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The contribution of von Kempelen’s “Mechanism of Speech” to the ‘phonetic sciences‘ will be analyzed with respect to his theoretical reasoning on speech and speech production on the one hand and on the other in connection with his practical insights during his struggle in constructing a speaking machine. Whereas in his theoretical considerations von Kempelen’s view is focussed on the natural functioning of the speech organs – cf. his membraneous glottis model – in constructing his speaking machine he clearly orientates himself towards the auditory result – cf. the bag pipe model for the sound generator used for the speaking machine instead. Concerning vowel production his theoretical description remains questionable, but his practical insight that vowels and speech sounds in general are only perceived correctly in connection with their surrounding sounds – i.e. the discovery of coarticulation – is clearly a milestone in the development of the phonetic sciences: He therefore dispenses with the Kratzenstein tubes, although they might have been based on more thorough acoustic modelling. Finally, von Kempelen’s model of speech production will be discussed in relation to the discussion of the acoustic nature of vowels afterwards [Willis and Wheatstone as well as von Helmholtz and Hermann in the 19th century and Stumpf, Chiba & Kajiyama as well as Fant and Ungeheuer in the 20th century].
A model is proposed that interprets a variety of connected speech processes as resulting from prosodic modulations at different tiers of functional speech motor control along the hypo-hyper dimension [10]. The general background of the model is given by the trichotomy of A-, B- and C-prosodic phenomena [15] that together constitute the acoustic makeup of any speech utterance (with regard to their respective time domains at the uttarance/phrase level, the syllabic level and the segmental level).
The contribution of von Kempelen's "Mechanism of Speech" to the 'phonetic sciences' will be analyzed with respect to his theoretical reasoning on speech and speech production on the one hand and on the other in connection with his practical insights during his struggle in constructing a speaking machine. Whereas in his theoretical considerations von Kempelen's view is focussed on the natural functioning of the speech organs – cf. his membraneous glottis model – in constructing his speaking machine he clearly orientates himself towards the auditory result – cf. the bag pipe model for the sound generator used for the speaking machine instead. Concerning vowel production his theoretical description remains questionable, but his practical insight that vowels and speech sounds in general are only perceived correctly in connection with their surrounding sounds – i.e. the discovery of coarticulation – is clearly a milestone in the development of the phonetic sciences: He therefore dispenses with the Kratzenstein tubes, although they might have been based on more thorough acoustic modelling.
Finally, von Kempelen's model of speech production will be discussed in relation to the discussion of the acoustic nature of vowels afterwards [Willis and Wheatstone as well as von Helmholtz and Hermann in the 19th century and Stumpf, Chiba & Kajiyama as well as Fant and Ungeheuer in the 20th century].
Bilabial stops undergoing Surface Palatalization (SP) were analyzed in an EMMA/EPG study. Articulatorily, the point of maximal palatal contact and the labial opening movement were analyzed. The acoustic analysis pertained to stop related timing and the point of the highest F2-value. Results show (i) that SP yields a higher F2 at vowel onset and a lengthened opening gesture and (ii) that morphemeinduced palatalizations are distinguished from word initial ones and sandhi-palatalizations articulatorily and acoustically by a shorter delay of palatal target position with respect to stop production; (iii) no differences are found between ‘repalatalized’ and plain segments in case of sandhi palatalization.
Glottal marking of vowel-initial German words by glottalization and glottal stop insertion were investigated in dependence on speech rate, word type (content vs. function words), word accent, phrasal position and the following vowel. The analysed material consisted of speeches of Konrad Adenauer, Thomas Mann and Richard von Weizsäcker. The investigation shows that not only the left boundary of accented syllables (including phrasal stress boundary) and lexical words favour glottal stops/glottalization, but also that the segmental level appears to have a strong impact on these insertion processes. Specifically, the results show that low vowels in contrast to non-low ones favour glottal stops/glottalization even before non-accented syllables and functional words.
This paper argues that traces only range over individual semantic types and cannot be type shifted into higher types to circumvent this restriction. The evidence comes from movement targeting positions where DPs must denote properties and the behavior of definite descriptions in these positions. These constraints on possible traces demonstrate that syntactic operations impose active restrictions on permissible semantic types in natural language.
U ovome se radu uspoređuju sustavi vokalnih fonema suvremenih standardnih jezika: južnoslavenskoga hrvatskog i istočnoslavenskih (redoslijedom): ruskoga, ukrajinskoga i bjeloruskoga, pri čemu se za svaki daje odnos današnjih prema vokalnim fonemima staroslavenskoga jezika kao etalona. U vezi s pokazanim drugačijim odnosom vokala i suglasnika u hrvatskome, s jedne strane, i istočnoslavenskima, s druge, navode se grafemi vokalnih fonema u četirima grafijama i pokazuju, objašnjavaju te imenuju principi njihova pravopisanja.
Current analyses of specificity are unable to provide an explanatory account for why specific and nonspecific uses of indefinites are available. While Abusch (1994), Reinhart (1997), and Kratzer (1998) provide successful mechanisms for deriving specific readings, they do not provide a fundamental explanation for the availability of this mechanism. This is due to the fact that specific indefinites are treated as involving an interpretive component or procedure unique to themselves: storage (Abusch) or choice function (Reinhart and Kratzer), for example. It would be preferable if specific indefinites could be understood as deriving from the use of independently motivated meaning components and interpretive mechanisms.
Here I will pursue the idea, building on Portner & Yabushita (1998), that specificity has to do with the indefinite's interaction with a topical domain (note similarities with the proposals of Enç 1991, Cresti 1995, and Schwarzschild 2000). In this conception, specificity is a matter of degree: the narrower the topical domain, the more specific the indefinite. More precisely, sentences containing specific indefinites will be understood as involving ordinary existential quantification in combination with a topical domain function.
Schlenker (2010) recently provided data from English and French suggesting that, contrary to standard assumptions (McCawley, 1982; Potts, 2005; Arnold, 2007; AnderBois et al., 2011), non-restrictive relative clauses (NRCs) can take narrow scope under operators of the sentence within which they are embedded. This paper presents three experiments in German confirming this claim. The results show that embedded readings are available with NRCs in German and give first insights into the puzzle under which conditions these embedded readings do or do not show up.
This paper presents the results of two experiments in German testing the acceptability of (non-)restrictive relative clauses (NRCs/RRCs) with split antecedents (SpAs). According to Moltmann (1992), SpAs are only grammatical if their parts occur within the conjuncts of a coordinate structure and if they have identical grammatical functions. Non-conjoined SpAs that form the subject and the object of a transitive verb are predicted to be ungrammatical. Our study shows that the acceptability of such examples improves significantly if the predicate that relates the parts of the SpA is symmetric. Moreover, it suggests that NRCs and RRCs behave differently in these cases with respect to the SpA-construal. We can make sense of this observation if we follow Winter (2016) in assuming that transitive symmetric predicates have to be analyzed as unary collective predicates and thus provide a collective antecedent for the RC at the semantic (not the syntactic) level. As we will argue, this accounts for some of the disagreement we found in the literature and gives us new insights into both the semantics of symmetric predicates and the semantics of NRCs.
Dieser Beitrag setzt sich zum Ziel, die Kurzwörter zu klassifizieren und statistisch auszuwerten. Die Belege, die beim Lesen der deutschen Alltagspresse gewonnen wurden, verglich die Autorin mit anderen Belegen aus der deutschen Fachpresse und der tschechischen Presse. Statistisch gesehen, bilden die partiellen Kurzwörter, die auch als gebundene Kurzwörter bezeichnet werden, die meist benutzte Kategorie der Kurzwörter in der deutschen Presse. Das deutsche und das tschechische Sprachsystem unterscheiden sich voneinander in der Flexion, was die Variabilität in der Position der gekürzten Form im deutschen Sprachsystem ermöglicht.
Wh-questions in Malagasy
(2004)
Wh-questions in Malagasy consist of a clause-initial wh-phrase followed by an invariant particle and then the remainder of the clause. This paper considers the structural analysis of Malagasy wh-questions and argues for a biclausal cleft analysis in which the initial wh-phrase is a predicate and the remaining material is a headless relative in subject position. The paper is organized as follows: Section 2 introduces some basic facts about Malagasy clause structure and wh-questions. Section 3 lays out two competing structural analyses of wh-questions: the cleft analysis and a fronting analysis in which Malagasy wh-questions are derived by wh-movement. Section 4 introduces various evidence in favor of the pseudocleft analysis and against the fronting analysis. Section 5 concludes.
This paper follows a new perspective on speech errors within the framework of Articulatory Phonology, as proposed by Goldstein et al. (in prep.). On the basis of kinematic evidence, their work has demonstrated that speech errors are not restricted to categorical exchanges of position of segmental units, but rather gestures that compose segments can exhibit errors that vary from zero to maximal in magnitude.
Here we report results from two perceptual experiments which use stimuli selected on the basis of their articulatory properties only, covering a range of errorful gestural activations. The outcome of the perceptual experiments suggests that different segments show different degrees of vulnerability to (subsegmental) speech errors: While listeners detected errors reliably for some segments, for other segments the reaction to errorful and non-errorful tokens was not distinct. The data suggest that at least for some error types an asymmetric error distribution arises due to perception, while production itself is not asymmetric. However, for error types involving segments whose gestural compositions stand in a subset relationship to each other (as described below), asymmetries may indeed originate in production due to the overall dominance of a gestural intrusion bias observed in the production data of Goldstein et al. (in prep.).
Die hier vorgelegte empirische Untersuchung der Fokuspartikeln im Georgischen zeichnet sich u.a. durch die sprach¬immanente Tatsache aus, dass die Fokusstrukturen im Georgischen mit expliziten Partikeln markiert werden können. Die in dieser Arbeit untersuchten Fokuspartikelgruppen ( ġa, c und c+ḳi) sind entsprechend den semantischen Implikationen der Restriktion, Addition und der Skalierung gegliedert worden.
Trotz gewisser Unterschiede im Einzelnen ergab sich folgendes gemeinsames Modell für die Stellungseinschränkungen in Relation zum Prädikatsverb:
• Durch Fokuspartikeln fokussierte Wörter stehen im Georgischen in der Regel unmittelbar vor dem Prädikatsverb.
• Die Skopi der Fokuspartikeln (wenn die fokusmarkierten Worte grammatische Köpfe der NPs sind) stehen im Georgischen in der Regel vor dem Prädikatsverb.
• Die nächstmögliche optimale Interpretationsposition für fokusmarkierte Wörter ist in der Regel die unmittelbare Verbnachstellung.
• Die nächstmögliche optimale Interpretationsposition der
Fokusgruppe ist in der Regel die unmittelbare Verbnachstellung.
Aufgrund der herausgearbeiteten Stellungseinschränkungen entwerfe ich das pragmatische Modell der informationsgliedernden Verbfinalität als Basisabfolge im georgischen Satz.
U prilogu je riječ o raspoređivanju suznačnih riječi, i to zamjenica i priloga (upitnih i odnosnih), čestica i veznika, u rečenicama ili surečenicama. To su riječi koje služe za povezivanje surečenica u sastavu nezavisnosloženih i zavisnosloženih rečenica (konjunktori i subjunktori) ili za povezivanje rečenica na razini teksta (konektori), za izražavanje raznolikih modalnih značenja, za označavanje upitnosti, za isticanje, za poticanje, za nijekanje i sl. Takve se riječi dijele u dvije skupine s obzirom na to mogu li funkcionirati i kao članovi rečeničnoga ustrojstva (zamjeničke riječi) ili ne mogu (ostala vezna sredstva i čestice). Riječi iz ove druge skupine mogle bi se (bar sa sintaktičkoga stajališta) nazvati suznačnima u užem smislu. Osobita će se pozornost posvetiti raspoređivanju suznačnih riječi ili spojeva koji, čiji, i, ni, niti, a, ali, ili, što, samo što, da, zar, zar da, kao da. Bit će također riječi i o raspoređivanju suznačnih (zamjeničkih) riječi u situacijama u kojima te riječi dolaze u funkcijama koje međusobno kolidiraju, npr. u funkciji subjunktora i u funkciji nesročnoga atributa, npr. To su pravila primjena kojih zahtijeva punu koncentraciju. odnosno To su pravila kojih primjena zahtijeva punu koncentraciju.
Ziel dieser Arbeit ist eine möglichst ausführliche Bestandsaufnahme der ganzen "Bandbreite" (in später zu erläuterndem Sinne) kausativer Konstruktionen im Arabischen […]. Es versteht sich, daß die Darstellung eines solchen Gesamtspektrums auch die These und das Zugrundeliegen eines formalen wie inhaltlich funktionalen Gesamt- Z u s a m m e n h a n g s impliziert, ohne den sie ihren Sinn verlöre. Der formale Ordnungszusammenhang ist durch die variierende Komplexität der Ausdrucksmittel gegeben (hier bezogen auf den Ausdruck der kausativen Gesamtsituation) und in erster Annäherung aus dem Inhaltsverzeichnis der Arbeit ersichtlich; dies soll besagen: Die Präsentationsweise der verschiedenen Arten kausativer Konstruktionen richtet sich zunächst nach empirisch näherliegenden Entitäten, den grammatischen Strukturen. Funktionale Korrelate und Übergänge sollen im Zuge der Arbeit sukzessive eingeführt und erläutert werden. Zu den Übergangszonen gehören solche, die als kausationsintern zu betrachten sind (und verschiedene Ausprägungen von Kausation bzw. ihren konstitutiven Parametern betreffen […]) und solche, in denen marginal Kausativierung stattfindet, dementsprechend aber gleichzeitig "angrenzende" Funktionen in den Blick kommen […].
Kollektion im Arabischen
(1986)
Die Arbeit soll einen Einblick in die Problematik des Begriffs der Kollektivität im Arabischen vermitteln. Kollektivität soll hier nicht einfach als ein gegebenes lexikalisches Merkmal Verstanden werden, das eine bestimmte Teilklasse der Nomina zur Kategorie der Kollektiv-Nomina macht, Kap. 2), sondern es geht übergreifend um die sprachliche Technik KOLLEKTION, die variierende Verfahren der Vereinigung und Vereinzelung von Gegenständen umfaßt; dieser funktionale Rahmen soll in Kap. 3 erläutert werden. Das Ziel der Arbeit umfaßt zwei Teilaufgaben. Die erste besteht in einer Bestandsaufnahme dessen, was Autoren arabischer Grammatiken unter "kollektiv" verstanden haben bzw.. verstehen. Da dieses Verständnis sich vorwiegend in einer Vorstellung bestimmter Wörter als Kollektiva, die wiederum z.T. als verschiedenen Untergruppen zugehörig präsentiert werden, zeigt, sollen diese Gruppen als Ausgangspunkt (4.1.) einer weiteren Diskussion genommen werden. Die Eigenschaften, die diesen Gruppen zugeschrieben werden, d.h. das syntaktische Verhalten der jeweiligen Wörter, führen in den vorhandenen Grammatiken lediglich zu einer - uneinheitlichen Differenzierung. Jene sollen deshalb, das ist die zweite Teilaufgabe, systematisch ausgewertet und ihr formaler und funktionaler Zusammenhang herausgearbeitet werden (4.2. und 4.3.). In 4.4. schließlich soll die besondere Rolle der morphologischen Genusunterscheidung in der Technik KOLLEKTION kurz noch einmal gesondert beleuchtet werden.
Sprechen heißt, mit Sachverhalten zu operieren. Die Forschung an der Dimension PARTIZIPATION hat es unternommen, zu zeigen, was es heißt, Sachverhalte sprachlich zu erfassen, und welche Techniken unter dieser allgemeinen Funktion zu finden sind und zusammenspielen (cf. Seiler/Premper (eds.) 1991). Wer spricht, macht aber gewöhnlich mehr: Sachverhalte werden nicht nur erfaßt, sondern gleichzeitig auch in den Kontext einer kommunikativen Absicht gestellt; sie werden behauptet, vermutet, bezweifelt, in Frage gestellt, negiert, gefordert, herbeigewünscht und anderes mehr. Kommunikative Absichten sind ebenfalls konstitutiv fürs Sprechen; durch sie werden Sprechereignisse erst zu Sprechakten. Sprechsituationen sind aber auch nicht nur durch kommunikative Absichten gekennzeichnet, sondern sie finden natürlich in Zeit und Raum statt. Folglich bestehen zwischen Sprecher und besprochenen Sachverhalten nicht nur Einstellungs-, sondern auch zeitliche Beziehungen. Dieses Hineinstellen in einen kommunikativen Kontext wird von uns (von UNITYP) SITUIERUNG genannt, und die Tatsache, daß sich dieser Komplex von Operationen sprachlicher Mittel bedient, macht Situierung zu einer sprachlichen Dimension. Die vorliegende Arbeit stellt sich die Aufgabe, die beiden Dimensionen Partizipation und Situierung in ihrem Verhältnis zueinander zu beleuchten, und zwar schwerpunktmäßig aus theoretischer und wissenschaftshistorischer Sicht. Als begrifflich-terminologischer Anknüpfungspunkt soll dabei der Ausdruck Proposition dienen. Zunächst werden einige Aspekte dieses Begriffes in der philosophischen Logik aufgeführt (Kap. 1). Dann wird die Diskussion, teilweise in Analogie zum ersten Kapitel, im Bereich der Linguistik fortgeführt, wobei unter anderem Argumente aus den Bereichen Sprechakttheorie (2.2.), Transformationstheorie (2.3.), Substitutionstests (2.4.) und Generative Semantik (2.5.) ins Spiel kommen.
Thomas Mann’s Der Tod in Venedig (1912) owes much of its fame in English to a translation from 1928 by Helen Tracy Lowe-Porter. The novella however has in fact been translated many times – first by Burke (1924, with a revised edition following in 1970), and, after Lowe-Porter, by Luke (1988), Koelb (1994), Appelbaum (1995), Neugroschel (1998), Chase (1999), Heim (2004), Doege (2007) and Hansen & Hansen (2012). Most of these versions are neither known to readers nor discussed in academic literature. This paper, which comes as part of a larger study on linguistic creativity in Der Tod in Venedig, focuses on the use of neologisms by Mann and what happens to them in (re)translation. Relying on a digital corpus composed of the complete set of English retranslations and a corpus-based methodology, the paper argues that, despite the extended time period between the publications and different translation conditions, neologisms are treated uniformly by the translators. Mann’s coinages are nearly always obliterated through normalisation and, if preserved, demonstrate less creativity overall than in the ST, raising questions about the Retranslation Hypothesis (RH) which proposes that early TT versions tend to domesticate while later ones increasingly foreignise.