Linguistik
Refine
Year of publication
Document Type
- Article (1213)
- Part of a Book (784)
- Working Paper (254)
- Review (181)
- Conference Proceeding (166)
- Preprint (122)
- Book (108)
- Part of Periodical (64)
- Report (58)
- Doctoral Thesis (23)
Language
Has Fulltext
- yes (2991) (remove)
Keywords
- Deutsch (436)
- Syntax (151)
- Linguistik (126)
- Englisch (123)
- Semantik (112)
- Spracherwerb (96)
- Phonologie (85)
- Rezension (77)
- Kroatisch (68)
- Fremdsprachenlernen (67)
Institute
- Extern (438)
- Institut für Deutsche Sprache (IDS) Mannheim (113)
- Neuere Philologien (43)
- Sprachwissenschaften (43)
- Universitätsbibliothek (4)
- Sprach- und Kulturwissenschaften (3)
- Gesellschaftswissenschaften (2)
- Medizin (2)
- Präsidium (2)
- SFB 268 (2)
As has been noted previously, speakers with coronally low "flat" palates exhibit less articulatory variability than speakers with coronally high "domeshaped" palates. This phenomenon is investigated by means of a tongue model and an EPG experiment. The results show that acoustic variability depends on the shape of the vocal tract. The same articulatory variability leads to more acoustic variability if the palate is flat than if it is domeshaped. Furthermore, speakers with domeshaped palates show more articulatory variability than speakers with flat palates. The results are explained by different control strategies by the speakers. Speakers with flat palates reduce their articulatory variability in order to keep their acoustic variability low.
Rate effects on aerodynamics of intervocalic stops : evidence from real speech data and model data
(2008)
This paper is a first attempt towards a better understanding of the aerodynamic properties during speech production and their potential control. In recent years, studies on intraoral pressure in speech have been rather rare, and more studies concern the air flow development. However, the intraoral pressure is a crucial factor for analysing the production of various sounds.
In this paper, we focus on the intraoral pressure development during the production of intervocalic stops.
Two experimental methodologies are presented and confronted with each other: real speech data recorded for four German native speakers, and model data, obtained by a mechanical replica which allows reproducing the main physical mechanisms occurring during phonation. The two methods are presented and applied to a study on the influence of speech rate on aerodynamic properties.
The aim of the present paper is to show how, and to what extent, the standards of critical genetic editions as applied to Goethe's Faust can be attained within a TEI framework. It proposes and argues for the introduction of two separate transcripts: documentary and textual. Despite the apparent disadvantages of multiple encoding, this approach recommends itself for practical reasons (e.g., avoidance of overlapping hierarchies), and it conveniently reflects the idea that any written document must be considered a material object on the one hand and a medium of textual transmission on the other. In the course of the paper, some aspects and problems of chapter 11 of version 2.0.0 of TEI P5 (the definition and use of the elements <line> and <mod> and related issues) will be discussed.
In dem Beitrag wird der Prozeß der Professionalisierung der Linguistik beleuchtet, indem die Zusammenhänge beschrieben werden, die zwischen linguistisch-diskursanalytischer Forschung an der Universität, der praktischen Anwendung ihrer Ergebnisse im Berufsfeld Kommunikationsberatung und -training sowie der Gestaltung der universitären Ausbildung, d.h. von Lehre und Studium, bestehen. Es werden Möglichkeiten und Wege aufgezeigt, diese drei Elemente enger aufeinander zu beziehen, sie in eine positive Wechselwirkung miteinander zu bringen und dadurch Synergieeffekte zu erzeugen. Die Herstellung und Absicherung solcher positiven Wechselwirkungen ist eine wesentliche Voraussetzung für eine verbesserte Trainings- und Beratungspraxis und zugleich ein Beitrag zur Professionalisierung der Linguistik.
Es wurden Interviews mit hauptberuflichen KommunikationstrainerInnen geführt, um herauszufinden, inwieweit diese sprachwissenschaftliche Theorien, Methoden und Ergebnisse kennen und für ihre Trainings nutzen, wie sie das Verhältnis von Theorie und Praxis der Kommunikation sehen und welche Methoden der Diagnose von Kommunikationsproblemen, Veränderung und Evaluation sie einsetzen. Wie die Befragung zeigt, ist die Distanz zwischen Trainingspraxis und Sprachwissenschaft noch immer sehr groß und haben nur wenige Theorien und Ergebnisse in den Trainingsbereich Eingang gefunden. Die diskursanalytischen Methoden zur Analyse kommunikativer Probleme werden hier bislang kaum genutzt. Eine Konsequenz daraus sollte u.E. sein, daß die Linguistik für eine Kooperation in aktiver Weise attraktive und auf die Adressaten zugeschnittene Angebote machen muß.
Besides some well-established forms like autoritär 'authoritarian'; humanitär 'humanitarian'; new coinages ending with -itär can be found in German. These adjectives are closely related to nouns ending with -ität. From an etymological point of view; these formations are morphologically transparent. Not only are the adjectives new; but -itär emerges as a new suffix.
Zulu shows an alternation of conjoint and disjoint (conjunctive/disjunctive, short/long) verb forms. Certain contexts suggest that the distribution of these forms is related to focus. For example, certain adverbial expressions receive a focal interpretation when preceded by a conjoint form but not when preceded by a disjoint form. Similarly, a wh-phrase must be preceded by a conjoint form. This has led some researchers to argue or suggest that the alternation encodes focus directly. This paper examines two different focal hypotheses, one in which a disjoint form encodes focus on the verb and another in which the conjoint form encodes focus on the element following the verb. It is shown that both of these hypotheses are inadequate because certain contexts requiring the conjoint form do not display the predicted focal interpretation. Relativization morphology is argued to also support an analysis independent of focus. It is proposed that the alternation is regulated entirely by the position of the verb within the surface constituencies first proposed in Van der Spuy (1993) and that the associated focal interpretations are the result of a range of interpretations permitted within the different constituencies. Elements remaining within the relevant constituent are nontopical, and focus is one of a range of interpretations they can receive.
[Rezension zu:] Volksduden. So schreiben wir richtig! Mannheim: Bibliographisches Institut, 2012 (960p.)
This paper offers a description of the contemporary German lexicography using dictionary taxonomy. The parameters used for the classification of dictionaries are the number of languages (monolingual against bilingual dictionaries), the user’s perspective (how useful is each kind of dictionary for the Brazilian scholar) and the two perspectives of the act of speech (text reception against text production).
According to the metalexicographical theory, there are three main components in a semasiological dictionary: macro-, micro- and middles structure. The aim of this article is to describe and analyze the microstructure of three general semasiological dictionaries of the German language. As methodological framework, it takes in account the distinction between formal and semantic comment and between definition and density of the constant information program.
Rezension zu: Visuelles Wörterbuch Portugiesisch/Deutsch. München: Dorling Kindersley Verlag, 2010
Resenha : Karl-Heinz Göttert. Neues Deutsches Wörterbuch. Köln: Helmut Lingen Verlag, 2007 (1150 p.)
(2009)
Resenha : Langenscheidt Taschenwörterbuch Deutsch als Fremdsprache. Berlin: Langenscheidt, 2004.
(2007)
In this paper we describe SOBA, a sub-component of the SmartWeb multi-modal dialog system. SOBA is a component for ontologybased information extraction from soccer web pages for automatic population of a knowledge base that can be used for domainspecific question answering. SOBA realizes a tight connection between the ontology, knowledge base and the information extraction component. The originality of SOBA is in the fact that it extracts information from heterogeneous sources such as tabular structures, text and image captions in a semantically integrated way. In particular, it stores extracted information in a knowledge base, and in turn uses the knowledge base to interpret and link newly extracted information with respect to already existing entities.
This demo abstract describes the SmartWeb Ontology-based Information Extraction System (SOBIE). A key feature of SOBIE is that all information is extracted and stored with respect to the SmartWeb ontology. In this way, other components of the systems, which use the same ontology, can access this information in a straightforward way. We will show how information extracted by SOBIE is visualized within its original context, thus enhancing the browsing experience of the end user.
U prilogu se s kontrastivnog aspekta analiziraju frazemi hrvatskoga i češkoga jezika kojima je sastavnica zoonim. Životinja je još od pradavnih vremena najbliži čovjekov suputnik. U svim se narodima životinjama pripisuju simbolična značenja i ljudske osobine i to najčešće one negativne što ćemo i pokušati dokazati ovim prilogom. Naime, ljudi su kroz povijest pripisivali životinjama određene stereotipe. Tako se pozitivno određuju domaće životinje i to one od kojih čovjek ima više koristi, za razliku od divljih prema kojima je puno kritičniji i skloniji negativnome određenju. S obzirom na to da zoonimska frazeologija obuhvaća širok dijapazon različitih značenja u ovome ćemo se prilogu baviti onim frazemima koji svojim značenjem ulaze u koncept ljudskih osobina, stanja, izgleda, načina kretanja te odnosa prema jelu i piću. Pri tome se objašnjava i simbolika pojedine životinje jer se time razumije i pozadinska slika pojedina frazema. Također u prilogu se provodi i kontrastivna analiza izdvojenih hrvatskih i čeških frazema s obzirom na navedene koncepte te se utvrđuju podudarnosti i razlike.
Ključne riječi: frazem; zoonim; frazemska pozadinska slika; kontrastivna analiza; hrvatski jezik; češki jezik
Prefácio Estas notas gramaticais são o resultado dos trabalhos da Sociedade Internacional de Linguística (SIL), em Moçambique. O propósito da série Mongrafias Linguísticas Moçambicanas é de encorajar o uso da língua local, neste caso concreto, do Echuwabo através da descrição estruturada e facilitar ao público em geral um melhor acesso a mais um aspecto da rica cultura moçambicana. As notas sobre Ecuwabu foram produzidas durante o workshop “Descubra a Sua Língua”, conduzido no centro de treinamento da SIL, na cidade de Nampula, de 4 a 20 de Junho de 2006. Os participantes receberam formação na estrutura das línguas bantu em geral, depois investigaram suas línguas maternas. Esta brochura não serve como “a última palavra” sobre a língua Ecuwabu, mas serve para estimular mais interesse no uso e estudo da língua Ecuwabu, seja pelos falantes, seja por não falantes deste idioma. Importa salientar que a audiência que tinhamos na mente é o cidadão sem formação académica, aos estudiosos recomendamos a leitura dos livros e artigos linguísticos indicados no anexo bibliográfico. Queria agradecer o Sr. Romão Marçal, que teclou este documento no computador, e as nossas colegas, Sra. Susan Seiler e Sra. Marijane Beutler que fizeram o trabalho de formatação e impressão do presente livro. dr. Oliver Kröger Nampula, Junho de 2003
Fußball ist ohne Zweifel das weltweit populärste Mannschaftsspiel. Nicht zu Unrecht wird es daher seit Jahrzehnten als „König“ metaphorisiert. Nach allem, was heute bekannt ist, wurde eine Urform in China schon vor 5000 Jahren gespielt. In Europa soll seit dem 12. Jahrhundert vor allem im nördlichen Frankreich und in England ein fußballähnliches Spiel betrieben worden sein, und in Florenz und anderen norditalienischen Städten war seit dem 15. Jahrhundert das noch recht urwüchsige calcio sehr beliebt, bei dem je 27 Spieler darum kämpften, den Ball mit Faust oder Fuß über die Begrenzung der gegnerischen Schmalseite des Spielfeldes zu schlagen und so ein „Mal“ zu erzielen.
Depiction verbs such as paint license i(mage)- and p(ortrait)-readings; for instance, Ben painted a cow can convey that Ben produced an image of an unspecific cow or a portrait of a specific cow. This paper takes issue with a property-based intensional analysis of depiction verbs (Zimmermann, 2006b, 2016) and instead argues for an extensional account. Accordingly, the i-reading is rooted in the introduction of worldly representations by the explicit noun cow as such, whereas the p-reading is rooted in the interpolation of an implicit representation via coercion. This take on the ambiguity captures the following key traits. On i-readings, only representations are accessible to quantifiers and anaphors; moreover, intensional effects such as substitution failure disappear once ordinary objects and representations are adequately distinguished. P-readings, by contrast, involve representations that depend on the portrayed ordinary objects as particulars; correspondingly, only ordinary objects are accessible to quantifiers and anaphors. The proposal is spelled out in Asher’s (2011) Type Composition Logic.
Wie sich Konzessivkonnektoren im 18. und 19. Jh. entwickelt haben, untersuchen Lisa Bürgerhoff, Jana Giesenschlag, Linda Kunow und Alexandra Kern für ihren Beitrag "Von ob ich schon wanderte zu obschon ich wanderte?! - Eine Korpusuntersuchung zur Konzessivität von 1700-1900". Ihre Untersuchungen im Deutschen Textarchiv zeigen unter anderem einen Zusammenhang zwischen der Zusammenschreibung der Konnektoren und einer eindeutig konzessiven Lesart, der für obschon, obgleich, obwohl und obzwar allerdings unterschiedlich stark ist. Auch die Faktizität der Teilsätze und das Auftreten verstärkender Partikeln sind für die Entwicklung der ob-Gruppe von Bedeutung. Als eindeutigste und frequenteste Konzessivkonnektoren stellen sich insgesamt obwohl und vor allem obzwar heraus.
A typical characteristic of Central German dialects, especially of the Ripuarian dialect, is that it has collective nouns with ge- + -ze (cf. gesteinze) besides those with ge- + -e (cf. gesteine) corresponding to Dutch gesteente and gestene. A relationship between ge- + -ze and ge- + -te has been assumed for a long time. A corpus-based comparison is given in order to explain the genesis of these different formation types (ge- + -e, ge- + -ze, ge- + -te) and their relations. It seems likely that earlier Dutch formations influenced their Ripuarian counterparts. Rarely, the circumfix ge- + -te also occurs in Ripuarian texts and may be autochthone. One main result is that the suffic -ze in Ripuarian restores the collective formation in the circumfix ge- + -e when it was destroyed by the e-apokope. This is a rare instance where an element of word formation is replaced by another one in order to neutralize the isolation effect of sound change.
Estudo linguístico comparativo sobre onomatopeias em histórias em quadrinhos : Português / Alemão
(2011)
Nesta pesquisa foi investigado o uso peculiar das onomatopeias na linguagem das histórias em quadrinhos e como o processo de criação de novas expressões nesse context respeita o sistema fonético e fonotático de cada língua. Foi realizada uma pesquisa empírica, para a qual falantes nativos de língua portuguesa e alemã foram solicitados a sugerir ou criar as onomatopeias que julgassem adequadas para diversas cenas de histórias em quadrinhos que lhes foram apresentadas editadas, com as onomatopeias originais retiradas. Através da análise dos dados foi possível identificar algumas características específicas quanto à sequência fonética e a organização silábica das onomatopeias nesses idiomas.
The research performed in the DeepThought project aims at demonstrating the potential of deep linguistic processing if combined with shallow methods for robustness. Classical information retrieval is extended by high precision concept indexing and relation detection. On the basis of this approach, the feasibility of three ambitious applications will be demonstrated, namely: precise information extraction for business intelligence; email response management for customer relationship management; creativity support for document production and collective brainstorming. Common to these applications, and the basis for their development is the XML-based, RMRS-enabled core architecture framework that will be described in detail in this paper. The framework is not limited to the applications envisaged in the DeepThought project, but can also be employed e.g. to generate and make use of XML standoff annotation of documents and linguistic corpora, and in general for a wide range of NLP-based applications and research purposes.
This paper presents a definition of phraseology, and based on this definition it establishes the different types of phraseological units. Then it tries to characterize the idiomatic expression as a metaphoric expression within the scope of phraseologisms, and presents a morpho-syntactic classification of these idioms. The next step consists of a comparison between verbal idiomatic expressions in German and Brazilian Portuguese in order to establish a typology of equivalences between the two languages. It also compares same type of. restrictions which occur in idiomatic expressions of both languages, and emphasizes the importance of register in some of the expressions.
The adaptation of the Multilingual Assessment Instrument for Narratives (LITMUS-MAIN; Gagarina, et al., 2019) to Catalan contributes to advancing our knowledge of the development of children’s narrative skills in a diversity of languages using the same protocol, making it possible to evaluate narratives also in Catalan-speakers. The adaptation of MAIN will be very useful in Catalonia, because it is a region where two official languages (Catalan and Spanish) coexist, Catalan being the language of schooling, so that most of the population is bilingual. However, currently there is no instrument for assessing narrative skills that allows for parallel assessment of Catalan in bilingual children. For these reasons, this adaptation will be of great value to promote the study of narratives in the bilingual population considering Catalan within the possible language combinations. The present paper describes the process of adapting MAIN to Catalan and reports results from the first pilot study using the Catalan MAIN.
A motivação do aluno é apontada como central para que o processo de aprendizagem ocorra de forma satisfatória e, por essa razão, muitos professores buscam constantemente o aprimoramento de suas práticas. Neste trabalho buscamos lançar luzes sobre um projeto de multiletramentos, que consistiu na produção de um videoclipe, e que teve como objetivo aumentar a motivação dos alunos de alemão de um Centro de Estudo de Línguas de uma escola pública do interior paulista. Para apoiar as nossas reflexões, buscamos sustentação teórica prioritariamente nos conceitos de motivação (DÖRNYEI 1994, 2001, 2014; VALLERAND 1997 e outros) e de multiletramentos (ROJO 2012, 2013). A pesquisa, de natureza qualitativa, desenvolveu-se a partir de dados coletados com alunos do Ensino Fundamental II e Médio de um Centro de Estudo de Línguas do interior de São Paulo durante o ano de 2015. Os resultados apontam para o grande impacto de projetos de multiletramentos na motivação dos alunos.
This articles aims to present some of the main concepts of E. Husserl's phenomenology that can be applied to linguistic communication. The apprehension of those concepts is condition sine qua non for the use of the phenomenology as a matrix for research. The understanding of those concepts will serve as a work instrument in the field of applied linguistic.
Genitive focus in Supyire
(2006)
Supyire has two distinct genitive constructions, one consisting of juxtaposed nouns, and the other marked with a particle. This study demonstrates that the marked genitive correlates significantly in natural discourse with contrastive focus as operationally defined in Myhill and Xing (1996). The method used avoids the vicious circularity of many discourse-based studies of focus. Contrastive focus, rather than being "coded", is a pragmatic construal which is dependent on other elements in the communicative context. This construal is only one of the possible construals of the marked genitive (contra Carlson 1994). In this it is not unlike other so-called "contrastive focus" constructions noted in the literature, such as contrastive stress in English.
Since Haiman (1978), a general assumption concerning the information structure of conditional sentences is that "conditionals are topics". However, in Chadic South Bauchi West languages spoken in Northern Nigeria, as well as in Banda Linda, an Adamawa language spoken in the République Centre-Africaine, conditionals share their structure with focus, not topic. This seriously questions Haiman’s claim and forces us to reconsider the facts and characterizations of conditionals, topic and focus in general.
In order to do this, we will first examine the facts of conditionals in some Chadic languages, then their information structure. We will see how both data and theory invalidate Haiman's claim. Then we will see that if they are not topics, they are different from focus as well. We will argue that if the elements which make a topic or a focus can appear in conditionals, these must be separated from what constitutes the identity of conditions. Then, we will see if these can be characterized in the same way as Lambrecht characterizes temporal clauses, viz. as "activated propositions" (Lambrecht 1994). We will finally conclude that they should rather be defined as "fictitious assertions" (Culioli 2000).
Frauen- und Männerstimmen in Medien (Moderatorinnen und Moderatoren in Rundfunk und Fernsehen)
(2010)
Just 30 % of the effect of female and male speakers are activated by the lexems and sentences. 70 % are activated by paraverbal and extraverbal constituents. A deep voice is associated with authority and objectivity. We can realise this phenomenon at male voices. Women never reach such a deepness in their voices Their voice is sensed more expressive and it activates stereotypes like „emotional“ and „trivial“. The contents of female speakers are not taken as seriously as the contents of male speakers.
U radu se opisuje fonologija, morfologija i leksik govora Jurkova Sela u Žumberku, doseljeničkoga čakavskoga ikavsko-ekavskoga govora. Iako nema zamjenicu ča u samostalnoj upotrebi, govor čuva većinu temeljnih čakavskih crta. Ipak, stabilnost je sustava u nekim elementima narušena – što pokazuje supostojanje određenih dubleta u prozodiji i morfologiji. Leksik, uz ostalo, karakterizira prisutnost većeg broja germanizama, na žumberačkome prostoru očekivanih.
The claim of this paper is that embedded definites can, despite the appearances, be accounted for on the uniqueness approach. Far from being a surprise, we argue that the behavior of embedded definites is actually expected once two independent facts are taken into account: the ability of noun phrases to take scope, i.e., to be interpreted in a different place from their syntactic position, and the interaction of presuppositions and scope-taking elements. Specifically, we analyze embedded definites as a case of inverse linking (Gabbay and Moravscik, 1974; May, 1977): the embedded definite takes scope over the embedding one. The presupposition of the embedded definite is weakened as a result of the independently motivated process of intermediate accommodation (Kratzer, 1989; Berman, 1991). In our case, this process transfers the presupposition of the embedding definite into the restrictor of the embedded one.
Like other scope-taking processes, inverse linking is generally taken to be subject to locality constraints: if a syntactic island, such as a finite clause boundary, intervenes in the path of a scope-taking element, then the resulting reading is unavailable or degraded (Rodman, 1976). Since our account views embedded definites as cases of inverse linking, we predict that inserting an island into an embedded definite, all else being equal, should lead to a similar degradation. We report results from an online survey with 800 participants that confirm this prediction.
This paper gives an introduction to the Cantonese adaptation of Multilingual Assessment Instrument for Narratives (MAIN), which is part of the Language Impairment Testing in Multilingual Settings (LITMUS) battery. We here discuss the motivation for adapting this assessment instrument into Cantonese, the adaptation process itself and potential contexts for use of the Cantonese MAIN.
Reference of pronouns may be constrained via lexical presuppositions, including marked F-features, implicated presuppositions, and deictic center shifting in certain languages.
This paper explores the acquisition of personal reference terms in Thai, a language that has a highly complex personal reference system. The participants of the study were 67 typicallydeveloping children (TD) and 29 children with autism spectrum disorders (ASD), a population which has long been observed to have difficulties with pronouns. The children were asked to complete simple production and comprehension tasks on personal reference terms. Overall, ASD children performed on par in production but significantly poorer in comprehension than TD children. Given the freedom of choice in the production task, ASD children preferred using fixed referential terms for self-reference, whereas TD children opted for personal pronouns. In terms of comprehension, ASD children were shown to generally be able to detect the person features but they seemed to struggle the most with the pragmatic aspects of personal reference terms. Our results support previous literature that lexical presuppositions are acquired earlier than implicated presuppositions. We add to the literature that the types or the amount of implicated presuppositions matter in acquisition
The aim of this paper is to give the semantic profile of the Greek verb-deriving suffixes -íz(o), -én(o), -év(o), -ón(o), -(i)áz(o), and -ín(o), with a special account of the ending -áo/-ó. The patterns presented are the result of an empirical analysis of data extracted from extended interviews conducted with 28 native Greek speakers in Athens, Greece in February 2009. In the first interview task the test persons were asked to force(=create) verbs by using the suffixes -ízo, -évo, -óno, -(i)ázo, and -íno and a variety of bases which conformed to the ontological distinctions made in Lieber (2004). In the second task the test persons were asked to evaluate three groups of forced verbs with a noun, an adjective, and an adverb, respectively, by using one (best/highly acceptable verb) to six (worst/unacceptable verb) points. In the third task nineteen established verb pairs with different suffixes and the ending -áo/-ó were presented. The test persons were asked to report whether there was some difference between them and what exactly this difference was. The differences reported were transformed into 16 alternations. In the fourth task 21 established verbs with different suffixes were presented. The test persons were asked to give the "opposite" or "near opposite" expression for each verb. The rationale behind this task was to arrive at the meaning of the suffixes through the semantics of the opposites. In the analysis Rochelle's Lieber's (2004) theoretical framework is used. The results of the analysis suggest (i) a sign-based treatment of affixes, (ii) a vertical preference structure in the semantic structure of the head suffixes which takes into account the semantic make-up of the bases, and (iii) the integration of socioexpressive meaning into verb structures.
In this paper I present five alternations of the verb system of Modern Greek, which are recurrently mapped on the syntactic frame NPi__NP. The actual claim is that only the participation in alternations and/or the allocation to an alternation variant can reliably determine the relation between a verb derivative and its base. In the second part, the conceptual structures and semantic/situational fields of a large number of “-ízo” derivatives appearing inside alternation classes are presented. The restricted character of the conceptual and situational preferences inside alternations classes suggests the dominant character of the alternations component.
In the area of the Modern Greek verb, phenomena which consistently appear are headmarking, many potential slots before and/or after the verb root, noun and adverb incorporation, addition of adverbial elements by means of affixes, a large inventory of bound morphemes, verbal words as minimal sentences, etc. These features relate Modern Greek to polysynthesis. The main bulk of this paper is dedicated to the comparison of affixal and incorporation patterns between Modern Greek and the polysynthetic languages Abkhaz, Cayuga, Chukchi, Mohawk, and Nahuatl. Ultimately, a typological outlook for Modern Greek is proposed.
This study explores the changing culture of emotions and forms of love in German literature of the late 18th century. The paper attempts to demonstrate that love as a passion is not primarily a natural phenomenon, but a cultural one. The main part of the study presents three interpretations. Firstly, using Sophie von La Roche's novel "Geschichte des Fräuleins von Sternheim", the author shows that in the age of sentimentalism the notion of love was based on loving oneself (amour propre). The second interpretation focuses on Goethe's "Die Leiden des jungen Werther" and concludes that the main function of love in this text is to make uncorrupted authentic communication possible in a world otherwise alienated by conventions. The final interpretation turns to Goethe's "Briefe aus der Schweiz" and "Römische Elegien", outlining love as a special form of hermeneutics of life and a fundamental condition for the process of creation.
This study focuses upon a detailed description and analysis of the phonetic structures of Paiwan, an aboriginal language spoken in Taiwan, with around 53,000 speakers, Paiwan, a member of the Austronesian language family, is not typologically related to the other languages such as Mandarin and Taiwanese spoken in its geographically contiguous districts, Earlier work on phonological features of Paiwan (Chang, 1999; Tseng, 2003) sought an account in terms of segments and isolated facts about reduplication and stress, without accounting for the possible roles of phrase-level and sentence-Ievel prosodic structures, Government Teaching Material (1993) listed 25 consonants and 4 vowels, without any description of phonetic features and phonological rules, Chang's (2000) reference grammar included 22 consonants and 4 vowels, with a very brief description of 5 phonological rules on single words, Regional diversity and 25 consonants have been mentioned in Pulaluyan's (2002) teaching material; however, no description of phonological rules was found in his material.
Tone as a distinctive feature used to differentiate not only words but also clause types, is a characteristic feature of Bantu languages. In this paper we show that Bemba relatives can be marked with a low tone in place of a segmental relative marker. This low tone strategy of relativization, which imposes a restrictive reading of relatives, manifests a specific phonological phrasing that can be differentiated from that of non-restrictives. The paper shows that the resultant phonological phrasing favours a head-raising analysis of relativization. In this sense, phonology can be shown to inform syntactic analyses.
This paper examines locative relatives in Durban Zulu. We show that locative relatives differ from nominal relatives crucially in prosodic phrasing as well as in resumptive pronoun marking. We propose that the best way to account for locative relatives in Zulu is to resort to the old style adjunction analysis of relative clauses, with an empty operator. The system we propose assumes that such an adjunction analysis co-exists with a head-raising analysis, which accounts for the nominal relative clauses.
The current study focuses on the prosodic realization of negators in Saisiyat, an endangered aboriginal language of Taiwan, and compares its prosodic realization of negation with that of English. The results of this study indicate that sentential subjects are the most acoustically prominent items in the Saisiyat negative sentences measured. This contrasts sharply with the English experimental sentences, in which the negator itself was the most acoustically prominent item. These findings suggest that Saisiyat is a pitch-accent language; thus, the presence of negators does not significantly change the prosodic parameters of surrounding words. English, in contrast, is an intonation language, so the presence of negation results in substantial prosodic modification. This suggests that the phenomenon of negation is universally prominent; however, languages with different prosodic systems will adopt different strategies for realizing prominence.
Vowel dispersion in Truku
(2004)
This study investigates the dispersion of vowel space in Truku, an endangered Austronesian language in Taiwan. Adaptive Dispersion (Liljencrants and Lindblom, 1972; Lindblom, 1986, 1990) proposes that the distinctive sounds of a language tend to be positioned in phonetic space in a way that maximizes perceptual contrast. For example, languages with large vowel inventories tend to expand the overall acoustic vowel space. Adaptive Dispersion predicts that the distance between the point vowels will increase with the size of a language's vowel inventory. Thus, the available acoustic vowel space is utilized in a way that maintains maximal auditory contrast.
This paper presents the adaptation of MAIN to Gondi (Dantewada), Halbi and Hindi for Gondi-Hindi and Halbi-Hindi bilinguals. The Gondi and Halbi communities and the context in which Gondi-Hindi and Halbi-Hindi bilingual children are growing up are described, and the adaptation process is outlined together with its theoretical underpinnings. Finally, results from a study of 54 Halbi-Hindi bilinguals from Grade 3 (Mean age = 8.5 years), Grade 5 (Mean age = 10.9 years) and Grade 7 (Mean age = 12.9 years) are presented. The results showed that, for the macrostructure of Grade 3 and Grade 5, L1 retelling was significantly better than L2 retelling, though this pattern was not found in Grade 7 where the performance was at the same level across languages for retelling. Narrative macrostructure was consistently higher in tellings than in the retellings regardless of languages and grades.
In this study, cross-dialectal variation in the use of the acoustic cues of VOT and F0 to mark the laryngeal contrast in Korean stops is examined with Chonnam Korean and Seoul Korean. Prior experimental results (Han & Weitzman, 1970; Hardcastle, 1973; Jun, 1993 &1998; Kim, C., 1965) show that pitch values in the vowel onset following the target stop consonants play a supplementary role to VOT in designating the three contrastive laryngeal categories. F0 contours are determined in part by the intonational system of a language, which raises the question of how the intonational system interacts with phonological contrasts. Intonational difference might be linked to dissimilar patterns in using the complementary acoustic cues of VOT and F0. This hypothesis is tested with 6 Korean speakers, three Seoul Korean and three Chonnam Korean speakers. The results show that Chonnam Korean involves more 3-way VOT and a 2-way distinction in F0 distribution in comparison to Seoul Korean that shows more 3-way F0 distribution and a 2-way VOT distinction. The two acoustic cues are complementary in that one cue is rather faithful in marking 3-way contrast, while the other cue marks the contrast less distinctively. It also seems that these variations are not completely arbitrary, but linked to the phonological characteristics in dialects. Chonnam Korean, in which the initial tonal realization in the accentual phrase is expected to be more salient, tends to minimize the F0 perturbation effect from the preceding consonants by taking more overlaps in F0 distribution. And a 3-way distribution of VOT in Chonnam Korean, as compensation, can be also understood as a durational sensitivity. Without these characteristics, Seoul Korean shows relatively more overlapping distribution in VOT and more 3-way separation in F0 distribution.
This paper describes the rationale for the adaptation of the Multilingual Assessment Instrument for Narratives (LITMUS-MAIN) (Gagarina et al., 2012, 2015, 2019) to Scottish Gaelic (Gaelic) and presents some preliminary results from the macrostructure measures. Gaelic is a heritage minority language in Scotland being revitalised through immersion education, which spans across all levels of compulsory education (preschool, primary and secondary level). MAIN was adapted to Gaelic for two reasons: (i) to gauge the language abilities of children attending Gaelic immersion schools using an ecologically valid test, and (ii) to help identify areas of language impairment in children with Developmental Language Disorders within a broader battery of language tasks. Preliminary results from the macrostructure component indicate a wider range of Gaelic language abilities in six- to eight-year-old typically developing children in Gaelic-medium education. These results set the stage for future use of the tool within this context.
Die Beschreibungen der phonologischen und phonetischen Gebrauchsmerkmale erschöpfen sich aus der Sicht der informellen Kommunikation bekanntlich vorwiegend in den sprecherbezogenen phonologischen Prozessen, die dominant mit einer durch natürliches Sprechtempo bedingten ausspracheerleichternden Funktion einhergehen. Auch verfügt die moderne Interaktionslinguistik über Kenntnisse einiger linguistischer Funktionen von Intonation. Dennoch wissen wir immer noch sehr wenig über die soziale (d. h. auch strategische) Funktionalität der artikulatorischen und prosodischen (also der segmentalen und suprasegmentalen) Merkmale im Gesprächsverhalten. Dieser Beitrag setzt sich zum Ziel, die kontextsensitiven konversationsphonologischen Sprachmerkmale und ihre soziale Funktionsweise im Alltagsgespräch zu skizzieren. Die Problematik der Herangehensweise an die Erfassung der sozialen Bedeutung von konversationeller Phonetik, Phonologie und Prosodie wird anhand von drei exemplarischen Analysen der Kontextualisierung der sozialen Distanz in den Gesprächen bei verschiedenen informellen Gruppen Jugendlicher beleuchtet.
Im Rahmen meiner Doktorarbeit "Ich war dort, also, ich weiß, dass dort alles geordnet ist..." Deutschland und Deutsche in der Wahrnehmung von slowakischen Schülern habe ich explorativ vorgestellt, wie Deutschland und Deutsche bei den slowakischen Jugendlichen (Geburtsjahrgänge 1988/1989) wahrgenommen werden (primäres Forschungsziel). Neben der soziologischen Dimension wurde in diese Studie folgender didaktischer Aspekt einbezogen: Im aktuellen Fremdsprachenunterricht wird hervorgehoben, dass das Lernen von Fremdsprachen zur Entwicklung von Offenheit, Empathie und Toleranz gegenüber fremden Kulturen beitragen solle. Insofern wurde untersucht, ob und inwiefern der Deutschunterricht darauf einwirkt, wie Bilder von Deutschland und Deutschen bei slowakischen Schülern gep-rägt werden (sekundäres Forschungsziel). Im Hinblick auf die oben genannten Ziele lagen den Forschungsinteressen folgende zentrale Fragen zugrunde:
1. Welche Einstellungen und welches Wissen haben Jugendliche in der Slowakei in Bezug auf Deutschland und Deutsche? Wie vollzieht sich der Prozess der Ausprägung von Wahrnehmungen und welche Sozialisationsinstanzen bzw. Faktoren sind daran beteiligt?
2. Bestehen in den vorhandenen Deutschlandbildern Differenzen zwischen den Schülern mit und ohne Deutschunterricht1? Wenn ja, wie werden diese sichtbar?
This paper argues that extant approaches to presupposition projection that either rely on strict linear order (Schlenker, 2009) or hierarchy (Romoli and Mandelkern, 2017) cannot provide a uniform account of data drawn from head-final languages. While building on Schlenker’s theory, this paper resolves the issues by restricting the calculation of local contexts to specific points in the parsing process. The consequence is that the theory makes a prediction robust to the head directionality parameter
Der vorliegende Artikel befasst sich mit dem Vergleich deutscher und tschechischer Phraseme, welche die Emotion Scham und ihre Abstufungen wie Peinlichkeit und Verlegenheit darstellen. Als Ausgangspunkt der Analyse wurde auf der Grundlage von Recherchen in zwei phraseologischen Wörterbüchern ein zweisprachiges phraseologisches Korpus zusammengestellt, wodurch die Anzahl der festen Wendungen eingeschränkt und eindeutig definiert wurde. Das Korpus wurde mit Hilfe einer weiteren Analyse von Sprachkorpora teilweise modifiziert. Im zweiten Schritt wurden die gegenübergestellten deutschen und tschechischen Phraseme entsprechend des Grades ihrer Äquivalenz klassifiziert. Wenn in den benutzten Wörterbüchern keine Entsprechung in der Ausgangs- bzw. Zielsprache angegeben war, wurden darüber hinaus Äquivalente der phraseologischen Wendungen in deutschen und tschechischen Korpora gesucht.
Der Ausdruck von Emotionen in der deutschen und tschechischen Phraseologie am Beispiel von Scham
(2010)
Ĉlánek se zabývá vyjádřením emoce „stud“ v ĉeských a německých frazeologismech. Z nejrozsáhlejších ĉeských a německých frazeologických slovníkŧ byly nejprve vyexcerpovány frazeologismy týkající se studu, které byly následně dohledány v korpusech jednotlivých jazykŧ a poté analyzovány z hlediska jejich konceptu. Výzkum shromáţděných textŧ poukázal i na některé situace, ve kterých se emoce studu u jedince objevuje, např. je-li přistiţen nahý. Analýza ukázala, ţe stud je v obou jazycích spojován s konceptem ĉervené barvy a konceptem neviditelnosti. Realizace posledně zmiňovaného konceptu spoĉívá v tom, ţe se chce osoba ukrýt např. pod zem, popřípadě nechce být jinak viděna ani se sama dívat na ostatní. Několik německých frazeologismŧ navíc poukazuje na koncept smrti, který nebyl v ĉeské frazeologii vázající se ke studu doloţen.
Die Frau als Beute
(2009)
Obsahem popsaného výzkumu jsou stereotypy spojené s muņským a ņenským pohlavìm, konkrétně koncept odráņejìcì se jak v německých tak českých frazeologismech- "ņena jako kořist". K ověřenì tohoto tvrzenì je vyuņito dvou účelově různých korpusů. Prvnì představujì frazeologické slovnìky, na jejichņ základě jsou stanoveny frazeologismy vyjadřujìcì daný koncept. Tato ustálená spojenì jsou pak vyhledávána v jazykových korpusech (pro německý jazyk byl zvolen COSMAS II, české doklady pocházì z Českého národnìho korpusu).
Výzkum dokázal, ņe tvrzenì o ņeně jako kořisti je v jazyce jen částečně podloņeno. Podle korpusových dokladů se také ņena "vydává na lov" a muņi pak často "uvìznou v jejìch sìtìch".
This article examines the expression and description of fear in German and Czech phraseology. Fear – one of the primary emotions – is viewed in a broad sense. The analysis of this semantic field also includes such variations as anxiety, panic, fright, horror, and terror. As it is impossible to cover the full phraseological range for this semantic field in both languages, the boundaries of the corpus were set with reference to the repertoire of expressions included in selected phraseological dictionaries. The use of these idiomatic expressions in practice was verified with reference to large-scale corpora in the individual languages. The article offers an analysis of the corpus from a cognitive perspective. For each of the languages, the first step was to identify the concepts which are mediated via selected phraseological expressions. The concepts were then compared, revealing similarities and differences between German and Czech in this respect.
Analyse ausgewählter (sprachwissenschaftlicher) Nachschlagewerke und ihrer Benutzerfreundlichkeit
(2013)
This metalexicographic study compares four selected (linguistic) dictionaries. The results will potentially assist teachers in choosing a dictionary for students of German in the early phase of their studies. Selected lemmas are analyzed in a case study from the perspective of linguistic, academic and additional information; these lemmas are taken from the categories of phonetics and phonology, as these disciplines are generally covered first in a German degree programme. The selected dictionaries are also compared in terms of the range of phonetic and phonological concepts covered.
Bulas de medicamentos alemãs e brasileiras em contraste : alguns resultados da análise linguística
(2012)
Na presente pesquisa foi desenvolvido um estudo linguístico contrastivo de textos de bulas de medicamentos da Alemanha e do Brasil com o objetivo de verificar a existência de diferenças e semelhanças entre eles. Para isso, um total de 20 bulas foram comparadas em seus níveis macro e microestrutural, após uma investigação detalhada das principais características do gênero em questão. Ao final da análise contrastiva, foi confirmada a presença de convergências e divergências no gênero, tendo em vista o par linguístico adotado, e também identificadas algumas explicações para tal.
Inhärenz und Etablierung
(1981)
Die folgenden Überlegungen zum Problem der Inhärenz und Etablierung beziehen ihre wesentlichen Anregungen aus dem Aufsatz von H. Seiler "Zum Problem der sprachlichen Possessivität" (1972), wo eben dieses Problem eingebettet wird in den Rahmen von Inhärenz und Etablierung. […] Ziel der Untersuchung ist es, ausgehend von einer vorläufigen Definition der letztgenannten Begriffe […] und angelehnt an eine kasussemantische Methodik, Possessivität als ein sprachliches Phänomen zu beschreiben, das verstanden werden muß im Rahmen allgemeiner relationaler Erscheinungen: Inhärenz und Etablierung ist in meinem Verständnis immer Inhärenz und Etablierung semantischer Relationen, einem Lexem ist immer eine solche Relation (mehr oder weniger) inhärent, es wird stets zwischen Lexemen eine Relation etabliert. Damit ist auch eine Brücke zur Valenz, die man als Inhärenz im verbalen Bereich verstehen könnte, gegeben […]. Nach einer Klärung des Umfeldes wird die Inhärenz zunächst für das Deutsche und Türkische einer genaueren Untersuchung unterworfen, eine weitere Detailanalyse ist dem Nahuatl gewidmet. Untersuchungen zu weiteren Sprachen […] sollen das gewonnene Bild erweitern und modifizieren. Die Untersuchungen zur Etablierung können nur als allererste Ansätze gelten, wie die gesamte Arbeit lediglich den Anspruch stellt, den Bereich nicht etwa erschöpfend abzuhandeln, sondern nur die Richtung aufzuzeigen, in der mögliche Ergebnisse zu suchen sind.
Fronting a noun phrase changes the focus structure of a sentence. Therefore, it may affect truth conditions, since some operators, in particular quantificational adverbs, are sensitive to focus. However, the position of the quantificational adverb itself, hence its informational status, is usually assumed not to have any semantic effect. In this paper I discuss a reading of some quantificational adverbs, the relative reading, which disappears if the adverb is fronted. I propose that this reading relies not only on focus, but on B-accent (fall-rise intonation) as well. A fronted Q-adverb is usually pronounced with a B-accent; since only one element can be B-accented, this means that the scope of the adverb contains no B-accented material, hence no relative readings. Thus, the effects of fronting range more widely than is usually assumed, and quantificational adverbs are a useful tool with which to investigate these effects.
In this paper I discuss four type of bare nominal, and note that, in some sense, all of them appear to imply stereotypicality. I consider an account in terms of Bidirectional Optimality Theory: unmarked (bare) forms give rise to unmarked (stereotypical) interpretations. However, it turns out that, while the form of bare numerals is unmarked, the interpretation sometimes is not. I suggest that the crucial notion is not unmarkedness, but optimal inference: unmarked forms give rise to interpretations that are best used for drawing inferences. I propose a revision of Bidirectional Optimality Theory to reflect this.
Die vorliegende Arbeit sieht sich im Rahmen der Diskursanalyse. Ihr Ziel ist es, einen Beitrag zu Fragestellungen zu leisten, die um die Strukturierung von gesprochener Sprache und Möglichkeiten ihrer Erfassung kreisen. Die in ihr untersuchte Sprache ist das Samoanische, eine der Sprachen, die aufgrund vielfacher linguistischer Forschung eher als 'bekannt' zu bezeichnen ist.
In der Forschung zu Grammatikalisierungsphänomenen wurden die Untersuchungsergebnisse häufig in Form grafischer Schemata dargestellt. Die einschlägige Forschungsliteratur spricht daher von 'grammaticalization paths', 'chains' und 'channels'. Wir möchten in dieser Arbeit erstens einen Überblick darüber bieten, welche Grammatikalisierungspfade – und zu welchen traditionellen grammatischen Domänen – bisher vorgeschlagen wurden. Zweitens möchten wir mittels der Zusammmenstellung der Pfade in einem Gesamtbild veranschaulichen, wie ein Grammatik-Modell aussehen könnte, dem die Grammatikalisierungstheorie zugrunde liegt. Ein solcher Überblick ist aus mehreren Gründen problematisch: Zum einen liegen für einige Grammatikalisierungsentwicklungen verschiedene Vorschläge vor, von denen wir jeweils die auswählten, für die ausreichend Belegmaterial angeführt wurde. Ein anderes Problem stellt die Heterogenität der grafischen Schemata dar, für die wir versucht haben, ein einheitliches Format zu erarbeiten, um sie in unser Gesamtmodell zu integrieren. In gleicher Weise wurden die Vorschläge einbezogen, die nicht in grafischer Gestalt vorlagen. Ein grundlegendes Kriterium für die Auswahl aus der vielfältigen Literatur war, daß die Bewegung eines sprachlichen Elements entlang seines historisch belegten Pfades betrachtet wurde. Im ersten Teil der Arbeit wird die Gesamtgrafik in Bezug auf die von Himmelmann 1992 skizzierte Grammatikalisierungtheorie in einzelnen Aspekten erläutert. Der zweite Teil dient der Einordnung der historisch belegten Entwicklungen in das Gesamtschema, wobei zwei Pfade gesondert behandelt werden. Zum Abschluß möchten wir kurz auf die Möglichkeiten und die Mängel des Modells eingehen.
Das Phänomen der Inkorporation, spezieller Nominalinkorporation (NI), wurde ursprünglich in der Forschung vor allem in nordamerikanischen Indianersprachen untersucht und zu ihrer typologischen Beschreibung herangezogen. Daraus ergab sich eine Definition von NI als einem morphologischen Verfahren, bei dem ein prädikativer Ausdruck (V) einen referenzfähigen Ausdruck (N) inkorporiert, um einen komplexen prädikativen Ausdruck (V) abzuleiten. Nach heutigen Erkenntnissen jedoch gilt NI als relativ universell vertretenes Verfahren, das in den Sprachen der Welt mehr oder weniger prominent zu finden ist. Strittig ist dabei, ob das Inkorporat nur seinen syntaktischen Status – dies wäre als weit gefaßte Definition zu bezeichnen – oder auch seinen Wortstatus – dagegen eng gefaßte Definition (=Komposition) – verliert. Mit dieser Frage verbunden scheint die Diskussion um den Status von NI innerhalb eines Sprachmodells: Handelt es sich um ein syntaktisches Verfahren und ist als solches produktiv mit einer relativen Eigenständigkeit der Elemente (Sadock 1986/Baker 1988) oder um Lexikalisierung (Mithun 1984), also um einen Wortbildungsmechanismus mit einer zumindest tendenziellen Verfestigung der beteiligten Elemente? Allen diesen Modellen gemeinsam bleibt jedoch die Tatsache, daß sie im Bereich der Morphologie ansetzen. Wir wollen in dieser Arbeit den umgekehrten Weg beschreiten und anhand des von Mithun (1984) aufgestellten Katalogs von Charakteristika nach Phänomenen "nicht-morphologischer" NI suchen und sie am Material der jeweiligen Sprache erörtern.
As relações multiculturais dentro de uma dada sociedade passam, necessariamente, por relações comunicacionais. Determinados grupos minoritários com histórico de imigração, dentro de uma sociedade totalizante, podem desenvolver modos de comunicação e expressão específicos que afetam, diretamente, a linguagem ...
The present study aims to investigate how foreign language learners at the German for Academic Purposes (GAP) program at a Brazilian federal university interact in their mother tongue about their motivations to learn a foreign language as well as their motivations to participate in study abroad programs. Data were collected using focus group methodology with three focus groups of six students each (A1, A2 and B1 levels). We chose to analyze the A1 group. We conducted metaphor-led discourse analysis of the data in order to examine metaphors and metonymies, which emerged in the focus group interactions. We were able to identify the presence of systematic metaphors such as learning is hard work and learning is jumping hurdles, intertwined with conceptual metaphors such as education is a journey and difficulties are weights, which point at the motivation for learning verbalized by Brazilian foreign language learners who took part in the study.
Mehrsprachigkeit wird heute in vielen Kontexten diskutiert und unter verschiedenen Aspekten erforscht. Vor allem im Zuge der gegenwärtigen Migrationsbewegungen und der steigenden privaten und professionellen Mobilität wird unsere Gesellschaft immer häufiger vor neue Aufgaben und Herausforderungen gestellt. Dem Fremdsprachenunterricht kommt in diesem Kontext eine große Bedeutung zu.
Nach einer kurzen Einführung in die grundlegenden bildungspolitischen Ziele zur Förderung individueller bzw. gesellschaftlicher Mehrsprachigkeit auf europäischer Ebene wird in diesem Beitrag der Frage nachgegangen, inwieweit die neuen Erkenntnisse der Mehrsprachigkeitsforschung sich im Zweitsprachunterricht effizient einsetzen lassen und zur Förderung einer mehrsprachigen Kompetenz beitragen können.
O presente trabalho discute diferentes estratégias de retextualização no processo de tradução de um texto acadêmico, especialmente no caso de transposição de um gênero mais próximo à oralidade a outro, mais próximo da escrituralidade. A edição crítica em português que incorpora estas estratégias de retextualização é desenvolvida tomando como base não só a primeira edição do manual didático-científico Textlinguistik de Eugenio Coseriu, fixada em alemão por Albrecht a partir de gravações em áudio de aulas ministradas por Coseriu em 1977/78, como também as edições em italiano e espanhol. Neste trabalho, diferentes estratégias de verbalização que permitem o deslocamento do texto em direção à escrituralidade são ilustradas e fundamentadas teoricamente, segundo os pressupostos teóricos do modelo de Tradições Discursivas, de base coseriana, que entende a língua como um diassistema de textos e variedades linguísticas localizadas no contínuo de oralidade e escrituralidade.
Este artigo apresenta um estudo quantitativo do uso dos modos Konjunktiv e Indikativ no discurso indireto no alemão. Através da análise de um corpus de 400 textos online do gênero notícia de jornal, descrevem-se fatores que influenciam a escolha do modo do discurso indireto. Para a realização deste estudo partiu-se das seguintes hipóteses: a escolha do modo do discurso indireto pode ser influenciada pelo tipo de verbo do discurso citante (sagen/dizer, erklären/explicar), pela posição deste (antes ou depois do discurso citado), pelo tempo verbal do verbo finito do discurso citante, tipo de verbo do discurso citado (regular, irregular, auxiliar), se a oração subordinada é introduzida ou não por conjunção, grau de inserção da oração subordinada e distância entre discurso citante e discurso citado.
Previous work examining the role of antecedent accessibility in pronominal coreference has often linked coreference to prominent structural positions that in turn are linked to information structure statuses such as topic. Three experiments examine the influence of topichood independently of structural prominence by exploring the influence of the pragmatic notion of aboutness on the written production of pronominal coreferring expressions. The results show that being mentioned in an about-phrase increases the likelihood that a referent will be selected as the future topic of a following sentence as well as increasing the proportion of responses with early, pronominal coreference to that referent, at the expense of coreference with the subject. These results suggest that coreference is sensitive to the status of other, structurally non-prominent referents in discourse, and that the pragmatic notion of aboutness influences pronominal coreference.
This paper describes the interplay of lexical and grammatical aspect with other grammatical phenomena in the interpretation of the aspectual suffix ‑ile (which we analyse as Perfective) in isiNdebele, a Nguni Bantu language spoken in South Africa. Crucial other phenomena include constituency-related factors such as the conjoint-disjoint distinction and (related) penultimate lengthening, along with morphophonological conditions that trigger different forms of ‑ile. These factors appear to interact differently in isiNdebele than they do in closely related Zulu, suggesting two different paths of grammaticalization, which we argue can change the interpretation of markers of grammatical aspect as they interact with lexical aspectual classes.
This paper experimentally investigates presupposition projection from the scope of the quantifiers every and at least one, as triggered by the factive verb be aware and the iterative adverb again.
The first issue we are concerned with is whether presuppositions project universally or existentially from quantified sentences. Different theoretical accounts endorse opposing views here (e.g., Heim, 1983; Geurts, 1999; Beaver, 2001; Schlenker, 2008, 2009; Fox, 2012), while recent experimental work (Chemla, 2009; Tiemann, 2014) suggests that the force of the projected presupposition varies by quantifier.
The second issue we look at is how the descriptively observed readings arise—in particular, as a direct result output from the projection mechanism, or via additional, independent mechanisms such as domain restriction (e.g., Geurts and van Tiel, 2016): if the domain of the quantifier is restricted, this can yield what looks like non-universal inferences in light of the overall, unrestricted domain, even if the projection mechanism itself yields a universal presupposition. Finally, we test whether the presupposed content also forms part of the entailed content, at least for certain triggers (Sudo, 2012; Klinedinst, 2016; Zehr and Schwarz, 2016).
Our results yield clearly different patterns for every and at least one, with every giving rise to universal presuppositions, which, to a very limited extent, can be weakened by domain restriction, and at least one overwhelmingly giving rise to non-universal presuppositions. Our results also indicate the availability of presupposition-less readings for both triggers in the task at hand, apparently more prevalent than domain restriction. Thereby, we present novel evidence that helps to pinpoint which of the theoretical options can be substantiated experimentally.
Os materiais audiovisuais, como filmes e seriados, proporcionam ao professor a oportunidade de apontar exemplos de diferentes tipos de falantes da língua-alvo: tanto falantes nativos (comumente tomados como modelo) quanto interculturais (HOUSE 2007), sendo estes falantes não nativos que se apropriaram adequadamente da língua estrangeira para a comunicação. Apresentar falantes interculturais ao aluno é importante para que ele possa romper com a concepção de falante nativo ideal como modelo de aprendizagem (RAJAGOPALAN 2012); por essa razão, é imprescindível que esse tipo de personagem seja representado adequadamente em seriados e filmes. Tendo isso em vista, pretendemos analisar, neste trabalho, os seriados Erste Wege in Deutschland e Jojo sucht das Glück, no que se refere a suas protagonistas (ambas, supostamente, falantes interculturais). Foram analisados, respectivamente, dois e cinco episódios das séries, buscando refletir sobre as protagonistas com base na caracterização de falante intercultural nos estudos da área (BYRAM, GRIBKOVA E STARKEY 2002; HOUSE 2007; OLIVEIRA 2012). Os resultados apontam para uma representação artificial dessas personagens, pois elas reproduzem, de forma geral, características típicas de um falante idealizado, o qual gera imagens estereotipadas da língua-alvo.
Rezension zu A. Celinić; I. Kurtović Budja; A. Čilaš Šimpraga; Ž. Jozić: Prinosi hrvatskoj dijalektnoj fonologiji. Split – Zagreb: Književni krug Split – Institut za hrvatski jezik i jezikoslovlje, 2010.
Rad je nastavak istraživanja nazivlja za rodbinske veze u hrvatskome jeziku. Promatra rodbinsko nazivlje u čakavskome narječju hrvatskoga jezika, i to samo za jednu rodbinsku vezu u značenju ‘sestrina kći’. Narječna građa ekscerpirana je iz upitnika za Hrvatski jezični atlas prikupljenih na teritoriju čakavskoga narječja i dostupnih dijalektnih rječnika čakavskih govora. Usto, donose se potvrde iz povijesnih rječnika koje su uspoređene s hrvatskim standardnim jezikom. Pronađeni su sljedeći nazivi: bratučeda, nećakinja, neputa, nevoda, nevča, sestrična…
We present an architecture for the integration of shallow and deep NLP components which is aimed at flexible combination of different language technologies for a range of practical current and future applications. In particular, we describe the integration of a high-level HPSG parsing system with different high-performance shallow components, ranging from named entity recognition to chunk parsing and shallow clause recognition. The NLP components enrich a representation of natural language text with layers of new XML meta-information using a single shared data structure, called the text chart. We describe details of the integration methods, and show how information extraction and language checking applications for realworld German text benefit from a deep grammatical analysis.