornithologists will continue the study of taxa at low, intermediate and high levels of microtaxonomic differentiation and will identify the subspecies groups, biological species and the biogeographical species in the world's avifaunas. Cladistic analyses will provide historical {'vertical'} overviews of phyletic lineages at different taxonomic levels.
The 20 species of Neogene Scleractinia in the suborders Caryophylliina and Dendrophylliina known from the Dominican Republic are revised and illustrated. This research was based on 1590 specimens obtained primarily from the collections of the Naturhistorisches Museum, Basel, Switzerland; National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC, U.S.A.; and Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, U.S.A. Eight new records are reported for the Neogene of the Dominican Republic, including four new species: Antillocyathus alatus, Trochocyathus chevalieri, T. duncani, and Paracyathus sinuosus. Special attention is given to the genus Asterosmilia, since half (five) of the known species in this genus occur in the Dominican Republic. Most species described herein are assumed to constitute a deep-water fauna by analogy to depth ranges of the same or similar species known from the Recent. Certain localities and parts of formations are inferred to represent deep-water (> 200 m) facies. These inferences may aid in the paleoecological interpretation of other fossils collected from these areas.
Multivariate statistical procedures are used to distinguish species in the reef-coral genus Stephanocoenia through a continuous Neogene sequence (five-million year time interval) in the Cibao Valley of the northern Dominican Republic. This genus is the only member of the family Astrocoeniidae that occurs in the sequence. The material consists of 56 colonies (17 of which are measured) from 24 localities in four river sections, the most important being Rio Gurabo and Rio Cana. Ten characters are measured on each of 10 corallites per colony. The data are analyzed using cluster and canonical discriminant analysis to group colonies into clusters representing species. Identical measurements on modem colonies collected near Discovery Bay, Jamaica are included for comparison. Two fossil species are defined in the analysis, one of which is new (Stephanocoenia duncani, n. sp.). Both species are significantly distinct from the single modem species (S. intersepla) that is the sole living representative of the genus. Study of collections from other reef localities shows that both fossil species occur only during Neogene time and only at a limited number of localities. Patterns within each species are traced up a composite stratigraphic section using nonparametric statistical analyses. One of the two fossil species (S. spongiformis) is found to remain stable through time, whereas the other (S. duncam) changes its morphology in a direction approaching the cluster for the modem species. Further study of patterns of variation within the one modern and two fossil clusters shows that intraspecific variation is unusually complicated in this genus. The clusters overlap, and colonies within each cluster differ widely. Variation between populations within the modem species occurs in the same characters as those which distinguish the modem species from the fossil species converging with it (S. duncam). However, these two species form a morphologic continuum that cannot be explained by environment alone. Therefore, they may represent two gradually intergrading chronospecies within one lineage. Of the two fossil species of Stephanocoenia defined, one species (s. spongiformis) exhibits an evolutionary pattem similar to that observed in the family Poritidae. In this pattern, species were found to have short durations and stable morphologies and to have become extinct during the mid- to late Pliocene through early Pleistocene mass extinction. In contrast, the second species of Slephanocaenia (S. duncam) may have evolved over a long time period, possibly forming chronospecies that survived the mass extinction. Unlike genera in the Poritidae, however, no radiation of taxa occurred in the genus after the extinction event. Since no consistent relationship has been discovered between morphology and environment in these corals with the data at hand, their paleoecologic value can only be determined after data on more taxa are collected, and their associations with other corals are studied. This study represents part of a multidisciplinary project on the stratigraphy and paleontology of the northern Dominican Republic, coordinated by P. Jung and J. B. Saunders of the Naturhistorisches Museum Basel, Switzerland.
Nach einer Betrachtung über die Geschichte und den. Stand der Erforschung der 2. Stufe des Mittleren Keupers, des "Schilfsandsteins", wurde der hisher bekannte Fossilinhalt der Stufe überprüft. Die in einer Tonstein-Grube von Eberstadt (Württ.) entdeckte neue, reiche Lamellibranchiaten-Fauna mit 47 sp. ssp. in 17 Gattungen wurde untersucht und beschriehen. Die Fauna ist marin und hat keine Beziehungen mehr zur Fauna der Germanischen Trias, im besonderen zu der verarmten Muschelkalk-Fauna des Lettenkeupers und Unteren Gipskeupers. Die Eberstadter Muschelfauna ist (vielleicht mit einer Ausnahme) nicht von S, aus dem alpinen Karn, eingewandert. Sie muß, als eigenständige Lamellibranchiaten-Fauna des Karn, von N, aus Richtung der heutigen Nordsee, gekommen sein; von dort floß Meerwasser in den Sedimentationsraum der Schilfsandstein-Stufe ein und nach S wieder aus. Einzelne Arten der Muschelfauna nehmen schon rhaetische und liassische Formen vorweg. Die Schilfsandstein-Stufe des süddeutschen Mittelkeupers ist mit ihren Peliten und ihrer autochthonen marinen Fauna als Ablagerung eines weiten, extrem flachen Binnen-Schelfmeeres zu verstehen, in das zusätzlich aus dem kontinentalen Raum im NO Sand eingeschüttet wurde.
Various multivariate statistical procedures are used to distinguish species in the reef-coral family Poritidae through a continuous Neogene sequence (five myr time interval) in the Cibao Valley of the northern Dominican Republic. Some older (by approximately 10 myr) material from the same region is also included in the analyses. The material consists of approximately 450 colonies (120 of which are measured) from 92 localities in four river sections. The colonies are first sorted into three genera, and approximately 30 characters measured on five calices per colony. The data are analyzed using cluster and canonical discriminant analyses to group the colonies into clusters representing species. Five species are so defined in Porites and three in Goniopora. These groupings are then used statistically to reclassify type specimens for 22 of the 25 described species of Neogene Caribbean poritids. Eight described species are thereby synonymized with four previously-described species in Porites and one new species of Porites, Porites convivatoris. n. sp., is discovered. Five described species are synonymized with two previously-described species in Goniopora. The stratigraphic range of three species of Porites and three species of Goniopora is also shown to extend back to the late Oligocene, thereby diminishing the significance of any presumed early Miocene adaptive radiation. Only one species was found to be endemic to the Dominican Republic and only one confined to the northern Caribbean. The rest are widely distributed throughout the Caribbean. Thus, the endemism previously believed common during the Neogene is shown to be far less extensive. Evolutionary trends within each species are preliminarily analyzed for various characters using non parametric statistical procedures. In general, the results show that seven species experienced little or no evolutionary change (= stasis) through the sequence. Slight increases in corallite size are detected in two species, an increase in colony height in one species, and a more rounded colony shape in one species. These trends may be related to the general deepening of the environment; however, little correlation is found between lithology and morphology within species. Preliminary analyses of the relationship between intraspecific variation and poritid abundance and diversity yield significant results, suggesting that intraspecific trends may be environmental and that future study of coral species associations may offer insight into paleoenvironmental interpretations. Statistical comparisons with the Miocene Mediterranean poritids show that no species co-occur in the two provinces during the Neogene. Similarly, none of the studied Neogene species of Porites resemble modem Caribbean species of Porites, signifying that all nine poritid species studied must have become extinct and the modem Caribbean species of Porites radiated during the late Pliocene or early Pleistocene. This study represents part ofa multidisciplinary project on the stratigraphy of the northern Dominican Republic, coordinated by P. Jung and J. B. Saunders of the Naturhistorisches Museum Basel, Switzerland.
Multivariate statistical analyses are used to distinguish species in the genera Montastraea and Solenastrea through a continuous Neogene sequence (five Ma time interval) in the Cibao Valley of the northern Dominican Republic. Some older (by approximately 10 Ma) material from the same region also is included in the analyses. The material consists of approximately 280 colonies of Montastraea (74 of which are measured) from a total of 59 localities, and 66 colonies of Solenastrea (15 of which are measured) from a total of 37 localities. Twelve additional colonies of Montastraea from the Vokes' collections of the same localities are also measured, and added to the data set. The material is first sorted into the two genera on the basis of qualitative examination of septal structure, the structure of the columella and associated paliform lobes, and the texture of the coenosteum. Sixteen characters consisting of linear distances and counts are measured in transverse thin-sections of ten corallites per colony in Montastraea; ten similar characters are measured on the upper surface of ten calices per colony in Solenastrea. The data are analyzed using cluster and canonical discriminant analysis to group the colonies into clusters representing species. Seven species are so defined in Montastraea and two in Solenastrea. These groupings are then used statistically to reclassify type specimens for 12 of the 17 described species of Montastraea and four of the seven described species of Solenastrea. Three of the 12 species are synonymized in Montastraea, and two of the four species are synonymized in Solenastrea. Further qualitative study of the remaining types suggests that nine species of Montastraea and two species of Solenastrea existed altogether in the Caribbean during the Neogene. The stratigraphic range of two of the seven Dominican Republic species of Montastraea is shown to extend back to the Oligocene. Another of the Dominican Republic species is found to exist today, and is widely distributed throughout the Caribbean. Of the nine Neogene Caribbean species, only this species survived the Plio-Pleistocene extinction event. Only one species of Mantastmea is found to be endemic to the Dominican Republic. One of the remaining three species of Montastraea also has a limited stratigraphic distribution and appears confined to the southern Caribbean. Both species of Solenastrea appear to range from the Early Neogene to the Recent, and are widely distributed throughout the Caribbean. Trends within each species of Montastraea are analyzed through the sequence using nonparametric statistical procedures. Significant changes are detected upsection for at least four of the seven species in character complexes related to corallite size, septal development, and coenosteum development; however, significant correlations with species diversity suggest that these trends may be environmental in origin. Occurrence data suggest that two of the seven species of Montastraea may be indicative of shallow, nearshore conditions, whereas another two may be confined to muddy, and presumably deeper, patch reeflocalities. When data spanning the Oligocene to Recent are analyzed, significant directional trends are detected in one of the three longerranging Dominican Republic species; however, the amount of change does not exceed that observed within modern species. This suggests that, despite an apparent zigzag pattern, net stasis may be the rule in Montastraea. This study represents part of a multidisciplinary project on the paleontology and stratigraphy of the northern Dominican Republic, coordinated by P. Jung and J. B. Saunders of the Naturhistorisches Museum in Basel, Switzerland.
Nei sedimenti neritiei del Cretacico superiore dell'Appennino sono presenli dei miliolidi planispirali, involuti, spesso provvisti di stadio svolto. con apertura cribrata ed endoscheletro costituito, nelle logge adulte, da strato basale e da lame. Questi caratteri sono quelli che fino ad ora caratterizzavano il genere Raadshoovenia VAN DEN BOLD. Allo scopo di accertare fino a che punto le forme da me riscontrate differissero da quelle' guatemalteche ho esaminato alcuni esemplari di Raadshoovenia guatemalensis raccolti da VAN DEN BOLD. In essi ho potuto riscontrare dci caratteri interni più complessi di quelli che figurano nella diagnosi generica; questi sono costituiti, nelle logge adulte, oltre che da lame anche da strato basale e da pilastri che, lateralmente, si saldano tra loro e con le lame determinando camerette centrali e marginali. Si è reso perciò opportuno l'emendamento del genere Raadshoovenia e della sua specie tipo R. guatemalellsis. In base alla diagnosi emendata risultano sinonimi del genere di VAN DEN BOLD Cuvillierinella (PAPETTI e TEDESCHI, 1965) e Murciella (FOURCADE, 1966). Le forme da me rinvenute nell'Appennino e che soddisfano alla vecchia diagnosi di Raaclshoovenia sono state attribuite a Scandonea n. gen. la cui specie tipo è Scandonea samnitica n. sp. Si è proposta, inoltre, una diagnosi più comprensiva per ]a famiglia Alveolinidae al fine di poter inserire in essa il genere di VAN DEN BOLD. In questo lavoro ho accennato, in un apposito paragrafo, alla nomenclatura adottata. In particolare, le misure di altezza sono espresse da segmenti perpendicolari all'asse di avvolgimento o all'andamento della spira; per questo motivo altezza del guseio o dei giri sono sinonimi di diametro del guscio e diametro dei giri. Le misure di larghezza sono espresse da segmenti paralleli all'asse di avvolgimento; quelle di lunghezza vengono eseguite parallelamente all'andamento della spira.
Baltic Sea
(1957)
This study treats 76 species, in which 58 species and 14 genera are described as new. The species are arranged in 28 families and 56 genera. The oribatid or cryptostigmatid mites are cosmopolitan group of more than 6500 species relegated to approximate 700 genera and 134 families. The body length of most oribatid species ranges 300-1200 µ. The oribatid mites are darkly coloured and covered with a rigid exoskelecton. The life cycle consists of egg, larva, protonymph, tritonymph, deutonymph and adult. These mites are best known as inhabitants of litter and upper soil strata, their small size and shunning of light caused them to receive little attention for many years. In recently studies of soil fauna, it has been shown that is an economic importance for human, i.e. many species feed on surface plant detritus, and may therefore play a major role in maintaining the fertility of soils; they could become an indicator of soil physical and chemical characters. Some species have also been shown to act as vectors of various tapewonns; they feed almost exclusively on tyroglyphid mites and attack the parasitic hymenopteran, Polynotus zosini; and several species are associated with plant, they have been reported to damage the leaf, the foot and the stem of potato, strawberry, turlip, citrus and mushroom. Systematic studies of these mites are scarcely found in Taiwan. The present paper deals with 76 species, 56 genera in 28 families, among them, 58 species and 14 genera are described as new. The author hopes that this study constitutes an example to show that the wealth of fascinating information could be gained and also hopes that this finding might be useful for elucidating the taxonomy of oribatid mites in Taiwan.
Interaction between species in a marine ecosy stem is described by expressions for food consumption and grazing mortality which are consistent with each other and with the Beverlon and Holt model of the population dynamics ofindividual species. A model of primary production is introduced in order to make possible an account of nutricnt circlliation (as examplified by phosphorus) within and nutrient flow through the system. It is demonstrated in an application to North Sea fishencs that recent changes in total yield can be described in some detail under the terms of the model as a function of fishing mortality alone. The composition of the North Sea fauna in the virgin state is discussed and also the conditions under which total yield could be increased above the 1970 level.
Techniques for collecting, handling, preparing, storing and examining small molluscan specimens
(2007)
Micromolluscs are small-sized molluscs (< 5 mm), and include the great majority of undescribed molluscan taxa. Such species require special collecting, sorting and handling techniques and different storage requirements to those routinely used for larger specimens. Similarly, the preparation of shells, opercula, radulae and animals poses some challenges for scanning electron microscopy (SEM). An overview of experiences with various techniques is presented, both positive and negative. Issues discussed include those relating to storage of dry specimens and interaction of specimens with glass, gelatine and paper products, handling techniques and storage in various fluids. Techniques for cleaning shells for SEM are described and compared, as well as those for radular extraction. The interactions of chemicals used for the dissolution of tissue with calcareous micromolluscs are described. Methods for handling and mounting small radulae for SEM are detailed and brief guides to SEM and light photography are given. An appendix listing details of frequently-used chemicals is provided.
This paper describes the effect of the "Boleslaw" mining and metallurgic complex in Bukowno near Olkusz on the vegetation of the fresh coniferous forest association Vaccinia myrtilli-Pineitum. The increase in concentration of zinc, lead and cadmium in selected plant species under the influence of industrial emission, and the dependence of this increase upon the magnitude of dust fall and site conditions, are analized. The extent of accumulation of heavy metals in plants was assumed to be an indicator of the degree of pressure exerted by the industrial complex. The degradation of fresh coniferous forest was. increasing along with an increase in this pressure. The species composition of the association, and the quantitative relations among species representing various site types underwent considerable changes. In patches extremely degraded, the plant species characteristic of poor sandy grass-lands gained predominance over forest plants.
Several mosquito-borne arboviruses belonging to the genera Alphavirus, Flavivirus, and Bunyavirus have been reported to occur in mosquitoes and to infect humans and other vertebrates in western Europe. These zoonotic viruses circulate in nature either in an Aedes-mammal, Anopheles-mammal, or Culex-bird transmission cycle. Infected humans normally do not contribute to the virus circulation. West Nile virus (Flavivirus) caused an outbreak of fever, malaise, pain in eyes and muscles, and headache and encephalitis in southern France during 1962-1965, and an outbreak of encephalitis with a high case-fatality rate in Romania during 1996. West Nile virus has been isolated from birds, horses, and mosquitoes in Portugal, France, the former Czechoslovakia, and Romania. These data, together with reports of antibodies to West Nile virus in birds, domestic mammals, and humans in several other countries, show virus activity in southern and central Europe. Sindbis virus (Alphavirus) caused outbreaks of fever, rash, and arthralgia in northern Europe during 1981-1982, 1988, and 1995. Two California group viruses (Bunyavirus), Tahyna virus and Inkoo virus, have been identified in western Europe. Tahyna virus causes fever and respiratory symptoms and sometimes also central nervous system involvement. It occurs in most countries of central and southern Europe, and is most common in central Europe. Inkoo virus has not been associated with disease in humans in western Europe although Russian studies indicated that it can cause encephalitis. Inkoo virus occurs in northern Europe, especially in the far north. Batai virus of the Bunyamwera-group (Bunyavirus) occurs in southern, central, and northern Europe, most frequently in central Europe. The antibody prevalence in humans generally is very low, indicating that the potential of this virus as a human pathogen is probably low in Europe. The Lednice virus (Bunyavirus) has been reported only from the former Czechoslovakia and Romania, and apparently is not transmitted to humans. In addition to the six mosquito-borne viruses documented in western Europe, there is serological evidence of infection with a Semliki Forest complex virus (Alphavirus) in central and southern Europe. Although mosquito-borne viruses presently are not considered to be the cause of major health problems in western Europe, the morbidity caused by Sindbis virus, and the morbidity and mortality caused by West Nile virus, merit further studies on the ecology, epidemiology, and medical importance of these viruses. The California group of viruses and a virus of the Semliki Forest complex may be the cause of unrecognized health problems in western Europe. Specific sampling of potential vectors for virus isolation, detailed characterization of virus strains, and the use of fully characterized strains for serological diagnosis will help to elucidate the present and future potential of mosquito-borne viruses as human pathogens in Europe.
(1) a. The mating behavior (including copulation) is described for the first time in the following species: Pardosa modica, P. emertoni, P. saxatilis, P. lapidicina, Lycosa helluo, .L. gulosa, Dolomedes scriptus, Phidippus clarus, P. audax, Philodromus pernix, and Coriarachne versicolor. b. The courtship only is described for the first time in Phidippus purpuratus. c. In Lycosa rabida and Pardosa milvina new data concerning the copulation, and in Schizocosa crassipes new data concerning courtship, are added to what is already available from Montgomery's work. d. In Tibellns oblongus and Xysticus triguttatus new data are added to the accounts of Gerhardt, and of Emerton, respectively. (2) a. On the basis of a large number of observations and experiments with the males of 19 species from 4 families of vagabond spiders, it is pointed out that the senses involved in courtship may vary with the species. b. There is no evidence that a sense of smell is used in sex recognition by any spiders. At least this sense plays no part in initiating courtship activity in the male. c. There is no evidence that Attid males can "recognize" the females by any sense other than sight. At any rate, it appears that the visual stimulus is the only one that suffices to incite courtship in this family. d. In one Lycosid observed, Pardosa emertoni, the courtship behavior is elicited only when the male can both see and touch the female. e. In the Pisaurid, Dolomedes scriptus, the sole stimulus for courtship is the chemoperception by contact of an ether-soluble substance normally covering the cuticle of the female. f. In the Lycosid, Pardosa milvina, the chemoperception by contact of an ether-soluble substance normally covering the cuticle of the female, together with the simultaneous perception of tactile stimuli will elicit courtship. This probably holds for P. saxatilis, Lycosa rabida, Schizocosa crassipes, and perhaps for Pardosa modica. Moreover, the sight of a moving Lycosid of about their own size may, in some cases, be sufficient for these males to start courting. g. In the Lycosids, Pardosa banksi, and probably Lycosn gulosa and L. helluo, only the simultaneous perception of both tactile and tacto-chemical stimuli suffices. Visual stimuli play no part in eliciting courtship. h. The condition in the Thomisids is in all probability similar to that in the preceding group of Lycosids. (3) a. In the case of those species in which contact chemoperception occurs it is shown that perception is not limited to the tarsi. Such stimuli can be perceived on all the segments of the legs as well as on the abdomen. From the known distribution of the slit sense organs it is probable that they are the chemoreceptors involved in courtship.
Naturschutz in Germany
(1936)
Distribution and variation in deer (Genus Odocoileus) of the Pacific Coastal Region of North America
(1936)
1. In investigating a spontaneous epidemic disease of rabbits, a micro-organism was isolated in pure cultures which reproduced the characteristic lesions of the natural disease.
2. The bacteriological characters of this bacillus are described and the impossibility of identifying it with previously recorded organisms justifies its being considered a new species. The name Bacterium monocytogenes is proposed.
3. Animal passage raised "virulence" when the doses were well chosen, and increased virulence accentuated the production of necrotic lesions. Overwhelming doses of culture resulted in lowering of "virulence" by animal passage.
4. Bacterium monocytogenes, in doses less than the M.L.D., produced in the circulating blood of rabbits an extreme monocytosis. The responses of the other white cells. were either transient or inconstant.
5. Repeated doses of the organism became progressively less effective as stimuli to large mononuclear production.
6. The cell content of the thoracic duct did not reflect the high degree of monocytosis in the circulating blood.
7. On intrapleural injection of peptone broth and B. coli, the cells of the resultant exudate were primarily polymorphonuclears, even though the circulating blood showed a high monocytosis. With intrapleural injection of B. monocytogenes, when the blood stream was rich in large mononuclears, a pleural exudate containing 30 per cent of these cells was obtained.
8. Phagocytosis experiments in vitro showed that the large mononuclears, while they phagocyted B. coli indifferently, took up B. monocytogenes with an avidity in all respects equal to that of the polymorphonuclear neutrophiles.
Aside from material collected and annotated during my trip to Ecuador in April and May 1973, mentioned in the frrst part of the present paper (1975), the author has been able to study Aphyllophorales and agarics collected by Dumont and others, deposited at The Botanical Garden in New York. The results are presented in the following pages. A few species from limitrophous regions are added. The first article in this series was published in Beiheft 51 zur Nova Hedwigia, pp. 239-246, 1975.
The study of rich material of Pterophoridae from Siberia and the Russian Far East revealed 96 species to inhabit these regions. 24 of them are reported for the first time from Asian Russia and 11 species and 2 genera (Sibiretta gen. nov. and Septuaginta gen. nov.) are described as new. Furthermore the genus Snellenia gen. nov. is described and isolated from the genus Stenoptilia, and previously unknown females are described for three species.
The morphology of the skeletal portions of the sting apparatus is described and compared in 63 genera of myrmicine ants in order to evaluate its taxonomic potential in this difficult subfamily. The survey covers about half of the myrmicine genera, and an but 3 small tribes (Ochetomyrmecini, Melissotarsini, Stegomyrmicini). Interspecific variation in the apparatus is described in a third of the genera examined. In addition, the sting apparatus of the primitive ponerine ant, Amblyopone pallipes is described for comparison with the primitive myrmicines; and the sting associated glands (poison gland, Dufour's gland) are illustrated for single species of Amblyopone, Basiceros, Monomorium, Aphaenogaster, Crematogasier, and Zacryptocerus.
Über ein cretaceisches Geschiebe mit Rhizocorallium Gläseli n. sp. aus dem Diluvium bei Leipzig
(1913)
The Indian Hill Mynah (Gracula religiosa) was studied in the field in Assam in north-east India. The aims of the study were two-fold: (i) to understand better this bird's exceptional ability in captivity to imitate human speech; and (ii) to provide background understanding to studies of the importance of early auditory experience and of vocal imitation in the development of normal song patterns in birds. First is given a brief description of the distribution, general behaviour, and breeding biology of this arboreal, sexually isomorphic, semi-gregarious species. The remainder of the monograph deals with vocalizations; these were either tape-recorded in the field, or transcribed directly using a written notation developed for the purpose. Any wild adult Mynah of either sex possesses four categories of vocalizations: (i) 'Chip-call'; a loud piercing squeak made in contexts which include alarm. (ii) 'Um-sound'; a soft grunt, acting in close range social contexts, and (like chip-calls) common to all individuals. (iii) 'Whisper-whistles': several soft sounds of types unique to the individual. (iv) 'Calls': several loud noises, of extremely varied patterns. The bulk of the monograph deals with 'calls', as defined thus. Calls were compared quantitatively with one another by a method developed which measured the degree of overlap of one sonogram with a tracing of a second sonogram. Both by this method and by ear, calls were divided into discrete types, without intermediates. Birds of either sex have a repertoire of usually between five and twelve such call types, some of which are produced much more commonly than others. Repertoires tend to be larger in birds which call more frequently, or which have mates with large repertoires. The repertoire of a given bird stays largely constant from year to year in size. composition, and proportions. No bird shares any of its call types with its mate, but it shares several of them with near neighbours of the same sex. There is a progressive change of dialect with distance, such that birds nesting more than about 14 km apart have no call types in common. No general characteristics of call structure could be found which were indicative of the sex of the caller, but in a known locality the call type made immediately reveals the sex of the bird producing it. Call types are learnt by selective imitation of neighbouring individuals during a young bird's first several months. A call type common in the repertoire of one bird tends also to be common in the repertoire of a neighbour, except at the edge of the limited range of that call type. Which particular call type a calling bird selects from among those in its repertoire is discussed. Few call types could be related to non-auditory contexts. A bird is likely to repeat the call type last made, and also tends to standardize the order in which it produces its different call types; this standard order tends to be the same as that of its neighbours. A birdtends also to reply at once and to standardize the call type it makes in immediate reply to a particular call type of its mate; again, neighbouring pairs of birds tend to use the same standardized call and reply types. The length of the interval between a particular call and its reply tends to be constant in a given pair of birds, and approximately the same in neighbouring pairs. These are all further aspects of extensive but selective vocal imitation by Mynahs of adult birds; other species are not imitated. Information on calling when in contact with other pairs came mainly from playback experiments, when single calls were presented to nesting pairs of Mynahs. Response strength was measured by the incidence of flight, number of subsequent vocalizations, latency of response, and proportion of playbacks ignored. When presented with playbacks of calls of familiar types (of neighbours) and of unknown types (of strangers), birds responded more strongly to the familiar than to the unknown call types. They did, however, respond somewhat to the unknown call types, which were of patterns never previously heard by them, presumably recognizing these as being Mynah calls by their sound quality. Mynahs responded as strongly to playbacks of neighbours' calls which were not in their own repertoire as to playbacks of neighbours' calls which were. A bird tends to match at once the call last heard (either from a tape recorder or from a wild neighbour), itself producing the same call type at once, if it possesses it in its own repertoire. That call type, and others associated with it, also occurs more frequently thereafter. Thus calls heard affect calls made, and vice-versa since other individuals nearby behave similarly. A change of nearest neighbours in successive years was shown to affect one pair's repertoire proportions. Further playback experiments showed that Mynahs were able to distinguish between a single call made by their neighbours and a single call of the same call type made by their mates. Small but consistent differences were found in the sonograms of such calls of the same type made by different birds. The structure of a single call type may change gradually with distance. The development of vocalizations with age is briefly described. In the final discussion sections, the ways in which, and the extent to which, Mynahs are able to determine the species, home locality, sex and individual identity of other Mynahs are outlined. There follow consideration, and comparison with other species: (i) of various aspects of repertoires; (ii) of the distribution of call types among different individuals; (iii) of the dynamic aspects of calling, and a scheme is proposed which accounts for the selection for utterance of a particular call type from the repertoire; and (iv) of the organization and coordination of calling. The lack of imitation of other species in the wild is discussed, and contrasted with the several ways in which wild Mynahs imitate one another in various aspects of their calling.
In einem ausführlichen Verzeichnis sind alle bayerischen Fundorte mit näheren Angaben zusammengestellt. Darüber hinaus soll ein Überblick über die Verbreitungsverhältnisse der Art in Europa und auf der Erde vermittelt werden. Die bis heute bekannte Verbreitung tn Europa läßt den Schluß zu, daß Octodiceras fontanum mit großer Wahrscheinlichkeit noch an vielen Stellen aufzufinden sein wird. Die bryosoziologischen Verhältnisse des Octodiceratetum werden durch soziologische Aufnahmen aus Ostbayern belegt. Der Vergleich mit Literaturangaben aus anderen europäischen Gebieten ergibt eine recht einheitliche Ausbildung dieser Wassermoosgesellschaft. Außerdem wird versucht, die ökologischen Verhältnisse des Octodiceratetum zu erfassen. Die entsprechenden Ausführungen müssen sich dabei v.a. auf die Untersuchungen in Ostbayern stützen, da aus anderen europäischen Gebieten nur wenige, vergleichbare Angaben vorliegen. Es wird daher in erster Linie angestrebt, vergleichbare Werte für zukünftige Untersuchungen in anderen Gebieten zu liefern. Die derzeitige Kenntnis des ökologischen Faktorenkomplexes für Octodiceras fontanum läßt noch manche Frage offen. Das Literaturverzeichnis enthält den Großteil der Veröffentlichungen über europäische Octodiceras-Standorte. Es wurden bewußt nur die Arbeiten aufgenommen, die auch eingesehen werden konnten.