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The contribution of von Kempelen’s “Mechanism of Speech” to the ‘phonetic sciences‘ will be analyzed with respect to his theoretical reasoning on speech and speech production on the one hand and on the other in connection with his practical insights during his struggle in constructing a speaking machine. Whereas in his theoretical considerations von Kempelen’s view is focussed on the natural functioning of the speech organs – cf. his membraneous glottis model – in constructing his speaking machine he clearly orientates himself towards the auditory result – cf. the bag pipe model for the sound generator used for the speaking machine instead. Concerning vowel production his theoretical description remains questionable, but his practical insight that vowels and speech sounds in general are only perceived correctly in connection with their surrounding sounds – i.e. the discovery of coarticulation – is clearly a milestone in the development of the phonetic sciences: He therefore dispenses with the Kratzenstein tubes, although they might have been based on more thorough acoustic modelling. Finally, von Kempelen’s model of speech production will be discussed in relation to the discussion of the acoustic nature of vowels afterwards [Willis and Wheatstone as well as von Helmholtz and Hermann in the 19th century and Stumpf, Chiba & Kajiyama as well as Fant and Ungeheuer in the 20th century].
A model is proposed that interprets a variety of connected speech processes as resulting from prosodic modulations at different tiers of functional speech motor control along the hypo-hyper dimension [10]. The general background of the model is given by the trichotomy of A-, B- and C-prosodic phenomena [15] that together constitute the acoustic makeup of any speech utterance (with regard to their respective time domains at the uttarance/phrase level, the syllabic level and the segmental level).
The contribution of von Kempelen's "Mechanism of Speech" to the 'phonetic sciences' will be analyzed with respect to his theoretical reasoning on speech and speech production on the one hand and on the other in connection with his practical insights during his struggle in constructing a speaking machine. Whereas in his theoretical considerations von Kempelen's view is focussed on the natural functioning of the speech organs – cf. his membraneous glottis model – in constructing his speaking machine he clearly orientates himself towards the auditory result – cf. the bag pipe model for the sound generator used for the speaking machine instead. Concerning vowel production his theoretical description remains questionable, but his practical insight that vowels and speech sounds in general are only perceived correctly in connection with their surrounding sounds – i.e. the discovery of coarticulation – is clearly a milestone in the development of the phonetic sciences: He therefore dispenses with the Kratzenstein tubes, although they might have been based on more thorough acoustic modelling.
Finally, von Kempelen's model of speech production will be discussed in relation to the discussion of the acoustic nature of vowels afterwards [Willis and Wheatstone as well as von Helmholtz and Hermann in the 19th century and Stumpf, Chiba & Kajiyama as well as Fant and Ungeheuer in the 20th century].
Bilabial stops undergoing Surface Palatalization (SP) were analyzed in an EMMA/EPG study. Articulatorily, the point of maximal palatal contact and the labial opening movement were analyzed. The acoustic analysis pertained to stop related timing and the point of the highest F2-value. Results show (i) that SP yields a higher F2 at vowel onset and a lengthened opening gesture and (ii) that morphemeinduced palatalizations are distinguished from word initial ones and sandhi-palatalizations articulatorily and acoustically by a shorter delay of palatal target position with respect to stop production; (iii) no differences are found between ‘repalatalized’ and plain segments in case of sandhi palatalization.
Glottal marking of vowel-initial German words by glottalization and glottal stop insertion were investigated in dependence on speech rate, word type (content vs. function words), word accent, phrasal position and the following vowel. The analysed material consisted of speeches of Konrad Adenauer, Thomas Mann and Richard von Weizsäcker. The investigation shows that not only the left boundary of accented syllables (including phrasal stress boundary) and lexical words favour glottal stops/glottalization, but also that the segmental level appears to have a strong impact on these insertion processes. Specifically, the results show that low vowels in contrast to non-low ones favour glottal stops/glottalization even before non-accented syllables and functional words.
This paper argues that traces only range over individual semantic types and cannot be type shifted into higher types to circumvent this restriction. The evidence comes from movement targeting positions where DPs must denote properties and the behavior of definite descriptions in these positions. These constraints on possible traces demonstrate that syntactic operations impose active restrictions on permissible semantic types in natural language.
U ovome se radu uspoređuju sustavi vokalnih fonema suvremenih standardnih jezika: južnoslavenskoga hrvatskog i istočnoslavenskih (redoslijedom): ruskoga, ukrajinskoga i bjeloruskoga, pri čemu se za svaki daje odnos današnjih prema vokalnim fonemima staroslavenskoga jezika kao etalona. U vezi s pokazanim drugačijim odnosom vokala i suglasnika u hrvatskome, s jedne strane, i istočnoslavenskima, s druge, navode se grafemi vokalnih fonema u četirima grafijama i pokazuju, objašnjavaju te imenuju principi njihova pravopisanja.
Current analyses of specificity are unable to provide an explanatory account for why specific and nonspecific uses of indefinites are available. While Abusch (1994), Reinhart (1997), and Kratzer (1998) provide successful mechanisms for deriving specific readings, they do not provide a fundamental explanation for the availability of this mechanism. This is due to the fact that specific indefinites are treated as involving an interpretive component or procedure unique to themselves: storage (Abusch) or choice function (Reinhart and Kratzer), for example. It would be preferable if specific indefinites could be understood as deriving from the use of independently motivated meaning components and interpretive mechanisms.
Here I will pursue the idea, building on Portner & Yabushita (1998), that specificity has to do with the indefinite's interaction with a topical domain (note similarities with the proposals of Enç 1991, Cresti 1995, and Schwarzschild 2000). In this conception, specificity is a matter of degree: the narrower the topical domain, the more specific the indefinite. More precisely, sentences containing specific indefinites will be understood as involving ordinary existential quantification in combination with a topical domain function.
Schlenker (2010) recently provided data from English and French suggesting that, contrary to standard assumptions (McCawley, 1982; Potts, 2005; Arnold, 2007; AnderBois et al., 2011), non-restrictive relative clauses (NRCs) can take narrow scope under operators of the sentence within which they are embedded. This paper presents three experiments in German confirming this claim. The results show that embedded readings are available with NRCs in German and give first insights into the puzzle under which conditions these embedded readings do or do not show up.
This paper presents the results of two experiments in German testing the acceptability of (non-)restrictive relative clauses (NRCs/RRCs) with split antecedents (SpAs). According to Moltmann (1992), SpAs are only grammatical if their parts occur within the conjuncts of a coordinate structure and if they have identical grammatical functions. Non-conjoined SpAs that form the subject and the object of a transitive verb are predicted to be ungrammatical. Our study shows that the acceptability of such examples improves significantly if the predicate that relates the parts of the SpA is symmetric. Moreover, it suggests that NRCs and RRCs behave differently in these cases with respect to the SpA-construal. We can make sense of this observation if we follow Winter (2016) in assuming that transitive symmetric predicates have to be analyzed as unary collective predicates and thus provide a collective antecedent for the RC at the semantic (not the syntactic) level. As we will argue, this accounts for some of the disagreement we found in the literature and gives us new insights into both the semantics of symmetric predicates and the semantics of NRCs.
Dieser Beitrag setzt sich zum Ziel, die Kurzwörter zu klassifizieren und statistisch auszuwerten. Die Belege, die beim Lesen der deutschen Alltagspresse gewonnen wurden, verglich die Autorin mit anderen Belegen aus der deutschen Fachpresse und der tschechischen Presse. Statistisch gesehen, bilden die partiellen Kurzwörter, die auch als gebundene Kurzwörter bezeichnet werden, die meist benutzte Kategorie der Kurzwörter in der deutschen Presse. Das deutsche und das tschechische Sprachsystem unterscheiden sich voneinander in der Flexion, was die Variabilität in der Position der gekürzten Form im deutschen Sprachsystem ermöglicht.
Wh-questions in Malagasy
(2004)
Wh-questions in Malagasy consist of a clause-initial wh-phrase followed by an invariant particle and then the remainder of the clause. This paper considers the structural analysis of Malagasy wh-questions and argues for a biclausal cleft analysis in which the initial wh-phrase is a predicate and the remaining material is a headless relative in subject position. The paper is organized as follows: Section 2 introduces some basic facts about Malagasy clause structure and wh-questions. Section 3 lays out two competing structural analyses of wh-questions: the cleft analysis and a fronting analysis in which Malagasy wh-questions are derived by wh-movement. Section 4 introduces various evidence in favor of the pseudocleft analysis and against the fronting analysis. Section 5 concludes.
This paper follows a new perspective on speech errors within the framework of Articulatory Phonology, as proposed by Goldstein et al. (in prep.). On the basis of kinematic evidence, their work has demonstrated that speech errors are not restricted to categorical exchanges of position of segmental units, but rather gestures that compose segments can exhibit errors that vary from zero to maximal in magnitude.
Here we report results from two perceptual experiments which use stimuli selected on the basis of their articulatory properties only, covering a range of errorful gestural activations. The outcome of the perceptual experiments suggests that different segments show different degrees of vulnerability to (subsegmental) speech errors: While listeners detected errors reliably for some segments, for other segments the reaction to errorful and non-errorful tokens was not distinct. The data suggest that at least for some error types an asymmetric error distribution arises due to perception, while production itself is not asymmetric. However, for error types involving segments whose gestural compositions stand in a subset relationship to each other (as described below), asymmetries may indeed originate in production due to the overall dominance of a gestural intrusion bias observed in the production data of Goldstein et al. (in prep.).
Die hier vorgelegte empirische Untersuchung der Fokuspartikeln im Georgischen zeichnet sich u.a. durch die sprach¬immanente Tatsache aus, dass die Fokusstrukturen im Georgischen mit expliziten Partikeln markiert werden können. Die in dieser Arbeit untersuchten Fokuspartikelgruppen ( ġa, c und c+ḳi) sind entsprechend den semantischen Implikationen der Restriktion, Addition und der Skalierung gegliedert worden.
Trotz gewisser Unterschiede im Einzelnen ergab sich folgendes gemeinsames Modell für die Stellungseinschränkungen in Relation zum Prädikatsverb:
• Durch Fokuspartikeln fokussierte Wörter stehen im Georgischen in der Regel unmittelbar vor dem Prädikatsverb.
• Die Skopi der Fokuspartikeln (wenn die fokusmarkierten Worte grammatische Köpfe der NPs sind) stehen im Georgischen in der Regel vor dem Prädikatsverb.
• Die nächstmögliche optimale Interpretationsposition für fokusmarkierte Wörter ist in der Regel die unmittelbare Verbnachstellung.
• Die nächstmögliche optimale Interpretationsposition der
Fokusgruppe ist in der Regel die unmittelbare Verbnachstellung.
Aufgrund der herausgearbeiteten Stellungseinschränkungen entwerfe ich das pragmatische Modell der informationsgliedernden Verbfinalität als Basisabfolge im georgischen Satz.
U prilogu je riječ o raspoređivanju suznačnih riječi, i to zamjenica i priloga (upitnih i odnosnih), čestica i veznika, u rečenicama ili surečenicama. To su riječi koje služe za povezivanje surečenica u sastavu nezavisnosloženih i zavisnosloženih rečenica (konjunktori i subjunktori) ili za povezivanje rečenica na razini teksta (konektori), za izražavanje raznolikih modalnih značenja, za označavanje upitnosti, za isticanje, za poticanje, za nijekanje i sl. Takve se riječi dijele u dvije skupine s obzirom na to mogu li funkcionirati i kao članovi rečeničnoga ustrojstva (zamjeničke riječi) ili ne mogu (ostala vezna sredstva i čestice). Riječi iz ove druge skupine mogle bi se (bar sa sintaktičkoga stajališta) nazvati suznačnima u užem smislu. Osobita će se pozornost posvetiti raspoređivanju suznačnih riječi ili spojeva koji, čiji, i, ni, niti, a, ali, ili, što, samo što, da, zar, zar da, kao da. Bit će također riječi i o raspoređivanju suznačnih (zamjeničkih) riječi u situacijama u kojima te riječi dolaze u funkcijama koje međusobno kolidiraju, npr. u funkciji subjunktora i u funkciji nesročnoga atributa, npr. To su pravila primjena kojih zahtijeva punu koncentraciju. odnosno To su pravila kojih primjena zahtijeva punu koncentraciju.
Ziel dieser Arbeit ist eine möglichst ausführliche Bestandsaufnahme der ganzen "Bandbreite" (in später zu erläuterndem Sinne) kausativer Konstruktionen im Arabischen […]. Es versteht sich, daß die Darstellung eines solchen Gesamtspektrums auch die These und das Zugrundeliegen eines formalen wie inhaltlich funktionalen Gesamt- Z u s a m m e n h a n g s impliziert, ohne den sie ihren Sinn verlöre. Der formale Ordnungszusammenhang ist durch die variierende Komplexität der Ausdrucksmittel gegeben (hier bezogen auf den Ausdruck der kausativen Gesamtsituation) und in erster Annäherung aus dem Inhaltsverzeichnis der Arbeit ersichtlich; dies soll besagen: Die Präsentationsweise der verschiedenen Arten kausativer Konstruktionen richtet sich zunächst nach empirisch näherliegenden Entitäten, den grammatischen Strukturen. Funktionale Korrelate und Übergänge sollen im Zuge der Arbeit sukzessive eingeführt und erläutert werden. Zu den Übergangszonen gehören solche, die als kausationsintern zu betrachten sind (und verschiedene Ausprägungen von Kausation bzw. ihren konstitutiven Parametern betreffen […]) und solche, in denen marginal Kausativierung stattfindet, dementsprechend aber gleichzeitig "angrenzende" Funktionen in den Blick kommen […].
Kollektion im Arabischen
(1986)
Die Arbeit soll einen Einblick in die Problematik des Begriffs der Kollektivität im Arabischen vermitteln. Kollektivität soll hier nicht einfach als ein gegebenes lexikalisches Merkmal Verstanden werden, das eine bestimmte Teilklasse der Nomina zur Kategorie der Kollektiv-Nomina macht, Kap. 2), sondern es geht übergreifend um die sprachliche Technik KOLLEKTION, die variierende Verfahren der Vereinigung und Vereinzelung von Gegenständen umfaßt; dieser funktionale Rahmen soll in Kap. 3 erläutert werden. Das Ziel der Arbeit umfaßt zwei Teilaufgaben. Die erste besteht in einer Bestandsaufnahme dessen, was Autoren arabischer Grammatiken unter "kollektiv" verstanden haben bzw.. verstehen. Da dieses Verständnis sich vorwiegend in einer Vorstellung bestimmter Wörter als Kollektiva, die wiederum z.T. als verschiedenen Untergruppen zugehörig präsentiert werden, zeigt, sollen diese Gruppen als Ausgangspunkt (4.1.) einer weiteren Diskussion genommen werden. Die Eigenschaften, die diesen Gruppen zugeschrieben werden, d.h. das syntaktische Verhalten der jeweiligen Wörter, führen in den vorhandenen Grammatiken lediglich zu einer - uneinheitlichen Differenzierung. Jene sollen deshalb, das ist die zweite Teilaufgabe, systematisch ausgewertet und ihr formaler und funktionaler Zusammenhang herausgearbeitet werden (4.2. und 4.3.). In 4.4. schließlich soll die besondere Rolle der morphologischen Genusunterscheidung in der Technik KOLLEKTION kurz noch einmal gesondert beleuchtet werden.
Sprechen heißt, mit Sachverhalten zu operieren. Die Forschung an der Dimension PARTIZIPATION hat es unternommen, zu zeigen, was es heißt, Sachverhalte sprachlich zu erfassen, und welche Techniken unter dieser allgemeinen Funktion zu finden sind und zusammenspielen (cf. Seiler/Premper (eds.) 1991). Wer spricht, macht aber gewöhnlich mehr: Sachverhalte werden nicht nur erfaßt, sondern gleichzeitig auch in den Kontext einer kommunikativen Absicht gestellt; sie werden behauptet, vermutet, bezweifelt, in Frage gestellt, negiert, gefordert, herbeigewünscht und anderes mehr. Kommunikative Absichten sind ebenfalls konstitutiv fürs Sprechen; durch sie werden Sprechereignisse erst zu Sprechakten. Sprechsituationen sind aber auch nicht nur durch kommunikative Absichten gekennzeichnet, sondern sie finden natürlich in Zeit und Raum statt. Folglich bestehen zwischen Sprecher und besprochenen Sachverhalten nicht nur Einstellungs-, sondern auch zeitliche Beziehungen. Dieses Hineinstellen in einen kommunikativen Kontext wird von uns (von UNITYP) SITUIERUNG genannt, und die Tatsache, daß sich dieser Komplex von Operationen sprachlicher Mittel bedient, macht Situierung zu einer sprachlichen Dimension. Die vorliegende Arbeit stellt sich die Aufgabe, die beiden Dimensionen Partizipation und Situierung in ihrem Verhältnis zueinander zu beleuchten, und zwar schwerpunktmäßig aus theoretischer und wissenschaftshistorischer Sicht. Als begrifflich-terminologischer Anknüpfungspunkt soll dabei der Ausdruck Proposition dienen. Zunächst werden einige Aspekte dieses Begriffes in der philosophischen Logik aufgeführt (Kap. 1). Dann wird die Diskussion, teilweise in Analogie zum ersten Kapitel, im Bereich der Linguistik fortgeführt, wobei unter anderem Argumente aus den Bereichen Sprechakttheorie (2.2.), Transformationstheorie (2.3.), Substitutionstests (2.4.) und Generative Semantik (2.5.) ins Spiel kommen.
Thomas Mann’s Der Tod in Venedig (1912) owes much of its fame in English to a translation from 1928 by Helen Tracy Lowe-Porter. The novella however has in fact been translated many times – first by Burke (1924, with a revised edition following in 1970), and, after Lowe-Porter, by Luke (1988), Koelb (1994), Appelbaum (1995), Neugroschel (1998), Chase (1999), Heim (2004), Doege (2007) and Hansen & Hansen (2012). Most of these versions are neither known to readers nor discussed in academic literature. This paper, which comes as part of a larger study on linguistic creativity in Der Tod in Venedig, focuses on the use of neologisms by Mann and what happens to them in (re)translation. Relying on a digital corpus composed of the complete set of English retranslations and a corpus-based methodology, the paper argues that, despite the extended time period between the publications and different translation conditions, neologisms are treated uniformly by the translators. Mann’s coinages are nearly always obliterated through normalisation and, if preserved, demonstrate less creativity overall than in the ST, raising questions about the Retranslation Hypothesis (RH) which proposes that early TT versions tend to domesticate while later ones increasingly foreignise.
The article analyzes the accentuation of western South Slavic l-participles of verbal stems ending in an occlusive that are formed by adding the formant *-l- directly to the stem, e.g. *nes-lъ, Croatian nȅsao, Slovene nesel. Data from Slovene, Čakavian, Kajkavian and Štokavian dialects are compared and discussed against the background of late Proto-Slavic and early dialectal accentual and phonological changes. The operation of accentological changes such as Dybo’s law, Stang’s law and the rise of the neocircumflex, as well as the reduction of weak jers caused alternations in tone, vowel-length and position of the ictus. These alterations could be analogically eliminated or extended at different times and in different areas during the linguistic history of western South Slavic, thus causing the rise of some of the earliest isoglosses in the area in which western South Slavic is spoken.
U radu se raspravlja o etimologiji hrvatske riječi jaram i srodnih riječi u ostalim slavenskim jezicima. Prikazuje se da je ta riječ u baltoslavenskome bila množinski oblik imenice koja je dala hrvatsko rame. Raspravljaju se formalne teškoće te etimologije i analiziraju se brojne usporedne izvedenice u slavenskome.
Rani razvoj goranskih govora
(2010)
U radu se razmatra povijest hrvatskih govora u Gorskome kotaru, koji se obično smatraju kajkavskim govorima. Obrađuju se različite promjene u akcentuaciji, konsonantizmu i vokalizmu do približno 16. stoljeća. One se uspoređuju sa sličnim promjenama u susjednim kajkavskim, slovenskim, čakavskim i štokavskim dijalektima. Najstarije nam izoglose pokazuju da goranske govore ne možemo smatrati doseljenim izdaleka ili miješanim. Moramo ih smjestiti u Gorski kotar već prije otomanskih nadiranja u 15. i 16. stoljeću. Raspravlja se o tome da je Gorski kotar dijalektno područje kroz koje teče više izoglosa koje postaju razumljive kad smještamo ovo područje u perspektivu okolnih južnoslavenskih narječja.
Članak analizira akcenatski sustav valpovačkoga podravskog govora na temelju Klaićeva opisa govora Bizovca. Usporedba njegova opisa s opisima drugih dijalektologa vodi do zaključka da su razlike između postojećih opisa valpovačke akcentuacije znatne te da je Klaićev opis od svih opisa najdetaljniji i najpouzdaniji. Drugi dio članka opisuje akcenatsku karakteristiku koja dijeli valpovački govor od ostalih slavonskih govora: povlačenje naglaska s dočetnoga sloga prozodijske riječi na početni slog. Navode se neke tipološke paralele iz drugih hrvatskih govora, zatim ruskoga i litavskoga jezika. Potvrđena je teza, koju je zastupalo više jezikoslovaca, da je povlačenje naglaska posljedica utjecaja mađarskog jezika na valpovački govor.
U ovom članku razmatraju se dokazi koje posuđenice nude za vrste kontakata između Praslavena i njihovih germanskih susjeda, Gota i različitih zapadnogermanskih naroda. Germanske posuđenice u praslavenskome uglavnom pripadaju određenom skupu semantičkih polja. Posuđene riječi mogu se podijeliti u nekoliko semantičkih polja: vlast i vojska, tehnička terminologija, novac i trgovinska razmjena, mjesta za pohranu (bačve, kutije itd.), kršćanska terminologija i imanje. Tehničke riječi i kršćanske riječi vjerojatno su zapadnogermanskoga podrijetla, dok sve ostale semantičke kategorije sadrže i gotske i zapadnogermanske posuđenice.
Translation is a very broad, complex and multi-faceted phenomenon, encompassing much more factors than it seems at first glance. It is not just copying the words from the original work while changing the language, but it consists of a careful selection of appropriate phrases and expressions, combining them together in a skillful way while taking into consideration numerous aspects, one of them being the text type. The purpose of this article is, therefore, to present various text typologies and text types, specify their implications for translators and determine the role of the correct recognition of text type in producing a successful translation. This will be done on the assumption that a text type is one of the basic factors that allow the translator to recognise the function and purpose of the text as well as the author's intention. Thus, depending on the nature of these, the translator will inevitably resort to different techniques and strategies in order to successfully render the source text. Therefore, identifying the text type also helps the translator to select the appropriate translation strategy.
This paper aims to contribute to the rich discussion that has been developed in this journal throughout previous editions. Many authors have already written here about their considerations and praxis regarding bilingualism, bilingual contexts and bilingual education from different perspectives. Thus, this paper also brings to discussion aspects of the education in bilingual settings in Brazil, where people speak Portuguese and a variety of German basis called Hunsrückisch as their mother tongue. Moreover, this paper aims to be an account of results from different researches, which deal with the advantages of speaking dialect to learn standard German and the prejudices, learners coming from minority languages confront.
As linguist, we always have to deal with terms like First, Second and Foreign Languages, but many times we don’t notice, how peculiars they are and how specific and difficult are their definitions. In Brazil, we have peculiar situations of immigrant languages, which are spoken in some groups of people in some communities in their day-by-day. There is much controversy related to the denomination we give to these linguistic varieties, what concerns its status and its relationship with the other neighbor or concurrent varieties. In this paper, we intend to discuss theoretically the terms above, transporting the denomination and its application to the reality of some bilingual communities from Rio Grande do Sul, in which people speak minority languages of Germanic origins. On the basis of empirical tests, we aim to give here a profile of the socio linguistic situation of these minority varieties what concerns its speakers, the foreign language teachers (specially of the High-German) and the community in general.
Possession im Dakota
(1985)
Zweck dieser Arbeit ist die Darstellung der sprachlichen Mittel, derer sich das Dakota zum Ausdruck von Possessiv-Relationen bedient. Dem Hauptteil geht eine in die Thematik einführende Charakterisierung der untersuchten Sprache sowie eine Betrachtung des sprachtheoretischen Hintergrundes voraus. Eine systematisierende Zusammenfassung der relevanten Daten bildet den Abschluß der Arbeit. Mangels Belegstellen konnten allerdings nicht alle Fragen, die sich aus der Auseinandersetzung mit der Materie ergaben, restlos geklärt werden. Die Beispiele stammen großenteils aus Mythen; sofern sie nicht mit Quellenangaben versehen sind, sind sie von der Verfasserin konstruiert.
Der Begriff "Subjekt" ist etwa so alt wie die ersten europäischen Ansätze zur Sprachbeschreibung. [...] Mit zunehmender Erforschung außereuropäischer Sprachen in neuerer zeit verbreitete sich jedoch die Einsicht, daß verschiedene der von den traditionellen europäischen Grammatiken vergebenen Kategorien nicht für jede Sprache deskriptiv adäquat waren und deshalb aus dem Bereich der Sprachuniversalien im Sinne der für jede Sprache gültigen Kategorien zu eliminieren seien. Das "Subjekt" aber behauptete noch sehr lange Zeit seinen Platz unter den allgemeingültigen Kategorien der Sprachbeschreibung. Erst genauere Studien beispielsweise der Ergativsprachen, denen das "Subjekt" als deskriptive Kategorie nicht mehr gerecht zu werden schien, ließen Zweifel an der Universalität des "Subjekts" aufkommen [...]. Seit Mitte des vergangenen Jahrzehnts wurde das "Subjekt" zu einem der meistdiskutierten Themen der Linguistik, was in der Herausbildung der vier gängigen Subjektstheorien resultierte, die ab Kap. 3 im Detail behandelt werden sollen. [...]
Als Prüfstein der Anwendbarkeit der [...] Theorien und zum Versuch der generellen Beantwortung der Frage nach der Universalität des "Subjekts" wurde eine sowohl in genetischer wie auch in struktureller Hinsicht nicht-indogermanische Sprache gewählt, das Ayacucho-Quechua (AQ). Die strukturelle Divergenz des AQ vom "Standard Average European" eröffnet möglicherweise auch bezüglich der Suche nach einem universalen "Subjekt" neue Perspektiven.
As part of a major project on the syntactic organisation of written discourse in the recent history of the English language, this paper tackles the distribution of sentences comprising left-dislocated constituents in a corpus of texts from late Middle English onwards. Once the phenomenon of left dislocation has been properly defined, this investigation will concentrate on the analysis of the corpus in the following directions: (i) statistical evolution of left dislocation in the recent history of the English language; (ii) the influence of orality and genre on left dislocation; (iii) information conveyed by the left-dislocated material, that is, the discourse-based referentiality potential of the left-dislocated constituents in terms of recoverability, and its association with end-focus; and (iv) grammatical complexity of the left-dislocated material and its association with end-weight.
Kant, Piaget et Unityp
(1988)
Le livre de H. Seiler, "Apprehension. Language, Object and Order", présente un grand intérêt même pour und épistémologue ne disposant pas d'une formation de linguíste. A cela il y a au moins deux raísons: en premier lieu "Apprehension. Language, Object and Order" étudie la notion d'objet introduisant la DIMENSION de l'APPREHENSION et, en deuxième lieu, à travers l'étude des langues elle vise une universalité fonctionelle de l'activité cognitive. La notion d'objet est traditionellement importante pour toute recherche épistémologique et ces dernières années elle a été définitivement liée aux recherches sémantiques (Tugendhat 1976: 48). "Apprehension. Language, Object, and order" englobe cet aspect; en effet, le terme de APPREHENSION indique l'activité de saisie notionelle de l'objet telle qu'elle apparaît dans les langues. La structure des langues, mise en évidence dans cette DIMENSION de l'APPREHENSION, est considerée comme la manifestation (REPRAESENTATIO) d'un concept, le REPRAESENTANDUM. Dans notre cas, il s'agit du concept d'objet, dont la richesse esst détectable par la complexité de la REPRAESENTATIO línguistique, qui en met en évidence la nature fonctionelle. Mais sa nature polymorphe, apparaissant dans les TECHNIQUES de la DIMENSION, fait que la saisie due réel mise en oeuvre par ce concept ne pourra pas se reduire à une simple perception de l'objet. En developpant les recherches de "Apprehension. Language, Object and Order", on purra dépasser non seulement les conceptions de la sémantique fondées sur la notion d'adéquation (ou de satisfaction), mais aussi celle qui se réclament d'un 'jeu de vérification' (Tugendhat 1976: 265). Ces conceptions, loin de se vider de leur sens, seront intégrées dans un cadre plus général. En effet, la nature même de l'objet dépend, dans sa définition et dans sa saisie, de cette activité. Le dépassement de la notion d'adéquation amène à une reformulation de l'ontologie, que l'ensemble de "Apprehension. Language, Object and Order" suggère. Il faudra introduire, à mon avis, une conception constructiviste.
Embora a linguagem oral seja fundamental em nossas vidas, pois é por intermédio dela que expressamos nossos sentimentos, pensamentos, desejos, experiências e construímos conhecimento, pouco se fala sobre ela na educação infantil. Nesse sentido, amparados na teoria dos gêneros textuais, na perspectiva do interacionismo sociodiscursivo (ISD) (BRONCKART 2012; SCHNEUWLY/ DOLZ 2013), elaboramos uma sequência didática (SD) com base em dois contos de animais. Por meio dessa proposta intervencionista buscamos aprimorar a ordem do ensino e aprendizagem em um contexto escolar composto por crianças de faixa etária entre 03 e 04 anos de idade, os quais estão inseridos na rede particular de ensino. Para este artigo intentamos descrever e avaliar as configurações da SD elaborada, bem como analisar a presença de capacidades de linguagem. Além disso, apresentaremos resultados parciais das produções orais dos alunos. Ao analisarmos a SD, verificamos a predominância das capacidades de significação (15%) e das capacidades linguístico-discursivas (12,5%). Além disso, constatamos que a SD provê atividades para as produções orais das crianças, tendo em vista que os dois contos escolhidos e as atividades os envolvem emocionalmente, psicologicamente, bem como cognitivamente. Além de recontar a história, os alunos passaram a utilizar o vocabulário e até determinadas expressões em seu cotidiano
In this paper I put forward and justify a syntactic configuration that I call Complex Small Clause-structure. I show that this single syntactic structure can explain both the semantic value and the syntactic behavior of a range of constructions that up to now have been explored separately and, hence, proposed divergent analyses among them.
Trubetzkoy's recognition of a delimitative function of phonology, serving to signal boundaries between morphological units, is expressed in terms of alignment constraints in Optimality Theory, where the relevant constraints require specific morphological boundaries to coincide with phonological structure (Trubetzkoy 1936, 1939, McCarthy & Prince 1993). The approach pursued in the present article is to investigate the distribution of phonological boundary signals to gain insight into the criteria underlying morphological analysis. The evidence from English and Swedish suggests that necessary and sufficient conditions for word-internal morphological analysis concern the recognizability of head constituents, which include the rightmost members of compounds and head affixes. The claim is that the stability of word-internal boundary effects in historical perspective cannot in general be sufficiently explained in terms of memorization and imitation of phonological word form. Rather, these effects indicate a morphological parsing mechanism based on the recognition of word-internal head constituents. Head affixes can be shown to contrast systematically with modifying affixes with respect to syntactic function, semantic content, and prosodic properties. That is, head affixes, which cannot be omitted, often lack inherent meaning and have relatively unmarked boundaries, which can be obscured entirely under specific phonological conditions. By contrast, modifying affixes, which can be omitted, consistently have inherent meaning and have stronger boundaries, which resist prosodic fusion in all phonological contexts. While these correlations are hardly specific to English and Swedish it remains to be investigated to which extent they hold cross-linguistically. The observation that some of the constituents identified on the basis of prosodic evidence lack inherent meaning raises the issue of compositionality. I will argue that certain systematic aspects of word meaning cannot be captured with reference to the syntagmatic level, but require reference to the paradigmatic level instead. The assumption is then that there are two dimensions of morphological analysis: syntagmatic analysis, which centers on the criteria for decomposing words in terms of labelled constituents, and paradigmatic analysis, which centers on the criteria for establishing relations among (whole) words in the mental lexicon. While meaning is intrinsically connected with paradigmatic analysis (e.g. base relations, oppositeness) it is not essential to syntagmatic analysis.
Identity effects in phonology are deviations from regular phonological form (i.e. canonical patterns) which are due to the relatedness between words. More specifically, identity effects are those deviations which have the function to enhance similarity in the surface phonological form of morphologically related words. In rule-based generative phonology the effects in question are described by means of the cycle. For example, the stress on the second syllable in cond[ɛ]nsation as opposed to the stresslessness of the second syllable in comp[ǝ]nsation is described by applying the stress rules initially to the sterns thereby yielding condénse and cómpensàte. Subsequently the stress rules are reapplied to the affixed words with the initial stress assignment (i.e. stress on the second syllable in condense, but not in compensate) leaving its mark in the output form (cf. Chomsky and Halle 1968). A second example are words like lie[p]los 'unloving' in German, which shows the effects of neutralization in coda position (i.e. only voiceless obstruents may occur in coda position) even though the obstruent should 'regularly' be syllabified in head position (i.e. bl is a wellformed syllable head in German). Here the stern is syllabified on an initial cycle, obstruent devoicing applies (i.e. lie[p]) and this structure is left intact when affixation applies (i.e. lie[p ]Ios ) (cf. Hall 1992). As a result the stern of lie[p]los is identical to the base lie[p].
Evaluating phonological status : significance of paradigm uniformity vs. prosodic group effects
(2007)
A central concern of linguistic phonetics is to define criteria for determining the phonological status of sounds or sound properties observed in phonetic surface form. Based on acoustic measurements we show that the occurrence of syllabic sonorants vs. schwa-sonorant sequences in German is determined exclusively by segmental and prosodic structure, with no paradigm uniformity effects. We argue that these findings are consistent with a uniform representation of syllabic sonorants as schwa sonorant sequences in the lexicon. The stability of schwa in CVC-suffixes (e.g. the German diminutive suffix -chen), as opposed to its phonetic absence in a segmentally comparable underived context, is argued to be conditioned by the prosodic organisation of such suffixes external to the phonological word of the stem.
Immigration in Iceland has a short history and so does the Icelandic language as an L2. This paper gives a brief introductory overview of this history and of some characteristics of the Icelandic language that constitute a challenge for L2 learners but also make it an interesting testing ground for cross-linguistic comparisons of L1 and L2 language acquisition. It then describes the adaptation process of the Multilingual Assessment Instrument for Narratives (LITMUS-MAIN) to Icelandic. The Icelandic MAIN is expected to fill a gap in available assessment tools for multilingual Icelandic speaking children.
Rezension zu Leksikon marketinga. Jozo Previšić (Hrsg.). Zagreb: Ekonomski fakultet, 2010.
Aufgrund soziokultureller Unterschiede im Bereich der Rechtsordnungen und demnach auch in den Terminologien kommen beim juristischen Übersetzen etliche Divergenzen zum Vorschein. Im Falle der Null- oder partiellen Äquivalenz zwischen den Termini der Ausgangs- und Zielsprache (AS und ZS) drohen nicht nur Missverständnisse zwischen den Parteien, sondern auch fatale Folgen. Um dem vorzubeugen, muss der Übersetzer als Kenner der Rechtsbegriffe und ihrer Rolle in den Rechtssystemen als Mediator nicht nur interlinguale, sondern v.a. interkulturelle Konflikte in Bezug auf das (Miss)Verstehen lösen. Die theoretischen Ansätze werden durch Erfahrungen aus einer weitläufigen Enquete unter sowohl Auftraggebern als auch unter beeidigten Übersetzern ergänzt
U ovome se radu nastoji prikazati položaj nekih promjenljivih i nepromjenljivih nenaglasnica u kajkavskome književnom jeziku i u suvremenim kajkavskim govorima u odnosu na kajkavsku gramatičku normu. Istraživanje nenaglašenih rečeničnih sastavnica u kajkavskome narječju temelji se na rezultatima ankete provedene u svibnju i lipnju 2012. godine na Učiteljskome fakultetu u Zagrebu, Odsjeku u Čakovcu te, prema dijalektološkim kriterijima, na odabranim starijim ispitanicima.
O conceito de Witz, como aparece nos fragmentos de Friedrich Schlegel, publicados entre 1798 e 1800, está ligado ao entendimento estético e foi recuperado por Walter Benjamin em O conceito de crítica de arte no romantismo alemão. O Witz faz parte da "terminologia filosófica" romântica, é um instante na reflexão crítica sobre uma obra de arte onde se dá o conhecimento súbito. O Witz opera na obra uma iluminação de diferentes níveis: semanticamente, aparece na obra como as figuras de estilo da subitaneidade, ou como parabase, a ruptura que autoexplica a obra. Witz, etimologicamente, seria uma corruptela de wissen (saber), e representado pela metáfora da luz. O termo original Witz mantém uma relação sonora com Blitz (relâmpago), é o saber que emerge à consciência subitamente, como um relâmpago, uma iluminação súbita da cena. Witz/Bliz constituem-se em um par conceitual, ou seja, a sonoridade dos termos permite um permuta visual e fonética que vem ao encontro das possibilidades semânticas, compondo um par de opostos.
Même dans le domaine de la typologie il est nécessaire de s'interroger sur le type de suppositions et sur le status des operations que l'on conduit pour en comprendre 1a valeur epistemologique, pour – en employant les mots de Ferdinand de Saussure – "montrer au linguistique ce qu'il fait". Car il est hors de doute que – pour le dire encore avec le maître genevois – dans une discipline qui s'occupe d'un phénomène humain si comp1exe et historiquement variable tel que le langage, "c'est le point de vue qui crée l'objet". L'objet d'une analyse n'est pas une chose qui 'va de soi'; il suffit de penser aux changements au cours du developpement de la linguistique du concept même de 'langue', tout comme celui de 'matière' en physique, au fur et à mesure que les connaissances ont avancé. Or, il y a dans les théories linguistiques les plus recentes et aussi à la page des suppositions qui sont suggérées, voire conditionnées, par le cadre theorique choisi, mais dont la réalité empirique reste à vérifier ou, ce qui revient au même, a falsifier.
The present article analyzes the development of the system of spatial prepositions in the acquisition of German as a foreign language by Brazilian learners. The study is based on a corpus of written language data produced by students in the undergraduate course in Letras, collected from 1996 to 1998. The theoretical bases of the study are theories of second language acquisition, cognitive processing of space, and the linguistic encoding of spatial relations through prepositions. The main section of the analysis begins with the quantitative evaluation of the occurrences of spatial prepositions found in the data. Subsequently, each preposition found in the corpus is individually discussed in relation to its correct and incorrect uses. The main results are a steady increase in the number of spatial prepositions used by the subjects from the first year to the fourth year of the course, an increase in the variation of the use of these prepositions, and a constant reduction of the percentage of incorrect uses. In the first phase, acquisition can be seen in the increasing specificity of the semantic oppositions involved in neutralizations, whereas in the second phase, a quantitative reduction of errors can be found.
The aim of this article is to show how linguistic and literary studies can benefit from the joint analysis of linguistic structures in poetry. Firstly, the analysis of poetry has an important impact on linguistic theory as it leads our attention to specific structures and meanings that so far have not been considered. Secondly, a close linguistic analysis can reveal hitherto overlooked facets of meaning which have a great significance for the overall interpretation of a poem. We focus on Bare Root Infinitives (BRIs) in German. As they lack the features for tense, mood, person and number, they are more flexible in meaning than finite forms. When looking at poetry, besides the well-known deontic and bouletic meanings (cf. Reis 1995, 2003; Gärtner 2014) a third meaning that we call reactive meaning stands out. Remarkably, this reactive meaning can also be found in everyday language. Its specific semantic properties show that a semantic analysis of BRIs in the style of Kaufmann (2012) is adequate: modality, but not non-referentiality, is a grammatically given semantic property of BRIs. The specific case study of the poem ‘muster fixieren’ (‘fixing patterns’) by Nico Bleutge reveals how the restricted context of the poem interacts with the different interpretations of BRIs, resulting in a complex interpretation of the text.
Elision of /h, ?/ in the Shirazi Dialect of Persian (SHDP) : an optimality theory based analysis
(2010)
Until recently, many researchers have shown interest in studying lenitions, which are examples of the most common universal types of phonological processes. Elision of laryngeals (glottal fricative /h/ and glottal stop /?/) is one of the most common phonological alternations exhibited in the Shirazi dialect of Persian (SHDP) which to the knowledge of the researchers, has not been studied to date. This paper seeks to provide a description of the facts about this common phonological alternation in the addressed regional dialect of Persian and points out some main differences between the behavior of these processes in SHDP and Standard Persian (SP). The analysis is cast in an Optimal Theoretic (OT) framework (McCarthy and Prince 1995, 2001), which holds that linguistic forms are the outcome of interaction among violable universal constraints. The present study shows that the addressed processes of consonant deletion in SHDP are restricted by syllabic position and are conditioned by coda position, intervocalic position or consonant clusters. They are usually blocked in the onset, but there are cases where reduction is allowed in the onset of the stressed syllable. Thus, the study adds SHDP to the list of languages which permit lenition in the onset of the stressed syllable. The addressed processes of elision are always blocked in word-initial position and laryngeal elision is always followed by Compensatory lengthening (CL), even after deletion from the onset of the stressed syllable.
Key words: lenition or weakening, laryngeal elision, phonological processes, Optimality Theory
Este trabalho se propõe a utilizar os princípios inerentes à Linguística de Corpus – listas de palavras, palavras-chave e linhas de concordância – com o intuito de fazer uma análise comparativa do texto Trauer und Melancholie, escrito por Freud em 1917, e suas cinco retraduções publicadas em português no Brasil. Devido à insatisfação em relação às traduções indiretas dos escritos freudianos, desde a década de 1990 têm surgido propostas de retraduções que visam recuperar nos textos em português a terminologia e o estilo que o pai da Psicanálise utilizou em alemão. A fim de verificar até que ponto as escolhas tradutórias estão diretamente ligadas ao texto-fonte, partimos de dados empíricos levantados por ferramentas computacionais. As análises quantitativas e qualitativas revelaram que as retraduções diretas foram influenciadas pelas anteriores – indiretas –, mostrando que outros fatores, além do texto de partida, afetam o texto traduzido, ainda que os tradutores não se deem conta disso.
Data on lingual movement, dorsopalatal contact and F2 frequency presented in previous papers of ours (Recasens, 2002; Recasens and Pallarès, 2001; Recasens, Pallarès and Fontdevila, 1997) suggest that the degree of articulatory constraint (DAC) model accounts to a large extent for the extent and direction of tongue dorsum coarticulation in VCV and CC sequences. A goal of this investigation is to verify the predictions of this model with respect to jaw V-to-V effects in VCV sequences using articulatory movement data collected with electromagnetic articulometry (EMA).
This study is an electropalatographic investigation of clusters composed of /n/ or /l/ followed by the (alveolo)palatal consonants /ʎ, ɲ/ or by dental /t/ in three Catalan dialects, i.e., Majorcan, Valencian and Eastern. Data show that articulatory blending through superposition occurs in the palatalizing environment except when C1 is highly constrained (e.g., dark /l/) or C2 is purely palatal and therefore, produced at a distant articulatory location from C1. Contrary to previous descriptions in the literature, data for /nt, lt/ reveal that blending through superposition rather than assimilation is at work. The implications of these data for theories of speech production are discussed.
Manual development of deep linguistic resources is time-consuming and costly and therefore often described as a bottleneck for traditional rule-based NLP. In my PhD thesis I present a treebank-based method for the automatic acquisition of LFG resources for German. The method automatically creates deep and rich linguistic presentations from labelled data (treebanks) and can be applied to large data sets. My research is based on and substantially extends previous work on automatically acquiring wide-coverage, deep, constraint-based grammatical resources from the English Penn-II treebank (Cahill et al.,2002; Burke et al., 2004; Cahill, 2004). Best results for English show a dependency f-score of 82.73% (Cahill et al., 2008) against the PARC 700 dependency bank, outperforming the best hand-crafted grammar of Kaplan et al. (2004). Preliminary work has been carried out to test the approach on languages other than English, providing proof of concept for the applicability of the method (Cahill et al., 2003; Cahill, 2004; Cahill et al., 2005). While first results have been promising, a number of important research questions have been raised. The original approach presented first in Cahill et al. (2002) is strongly tailored to English and the datastructures provided by the Penn-II treebank (Marcus et al., 1993). English is configurational and rather poor in inflectional forms. German, by contrast, features semi-free word order and a much richer morphology. Furthermore, treebanks for German differ considerably from the Penn-II treebank as regards data structures and encoding schemes underlying the grammar acquisition task. In my thesis I examine the impact of language-specific properties of German as well as linguistically motivated treebank design decisions on PCFG parsing and LFG grammar acquisition. I present experiments investigating the influence of treebank design on PCFG parsing and show which type of representations are useful for the PCFG and LFG grammar acquisition tasks. Furthermore, I present a novel approach to cross-treebank comparison, measuring the effect of controlled error insertion on treebank trees and parser output from different treebanks. I complement the cross-treebank comparison by providing a human evaluation using TePaCoC, a new testsuite for testing parser performance on complex grammatical constructions. Manual evaluation on TePaCoC data provides new insights on the impact of flat vs. hierarchical annotation schemes on data-driven parsing. I present treebank-based LFG acquisition methodologies for two German treebanks. An extensive evaluation along different dimensions complements the investigation and provides valuable insights for the future development of treebanks.
The paper focuses on business negotiation in settings in which participants from different mothertongue backgrounds choose French, English andfor German as one of their languages of communication. A general scheme of the action-pattem of buying and selling will be sketched out which allows us to analyze specific Courses of verbal actions according ta their communicative functions within the negotiation process. In particular, the discourse of business communication is to be specified as a decision making process on the part of the buyer which is executed in a step-by-step order, and which is Open to the application of a bundle of the seller's strategies, tactics, and communicative techniques. In international negotiations, effects of unobserved miscommunication are, among others, far-stretched communicative circles, prolongation of negotiation time, non-functional explanations and several other repetitive structures. 1. Languages of trade and commerce - languages of communication 2. Communication in a Buy-Sell-Context is patterned 2.1. Entering the Pattern 2.2. The Main Phase 2.3. The Bidding Phase 2.4. The Specifc Conditions 2.5. Negotiating the Contract 3. The Central Point 3.1. The Buyer's Decision-Making Process 3.2 Decision-Making and Role-Playing 3.3. Intercultural Difference of the Decision-Making Process 4. Bridging the Buyer's Gap of Knowledge 5. The Language of Trade and Commerce 6. The Needs of Further Research: Data References
This paper is about the semantics of wh-phrases. It is argued that wh-phrases should not be analyzed as indefinites as, for example, Karttunen (1977) and many others have done, but as functional expressions with an indefinite core -their function being to restrict possible focus/background structures in direct or congruent answers. This will be argued for on the basis of observations made with respect to the distribution of term answers in well-formed question/answer sequences. This claim having been established, it will be integrated in a categorial variant of Schwarzschild's (1999) information-theoretic approach to F-marking and accent placement, and – second – its consequences with respect to the focus/background structure of wh-questions will be outlined.
Anders als in den indogermanischen Sprachen kann im Ungarischen nicht nur das finite Verb Personalkennzeichen tragen, sondern auch der Infinitiv, bestimmte Partizipformen, Nomina, Pronomina und einige weitere Wortbildungen. Nach der mir zur Verfügung stehenden Literatur ist bisher nicht oder nur indirekt versucht worden, das Spektrum dieser, immer suffixalen Personalmarkierung in einer Zusammenschau zu erfassen und auf seine Funktion hin zu untersuchen. So findet sich in Grammatiken und Handbüchern des Ungarischen häufig nur die allgemeine Unterscheidung von verbalen und 'possessiven' Personalendungen – eine Sicht, die allein auf der formalen Seite dieser Suffixe beruht und terminologisch eine unzulässige Verkürzung darstellt. Wie TOMPA (1968:178) richtig vermerkt, müssen die nichtverbalen Personalzeichen unter Berücksichtigung ihrer spezifischen Funktion differenziert werden. [...] Diese Arbeit wird noch einen Schritt weitergehen und jede einzelne Kombinationsmöglichkeit einer bestimmten Stammkategorie mit Personalsuffixen getrennt behandeln, wobei kein Anspruch auf Vollständigkeit erhoben werden kann. Das Ziel der Arbeit ist ein zweifaches: Zum einen geht es um eine Bestandsaufnahme der wichtigsten Verwendungen der Personalendungen und der mit ihnen gebildeten Konstruktionen ("Verteilung der Personalaffixe"), zum anderen um eine funktionale und auch formale Analyse dieses affixalen Personalausdrucks ("Leistung der Personalaffixe"). Die Arbeit gliedert sich in drei Teile: Nach einer allgemeinen Einführung in einige morphologische und phonologische Charakteristika des Ungarischen (Kap. l) gibt der umfangreichste Teil der Arbeit einen Überblick über die Bildung und Verwendung personalsuffigierter Kategorien (Kap. 2). An diese Bestandsaufnahme schließt sich eine Analyse der Leistung (und auch der Form) des affixalen Personalausdrucks an (Kap. 3.) und ein kurzes Fazit der beobachteten Phänomene (Kap. 4).
Neste trabalho são abordados aspectos históricos e semânticos dos termos "doutor" (port.) – "Doktor" (alem.), que apresentam matizes bastante diferenciados nas duas culturas respectivas. Primeiramente é considerado o desenvolvimento do termo "doutor", desde suas origens latinas até o seu uso hodierno em português, em que o termo passa a ser utilizado também como forma respeitosa de tratamento. O uso dessa forma de tratamento para certas categorias profissionais no Brasil é, então, contrastado com a situação vigente na Alemanha, levando-se em conta a legislação e a jurisprudência em ambos os países. As particularidades do tratamento de doutor em cada uma das duas culturas, sobretudo na área do direito, são ilustradas com exemplos. Ao final, são tecidos breves comentários sobre a relevância teórica e prática do assunto para a tradução.
Der Beitrag, der an einen am 22.05.2017 an der Universidade Católica Portuguesa in Lissabon gehaltenen Vortrag anknüpft, setzt sich mit der Entstehung der Fremdsprachendidaktik und Fremdsprachenforschung in Deutschland aus der Philologie seit dem 19. Jahrhundert auseinander. In besonderem Maße wird dabei das Wechselspiel zwischen Unterrichtspraxis und Philologie einerseits sowie Philologie und Fremdsprachendidaktik/Fremdsprachenforschung andererseits fokussiert. Es wird aufgezeigt, wie im 19. Jahrhundert die Bedürfnisse einer zunehmend institutionalisierten Lehrerbildung zur Etablierung der Neuphilologie an den Universitäten führten, die freilich den Fremdsprachenunterricht nicht direkt in ihren Ausbildungsprogrammen berücksichtigte. Gleichzeitig entwickelte sich aber v.a. auf der Ebene der Schulen ein Diskurs, der als Fremdsprachendidaktik ante litteram bezeichnet werden kann. In der zweiten Hälfte des 20. Jahrhundert führt das zunehmende Interesse etwa einer Angewandten Linguistik an Fragestellungen des Fremdsprachenlernens schließlich über die aus heutiger Sicht als Etappe anzusehende Konstituierung der Sprachlehrforschung zur Ausdifferenzierung einer Fremdsprachendidaktik / Fremdsprachenforschung als eigenständiger wissenschaftlicher Teildisziplin. Dies soll am Beispiel der romanischen Sprachen aufgezeigt werden.
Předloţená studie se zaměřuje na verbalizaci emocí v textech psaných v rámci internetového fóra hungrig-online.de. V první ĉásti jsou představeny teoretické informace z oblasti jazykové komunikace emocí. Další ĉást se zabývá ukázkou textu s tematikou partnerských vztahŧ, které ĉasto souvisí s poruchami příjmu potravy. Na základě tohoto textu je vypracován široký rejstřík termínŧ pro emoce. Je zajímavé, které emoce a jak se objevují, a závěry, ke kterým lze dospět. Poté jsou analyzovány všechny příspěvky dalšího uţivatele fóra hungig-online.de, které se týkají tématu partnerských vztahŧ. Diachronní perspektiva nám umoţňuje vysledovat vývoj a uskuteĉněné změny v uţití emoĉního jazyka.
Lassen sich Gedanken sagen? : Mimesis der inneren Rede in Arthurs Schnitzlers "Lieutenant Gustl"
(2009)
Am Anfang des zwanzigsten Jahrhunderts entsteht ein Text, der die Frage nach der Sag- und Vernehmbarkeit von Gedanken scheinbar mühelos überspringt. Der Selbstbeobachter Arthur Schnitzler präsentiert uns die lückenlose, nur durch Schlaf unterbrochene Gedankenrede eines jungen Militärs zwischen Abend und Morgen. Damit befindet sich „Lieutenant Gustl“, erschienen am Weihnachtstag 1900 in der Wiener „Neuen Freien Presse“, im Fadenkreuz der Studier- und Konstruierbarkeit von ‚innerer Rede’. Im beinahe zeitungssprengenden Umfang von 24 halbseitigen Spalten auf 8 Seiten inszeniert Schnitzler das paradoxe Planspiel, wie es wäre, die Gedanken eines anderen unmittelbar und in situ vernehmen zu können. Es ist, dafür ist der Text in die Literaturgeschichte eingegangen, der erste konsequent durchgehaltene Innere Monolog in der deutschsprachigen Erzählliteratur.
It could be said that learner’s dictionaries are the most reliable expression of lexicography in terms of providing the necessary tools to help the learning process of a foreign language. This paper analyses three English learner’s dictionaries in order to establish its stylistic patterns as well as to compare them with four German learner’s dictionaries. Undoubtly, the lexicography of English learner’s dictionaries is a model. However, we argue that this model can not be transfered to German lexicography since each language has its own particularities which demand specific solutions.
In this paper I show that the different case marking possibilities on predicate adjectives in depictive secondary predicates in Russian constitute the uninterpretable counterpart of the interpretable tense and aspect features of the adjective. Case agreement entails that the predicate adjective is non-eventive, i.e., it occurs when the event time of the secondary predicate is identical to the event time of the primary predicate. The instrumental case, however, entails that the secondary predicate is eventive: some change of state or transition occurred prior to or during the event time of the primary predicate. I claim that case agreement occurs in conjoined tense phrases in Russian, while the instrumental case occurs in adjoined aspectual phrases. In English, secondary predication is sensitive both to the structural location of its antecedent and to the event structure of the primary predicate. I suggest that depictives with subject antecedents in English are true adjunction structures, while those with direct object antecedents occur in a conjoined aspectual phrase. This hypothesis finds support in the different movement and semantic constraints in conjunction versus adjunction phrases in both English and Russian.
In this paper we will explore the similarities and differences between two feature logic-based approaches to the composition of semantic representations. The first approach is formulated for Lexicalized Tree Adjoining Grammar (LTAG, Joshi and Schabes 1997), the second is Lexical Ressource Semantics (LRS, Richter and Sailer 2004) and was first defined in Head-driven Phrase Structure Grammar. The two frameworks have several common characteristics that make them easy to compare: 1 They use languages of two sorted type theory for semantic representations. 2. They allow underspecification. LTAG uses scope constraints while LRS provides component-of contraints. 3 They use feature logics for computing semantic representations. 4. they are designed for computational applications. By comparing the two frameworks we will also point outsome characteristics and advantages of feature logic-based semantic computation in genereal.
What do corpora reveal about ongoing grammaticalization and transitions between word class categories? Everything, something, or nothing? Using the example of the lexemes nicneříkající, nichtssagend, všeříkající and vielsagend the authors examine the syntactic distribution and semantics of participial adjectives. To what extent do the Czech and German equivalents differ? What (if any) effect does the orthography have (i.e. whether the expressions are written as compounds or as chains of separate words)? Is a new form accompanied by a new function? The text presents an analysis of monolingual corpora (SYN, DeReKo) and a parallel corpus (InterCorp).
This article deals with the Tashlhiyt dialect of Berber (henceforth TB) spoken in the southern part of Morocco. In TB, words may consist entirely of consonants without vowels and sometimes of only voiceless obstruents, e.g. tft#tstt "you rolled it (fem)". In this study we have carried out acoustic, video-endoscopic and phonological analyses to answer the following question: is schwa, which may function as syllabic, a segment at the level of phonetic representations in TB? Video-endoscopic films were made of one male native speaker of TB, producing a list of forms consisting entirely of voiceless obstruents. The same list was produced by 7 male native speakers of TB for the acoustic analysis. The phonological analysis is based on the behaviour of vowels with respect to the phonological rule of assibilation. This study shows the absence of schwa vowels in forms consisting of voiceless obstruents.
Über das Verhältnis von Germanistik und universitärem Spracherwerb geht es in dem Beitrag von Andrea Riedel von der Universität Lissabon. Ihre Überlegungen zielen auf eine Umstrukturierung des universitären DaF-Unterrichts, der so erneuert auch die Germanistik unterstützt und Literatur schon auf Anfängerniveau berücksichtigt.
Relative clauses in Haya
(2010)
This paper gives an overview of the morphology and syntax of Haya relative clause constructions. It extends previous work on this topic (Duranti, 1977) by incorporating data from a number of different dialects and by introducing new data on locative relative clauses. The dialects discussed in addition to the Kihanja data from Byarushengo et al. (1977) include Kiziba, Muleba and Bugabo dialects. Nyambo data taken from Rugemalira (2005) is also compared to Haya in places. The focus of the discussion is on the grammaticality of pronominal elements attached to the verb that refer back to the relativized entity with different types of relativized constituents in Haya. It is shown that there are differences between subjects, objects and locatives in terms of this kind of morphology inside the relative clause, as well as differences between these kinds of morphemes and resumptive pronouns.
This paper sketches the morphosyntactic and prosodic properties of questions in Fipa, discussing three varieties: Milanzi, Nkansi and Kwa. The general word order and morphological patterns relevant to question structures are outlined and different types of wh-question constructions are described and tentatively linked to the prosodic features of Fipa questions.
Tento ĉlánek se zabývá sémantikou německých ĉástic wohl a vielleicht a ĉeské ĉástice snad ve zvolacích větách. Uvádí se argumenty pro analýzu, podle které si v těchto typech vět – na rozdíl od jiných – zachovaly tyto ĉástice svoje pŧvodní "zesilující" významy, a proto by tento kontext měl být povaţován za autonomní. Dále ĉlánek podává vysvětlení pro toto sémantické/pragmatické chování.
This article provides a comprehensive overview of the contribution of linguistic research on Portuguese as a heritage language in Germany to the general understanding of heritage language development. From 1955 to 1973, nearly 166,000 Portuguese migrants found work in Germany as so-called ‘guest workers’ (Gastarbeiter). Because the aim of many Portuguese migrant families was to return to Portugal, their children met relatively good conditions for the acquisition of their heritage language. Nonetheless, second-generation heritage speakers (HSs) show some linguistic particularities in comparison to monolingual Portuguese speakers in Portugal. Based on the results of previous research, we show that the following factors shape the linguistic knowledge of this group of bilinguals: (1) Restricted exposure to the heritage language may cause a delay in the development of certain linguistic structures, (2) deviations from the standard norm may be related to the lack of formal education and the primacy of the colloquial register and (3) heritage bilinguals may accelerate ongoing diachronic development. We argue that apparent effects of influence from the environmental language can often have alternative explanations.
U radu se opisuju primjeri češće uporabe akuzativa bez prijedloga u suvremenim hrvatskim medijima i razgovornom jeziku. Primjeri se takve uporabe razvrstavaju u nekoliko skupina: 1. sintagme s nepunoznačnim glagolom i besprijedložnim akuzativom, 2. glagol + *imenska riječ (A) + imenska riječ (A) < glagol + od + imenska riječ (G) + imenska riječ (A), 3. neprijelazni glagol → prijelazni glagol. Među sintagmama s akuzativom promjene se primjećuju i u sljedećoj, 4. skupini: glagol + unutrašnji objekt → glagol + hiponimni objekt (rubni izravni objekt?). Pri opisu se potvrđuje da se akuzativ kao puni, središnji padež, kojim se predmet obuhvaća u potpunosti, nameće rubnosti ostalih perifernih padeža, pr. instrumentala (kod glagola kontaktirati). Pokazuje se da su, usprkos normi koja uz glagole traženja ne preporuča uporabu dvaju akuzativa bez prijedloga, nego jednoga besprijedložnoga akuzativa (ili dijelnoga genitiva) te drugoga genitiva s prijedlogom od, uz glagol tražiti u jeziku suvremenih medija česte potvrde dvaju besprijedložnih akuzativa.
The proper semantic treatment of the complements of Responsive Predicates (ResPs), those predicates which may embed either declarative or interrogative clauses, is a longstanding puzzle, given standard assumptions about complement selection. In order to avoid positing systematic polysemy for ResPs, typical treatments of ResP complements treat their arguments either as uniformly declarative-like (propositional) or interrogative-like (question).
I shed new light on this question with novel data from Estonian, in which there are verbs think-like meanings with declarative complements and wonder-like meanings with interrogative complements. I argue that these verbs’ meaning is fundamentally incompatible with a proposition-taking semantics for ResPs, and therefore a question-taking semantics is to be preferred.
The paper sketches out the framework of a transcultural model of language learning and teaching. In doing so it illuminates linguistic, psycholinguistic, hermeneutical und didactic aspects of the complex field of language learning rather than limiting itself to discussing mere methodological phenomena. The paper argues that the language learning and teaching profession can only advance by taking transcultural concepts of language acquisition, of linguistic systems, of language processing and of media use into account and by integrating them into a coherent system of language didactics.
The aim of this paper is to show what role prosodic constituents, especially the foot and the prosodic word play in Polish phonology. The focus is placed on their function in the representation of extrasyllabic consonants in word-initial, word-medial, and word-final positions.
The paper is organized as follows. In the first section, I show that the foot and the prosodic word are well-motivated prosodic constituents in Polish prosody. In the second part, I discuss consonant clusters in Polish focussing on segments that are not parsed into a syllable due to violations of the Sonority Sequencing Generalisation, i.e. extrasyllabic segments. Finally, I analyze possible representations of the extrasyllabic consonants and conclude that both the foot and the prosodic word play a crucial role in terms of licensing. My proposal differs from the ones by Rubach and Booij (1990b) and Rubach (1997) in that I argue that the word-initial sonorants traditionally called extrasyllabic are licenced by the foot and not by the prosodic word (cf. Rubach and Booij (1990b)) or the syllable (cf. Rubach (1997)). For my analysis I adopt the framework of Optimality Theory, cf. McCarthy and Prince (1993), Prince and Smolensky (1993), in which derivational levels are abandoned and only surface representations are evaluated by means of universal constraints.
This study examines intraoral pressure for English and German stops in bilabial and alveolar place of articulation. Our subjects are two speakers of American English and three speakers of German. VOICING is the main phonological contrast under evaluation in both word initial and word final position. For initial stops, a few of the pressure characteristics showed differences between English and German, but on the whole the results point to similar production strategies at both places of articulation in the two different languages. Analysis of the pressure trajectory differences between VOICING categories in initial position raises questions about articulatory differences. In the initial closing gesture, time from start of gesture to closure is roughly equivalent for both categories, but the pressure change is significantly smaller on average for VOICED stops. Final stops, however, present a more complicated picture. German final stops are neutralized to a presumed VOICELESS phonological state. English final /p/ is broadly similar to German /p/, but English /t/ often shows no pressure increase at all which is at odds with the conventional account of phonation termination via pressure increase and loss of pressure differential. The results raise the question of whether the German final stops should be considered VOICELESS or some intermediate form, at least as compared to English final stops.
This paper describes the experience of using the Norwegian and Russian versions of LITMUS-MAIN to elicit narrative data from bilingual Norwegian-Russian children as well as from Norwegian- and Russian-speaking monolinguals (Rodina 2017, 2018). The paper reports on the slight adaptations to the standardized design, procedure and analysis that were done to make the tasks more suitable for this specific population. It highlights the advantages, challenges, and potential associated with the task against a backdrop of the research conducted with Norwegian-Russian bilinguals in Norway.
El presente trabajo tiene como objetivos la adecuada caracterización de la temporalidad lingüística, el análisis de sufuncionamiento en el verbo español actual y la formulación de una hipótesis que pueda expltcar, desde una perspectiva única, la diversidad de usos caracterfstrca de las formas verbales. Me he ceñido para ello al estudio de los elementos comprendidos en lo que con frecuencia se ha llamado "verbo finito" con exclusión de las formas llegare y hubiere llegado, prácticamente desaparecidas en el español de nuestros días. Reconozco la arbitrariedad que supone considerar formas como he llegado, había llegado, etc., y eliminar los tipos voy a llegar, estoy llegando y otras muchas perífrasis que podrían figurar aquí con el mismo derecho que las "formas compuestas". Mi intención ha sido examinar las características que presenta la temporalidad en el sistema básico del verbo español. Esas formas deberán ser tenidas en cuenta en un estudio total, pero creo lícito prescindir de ellas dada la finalidad de este trabajo. Aunque con propósitos ligeramente distintos, me he referido a este mismo tema en el artículo "Acerca de la temporalidad en el verbo español" (publicado en el Boletín de la Real Academia Española, LIII, 197.3, pp. 351-.375). Algunos de los puntos de vista en él contenidos deberán ser modificados a partir de lo que aquí se mantiene.
This paper develops a framework for TAG (Tree Adjoining Grammar) semantics that brings together ideas from different recent approaches.Then, within this framework, an analysis of scope is proposed that accounts for the different scopal properties of quantifiers, adverbs, raising verbs and attitude verbs. Finally, including situation variables in the semantics, different situation binding possibilities are derived for different types of quantificational elements.
LTAG semantics for questions
(2004)
This papers presents a compositional semantic analysis of interrogatives clauses in LTAG (Lexicalized Tree Adjoining Grammar) that captures the scopal properties of wh- and nonwh-quantificational elements. It is shown that the present approach derives the correct semantics for examples claimed to be problematic for LTAG semantic approaches based on the derivation tree. The paper further provides an LTAG semantics for embedded interrogatives.
As language rhythm relies partly on general acoustic properties, such as intensity and duration, mastering two languages with distinct rhythmic properties (i.e., stress position) may enhance musical rhythm perception. We investigated whether second language (L2) competence affects musical rhythm aptitude in Turkish early (TELG) and late learners (TLLG) of German in comparison to German monolingual speakers (GMC). To account for inter-individual differences, we measured participants’ short-term and working memory capacity, melodic aptitude, and time they spent listening to music. Both L2 speaker groups perceived rhythmic variations significantly better than monolinguals. No differences were found between early and late learners’ performances. Our findings suggest that mastering two languages with different rhythmic properties enhances musical rhythm perception, providing further evidence of cognitive share between language and music.
Generics and typicality
(2018)
Cimpian et al. (2010) observed that we accept generic statements of the form 'Gs are f' on relatively weak evidence, but that if we are unfamiliar with group G and we learn a generic statement about it, we still interpret it in a much stronger way: (almost) all Gs are f .
This paper makes use of notions like 'representativeness' and 'contingency' from (associative learning) psychology to provide a semantics of generics that explains why people accept generics based on weak evidence. We make use of the Heuristics and Biases approach of Tversky and Kahneman (1974) and the Associative Theory of Probability Judgements to explain pragmatically why people interpret generic statements in a much stronger way. The spirit of the approach has much in common with Leslie's (2008) cognition-based ideas about generics, but the semantics is grounded on Cohen's (1999) relative readings of generic sentences. The basic intuition is that a generic of the form 'Gs are f' is true, not because most Gs are (or tend to have) f , but because f is typical for G, which means that f is valuably associated with G.
Este artigo aborda parte dos resultados de uma pesquisa mais abrangente que objetivou compreender (inter)relações que se estabelecem entre práticas de leitura e escrita em alemão e em português de crianças do Ensino Fundamental e o contexto de língua de herança em que estão inseridas. Quanto à dimensão teórica, o estudo filia-se à área da Linguística Aplicada em diálogo com a Educação em contextos interculturais. A pesquisa, de base qualitativo-interpretativista, teve como locus uma escola municipal, em zona rural do município de Blumenau, Santa Catarina. Quanto aos procedimentos metodológicos, foram utilizadas duas propostas de produção de narrativas escritas, uma em português e outra em alemão. Os resultados sugerem que (i) as crianças têm domínio restrito de uma estrutura narrativa e aplicam-na parcialmente nas produções em ambas as línguas; (ii) o vocabulário e as estruturas gramaticais são característicos das práticas linguageiras cotidianas; iii) os estudantes desconhecem ou não internalizaram regras ortográficas, especialmente da língua alemã. A partir dos resultados da pesquisa afirma-se a importância de se garantir, na educação formal, o aprendizado da língua de herança, ao lado do português, em contextos bi/multilíngues similares.
Rethinking the adjunct
(2000)
The purpose of the present paper is twofold: first, to show that, when defining the adjunct, it is necessary to distinguish in a strict modular way between the syntactic level and the lexico-semantic level. Thus, the adjunct is a syntactic category on a par with the specifier and the complement, whereas the argument belongs to the same set as does (among others) the modifier. The consequence of this distinction is that there is no direct one-to-one opposition between adjuncts and arguments. Nor is there any direct one-to one relation between adjuncts and modifiers.
The second and main purpose of the paper is to account for the well-known difference between the position of a specific set of modifiers (cause, time, place etc.) in, on the one hand, English and Swedish, on the other, German. In English and Swedish the default position of these modifiers is postverbal, whereas in German it is preverbal. Further, in English and Swedish, these modifiers occur in a mirror order compared with their German counterparts, an order which, from a semantic point of view, is not the expected one. I shall demonstrate that this difference is due to the different settings of the verbal head parameter, the former languages being VO-languages and the latter being OV -languages. I shall further argue that in English and Swedish these modifiers are base generated as adjuncts to an empty VP, which is a complement of the main verb of what I shall call the minimal VP (MVP), whereas in German they are adjuncts on top of the MVP. Finally, I shall argue that the postverbal modifiers move at the latest at LF to the top of the MVP, in order to take scope over it, the restriction being 'Shortest move'. The movement results in the correct scope order of the postverbal modifiers.
The proposed structure also accounts for the binding data, in particular for the binding of a specific Swedish possessive anaphor 'sin'. This pronoun, which may occur within the MVP, must not occur within the postverbal modifiers in the empty VP. This supports the assumption that there is a strict borderline between the MVP and the assumed empty VP. The account is also in accordance with the focus data, the specific set of modifiers being potential focus exponents in a wide focus reading in English and Swedish, but not in German.
Problemstellung: Die Junggrammatiker rekonstruierten die Paradigmen der idg. Verbalflexion nach dem Muster des formenreichen Altindischen und Altgriechischen; ihr Verfahren wird von weiten Kreisen noch heute befolgt. Seit dem Bekanntwerden des Hethitischen haben einzelne Forscher den umgekehrten Weg eingeschlagen und ein formenarmes System als Ausgangspunkt der Entwicklung erklärt.
Georg von der Gabelentz (1840-1893) war Zeitgenosse und theoretischer Gegenspieler der Junggrammatiker. […] 1881 veröffentlichte er seine heute noch brauchbare 'Chinesische Grammatik', 1891 sein großes theoretisches Werk 'Die Sprachwissenschaft, ihre Aufgaben, Methoden und bisherigen Ergebnisse' (2. Auflage 1901 von A. Graf von der Schulenburg herausgegeben; Neudruck 1969 als 'Tübinger Beiträge zur Linguistik 1' von G. Narr und U. Petersen).
[...]
[I]m vorliegenden Zusammenhang [interessiert] die Frage, ob die Unterscheidung der beiden Systeme etwa für die genealogisch-historische Sprachforschung einen Fortschritt in der Theorie bedeutet. Die mannigfachen und oft widersprüchlichen Neigungen, Tendenzen usw. in der sprachlichen Entwicklung dürften teils im analytischen, teils im synthetischen System ihren letzten Grund haben. So scheint die konservative Tendenz in der Sprache auf dem analytischen System zu beruhen, während das synthetische System die Gelegenheit zur Fortentwicklung bietet und zu einer solchen durch die Vielfalt gebotener Ausdrucksmöglichkeiten anregt.
This paper deals with the linguistic situation of the European Union, especially considering the role played by the German language. Beginning with some general remarks on the historical mechanisms that may influence the relative importance of a given language on a global scale, the history of the German language is discussed with the aim of explaining its present situation as the language with the greatest number of native speakers in Europe. which, at the same time, plays a relatively unimportant role in international communication.
Kripke's "modal argument" uses consideration about scope within modal contexts to show that proper names and definite descriptions must be of two different semantic types. I reexamine the data that is used to motivate Kripke's argument, and suggest that it, in fact, indicates that proper names behave exactly like a certain type of definite description, which I call "particularized" descriptions.
What are incremental themes?
(2001)
In this paper I examine the approach to incremental themes developed in Krifka 1992,1998, Dowty 1991 and others, which argues that the extent of a telic event is determined by the extent of its incrementally affected theme. This approach identifies the defining property of an accomplishment event as being the fact that the theme relation is a homomorphism from parts of the event to parts of the (incremental) theme. I show that there are a large number of accomplishments, both lexical and derived via resultative predication, which cannot be characterised in this way. I then show that it is more insightful to characterise accomplishments in terms of their internally complex structure: an accomplishment event consists of a non-incremental activity event and an incrementally structured 'BECOME' event, which are related by a contextually available one-one function in such a way that the incremental structure of the latter is imposed on the activity.
This paper presents an analysis of secondary predicates as aspectual modifiers and secondary predication as a summing operation which sums the denotation of the matrix verb and the secondary predicate. I argue that, as opposed to the summing peration involved in simple conjunction, there is a constraint on secondary predication; in the 0 case of depictives, the event introduced by the matrix verb must be PART-OF the event introduced by the secondary predicate, where e1 is PART-OF e2 if the running time of e1 is contained in the running time of e2 and if e1 and e2 share a grammatical argument. I argue resultative predication differs from depictive predication in that the PART-OF constraint holds in resultative constructions between the event which is the culmination of e1 and e2: formally, while depictive predication introduces the statement PART-OF(e1,e2), resultative predication introduces the statement PART-OF(cul(e1),e2). I show that this is all that is necessary to explain the well-known properties of resultative predication.