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Der folgende Beitrag stellt kein GIP-Projekt vor, das Projekt hat aber doch Einfluss auf die GIP Bochum-Ulan Ude genommen, die sich seit langem mit Multimediaaspekten im DaF-Unterricht beschäftigt. So werden etwa einige der im Folgenden beschriebenen Erfahrungen genutzt, um für das landeskundlich orientierte Lehrwerk Burjatien im Deutschunterricht (2005) eine multimediale Ergänzung zu schaffen.
"Ich mag so Wasserpfeifeladen" : the interaction of grammar and information structure in Kiezdeutsch
(2008)
This article presents linguistic features of and educational approaches to a new variety of German that has emerged in multi-ethnic urban areas in Germany: Kiezdeutsch (‘Hood German’). From a linguistic point of view, Kiezdeutsch is very interesting, as it is a multi-ethnolect that combines features of a youth language with those of a contact language. We will present examples that illustrate the grammatical productivity and innovative potential of this variety. From an educational perspective, Kiezdeutsch has also a high potential in many respects: school projects can help enrich intercultural communication and weaken derogatory attitudes. In grammar lessons, Kiezdeutsch can be a means to enhance linguistic competence by having the adolescents analyse their own language. Keywords: German, Kiezdeutsch, multi-ethnolect, migrants’ language, language change, educational proposals
Seit Frege (1891, 1892) werden generelle Termini wie „Tisch“, „Einhorn“ u.ä. logisch als Prädikate analysiert, d.h. sie werden als Begriffswörter angesehen, deren wesentliches Merkmal ihr Status als ungesättigter Ausdruck ist. Als solcher eröffnen sie eine Leerstelle für einen Argumentausdruck. Dieser muß einen Gegenstand denotieren; der so gesättigte Begriffsausdruck bezeichnet dann einen Wahrheitswert. Nach dieser Analyse werden generelle Termini somit als Bezeichnungen für Funktionen analysiert, deren Definitionsbereich Gegenstände und deren Wertebereich Wahrheitswerte sind. Ebenso wie intransitive Verben gelten sie damit als Ausdrücke, die zusammen mit einem Eigennamen einen assertorischen Satz bilden.
Seit einem Jahrzehnt zählt Russisch zu den häufig gesprochenen Migrationssprachen an deutschen Schulen und rückt nun als weitere Lernersprache in den Fokus der linguistischen Migrationsforschung. Russischsprachige Schüler und Schülerinnen, die als Aussiedler vornehmlich aus Russland und Kasachstan immigrieren, bilden seit Beginn der 90er Jahre die bedeutendste Gruppe jugendlicher Einwanderer nach Deutschland. Aussiedlerjugendliche erhalten zwar in den meisten Fällen kurz nach ihrer Einreise die deutsche Staatsangehörigkeit, diese ist jedoch längst kein Garant mehr für eine reibungslose Integration. Neuere Befunde zeigen, dass eine wachsende Zahl junger AussiedlerInnen aus den GUS-Staaten Gefahr läuft, den Anschluss an eine adäquate schulische und berufliche Ausbildung zu verpassen (vgl. Dietz/Roll 1998, Strobl/Kühnel 2000). Ihre Bildungsbeteiligung hat sich der benachteiligten Bildungssituation anderer Immigrantenjugendlicher angenähert.
U radu se prvi put objavljuje jedina zasad pronađena inačica glagoljičke pasionske pjesme, koju smo nazvali Ja, Marija, glasom zovu, zapisane u Berčićevu kodeksu br. 5 s kraja 15. st. Donosi se latinička transkripcija teksta te njegove osnovne književnopovijesne, grafijsko-ortografske i jezično-stilske značajke.
Rawang [...] is a Tibeto-Burman language spoken by people who live in the far north of Kachin State in Myanmar (Burma), particularly along the Mae Hka ('Nmai Hka) and Maeli Hka (Mali Hka) river valleys; population unknown, although Ethnologue gives 100,000. In the past they had been called ‘Nung’, or (mistakenly) ‘Hkanung’, and are considered to be a sub-group of the Kachin by the Myanmar government. They are closely related to people on the other side of the Chinese border in Yunnan classified as either Dulong or Nu (see LaPolla 2001, 2003 on the Dulong language and Sun 1988, Sun & Liu 2005 on the Anong language). In this paper, I will be discussing a particular morphological phenomenon found in Rawang, using data of the Mvtwang (Mvt River) dialect of Rawang, which is considered the most central of those dialects in Myanmar and so has become something of a standard for writing and inter-group communication.
The distribution of linguistic structures in the world is the joint product of universal principles, inheritance from ancestor languages, language contact, social structures, and random fluctuation. This paper proposes a method for evaluating the relative significance of each factor — and in particular, of universal principles — via regression modeling: statistical evidence for universal principles is found if the odds for families to have skewed responses (e.g. all or most members have postnominal relative clauses) as opposed to having an opposite response skewing or no skewing at all, is significantly higher for some condition (e.g. VO order) than for another condition, independently of other factors.
For the most part, in linguistic policies, which mainly manifest themselves in educational measures, substandard varieties are at best ignored, if not actively suppressed. This often deprives pupils in immigrant situations and coming from a dialect background not only of their right to speaking their own language but also from the opportunity of aquiring the related standard, benefiting from early bilingual education. Instead, the national language is often used as the only language of instruction and is therefore likely to outdominate any other variety. This paper analyses two immigrant groups on the American continent which both represent diglossic communities in which High German as the High Variety has been lost or replaced by the national language while the related dialect is continuously used for in-group communication. Despite structural similarities in the sociolinguistic makeup of the two speech communities, there have been different approaches towards the teaching of standard German. The paper shows that language attitudes toward the substandard play a decisive role in these approaches. It is argued that instead of seeing the dialect as an obstacle for aquiring the standard variety it ought to be viewed as a suitable starting point to learning High German. Far from being an out-fashioned relic, dialects in immigrant communities should be conceived of as vantage ground for building multilingual societies which include the own vernacular as an element of identity, the related standard as a means of international communication and, of course, the national standard as an instrument of integration.
Two hypotheses have been proposed in order to account for velar softening, i.e., a process through which /k/ changes to an affricate. Whereas one hypothesis states that for the process to apply the velar stop has to be realized as an (alveolo) palatal stop (articulation-based hypothesis), the other claims that velar softening is triggered by acoustic similarity between the input and output segments (acoustic equivalence hypothesis). The present paper investigates the acoustic equivalence hypothesis by comparing several acoustic properties of /k/ in various vowel contexts with those of /ts , ts , tc / for three languages differing in stop burst aspiration, i.e., German, Polish and Catalan. Results suggest that the acoustic equivalence hypothesis could account for velar softening in aspirated velar stops but not in unaspirated velar stops. The results also provide an explanation as to why aspirated velar stops are prone to undergo softening more easily when followed by front vocalic segments than in other contexts and positions
In this paper we investigate the distribution of PPs related to external arguments (agent, causer, instrument, causing event) in Greek. We argue that their distribution supports an analysis, according to which agentive/instrument and causer PPs are licensed by distinct functional heads, respectively. We argue against a conceivable alternative analysis, which links agentivity and causation to the prepositions themselves. We furthermore identify a particular type of Voice head in Greek anticausative realised by non-active Voice morphology.
Die vorliegende Arbeit widmet sich der phonetischen Motivation phonologischer Palatalisierungsprozesse, bei welchen Vorderzungenvokoide die Palatalisierung (bzw. Affrizierung) vorangehender Plosive bewirken. Durch akustische Analysen zu deutschen und bulgarischen stimmlosen alveolaren und velaren Verschlußlauten wird der Einfluß nachfolgender vorderer Vokoide und des tiefen Vokals /a/ auf die geräuschähnliche Phase nach der plosiven Verschlußlösung der Konsonanten untersucht. Zum Zwecke der Überprüfung einer nach universellen phonologischen Prinzipien formulierten Hierarchie der wahrscheinlichen Inputkandidaten für Palatalisierungen werden akustische Messungen zur Zeitdauer und zu den spektralen Eigenschaften des konsonantischen Segments in wortinitialen Konsonant-Vokoid-Sequenzen vorgestellt. Die Ergebnisse der Studie unterstützen nur teilweise die vorgeschlagene Hierarchiehypothese und zeigen, daß sprachspezifische Besonderheiten einen Einfluß auf die Anordnung der Elemente der Hierarchie ausüben.
1 Introdução Os falantes da língua Xingoni são os descendentes do grupo etnolinguístico oriundo das migrações dos Nguni. No mfecane, causado pelas guerras do Shaka Zulu e Dingiswayo, numerosas populações foram movimentadas em vastas zonas geográficas de África Austral. Essas ondas demográficas chegaram até a província de Cabo Delgado. Xingoni é a variante de referência, falada nos distritos de Montepuez, Nangade, Meluco, Mueda, Muidumbe e Nangade. Existe a probabilidade da existência de mais falantes do Xingoni na província do Niassa, no distrito de Milepa e na província de Tete, concretamente no distrito de Angônia. Fora do território nacional, o Xingoni é também falado no Malawi e na Tanzânia. Também se ouve falar duma língua Xingoni na Zâmbia. Dado que a língua Xingoni pertence às línguas moçambicanas menos estudadas, achei oportuno convidar um grupo de falantes ao workshop “Descubra a sua língua” que teve lugar em Abril deste ano. Juntaram-se aos outros participantes e desenvolveram actividades que culminaram na produção desta versão experimental daquilo que mais tarde se possam tornar “Algumas Notas gramaticais sobre a língua Xingoni.” O modelo da descrição segue os mesmos princípios que norteavam as notas gramaticais das línguas Emakhuwa, Etakwane, Imarenje e Ekoti. Espero que essas notas possam servir de modelo e inspiração para elaborar mais descrições gramaticais nas línguas menos estudadas. Oliver Kröger Assessor linguístico da SIL Moçambique Nampula, dia 3 de Agosto de 2006
Die Bezeichnung von Anzahlen durch Numeralia und andere sprachliche Mittel ist ein universelles Charakteristikum natürlicher Sprachen, ein Sachverhalt, der bereits auf die große Bedeutung des Zahlkonzepts für das menschliche Denken hinweist: Der Begriff der Zahl, der in der Auffassung diskreter Objekte wurzelt, bildet nach neueren kognitionswissenschaftlichen Ansätzen neben dem Begriff des Raumes - der kontinuierlichen Einheit - das grundlegende Mittel zur Erfassung der Wirklichkeit.
This article discusses linguistic attitudes and conceptions (beliefs and prejudices) of 20 teachers regarding the ‘German accent’ ((de)voicing of consonants and neutralization of the vibrant) and their implications in their social practices in school lessons, in three German-Portuguese bilingual communities in Rio Grande do Sul. To conclude with, a reflection about how teachers’ conceptions relate to the treatment they dispense to linguistic traces in face to face interactions. The present investigation is inserted in the Interactional Sociolinguistics and in the Sociolinguistics field, specifically in linguistic variation and bilingual studies, and it is especially rooted in linguistic attitudes and conceptions. This research matches instruments and analytical categories of both quantitative and qualitative approaches, examining both teachers’ practices and their linguistic attitudes and conceptions. The results point to educational and identity conflicts which are reflected in speakers’ attitudes of solidarity or linguistic differentiation regarding the use and rating of linguistic variation, as well as in the treatment dispensed to the linguistic features of these communities.
Neste artigo, discute-se o papel discursivo, semântico e sintático dos marcadores discursivos de origem conjuncional do alemão e do português (wobei, weil e obwohl; porque e que) e enumeram-se algumas evidências a respeito do processo de gramaticalização/ pragmaticalização desses marcadores em ambas as línguas. O estudo faz parte de um projeto de análise contrastiva dos processos de gramaticalização das sentenças complexas do alemão e do português e toma como base uma perspectiva teórica cognitivo-discursiva.
Daß die Sprache Voraussetzung und Grundlage für die Gesamtheit menschlicher Vollzüge und kultureller Gestaltung ist, dieser Gedanke ist nicht erst in der sprachanalytischen Philosophie des 20. Jahrhunderts zum Thema geworden. Allerdings nimmt er hier mit der These von der Unhintergehbarkeit der Sprache, also der Feststellung, daß nur in der Sprache die Grundlagen der Sprache behandelt und geklärt werden können, einen zentralen Platz ein. Aber die Reihe der Vorläufer ist lang. Herder etwa hatte befunden "Ohne Sprache hat der Mensch keine Vernunft, und ohne Vernunft keine Sprache." (1772), und Heidegger hat in seiner raunenden Art die Sprache zum "Haus des Seins" (1947) erklärt. Über die möglichen Grenzen dieses unhintergehbaren Mediums haben auf sehr unterschiedliche Weise Ludwig Wittgenstein und Samuel Beckett gegrübelt. Die Titelfrage dieses Beitrags beruht auf Wittgensteins These 5. 6 in der Logisch-philosophischen Abhandlung: Die Grenzen meiner Sprache bedeuten die Grenzen meiner Welt.
This study is an electropalatographic investigation of clusters composed of /n/ or /l/ followed by the (alveolo)palatal consonants /ʎ, ɲ/ or by dental /t/ in three Catalan dialects, i.e., Majorcan, Valencian and Eastern. Data show that articulatory blending through superposition occurs in the palatalizing environment except when C1 is highly constrained (e.g., dark /l/) or C2 is purely palatal and therefore, produced at a distant articulatory location from C1. Contrary to previous descriptions in the literature, data for /nt, lt/ reveal that blending through superposition rather than assimilation is at work. The implications of these data for theories of speech production are discussed.
In his early years, C. C. Uhlenbeck was particularly interested in the problem of the Indo-European homeland (1895, 1897). He rejected Herman Hirt’s theory (1892) that the words for ‘birch’, ‘willow’, ‘spruce’, ‘oak’, ‘beech’ and ‘eel’ point to Lithuania and its immediate surroundings and returned to Otto Schrader’s view (1883, 1890) that the original homeland must rather be sought in southern Russia and may have included some of the later Germanic and Iranian territories. It is clear that the Mediterranean region and the area around the North Sea can safely be excluded because the arrival of the Indo-Europeans was comparatively recent here, as it was in Iran and the Indian subcontinent. It is difficult to be more specific within the limits of central and eastern Europe and central Asia. Uhlenbeck was impressed by the lexical correspondences between Indo-European and Semitic which had been adduced in favor of an eastern homeland but pointed out that borrowings from Semitic may have reached the Indo-Europeans through an intermediary. He agrees that the Indo-European words for trees and animals point to a moderate climate but questions the possibility of a more specific localization as well as the concept of homeland itself.
Class features as probes
(2008)
In this article, we adress (i) the form and (ii) the function on inflection class features in minimalist grammar. The empirical evidence comes from noun inflection systems involving fusional markers in German, Greek, and Russian. As for (i), we argue (based on instances of transparadigmatic syncretism) that class features are not privative; rather, class information must be decomposed into more abstract, binary features. Concerning (ii), we propose that class features qualify as the very device that brings about fusional infection: They are uninterpretable in syntax and actas probes on stems, with matching inflection markers as goels, and thus trigger morphological Agree operations that merge stem and inflection marker before syntax is reached.
This paper is an inductive look at the constituents found in a randomly selected Tagalog text, Bob Ong’s Alamat ng Gubat (Makati City, MM: Visual Print Enterprises, 2004). The analysis is based on the full text, but we will only be able to go through the first few lines of the text here, which we will do one by one, and discuss the structures found in each line of the text in bullet format after the relevant line. At the end of the paper we will bring up some important questions about the structures found in Tagalog based on this text.
Either in the realm of the mother tongue debating, or in the problematization of the second language classroom, the matters related to the assessment conduct and to the linguistic behavior of both teachers and students should not be underestimated or even left aside. Linguistic diversity is broadly present in the school context, and it is imperative not to overlook the way this reality is considered and the linguistic policies which are present and necessary. Whereas the assessment process is an integral part of the formation of the student’s identity, it is relevant to consider the theoretical concept of this process as well as the practice current in the school context. This paper gathers definitions on the assessment conduct and linguistic behavior, highlighting the role played by the teacher in classroom routine aiming at the flexibility of the process, as well as the appreciation of the pupil’s linguistic individuality.
Many teachers of German as a second language make some statements regarding this language that mix concepts from three distinct fields: Orthography (letters), Phonetics (phones or speech sounds) and Phonology (phonemes). In this paper I attempt to shed some light on these concepts and fields. I also provide examples of such statements and make comments on them.
Cet article étudie la relation entre les grammaires darbres adjoints à composantes multiples avec tuples darbres (TT-MCTAG), un formalisme utilisé en linguistique informatique, et les grammaires à concaténation dintervalles (RCG). Les RCGs sont connues pour décrire exactement la classe PTIME, il a en outre été démontré que les RCGs « simples » sont même équivalentes aux systèmes de réécriture hors-contextes linéaires (LCFRS), en dautres termes, elles sont légèrement sensibles au contexte. TT-MCTAG a été proposé pour modéliser les langages à ordre des mots libre. En général ces langages sont NP-complets. Dans cet article, nous définissons une contrainte additionnelle sur les dérivations autorisées par le formalisme TT-MCTAG. Nous montrons ensuite comment cette forme restreinte de TT-MCTAG peut être convertie en une RCG simple équivalente. Le résultat est intéressant pour des raisons théoriques (puisqu’il montre que la forme restreinte de TT-MCTAG est légèrement sensible au contexte), mais également pour des raisons pratiques (la transformation proposée ici a été utilisée pour implanter un analyseur pour TT-MCTAG).
In the course of the ME period, HAVE began to encroach on territory previously held by BE. According to Rydén and Brorström (1987); Kytö (1997), this occurred especially in iterative and durational contexts, in the perfect infinitive and modal constructions. In Early Modern English (henceforth EModE), BE was increasingly restricted to the most common intransitives come and go, before disappearing entirely in the 18th and 19th centuries. This development raises a number of questions, both historical and theoretical. First, why did HAVE start spreading at the expense of BE in the first place? Second, why was the change conditioned by the factors mentioned by Rydén and Brorström (1987) and Kytö (1997)? Third, why did the change take on the order of 800 years to go to completion? Fourth, what implications does the change have for general theories of auxiliary selection? In this paper we’ll try to answer the first question by focusing on one the earliest clearly identifiable advance of HAVE onto BE territory – its first appearance with the verb come, which for a number of reasons is an ideal verb to focus on. First, come is by far the most common intransitive verb, so we get large enough numbers for statistical analysis. Second, clauses containing the past participle of come with a form of BE are unambiguous perfects: they cannot be passives, and they did not continue into modern English with a stative reading like he is gone. Third, and perhaps most importantly, come selected BE categorically in the early stages of English, so the first examples we find with HAVE are clear evidence for innovation. We will present evidence from a corpus study showing that the first spread of HAVE was due to a ban on auxiliary BE in certain types of counterfactual perfects, and will propose an account for that ban in terms of Iatridou’s (2000) Exclusion theory of counterfactuals.
In der arabischen Welt herrscht eine sehr alte und stabile Situation der Diglossie, d.h. des funktional geregelten Nebeneinanders von zwei historischen Entwicklungsstufen der gleichen Sprache. Das Moderne Hocharabisch ist eine konservierte Form des Klassischen Arabisch. Es genießt hohes Ansehen und dient als Schriftsprache, wird aber nicht muttersprachlich erworben, sondern durch Unterricht erlernt. Im mündlichen und informellen Bereich werden die jeweiligen Dialekte verwendet; sie sind die natürliche Muttersprache der Bevölkerung, genießen jedoch keinerlei Ansehen. Da die Hochsprache in ihrer äußeren Form nicht verändert werden darf, aber auch die Dialekte sich nicht zu modernen geschriebenen Volkssprachen entwickeln dürfen, scheint die Diglossiesituation für alle Zeit festgeschrieben. Dadurch ist das Überleben der Dialekte gesichert, obgleich sie sich untereinander stärker annähern. Die Geringschätzung der Dialekte in der arabischen Welt bedingt auch eine Ablehnung der Dialektologie. Deshalb war die arabische Dialektologie immer eine Domäne westlicher Forscher, doch nun deutet sich auch im Westen ihr Niedergang an.
U radu se analizira uloga deiktičkih obilježivača (markera) u generičkom strukturiranju diskursa. Najprije se podsjeća da u postojećim tipologijama žanrova diskursa prisutnost deiktičkih obilježivača i drugih tragova subjektivnosti predstavlja važan kriterij za razgraničenje žanrova koji koegzistiraju u određenom društveno-povijesnom okviru unutar određenog tipa diskursa i za deskripciju uvjeta njihove diversifikacije. Zatim se, na primjeru diskursa medijske informacije na čije generičko strukturiranje utječu različite strategije objektivizacije, nastoji pokazati da primjena tog kriterija dobiva svoj puni smisao tek u kombinaciji s kriterijima koji se odnose na tekstualna i situacijska obilježja relevantna za generičko strukturiranje diskursa, a to su, s jedne strane, komunikacijski ciljevi sudionika u interakciji i specifične diskurzivne aktivnosti koje oblikuju relacijski profil tekstualnih struktura i, s druge strane, složenost interakcijskog okvira i stupanj heterogenosti deiktičkih i polifonijskih struktura.
Fußball ist ohne Zweifel das weltweit populärste Mannschaftsspiel. Nicht zu Unrecht wird es daher seit Jahrzehnten als „König“ metaphorisiert. Nach allem, was heute bekannt ist, wurde eine Urform in China schon vor 5000 Jahren gespielt. In Europa soll seit dem 12. Jahrhundert vor allem im nördlichen Frankreich und in England ein fußballähnliches Spiel betrieben worden sein, und in Florenz und anderen norditalienischen Städten war seit dem 15. Jahrhundert das noch recht urwüchsige calcio sehr beliebt, bei dem je 27 Spieler darum kämpften, den Ball mit Faust oder Fuß über die Begrenzung der gegnerischen Schmalseite des Spielfeldes zu schlagen und so ein „Mal“ zu erzielen.
Deutschsprachige und bilinguale Studiengänge : eine Chance für Deutsch als Fremdsprache in Russland
(2008)
Der Bericht der Ständigen Arbeitsgruppe Deutsch als Fremdsprache (2006) für das Jahr 2005 zeigt, dass Russland, trotz eines Rückgangs der Lernerzahlen, immer noch das Land mit den meisten Deutschlernern (mehr als 3,3 Millionen) und mit dem größten Deutschlernangebot an den Schulen und den Universitäten (ca. 1000 Hochschulen) ist. Bei einer Umfrage unter 1025 Personen in den Städten Jakutsk, Kaliningrad, Moskau, Saratov und St. Petersburg waren 100 % der Befragten der Meinung, dass Englisch für die beruflichen Aussichten die wichtigste Sprache sei, aber 89 % schätzten die Kenntnis des Deutschen für ebenso wichtig ein und 95 % waren sogar der Meinung, dass durch ein sehr gutes Erlernen der deutschen Sprache im bilingualen Unterricht an Schulen sich die Berufschancen der Lerner erheblich verbessern (vgl. Baur 2005).
Developing linguistic resources, in particular grammars, is known to be a complex task in itself, because of (amongst others) redundancy and consistency issues. Furthermore some languages can reveal themselves hard to describe because of specific characteristics, e.g. the free word order in German. In this context, we present (i) a framework allowing to describe tree-based grammars, and (ii) an actual fragment of a core multicomponent tree-adjoining grammar with tree tuples (TT-MCTAG) for German developed using this framework. This framework combines a metagrammar compiler and a parser based on range concatenation grammar (RCG) to respectively check the consistency and the correction of the grammar. The German grammar being developed within this framework already deals with a wide range of scrambling and extraction phenomena.
Zur Etymologie von psyche gab es bislang eine erstaunlich einhellige und feste Meinung, aber keine fundierte Untersuchung. Die hier vorgelegte Untersuchung hat ergeben, dass psyche nicht die 'Atemseele' und auch etymologisch nicht auf das Atmen zurückzufuhren ist. Die etymologische Bedeutung von psyche ist vielmehr die 'Kälte', nämlich die Kälte des Leichnams, übertragen auf die Totenseele.
In unserem Beitrag möchten wir die Besonderheiten des systemhaften Aufbaus der funktional-semantischen Kategorien der Modalität und Aspektualität zeigen, und zwar anhand der Konstruktion können + Infinitiv im Deutschen und deren Äquivalente im Englischen. Unser Hauptanliegen ist es, die modalen Konstruktionen zu untersuchen, Unterschiede und Ähnlichkeiten in den beiden germanischen Sprachen zu systematisieren und Sprachmittel verschiedener Ebenen zu diskutieren, um festzustellen, wie diese Mittel bei der Formierung des Plans der Begrenztheit und Unbegrenztheit der Handlung und deren aktionalen Schattierungen funktionieren.
Die Sprachen der Städte
(2008)
Die frühen Sprachkarten, für die Georg Wenker Ende des 19. Jh. in über 40.000 Schulorten des deutschen Reiches schriftliche Übersetzungen in die Mundart gesammelt hatte, dokumentieren die Sonderstellung vieler Städte im sprachlichen Raum. Zum Beispiel zeigen Berlin und die nähere Umgebung sprachliche Formen, die sonst erst weiter südlich oder in der Schriftsprache gelten.
Based on the bilingualism and ethnolinguistic identity research, this study aims to observe the role identity and linguistic attitudes play in a minority mother language’s maintenance or shifting process in early bilingualism cases in a societal bilingualism situation. The analyzed context comprises native speakers of essentially bilingual communities that migrate to an urban center like Porto Alegre, where the opportunities for minority mother language use are drastically restrained by the monolingual Portuguese context. It’s asked how this language was maintained and what is the identity and linguistic attitude after the removal of the original context identified as more rural, isolated and ethnic and culturally different. The data collection derives from semi-structured interviews, recorded and subsequently transcribed. The data analysis suggests that the ‘geographic’ factor isn’t so relevant to the maintenance/shifting of a minority language than the speaker’s ‘micro-decisions’ to preserve the cultural and affectionate ties with their origin group, the family. Besides family group, community, school and government should be called to come together to construct new ways for the linguistic and cultural preservation of the bilingual community in Brazil. In that sense, this research intends to contribute to a wider understanding of the identity and linguistics attitudes’ role in the languages’ teaching and learning in general.
Seitdem die Junggrammatiker den Begriff des Lautgesetzes geprägt haben, sind deren fast ebenso viele aufgestellt wie in der Folge hinterfragt, widerlegt und vielleicht am Ende sogar doch wieder erfolgreich verteidigt worden. Jedes Lautgesetz wirkt in einem unterschiedlichen Zeitraum. Ist aus dem Zeitraum des Wirkens mehrerer zeitlich benachbarter oder gar einander zeitlich überlappender Lautgesetze ein ausreichend großes Textkorpus erhalten, so ist es ein Leichtes, die Reihenfolge des Wirkens der Gesetze zu ermitteln, oder, im günstigsten Fall, den Zeitraum ihres Wirkens sogar mit gewisser Präzision datieren zu können. Anders verhält es sich hingegen, wenn schriftliche Überlieferungen der untersuchten Sprache in der entscheidenden Epoche nur spärlich oder gar nicht vorliegen. Hier muss daher traditionell darauf zurückgegriffen werden, die Reihenfolge anhand der allein möglichen Entwicklung einzelner Wörter, auf die besonders viele der betreffenden Lautgesetze gewirkt haben, zu bestimmen. Diese Methode birgt jedoch die Gefahr menschlicher Fehler, insbesondere in Fällen, in denen eine klare Reihenfolge nur unter Betrachtung mehrerer Wörter zu ermitteln ist. Die Forscher vergangener Jahrzehnte und Jahrhunderte hatten hier allerdings keine andere Wahl. Mit den heute verfügbaren Computern eröffnen sich jedoch ungeahnte Möglichkeiten. Zuvor in Programmiersprache umgeschriebene Lautgesetze können in Sekundenschnelle auf immense Textkorpora angewandt werden. Um aber – ohne jegliche Zuhilfenahme außersprachlichen Wissens – die eine oder mehrere mögliche Reihenfolgen verschiedener Lautgesetze zu bestimmen, ist es nötig, sämtliche Möglichkeiten anhand eines Wortkorpus durchzuspielen und die jeweiligen Ergebnisse mit den tatsächlichen, vorliegenden Ergebnissen zu vergleichen. Dieser Versuch soll im Folgenden unternommen werden. Auf diese Weise könnten dann relative Chronologien von Lautgesetzen, die als längst etabliert gelten, noch einmal auf den Prüfstand gestellt und möglicherweise sogar noch präzisiert werden. Nach einer kurzen Begriffsgeschichte des Lautgesetzes soll zunächst auf sprachliche Problemstellungen eingegangen werden, die das Vorhaben erschweren, bevor die Auswahl zweier den Untersuchungszeitraum begrenzender Sprachstufen sowie eine Beschreibung des Datenmaterials – Wortkorpus und Lautgesetze – folgen. Nun soll das Computerprogramm, von den Anforderungen bis hin zur Umsetzung, erläutert werden. Anschließen soll sich hieran eine Darstellung der Erkenntnisse, die die Ergebnisse des Programms gewähren. Im Schlussteil sollen die offen gebliebenen und die neu entstandenen Fragen noch einmal zusammengefasst und Möglichkeiten zur hierauf basierenden weitergehenden Forschung erörtert werden.
The article analyzes the system of focus-sensitive particles and, to a lesser extent, clefts in Vietnamese. EVEN/ALSO/ONLY foci are discussed across syntactic categories, and Vietnamese is found to organize its system of focus-sensitive particles along three dimensions of classification: (i) EVEN vs. ALSO vs. ONLY; (ii) particles c-commanding foci vs. particles c-commanding backgrounds; (iii) adverbial focus-sensitive particles vs. particles c-commanding argument foci only. Towards the end of the paper, free-choice constructions and additional sentence-final particles conveying ONLY and ALSO semantics are briefly discussed. The peculiar Vietnamese system reflects core properties of the analogous empirical domain in Chinese, a known source of borrowings into Vietnamese over the millennia.
TT-MCTAG lets one abstract away from the relative order of co-complements in the final derived tree, which is more appropriate than classic TAG when dealing with flexible word order in German. In this paper, we present the analyses for sentential complements, i.e., wh-extraction, thatcomplementation and bridging, and we work out the crucial differences between these and respective accounts in XTAG (for English) and V-TAG (for German).
It has been established since Kanerva’s work that focus conditions phrasing – directly or indirectly – in several other Bantu languages, e.g. Chimwiini (Kisseberth 2007, Downing 2002, Kisseberth & Abasheikh 2004), Xhosa (Jokweni 1995, Zerbian 2004), Chitumbuka (Downing 2006, 2007), Zulu (Cheng & Downing 2006, Downing 2007), Bemba (Kula 2007), etc.
In this paper, I will argue that focus also conditions phrasing in Shingazidja, a Bantu language3 spoken on Grande Comore (or Ngazidja, the largest island of the Comoros).
Many works have been dedicated to the tonology of Shingazidja. The bases of the system were firstly identified by Tucker & Bryan (1970) and reanalyzed by Philippson (1988). Later, Cassimjee & Kisseberth (1989, 1992, 1993, 1998) provide a very convincing analysis of the whole system of the language, and my own research (Patin 2007a) shows a great correspondence with their results. However, little attention has been paid by these authors or others (Jouannet 1989, Rey 1990, Philippson 2005) to the phonology-pragmatics interface, especially on the relation between focus and phrasing. This paper thus proposes to explore this question. It will be claimed that focus, beside syntax, has an influence on phrasing in Shingazidja.
Much work on the interaction of prosody and focus assumes that, crosslinguistically, there is a necessary correlation between the position of main sentence stress (or accent) and focus, and that an intonational pitch change on the focused element is a primary correlate of focus. In this paper, I discuss primary data from three Bantu languages – Chichewa, Durban Zulu and Chitumbuka – and show that in all three languages phonological re-phrasing, not stress, is the main prosodic correlate of focus and that lengthening, not pitch movement, is the main prosodic correlate of phrasing. This result is of interest for the typology of intonation in illustrating languages where intonation has limited use and where, notably, intonation does not highlight focused information in the way we might expect from European stress languages.
Focus asymmetries in Bura
(2008)
This article presents the central aspects of the focus system of Bura (Chadic), which exhibits a number of asymmetries: Grammatical focus marking is obligatory only with focused subjects, where focus is marked by the particle án following the subject. Focused subjects remain in situ and the complement of án is a regular VP. With nonsubject foci, án appears in a cleft-structure between the fronted focus constituent and a relative clause. We present a semantically unified analysis of focus marking in Bura that treats the particle as a focusmarking copula in T that takes a property-denoting expression (the background) and an individual-denoting expression (the focus) as arguments. The article also investigates the realization of predicate and polarity focus, which are almost never marked. The upshot of the discussion is that Bura shares many characteristic traits of focus marking with other Chadic languages, but it crucially differs in exhibiting a structural difference in the marking of focus on subjects and non-subject constituents.
Rezension zu Igor Sosa Mayor, Routineformeln im Spanischen und im Deutschen. Eine pragmalinguistische kontrastive Analyse. Wien: Praesens Verlag, 2006. (451 S., ISBN 13:978-3-7069-0360-8)
Wenn wie im Falle des Instituts für Angewandte Linguistik und Translatologie der Universität Leipzig eine mehr als zehnjährige Germanistische Institutspartnerschaft mit gleich zwei russischen Partnern – den Übersetzer-Fakultäten der Linguistischen Universitäten Moskau und Pjatigorsk – nunmehr ihren Abschluss findet, so bietet es sich natürlich an zu fragen, was die GIP-Langzeitkooperation beiden Seiten an messbaren wissenschaftlichen, wissenschaftsmethodischen und curricularen Ergebnissen, an „Zuwächsen“ im Sinne der Nachwuchsförderung, des Austauschs von Dozenten und Studierenden gebracht hat. Die Bilanz – von uns dargelegt im Jubiläumsband 52 der Dokumente & Materialien des Deutschen Akademischen Austausch Dienstes – kann sich durchaus sehen lassen und rechtfertigt nicht nur die aufgewandten Mittel, sondern auch die kontinuierliche Arbeit, den nachhaltigen Einsatz und die vielfältigen Initiativen der zahlreichen Beteiligten auf beiden Seiten.
U radu se opisuje fonologija, morfologija i leksik govora Jurkova Sela u Žumberku, doseljeničkoga čakavskoga ikavsko-ekavskoga govora. Iako nema zamjenicu ča u samostalnoj upotrebi, govor čuva većinu temeljnih čakavskih crta. Ipak, stabilnost je sustava u nekim elementima narušena – što pokazuje supostojanje određenih dubleta u prozodiji i morfologiji. Leksik, uz ostalo, karakterizira prisutnost većeg broja germanizama, na žumberačkome prostoru očekivanih.
The paper presents an additional argument for a specific account of semantic binding: the flat-binding analysis. The argument is based on observations concerning sloppy interpretations in verb phrase ellipsis when the binder is not the subject of the elided VP. In one such case, it is important that one of the binders belong to the domain of the other. This case can be derived from the flat-binding analysis as is shown in the paper, while it is unclear how to account for it within other analyses of semantic binding.
In an earlier study (1983) I argued that unlike aorists and athematic presents, Indo-European perfects and thematic presents originally had a dative subject, as in German mir träumt ‘me dreams’ for ich träume ‘I dream’, e.g. Greek oida ‘I know’ < ‘it is known to me’, édomai ‘I will eat’ < ‘it is eatable to me’. On the basis of Oettinger’s epoch-making book (1979), I proposed that the Hittite hi-flexion originated from a merger of the perfect, where *-i was added to 3rd sg. *-e in order to supply a new present, with the thematic flexion of causatives and iteratives, where the final *-e of 3rd sg. *-eie was dropped before the loss of intervocalic *-i- (1983: 315).
The present article illustrates that the specific articulatory and aerodynamic requirements for voiced but not voiceless alveolar or dental stops can cause tongue tip retraction and tongue mid lowering and thus retroflexion of front coronals. This retroflexion is shown to have occurred diachronically in the three typologically unrelated languages Dhao (Malayo-Polynesian), Thulung (Sino-Tibetan), and Afar (East-Cushitic). In addition to the diachronic cases, we provide synchronic data for retroflexion from an articulatory study with four speakers of German, a language usually described as having alveolar stops. With these combined data we supply evidence that voiced retroflex stops (as the only retroflex segments in a language) did not necessarily emerge from implosives, as argued by Haudricourt (1950), Greenberg (1970), Bhat (1973), and Ohala (1983). Instead, we propose that the voiced front coronal plosive /d/ is generally articulated in a way that favours retroflexion, that is, with a smaller and more retracted place of articulation and a lower tongue and jaw position than /t/.
The present article illustrates that the specific articulatory and aerodynamic requirements for voiced but not voiceless alveolar or dental stops can cause tongue tip retraction and tongue mid lowering and thus retroflexion of front coronals. This retroflexion is shown to have occurred diachronically in the three typologically unrelated languages Dhao (Malayo-Polynesian), Thulung (Sino-Tibetan), and Afar (East-Cushitic). In addition to the diachronic cases, we provide synchronic data for retroflexion from an articulatory study with four speakers of German, a language usually described as having alveolar stops. With these combined data we supply evidence that voiced retroflex stops (as the only retroflex segments in a language) did not necessarily emerge from implosives, as argued by Haudricourt (1950), Greenberg (1970), Bhat (1973), and Ohala (1983). Instead, we propose that the voiced front coronal plosive /d/ is generally articulated in a way that favours retroflexion, that is, with a smaller and more retracted place of articulation and a lower tongue and jaw position than /t/.
How to compare treebanks
(2008)
Recent years have seen an increasing interest in developing standards for linguistic annotation, with a focus on the interoperability of the resources. This effort, however, requires a profound knowledge of the advantages and disadvantages of linguistic annotation schemes in order to avoid importing the flaws and weaknesses of existing encoding schemes into the new standards. This paper addresses the question how to compare syntactically annotated corpora and gain insights into the usefulness of specific design decisions. We present an exhaustive evaluation of two German treebanks with crucially different encoding schemes. We evaluate three different parsers trained on the two treebanks and compare results using EVALB, the Leaf-Ancestor metric, and a dependency-based evaluation. Furthermore, we present TePaCoC, a new testsuite for the evaluation of parsers on complex German grammatical constructions. The testsuite provides a well thought-out error classification, which enables us to compare parser output for parsers trained on treebanks with different encoding schemes and provides interesting insights into the impact of treebank annotation schemes on specific constructions like PP attachment or non-constituent coordination.
Razmatra se mogućnost hrvatskoga posvojnog pridjeva da bude antecedent relativnoj zamjenici, mogućnost koja se u slavenskim jezicima sve više gubi, odnosno mjesto posvojnoga pridjeva u toj funkciji zauzima genitiv. Potvrdama se pokazuje da ta mogućnost u pisanome hrvatskome (još) postoji. Provedena anketa s izvornim govornicima pokazuje ipak da takve konstrukcije kao prihvatljive ovjerava tek manji dio suvremenih govornika. Analiziraju se tipološki neobična svojstva relativnih rečenica s posvojnim pridjevom kao antecedentom, osobito to da se u njima posvojni pridjev vlada kao padežni oblik imenice, a ne njezin derivat. Ključne riječi: posvojni pridjev, antecedent, relativna rečenica, genitiv, slavenski jezici
U radu se analizira jezik opisan u Della Bellinoj gramatici u odnosu na jezik jednoga od književnih djela koja su mu bila uzorom – Suze sina razmetnoga Ivana Gundulića. Istraživanje je usmjereno na imeničke oblike u obama djelima. Sličnosti i razlike komentiraju se za svaku deklinaciju posebno, i to sustavno za svaki padež. Budući da su neke uvjetovane formom Della Bellina književnoga predloška, pritom se upozorava na stvarne i prividne razlike.
Implicated presuppositions
(2008)
J. Melvinger u radu o supstandardnome prijedložnom infinitivu (1982.) ne spominje mogućnost infinitivne kondenzacije posljedičnih ustrojstava, ni prijedložnog ni besprijedložnog infinitiva, iako donosi primjere u kojima je riječ o infinitivnoj prijedložnoj konstrukciji koja je priložna oznaka posljedice, a ne priložna oznaka načina, kako ona tvrdi: Kožnata jakna smiješna, a šal oko vrata škaklja za poludjeti. Tu mogućnost ne spominje ni u svojoj disertaciji (iako navodi primjere koje mi razumijevamo kao posljedične konstrukcije), a ne navodi je ni M. Ivić.
Welchen Bedingungen unterliegt menschliche Kommunikation? Welche sprachlichen Mittel verwendet ein Sprecher um sicherzustellen, dass sein Zuhörer tatsächlich das versteht, was er kommunizieren möchte? Wie also »verpacken« wir wichtige und weniger wichtige Informationen im alltäglichen Diskurs? Diesen und anderen Fragen geht der SFB 632 »Informationsstruktur«, ein gemeinsames Forschungsunternehmen von Linguisten verschiedener Teildisziplinen der Universität Potsdam und der Humboldt-Universität, nach.
Auf der Grundlage der bisherigen Forschungsergebnisse zu Transfer und Interferenz wird die Übertragung sprachlichen Wissens in die Interimsprache in eine Theorie des Zweitspracherwerbs integriert. Transfer wird dabei als interlinguale Ausprägung der Generalisierung verstanden, eine Sichtweise, die die Untersuchungsergebnisse zu Bedingungen und Ursachen des Transfers in einen Erklärungszusammenhang mit anderen Phänomenen des Zweitspracherwerbs stellt. Darüberhinaus ermöglicht es diese Interpretation, eine Verbindung zu kognitiven Leistungen des Lerners beim Erstspracherwerb sowie beim Lernen überhaupt herzustellen.
This dissertation is concerned with the phenomenon of intervention effects, observed in three different domains: wh-questions, alternative questions (AltQ) and Negative Polarity Item (NPI) licensing. I propose that these three domains share some common properties, namely, they all involve focus-sensitive licensing, and are thus sensitive to an intervening focus phrase. The overview of the dissertation is as follows. In chapter 2, I discuss the phenomenon of intervention effects in wh-questions, brought to light in the discussion of German in Beck (1996), and Korean in Beck and Kim (1997). The basic idea of their analysis is that quantifiers block LF wh-movement. I show that intervention effects are observed in many other languages, too, suggesting that the intervention effect has a universal character. I then point out some problems with the analysis proposed by Beck (1996) and Beck and Kim (1997). In chapter 3, I propose a new generalization of the wh-intervention effects, namely that the core set of interveners, which is crosslinguistically stable, consists of focus phrases (and not quantifiers in general). Furthermore, I argue that the wh-intervention effect is actually an instance of the more general intervention effect, the "Focus Intervention Effect", which says that in a focus-sensitive licensing construction, no independent focus phrase may intervene between the licensor Op and the licensee XP. The underlying idea is that the Q operator is a focus-sensitive operator and that wh-phrases in-situ are dependent (i.e., semantically deficient) focus elements, which must be associated with the Q operator in order to be interpreted. An intervening independent focus operator precisely blocks that association. I further propose that the domain of focus-sensitive licensing includes not only wh-licensing, but also AltQ-licensing and NPI-licensing. In chapter 4, I show that alternative questions are also subject to the focus intervention effect, just like wh-questions. I provide evidence that the intervention effect in wh-questions and in alternative questions should receive a parallel analysis, in terms of focus-sensitivity. In chapter 5, I discuss a third construction which is sensitive to the focus intervention effect: the licensing of Negative Polarity Items (NPIs). I show that focus consistently blocks NPI licensing, with data from German and Korean. I propose that NPIs are also semantically deficient focus elements, which need to be associated with a NEG operator. Finally, chapter 6 summarizes the intervention effects and suggests some topics for future research into the precise nature of the intervention effect.
Inuktitut wird in der kanadischen Arktis, im Territorium Nunavut und in Arctic Quebec, von ca. 30.000 Menschen gesprochen und steht in einem Varietätenkontinuum mit den benachbarten Sprachen der Familie „Eskimo-Aleut“, deren Verbreitungsgebiet sich von Ostgrönland bis zur Nordostspitze Asiens erstreckt. Inuktitut ist eine polysynthetische Sprache und zeichnet sich durch uneingeschränkte morphologische Produktivität und Komplexität aus. Die vorliegende grammatische Skizze richtet ihr Augenmerk vorrangig auf diese synthetischen Prozesse, die sich keineswegs auf lexikalische Produktivität im Sinne einer ‚Wortbildung’ beschränken, sondern weitestgehend grammatisch konfigurierende Prozesse umfassen. Ausführlich behandelt werden auch die Kapazitäten der extrem differenzierten Flexionsparadigmen, insbesondere der Verbalflexion, die vollständige Propositionen konstituiert und durch die allein ein kohärenter Diskurs gewährleistet wird.
After the very well-organized Leiden conference for which we must be grateful to Tijmen Pronk, it seems appropriate for me to review some of the papers, as I did after the previous conferences in Zagreb and Copenhagen. The aim of this review is merely to point out some of the differences of opinion which require further debate.
Jagić o Maretiću
(2008)
U radu se nastoje prikazati i kontekstualizirati Dujmušićevi jezikoslovni doprinosi očuvanju hrvatskoga standardnog jezika. Puristički se radovi, među kojima je najzanimljiviji i najopširniji “Antibarbarus hrvatskoga jezika”, klasificiraju prema Thomasovoj (1991) kategorizaciji purističke djelatnosti. Dujmušić je zanimljiv ne samo zbog izazovne, potpune anonimnosti, nego i zbog toga što je u vrijeme opozicije između vukovskoga i antivukovskoga purizma bio na onoj slabijoj, antivukovskoj strani. Znanstvena je recepcija Dujmušićeva rada potpuno izostala, što znači da njegove jezikoslovne prinose valja i prikazati i evaluirati.
Judging by appearances : a study of human-oriented metonymic developments in the domain of dress
(2008)
U radu se iznosi pokušaj razvrstavanja glagola s elementom se u valencijskome rječniku hrvatskih glagola. Kao predložak poslužila je obrada iste vrste glagola u češkome elektroničkom valencijskom rječniku VALLEX, kao i prototipno-kontekstualna analiza povratnih glagola Branimira Belaja. Glagoli se razvrstavaju na temelju gramatičkih i semantičkih kriterija.
Ključne riječi: valencija; valencijski rječnik; glagoli sa se; element se kao čestica i kao zamjenica
In dieser Arbeit wird der Interrelation zwischen kulturellen, kognitiven und kommunikativ-sprachlichen Phänomenen nachgegangen. Kulturelles prägt nicht nur das enzyklopädische Weltwissen, sondern beeinflusst auch die Sprache als System und den Sprachgebrauch. Kulturelles Wissen manifestiert sich in den Bedeutungen bestimmter Lexeme, in kulturgeprägten Weltwissensrepräsentationen, als Handlungsmusterwissen und Verhaltensstereotypkenntnis, sowie in Präferenzen für die Selektion, Anordnung und Kombination von sprachlichen Systemelementen lexikalischer wie morphosyntaktischer Art zu Textsortenexemplaren. Die der Übersetzungstätigkeit daraus erwachsenden Schwierigkeiten werden differenziert durchleuchtet.
U radu će biti riječi o imenicama koje označuju mjeru i koje se redovito pojavljuju u akuzativu iako bi sintaktički na tome mjestu trebao doći koji drugi oblik. Učestalom upotrebom u akuzativnome obliku te imenice gube svoje osnovno morfološko obilježje – promjenjivost, a time i svoju nedvojbenu pripadnost imenicama kao vrsti riječi i nameću pitanje kako ih obraditi u rječniku.
This paper addresses a set of issues related to language documentation that are not often explicitly dealt with in academic publications, yet are highly important for the development and success of this new discipline. These issues include embedding language documentation in the socio-political context not only at the community level but also at the national level, the ethical and technical challenges of digital language archives, and the importance of regional and international cooperation among documentation activities. These issues play a major role in the initiative to set up a network of regional language archives in three South American countries, which this paper reports on. Local archives for data on endangered languages have recently been set up in Iquitos (Peru), Buenos Aires (Argentina), and in various locations in Brazil. An important feature of these is that they provide fast and secure access to linguistic and cultural data for local researchers and the language communities. They also make data safer by allowing for regular update procedures within the network.
Leksičke funkcije kao pokazatelji značenjskih odnosa u kolokacijskim svezama hrvatskoga jezika
(2008)
U radu se na primjerima kolokacijskih sveza hrvatskoga jezika analiziraju leksičke funkcije koje je unutar svojega teorijskoga modela značenje – tekst razradio Igor Meljčuk. Na uzorku od desetak leksičkih funkcija koje predstavljaju opće značenjske modele primjenjive u svim jezicima opisuju se značenjski odnosi na osnovi kojih nastaju kolokacijske sveze, dakle, jezične jedinice koje po svojoj strukturi nadilaze razinu jedne riječi, tj. leksema.
Die Geschichte der Beziehungen zwischen Literaturwissenschaft und Linguistik im Rahmen der Germanistik in den letzten 50 Jahren ist durchaus wechselvoll: einer zunehmenden Abkühlung, ja Entfremdung auf der einen Seite steht auf der anderen das wachsende Interesse an gemeinsam fruchtbar zu beackernden Arbeitsfeldern gegenüber. Ein Streifzug durch die Jahrgänge der Siegener Zeitschrift für Literaturwissenschaft und Linguistik (LiLi) seit den frühen 70er Jahren gibt davon ebenso Zeugnis wie aktuelle Projekte kritischer Kooperation (Kasten/Neuland/Schönert 1997, Hoffmann/Kessler Hrsg. 2003) oder der Versuch einer wissenschaftsgeschichtlichen Aufarbeitung des Verhältnisses der beiden Fächer durch das Marbacher Literaturarchiv (Haß/König Hrsg. 2003). Im folgenden Beitrag wird ein kurzer Blick auf die diesbezügliche Situation in der Schweiz geworfen und ein konzeptueller Zugriff auf mögliche Berührungspunkte exemplarisch skizziert.
Linguistik, Poetik, Ästhetik
(2008)
The paper briefly summarizes the proposal made in 1965 that "Poetic Competence" is the basis for creating and evaluating poetry. That this competence lives on, but is different from linguistic competence is exemplified by a close look at the segmental and supra-segmental, morpho-syntactic, lexical, and conceptual structure of Hölderlin's poem "An Zimmern", revealing a surprisingly complex and balanced structure of the apparently simple four lines. The second part of the paper discusses the question whether judgments about poetry are to be studied as based on the relation between specific properties of poems and persons. Finally the problem is raised, whether literary art is based on a specific Poetic Competence, or instantiates a general aesthetic ability applied to linguistic objects. This is construed as a speculative, but still empirical question.
The problem of vocalization, or diacritization, is essential to many tasks in Arabic NLP. Arabic is generally written without the short vowels, which leads to one written form having several pronunciations with each pronunciation carrying its own meaning(s). In the experiments reported here, we define vocalization as a classification problem in which we decide for each character in the unvocalized word whether it is followed by a short vowel. We investigate the importance of different types of context. Our results show that the combination of using memory-based learning with only a word internal context leads to a word error rate of 6.64%. If a lexical context is added, the results deteriorate slowly.
Metaphorization and selected translation techniques : the case study of "National Geographic"
(2008)
Rad je nastao iz potrebe da se opiše dubrovački pučki govor 17. i 18. st. Pri morfološkoj je analizi važno uzeti u obzir da se opisuje jezično razdoblje i područje podudarno s početkom formiranja današnjega standardnog jezika. Analiza postaje svrhovitom usporedi li se s rezultatima jezičnih studija razdobljā koja su joj prethodila i slijedila, do današnjega vremena.
Several articulatory strategies are available during the production of /u/, all resulting in a similar acoustic output. /u/ has two main constrictions, at the velum and at the lips. A perturbation of either constriction can be compensated at the other one, e.g wider constriction at the velum by more lip protrusion, wider lip opening by more tongue retraction. This study investigates whether speakers use this relation under perturbation. Six speakers were provided with palatal prostheses which were worn for two weeks. Speakers were instructed to make a serious attempt to produce normal speech. Their speech was recorded via EMA and acoustics several times over the adaptation period. Formant values of /u/-productions were measured. Velar constriction width and lip protrusion were estimated. For four speakers a correlation between constriction width and lip protrusion was found. A negative correlation between lip protrusion and F1 or F2 could sometimes be observed, but no correlation occurred between constriction size and either of the formants. The results show that under perturbation speakers use motor equivalent strategies in order to adapt. The correlation between constriction size and lip protrusion is stronger than in studies investigating unperturbed speech. This could be because under perturbation speakers are inclined to try out several strategies in order to reach the acoustic target and the co-variability might thus be greater.
The claim of this paper is that embedded definites can, despite the appearances, be accounted for on the uniqueness approach. Far from being a surprise, we argue that the behavior of embedded definites is actually expected once two independent facts are taken into account: the ability of noun phrases to take scope, i.e., to be interpreted in a different place from their syntactic position, and the interaction of presuppositions and scope-taking elements. Specifically, we analyze embedded definites as a case of inverse linking (Gabbay and Moravscik, 1974; May, 1977): the embedded definite takes scope over the embedding one. The presupposition of the embedded definite is weakened as a result of the independently motivated process of intermediate accommodation (Kratzer, 1989; Berman, 1991). In our case, this process transfers the presupposition of the embedding definite into the restrictor of the embedded one.
Like other scope-taking processes, inverse linking is generally taken to be subject to locality constraints: if a syntactic island, such as a finite clause boundary, intervenes in the path of a scope-taking element, then the resulting reading is unavailable or degraded (Rodman, 1976). Since our account views embedded definites as cases of inverse linking, we predict that inserting an island into an embedded definite, all else being equal, should lead to a similar degradation. We report results from an online survey with 800 participants that confirm this prediction.
Die deutschen Präteritoprasentia sind, indem alte Perfektformen das heutige Präsens stellen, aus mehreren Griinden als hochgradig irregular zu betrachten; hinzu kommt ein bisher nicht geklärter Umlaut bei vier (von heute sieben) dieser Verben: müssen, dürfen, können und mögen. Bisherige Erklärungsversuche werden diesem Problem nicht gerecht: Zwar versuchen sie durchaus, den Umlaut im Präsens zu motivieren, doch vermögen sie es nicht, sein ausschließliches Vorkommen im Plural des Präsens zu erklären. Hier wird für die These argumentiert, dass es sich um einen (verbalen) Pluralumlaut handelt, der insbesondere auch im Nominalbereich gang und gäbe ist und dort zur gleichen Zeit einen massiven Ausbau (Morphologisierung) erfährt. Damit handelt es sich um einen sog. transkategorialen Marker.
Neobjavljeni autografi basna Đure Ferića (1739-1820) u odnosu prema dubrovačkoj pisanoj tradiciji
(2008)
U radu se prikazuju rezultati istraživanja neobjavljenih hrvatskih rukopisa dubrovačkoga latinista Đure Ferića, odnosno otkrića dvaju dosad nepoznatih autografa njegovih basna. Interpretacija rukopisa kao dijela dubrovačke literarne i jezičnopovijesne tradicije temeljni je cilj istraživanja, a polazište je usporedba grafijskih, pravopisnih i jezičnih osobitosti spomenutih autografa s leksikografskim i jezikoslovnim izvorima 17. i 18. stoljeća te jezikom kanonskoga pisca starije hrvatske književnosti Ivana Gundulića.
Ključne riječi: Đuro Ferić; autografi; dubrovačka pisana tradicija
Za svojega kratkoga boravka u Petrogradu 1912. I. Milcetic; opisao je bogatu Bercicevu zbirku glagoljickih rukopisa i tiskanih knjiga iz Ruske nacionalne knjižnice, ali nije stigao podrobno prouciti svaki sastavni dio Berciceve grade. U Milceticevu opisu kodeksa br. 1 (Klimantovicev zbornik, 1514.) spominje se prolog Muke, ali se ne upozorava da se u nastavku toga prologa nalazi ulomak iz srednjovjekovnoga prikazanja sa scenom Judine izdaje Isusa. Ta je scena u srednjem vijeku ponajviše uznemiravala puk jer se tada od svega najviše mrzila laž, izdaja i prijetvornost. U radu se opisuju i prvi put objavljuju ulomci nepoznate redakcije Muke Isuhrstove iz petrogradske Berciceve zbirke (sign. Bc 1), koji predstavljaju za sada najstariji zapisani prolog i scenu hrvatskoga srednjovjekovnoga prikazanja pasionske tematike. Stihovi ulomaka usporeduju se s mladom ciklickom Mukom Spasitelja našega iz glagoljickoga Zbornika prikazanja (1556.), s kojom se u korpusu hrvatskoga srednjovjekovnoga pjesništva ti ulomci najviše podudaraju.
Broj njemackih posudenica u hrvatskome jeziku je manji nego što bi se moglo ocekivati, s obzirom na to da je višestoljetna politicka i kulturna povezanost Hrvatske s habsburškom državom uvjetovala izravni dodir njemackoga i hrvatskoga jezika. Razlog je tome jezicna politika koja se svjesno odupirala snažnom utjecaju njemackoga jezika na hrvatski, dajuci u standardnome jeziku prednost hrvatskim rijecima. U supstandardnom jeziku se, medutim, održao veci broj njemackih posudenica, iako za te rijeci postoje hrvatski ekvivalenti. U ovome ce se radu preispitati odnos njemacke posudenice i njezine domace zamjene, tj. u kojoj mjeri je hrvatski ekvivalent uspješna zamjena njemackoj posudenici kao i to o cemu sve ovisi ta uspješnost.
This paper investigates the role of Hunsrückisch, a dialect spoken by German descendents in South Brazil, in regard to the performance of high school students in the proficiency exam Deutsches Sprachdiplom (DSD-I). The article will first discuss the concept of bilinguism and then analyzes the performance of bilingual students (Portuguese/German) from the Instituo de Educação Ivoti in DSD-I exams over the last 5 years.
Friedrich Schlegel's lasting contribution to linguistics is usually seen in the impact that his book "Über die Sprache und Weisheit der Indier" from 1808 left on comparative linguistics and on the study of Sanskrit. Schlegel was one of the first European scholars to have studied Sanskrit extensively and he made a number of translations of Sanskrit literature into German which make up one third of "Über die Sprache und Weisheit der Indier". Schlegel's book is widely regarded as a founding document both of comparative linguistics and of indology, a fact which is quite remarkable in light of the development of Schlegel's thought after this text. His interest in Indian studies ceased more or less directly with the publication of this work, while his thoughts on language became more and more suffused by transcendental philosophy.
Aramaic is not among the oldest Semitic languages in a strictly chronological sense, but among those languages which are still spoken today, it has the longest continuous written tradition. The existing written documents span a period of three millennia and thus enable us to study language history in a long-term perspective. It is very important, in this respect, that the latest stage of development of Aramaic, Neo-Aramaic, still exists in a multitude of spoken varieties which can be studied in vivo. We can thus describe the phonetics and phonology of the modern varieties with more precision than is possible for the older language stages, which in turn enables us to draw conclusions on diachronic sound change. Likewise, we can study morphology and syntax not only from recorded texts, but we also have recourse to native speakers in order to clarify doubtful points. Thus the latest stage of Aramaic casts a strong light back into the past. It is therefore most unfortunate that many Aramaicists and Syrologists show so little interest in this living heritage.
Alexopoulou (2008) argues that Greek provides new evidence for the concept of binding illusions that was hypothesized by Fox and Sauerland (1996). Of special interest from my perspective is Alexopoulou’s argument that binding illusions arise not only with existential and universal quantifiers, but also with negative and interrogative quantifiers. The purpose of this note is to speculate on how to account for these kinds of binding illusions semantically building on Alexopoulou’s argument. In the following I refer to Alexopoulou’s (2008) paper as BIRG (Binding Illusions and Resumption in Greek) and to Clitic Left-Dislocation as CLLD. BIRG’s argument is based on the generalization concerning CLLD in Greek. Generally, a left-dislocated noun phrase cannot bind a pronoun in its clause in Greek.
In this paper it is argued that several typologically unrelated languages share the tendency to avoid voiced sibilant affricates. This tendency is explained by appealing to the phonetic properties of the sounds, and in particular to their aerodynamic characteristics. On the basis of experimental evidence it is shown that conflicting air pressure requirements for maintaining voicing and frication are responsible for the avoidance of voiced affricates. In particular, the air pressure released from the stop phase of the affricate is too high to maintain voicing which in consequence leads to a devoicing of the frication part.