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Implicated presuppositions
(2008)
J. Melvinger u radu o supstandardnome prijedložnom infinitivu (1982.) ne spominje mogućnost infinitivne kondenzacije posljedičnih ustrojstava, ni prijedložnog ni besprijedložnog infinitiva, iako donosi primjere u kojima je riječ o infinitivnoj prijedložnoj konstrukciji koja je priložna oznaka posljedice, a ne priložna oznaka načina, kako ona tvrdi: Kožnata jakna smiješna, a šal oko vrata škaklja za poludjeti. Tu mogućnost ne spominje ni u svojoj disertaciji (iako navodi primjere koje mi razumijevamo kao posljedične konstrukcije), a ne navodi je ni M. Ivić.
Welchen Bedingungen unterliegt menschliche Kommunikation? Welche sprachlichen Mittel verwendet ein Sprecher um sicherzustellen, dass sein Zuhörer tatsächlich das versteht, was er kommunizieren möchte? Wie also »verpacken« wir wichtige und weniger wichtige Informationen im alltäglichen Diskurs? Diesen und anderen Fragen geht der SFB 632 »Informationsstruktur«, ein gemeinsames Forschungsunternehmen von Linguisten verschiedener Teildisziplinen der Universität Potsdam und der Humboldt-Universität, nach.
Auf der Grundlage der bisherigen Forschungsergebnisse zu Transfer und Interferenz wird die Übertragung sprachlichen Wissens in die Interimsprache in eine Theorie des Zweitspracherwerbs integriert. Transfer wird dabei als interlinguale Ausprägung der Generalisierung verstanden, eine Sichtweise, die die Untersuchungsergebnisse zu Bedingungen und Ursachen des Transfers in einen Erklärungszusammenhang mit anderen Phänomenen des Zweitspracherwerbs stellt. Darüberhinaus ermöglicht es diese Interpretation, eine Verbindung zu kognitiven Leistungen des Lerners beim Erstspracherwerb sowie beim Lernen überhaupt herzustellen.
This dissertation is concerned with the phenomenon of intervention effects, observed in three different domains: wh-questions, alternative questions (AltQ) and Negative Polarity Item (NPI) licensing. I propose that these three domains share some common properties, namely, they all involve focus-sensitive licensing, and are thus sensitive to an intervening focus phrase. The overview of the dissertation is as follows. In chapter 2, I discuss the phenomenon of intervention effects in wh-questions, brought to light in the discussion of German in Beck (1996), and Korean in Beck and Kim (1997). The basic idea of their analysis is that quantifiers block LF wh-movement. I show that intervention effects are observed in many other languages, too, suggesting that the intervention effect has a universal character. I then point out some problems with the analysis proposed by Beck (1996) and Beck and Kim (1997). In chapter 3, I propose a new generalization of the wh-intervention effects, namely that the core set of interveners, which is crosslinguistically stable, consists of focus phrases (and not quantifiers in general). Furthermore, I argue that the wh-intervention effect is actually an instance of the more general intervention effect, the "Focus Intervention Effect", which says that in a focus-sensitive licensing construction, no independent focus phrase may intervene between the licensor Op and the licensee XP. The underlying idea is that the Q operator is a focus-sensitive operator and that wh-phrases in-situ are dependent (i.e., semantically deficient) focus elements, which must be associated with the Q operator in order to be interpreted. An intervening independent focus operator precisely blocks that association. I further propose that the domain of focus-sensitive licensing includes not only wh-licensing, but also AltQ-licensing and NPI-licensing. In chapter 4, I show that alternative questions are also subject to the focus intervention effect, just like wh-questions. I provide evidence that the intervention effect in wh-questions and in alternative questions should receive a parallel analysis, in terms of focus-sensitivity. In chapter 5, I discuss a third construction which is sensitive to the focus intervention effect: the licensing of Negative Polarity Items (NPIs). I show that focus consistently blocks NPI licensing, with data from German and Korean. I propose that NPIs are also semantically deficient focus elements, which need to be associated with a NEG operator. Finally, chapter 6 summarizes the intervention effects and suggests some topics for future research into the precise nature of the intervention effect.
Inuktitut wird in der kanadischen Arktis, im Territorium Nunavut und in Arctic Quebec, von ca. 30.000 Menschen gesprochen und steht in einem Varietätenkontinuum mit den benachbarten Sprachen der Familie „Eskimo-Aleut“, deren Verbreitungsgebiet sich von Ostgrönland bis zur Nordostspitze Asiens erstreckt. Inuktitut ist eine polysynthetische Sprache und zeichnet sich durch uneingeschränkte morphologische Produktivität und Komplexität aus. Die vorliegende grammatische Skizze richtet ihr Augenmerk vorrangig auf diese synthetischen Prozesse, die sich keineswegs auf lexikalische Produktivität im Sinne einer ‚Wortbildung’ beschränken, sondern weitestgehend grammatisch konfigurierende Prozesse umfassen. Ausführlich behandelt werden auch die Kapazitäten der extrem differenzierten Flexionsparadigmen, insbesondere der Verbalflexion, die vollständige Propositionen konstituiert und durch die allein ein kohärenter Diskurs gewährleistet wird.
After the very well-organized Leiden conference for which we must be grateful to Tijmen Pronk, it seems appropriate for me to review some of the papers, as I did after the previous conferences in Zagreb and Copenhagen. The aim of this review is merely to point out some of the differences of opinion which require further debate.
Jagić o Maretiću
(2008)
U radu se nastoje prikazati i kontekstualizirati Dujmušićevi jezikoslovni doprinosi očuvanju hrvatskoga standardnog jezika. Puristički se radovi, među kojima je najzanimljiviji i najopširniji “Antibarbarus hrvatskoga jezika”, klasificiraju prema Thomasovoj (1991) kategorizaciji purističke djelatnosti. Dujmušić je zanimljiv ne samo zbog izazovne, potpune anonimnosti, nego i zbog toga što je u vrijeme opozicije između vukovskoga i antivukovskoga purizma bio na onoj slabijoj, antivukovskoj strani. Znanstvena je recepcija Dujmušićeva rada potpuno izostala, što znači da njegove jezikoslovne prinose valja i prikazati i evaluirati.
Judging by appearances : a study of human-oriented metonymic developments in the domain of dress
(2008)
U radu se iznosi pokušaj razvrstavanja glagola s elementom se u valencijskome rječniku hrvatskih glagola. Kao predložak poslužila je obrada iste vrste glagola u češkome elektroničkom valencijskom rječniku VALLEX, kao i prototipno-kontekstualna analiza povratnih glagola Branimira Belaja. Glagoli se razvrstavaju na temelju gramatičkih i semantičkih kriterija.
Ključne riječi: valencija; valencijski rječnik; glagoli sa se; element se kao čestica i kao zamjenica
In dieser Arbeit wird der Interrelation zwischen kulturellen, kognitiven und kommunikativ-sprachlichen Phänomenen nachgegangen. Kulturelles prägt nicht nur das enzyklopädische Weltwissen, sondern beeinflusst auch die Sprache als System und den Sprachgebrauch. Kulturelles Wissen manifestiert sich in den Bedeutungen bestimmter Lexeme, in kulturgeprägten Weltwissensrepräsentationen, als Handlungsmusterwissen und Verhaltensstereotypkenntnis, sowie in Präferenzen für die Selektion, Anordnung und Kombination von sprachlichen Systemelementen lexikalischer wie morphosyntaktischer Art zu Textsortenexemplaren. Die der Übersetzungstätigkeit daraus erwachsenden Schwierigkeiten werden differenziert durchleuchtet.
U radu će biti riječi o imenicama koje označuju mjeru i koje se redovito pojavljuju u akuzativu iako bi sintaktički na tome mjestu trebao doći koji drugi oblik. Učestalom upotrebom u akuzativnome obliku te imenice gube svoje osnovno morfološko obilježje – promjenjivost, a time i svoju nedvojbenu pripadnost imenicama kao vrsti riječi i nameću pitanje kako ih obraditi u rječniku.
This paper addresses a set of issues related to language documentation that are not often explicitly dealt with in academic publications, yet are highly important for the development and success of this new discipline. These issues include embedding language documentation in the socio-political context not only at the community level but also at the national level, the ethical and technical challenges of digital language archives, and the importance of regional and international cooperation among documentation activities. These issues play a major role in the initiative to set up a network of regional language archives in three South American countries, which this paper reports on. Local archives for data on endangered languages have recently been set up in Iquitos (Peru), Buenos Aires (Argentina), and in various locations in Brazil. An important feature of these is that they provide fast and secure access to linguistic and cultural data for local researchers and the language communities. They also make data safer by allowing for regular update procedures within the network.
Leksičke funkcije kao pokazatelji značenjskih odnosa u kolokacijskim svezama hrvatskoga jezika
(2008)
U radu se na primjerima kolokacijskih sveza hrvatskoga jezika analiziraju leksičke funkcije koje je unutar svojega teorijskoga modela značenje – tekst razradio Igor Meljčuk. Na uzorku od desetak leksičkih funkcija koje predstavljaju opće značenjske modele primjenjive u svim jezicima opisuju se značenjski odnosi na osnovi kojih nastaju kolokacijske sveze, dakle, jezične jedinice koje po svojoj strukturi nadilaze razinu jedne riječi, tj. leksema.
Die Geschichte der Beziehungen zwischen Literaturwissenschaft und Linguistik im Rahmen der Germanistik in den letzten 50 Jahren ist durchaus wechselvoll: einer zunehmenden Abkühlung, ja Entfremdung auf der einen Seite steht auf der anderen das wachsende Interesse an gemeinsam fruchtbar zu beackernden Arbeitsfeldern gegenüber. Ein Streifzug durch die Jahrgänge der Siegener Zeitschrift für Literaturwissenschaft und Linguistik (LiLi) seit den frühen 70er Jahren gibt davon ebenso Zeugnis wie aktuelle Projekte kritischer Kooperation (Kasten/Neuland/Schönert 1997, Hoffmann/Kessler Hrsg. 2003) oder der Versuch einer wissenschaftsgeschichtlichen Aufarbeitung des Verhältnisses der beiden Fächer durch das Marbacher Literaturarchiv (Haß/König Hrsg. 2003). Im folgenden Beitrag wird ein kurzer Blick auf die diesbezügliche Situation in der Schweiz geworfen und ein konzeptueller Zugriff auf mögliche Berührungspunkte exemplarisch skizziert.
Linguistik, Poetik, Ästhetik
(2008)
The paper briefly summarizes the proposal made in 1965 that "Poetic Competence" is the basis for creating and evaluating poetry. That this competence lives on, but is different from linguistic competence is exemplified by a close look at the segmental and supra-segmental, morpho-syntactic, lexical, and conceptual structure of Hölderlin's poem "An Zimmern", revealing a surprisingly complex and balanced structure of the apparently simple four lines. The second part of the paper discusses the question whether judgments about poetry are to be studied as based on the relation between specific properties of poems and persons. Finally the problem is raised, whether literary art is based on a specific Poetic Competence, or instantiates a general aesthetic ability applied to linguistic objects. This is construed as a speculative, but still empirical question.
The problem of vocalization, or diacritization, is essential to many tasks in Arabic NLP. Arabic is generally written without the short vowels, which leads to one written form having several pronunciations with each pronunciation carrying its own meaning(s). In the experiments reported here, we define vocalization as a classification problem in which we decide for each character in the unvocalized word whether it is followed by a short vowel. We investigate the importance of different types of context. Our results show that the combination of using memory-based learning with only a word internal context leads to a word error rate of 6.64%. If a lexical context is added, the results deteriorate slowly.
Metaphorization and selected translation techniques : the case study of "National Geographic"
(2008)
Rad je nastao iz potrebe da se opiše dubrovački pučki govor 17. i 18. st. Pri morfološkoj je analizi važno uzeti u obzir da se opisuje jezično razdoblje i područje podudarno s početkom formiranja današnjega standardnog jezika. Analiza postaje svrhovitom usporedi li se s rezultatima jezičnih studija razdobljā koja su joj prethodila i slijedila, do današnjega vremena.
Several articulatory strategies are available during the production of /u/, all resulting in a similar acoustic output. /u/ has two main constrictions, at the velum and at the lips. A perturbation of either constriction can be compensated at the other one, e.g wider constriction at the velum by more lip protrusion, wider lip opening by more tongue retraction. This study investigates whether speakers use this relation under perturbation. Six speakers were provided with palatal prostheses which were worn for two weeks. Speakers were instructed to make a serious attempt to produce normal speech. Their speech was recorded via EMA and acoustics several times over the adaptation period. Formant values of /u/-productions were measured. Velar constriction width and lip protrusion were estimated. For four speakers a correlation between constriction width and lip protrusion was found. A negative correlation between lip protrusion and F1 or F2 could sometimes be observed, but no correlation occurred between constriction size and either of the formants. The results show that under perturbation speakers use motor equivalent strategies in order to adapt. The correlation between constriction size and lip protrusion is stronger than in studies investigating unperturbed speech. This could be because under perturbation speakers are inclined to try out several strategies in order to reach the acoustic target and the co-variability might thus be greater.
The claim of this paper is that embedded definites can, despite the appearances, be accounted for on the uniqueness approach. Far from being a surprise, we argue that the behavior of embedded definites is actually expected once two independent facts are taken into account: the ability of noun phrases to take scope, i.e., to be interpreted in a different place from their syntactic position, and the interaction of presuppositions and scope-taking elements. Specifically, we analyze embedded definites as a case of inverse linking (Gabbay and Moravscik, 1974; May, 1977): the embedded definite takes scope over the embedding one. The presupposition of the embedded definite is weakened as a result of the independently motivated process of intermediate accommodation (Kratzer, 1989; Berman, 1991). In our case, this process transfers the presupposition of the embedding definite into the restrictor of the embedded one.
Like other scope-taking processes, inverse linking is generally taken to be subject to locality constraints: if a syntactic island, such as a finite clause boundary, intervenes in the path of a scope-taking element, then the resulting reading is unavailable or degraded (Rodman, 1976). Since our account views embedded definites as cases of inverse linking, we predict that inserting an island into an embedded definite, all else being equal, should lead to a similar degradation. We report results from an online survey with 800 participants that confirm this prediction.
Die deutschen Präteritoprasentia sind, indem alte Perfektformen das heutige Präsens stellen, aus mehreren Griinden als hochgradig irregular zu betrachten; hinzu kommt ein bisher nicht geklärter Umlaut bei vier (von heute sieben) dieser Verben: müssen, dürfen, können und mögen. Bisherige Erklärungsversuche werden diesem Problem nicht gerecht: Zwar versuchen sie durchaus, den Umlaut im Präsens zu motivieren, doch vermögen sie es nicht, sein ausschließliches Vorkommen im Plural des Präsens zu erklären. Hier wird für die These argumentiert, dass es sich um einen (verbalen) Pluralumlaut handelt, der insbesondere auch im Nominalbereich gang und gäbe ist und dort zur gleichen Zeit einen massiven Ausbau (Morphologisierung) erfährt. Damit handelt es sich um einen sog. transkategorialen Marker.
Neobjavljeni autografi basna Đure Ferića (1739-1820) u odnosu prema dubrovačkoj pisanoj tradiciji
(2008)
U radu se prikazuju rezultati istraživanja neobjavljenih hrvatskih rukopisa dubrovačkoga latinista Đure Ferića, odnosno otkrića dvaju dosad nepoznatih autografa njegovih basna. Interpretacija rukopisa kao dijela dubrovačke literarne i jezičnopovijesne tradicije temeljni je cilj istraživanja, a polazište je usporedba grafijskih, pravopisnih i jezičnih osobitosti spomenutih autografa s leksikografskim i jezikoslovnim izvorima 17. i 18. stoljeća te jezikom kanonskoga pisca starije hrvatske književnosti Ivana Gundulića.
Ključne riječi: Đuro Ferić; autografi; dubrovačka pisana tradicija
Za svojega kratkoga boravka u Petrogradu 1912. I. Milcetic; opisao je bogatu Bercicevu zbirku glagoljickih rukopisa i tiskanih knjiga iz Ruske nacionalne knjižnice, ali nije stigao podrobno prouciti svaki sastavni dio Berciceve grade. U Milceticevu opisu kodeksa br. 1 (Klimantovicev zbornik, 1514.) spominje se prolog Muke, ali se ne upozorava da se u nastavku toga prologa nalazi ulomak iz srednjovjekovnoga prikazanja sa scenom Judine izdaje Isusa. Ta je scena u srednjem vijeku ponajviše uznemiravala puk jer se tada od svega najviše mrzila laž, izdaja i prijetvornost. U radu se opisuju i prvi put objavljuju ulomci nepoznate redakcije Muke Isuhrstove iz petrogradske Berciceve zbirke (sign. Bc 1), koji predstavljaju za sada najstariji zapisani prolog i scenu hrvatskoga srednjovjekovnoga prikazanja pasionske tematike. Stihovi ulomaka usporeduju se s mladom ciklickom Mukom Spasitelja našega iz glagoljickoga Zbornika prikazanja (1556.), s kojom se u korpusu hrvatskoga srednjovjekovnoga pjesništva ti ulomci najviše podudaraju.
Broj njemackih posudenica u hrvatskome jeziku je manji nego što bi se moglo ocekivati, s obzirom na to da je višestoljetna politicka i kulturna povezanost Hrvatske s habsburškom državom uvjetovala izravni dodir njemackoga i hrvatskoga jezika. Razlog je tome jezicna politika koja se svjesno odupirala snažnom utjecaju njemackoga jezika na hrvatski, dajuci u standardnome jeziku prednost hrvatskim rijecima. U supstandardnom jeziku se, medutim, održao veci broj njemackih posudenica, iako za te rijeci postoje hrvatski ekvivalenti. U ovome ce se radu preispitati odnos njemacke posudenice i njezine domace zamjene, tj. u kojoj mjeri je hrvatski ekvivalent uspješna zamjena njemackoj posudenici kao i to o cemu sve ovisi ta uspješnost.
This paper investigates the role of Hunsrückisch, a dialect spoken by German descendents in South Brazil, in regard to the performance of high school students in the proficiency exam Deutsches Sprachdiplom (DSD-I). The article will first discuss the concept of bilinguism and then analyzes the performance of bilingual students (Portuguese/German) from the Instituo de Educação Ivoti in DSD-I exams over the last 5 years.
Friedrich Schlegel's lasting contribution to linguistics is usually seen in the impact that his book "Über die Sprache und Weisheit der Indier" from 1808 left on comparative linguistics and on the study of Sanskrit. Schlegel was one of the first European scholars to have studied Sanskrit extensively and he made a number of translations of Sanskrit literature into German which make up one third of "Über die Sprache und Weisheit der Indier". Schlegel's book is widely regarded as a founding document both of comparative linguistics and of indology, a fact which is quite remarkable in light of the development of Schlegel's thought after this text. His interest in Indian studies ceased more or less directly with the publication of this work, while his thoughts on language became more and more suffused by transcendental philosophy.
Aramaic is not among the oldest Semitic languages in a strictly chronological sense, but among those languages which are still spoken today, it has the longest continuous written tradition. The existing written documents span a period of three millennia and thus enable us to study language history in a long-term perspective. It is very important, in this respect, that the latest stage of development of Aramaic, Neo-Aramaic, still exists in a multitude of spoken varieties which can be studied in vivo. We can thus describe the phonetics and phonology of the modern varieties with more precision than is possible for the older language stages, which in turn enables us to draw conclusions on diachronic sound change. Likewise, we can study morphology and syntax not only from recorded texts, but we also have recourse to native speakers in order to clarify doubtful points. Thus the latest stage of Aramaic casts a strong light back into the past. It is therefore most unfortunate that many Aramaicists and Syrologists show so little interest in this living heritage.
Alexopoulou (2008) argues that Greek provides new evidence for the concept of binding illusions that was hypothesized by Fox and Sauerland (1996). Of special interest from my perspective is Alexopoulou’s argument that binding illusions arise not only with existential and universal quantifiers, but also with negative and interrogative quantifiers. The purpose of this note is to speculate on how to account for these kinds of binding illusions semantically building on Alexopoulou’s argument. In the following I refer to Alexopoulou’s (2008) paper as BIRG (Binding Illusions and Resumption in Greek) and to Clitic Left-Dislocation as CLLD. BIRG’s argument is based on the generalization concerning CLLD in Greek. Generally, a left-dislocated noun phrase cannot bind a pronoun in its clause in Greek.
In this paper it is argued that several typologically unrelated languages share the tendency to avoid voiced sibilant affricates. This tendency is explained by appealing to the phonetic properties of the sounds, and in particular to their aerodynamic characteristics. On the basis of experimental evidence it is shown that conflicting air pressure requirements for maintaining voicing and frication are responsible for the avoidance of voiced affricates. In particular, the air pressure released from the stop phase of the affricate is too high to maintain voicing which in consequence leads to a devoicing of the frication part.
In this paper it is argued that several typologically unrelated languages share the tendency to avoid voiced sibilant affricates. This tendency is explained by appealing to the phonetic properties of the sounds, and in particular to their aerodynamic characteristics. On the basis of experimental evidence it is shown that conflicting air pressure requirements for maintaining voicing and frication are responsible for the avoidance of voiced affricates. In particular, the air pressure released from the stop phase of the affricate is too high to maintain voicing which in consequence leads to a devoicing of the frication part.
This paper deals with the variable position of adjectives in the Romanian DP. As all other Romance languages, Romanian allows for adjectives to appear in both prenominal and post-nominal position. In addition, however, Romanian has a third pattern: the so-called cel construction, in which the adjective in the post-nominal position is preceded by a determiner-like element, cel. This pattern is superficially similar to Determiner Spreading in Greek. In this paper we contrast the cel construction to Greek DS and discuss the similarities and differences between the two. We then present an analysis of cel as involving an appositive specification clause, building on de Vries (2002). We argue that the same structure is also involved in the context of nominal ellipsis, the second environment in which cel is found.
This paper investigates the relation between TT-MCTAG, a formalism used in computational linguistics, and RCG. RCGs are known to describe exactly the class PTIME; simple RCG even have been shown to be equivalent to linear context-free rewriting systems, i.e., to be mildly context-sensitive. TT-MCTAG has been proposed to model free word order languages. In general, it is NP-complete. In this paper, we will put an additional limitation on the derivations licensed in TT-MCTAG. We show that TT-MCTAG with this additional limitation can be transformed into equivalent simple RCGs. This result is interesting for theoretical reasons (since it shows that TT-MCTAG in this limited form is mildly context-sensitive) and, furthermore, even for practical reasons: We use the proposed transformation from TT-MCTAG to RCG in an actual parser that we have implemented.
On the role of syntactic locality in morphological processes : the case of (Greek) derived nominals
(2008)
The paper is structured as follows. In section 2, I briefly summarize the facts on English and Greek nominalizations. In section 3, I discuss English nominal derivation in some detail. In section 4, I turn to the question of licensing of AS in nominals. In section 5, I turn to the issue of the optionality of licensing of AS in the nominal system.
In the late seventies, Bernard Comrie was one of the first linguists to explore the effects of the referential hierarchy (RH) on the distribution of grammatical relations (GRs). The referential hierarchy is also known in the literature as the animacy, empathy or indexibability hierarchy and ranks speech act participants (i.e. first and second person) above third persons, animates above inanimates, or more topical referents above less topical referents. Depending on the language, the hierarchy is sometimes extended by analogy to rankings of possessors above possessees, singulars above plurals, or other notions. In his 1981 textbook, Comrie analyzed RH effects as explaining (a) differential case (or adposition) marking of transitive subject ("A") noun phrases in low RH positions (e.g. inanimate or third person) and of object ("P") noun phrases in high RH positions (e.g. animate or first or second person), and (b) hierarchical verb agreement coupled with a direct vs. inverse distinction, as in Algonquian (Comrie 1981: Chapter 6).
German linking elements are sometimes classified as inflectional affixes, sometimes as derivational affixes, and in any case as morphological units with at least seven realisations (e.g. -s-, -es-, -(e)n-, -e-). This article seeks to show that linking elements are hybrid elements situated between morphology and phonology. On the one hand, they have a clear morphological status since they occur only within compounds (and before a very small set of suffixes) and support the listener in decoding them. On the other hand, they also have to be analysed on the phonological level, as will be shown in this article. Thus, they are marginal morphological units on the pathway to phonology (including prosodics). Although some alloforms can sometimes be considered former inflectional endings and in some cases even continue to demonstrate some inflectional behaviour (such as relatedness to gender and inflection class), they are on their way to becoming markers of ill-formed phonological words. In fact, linking elements, above all the linking -s-, which is extremely productive, help the listener decode compounds containing a bad phonological word as their first constituent, such as Geburt+s+tag ‘birthday’ or Religion+s+unterricht ‘religious education’. By marking the end of a first constituent that differs from an unmarked monopedal phonological word, the linking element aids the listener in correctly decoding and analysing the compound. German compounds are known for their length and complexity, both of which have increased over time—along with the occurrence of linking elements, especially -s-. Thus, a profound instance of language change can be observed in contemporary German, one indicating its typological shift from syllable language to word language.
U članku se analizira opis glagolskoga vida u gramatikama hrvatskoga kajkavskoga književnog jezika, nastalim od druge polovice 18. do prve polovice 19. stoljeća (Vitkovićeva, Szentmartonyjeva, Kornigova i Matijevićeva te gramatike J. Đurkovečkoga i I. Kristijanovića). Analizom gramatičkoga diskursa u navedenim se gramatikama razlučuju temeljne glagolskovidske sastavnice u različitim pristupima gramatičkome opisu: glagolski vid i definicija kategorije te definicije članova vidske oprjeke, (im)perfektivizacija, zatim odnos glagolskoga vida i glagolskih oblika, te sastava glagola.
Bilježenje palatalnih konsonanata najviše je problema izazivalo u slavenskih naroda koji su nastojali prilagoditi osnovnu latinicu fonemima svojih jezika. U ovom se radu promatraju bilježenja palatala u pisaca zadarsko-šibenskoga kruga, i to u vremenu od 14. do 17. stoljeća. U toj su regiji nastali prvi hrvatski tekstovi pisani latinicom. Cilj rada jest ustvrditi kako su pojedini autori latinicom zapisali sporne foneme hrvatskoga (čakavskoga) jezika, koje su razlike i istosti njihovih grafijskih rješenja i koje se tendencije ogledaju u višestoljetnoj uporabi latinice na ovom području.
This paper offers a description of the contemporary German lexicography using dictionary taxonomy. The parameters used for the classification of dictionaries are the number of languages (monolingual against bilingual dictionaries), the user’s perspective (how useful is each kind of dictionary for the Brazilian scholar) and the two perspectives of the act of speech (text reception against text production).
U radu se prikazuju rezultati terenskoga istraživanja o pomicanju naglasaka u imenskih riječi na prednaglasnicu, odnosno o praslavenskom prijenosu siline unutar naglasne cjeline u čakavskome govoru Crikvenice. Pomicanje se naglasaka na prednaglasnicu provodi dosljedno u svima razmatranim kategorijama (osim u brojeva) u kojima su zadovoljeni ovi uvjeti: prvotni silazni naglasak na prvome (ili jedinome) slogu osnove one riječi koja čini naglasnu cjelinu s prijedlogom ispred sebe. U akuzativu su imenica muškoga i ženskoga roda zabilježene alternacije. Pomicanje naglasaka na prednaglasnicu u nekim primjerima srednjega roda u L jd. zahvaća i drugotne silazne naglaske koji su se na prvome slogu osnove našli naknadno, zbog naglasnoga ujednačavanja paradigme ili naglasnoga tipa.
Part-of-Speech tagging is generally performed by Markov models, based on bigram or trigram models. While Markov models have a strong concentration on the left context of a word, many languages require the inclusion of right context for correct disambiguation. We show for German that the best results are reached by a combination of left and right context. If only left context is available, then changing the direction of analysis and going from right to left improves the results. In a version of MBT (Daelemans et al., 1996) with default parameter settings, the inclusion of the right context improved POS tagging accuracy from 94.00% to 96.08%, thus corroborating our hypothesis. The version with optimized parameters reaches 96.73%.
In this paper we compare the distribution of PPs introducing external arguments in nominalizations with PPs introducing external arguments in the verbal domain. We show that several mismatches exist between the behavior of PPs in nominalizations and PPs in the verbal domain. This leads us to suggest that while PPs in the verbal domain are licensed by functional structure alone, within the nominal domain, PPs can also be licensed via an interplay of the encyclopaedic meaning of the root involved and the properties of the preposition itself. This second mechanism kicks in in the absence of functional structure.
U radu se analiziraju pravi tvorbeni mocijski parnjaci u kajkavskome književnom jeziku. Utvrđuju se sufiksi produktivni u mocijskoj tvorbi u književnoj kajkavštini, njihova učestalost i korelativni parnjaci u kojima se javljaju. Rezultati se uspoređuju s osobitostima mocijske tvorbe u hrvatskome standardnom jeziku.
Die Entwicklung eines individuellen Standards „vom grünen Tisch“ führt selten zu zufriedenstellenden Ergebnissen. Bei der automatischen Prüfung stellt man schnell fest, dass die „ausgedachten“ Regeln einer systematischen Anwendung nicht standhalten. Bei der Implementierung solcher Richtlinien stellt man fest, dass sie oft zu wenig konkret formuliert sind, wie z.B. „formulieren Sie Handlungsanweisungen knapp und präzise“. Wie jedoch kann ein Standard entwickelt werden, der zu einem Unternehmen, seiner Branche und Zielgruppen passt und für die automatische Prüfung implementiert werden kann? Sprachtechnologie hilft effizient bei der Entwicklung individueller Richtlinien. Durch Datenanalyse, Satzcluster und Parametrisierung entsteht ein textspezifischer individueller Standard. Ist damit aber der Gegensatz von Kreativität und Standardisierung aufgehoben?
We present the results of an experimental study which targets prosodic correlates of subclausal quotation marks. We found that written sentences containing passages enclosed by quotation marks were read aloud in a manner that significantly differs in prosody from spoken realizations of corresponding disquoted counterparts. However, we also observed that such prosodic marking of subclausal quotation wasn't strong enough to survive subsequent back-translation into written language: there was no correlation between the presence/absence of quotation marks in the original written examples, and the presence/absence of quotation marks in corresponding back-translations from oral renditions. We investigated three different kinds of uses of quotation marks and found no systematic difference between them with respect to prosodic marking.
The paper presents an additional argument for a specific account of semantic binding: the flat-binding analysis. The argument is based on observations concerning sloppy interpretations in verb phrase ellipsis when the binder is not the subject of the elided VP. In one such case, it is important that one of the binders belong to the domain of the other. This case can be derived from the flat-binding analysis as is shown in the paper, while it is unclear how to account for it within other analyses of semantic binding.
Quantitative approaches to linguistic variation in IRC : implications for qualitative research
(2008)
Qualitative analysis of code choice, code switching, and language style in Internet Relay Chat (IRC) can shed light on functional-pragmatic aspects of the use of different linguistic varieties. However, in a qualitative analysis, the status of varieties within a channel or for a single chatter can only be guessed at. Moreover, qualitative research on linguistic variation in IRC often fails to generalize its findings due to a restricted database or a restricted view of a database. This article introduces an approach that allows for embedding of qualitative research within a quantitative research design. The quantitative method presented here enables general statements to be made about the use of varieties or the usage of certain chatters in a chat channel. The approach is exemplified with data from Swiss IRC channels, in which Swiss German dialects and standard German are used side by side. A large corpus is analyzed for static and dynamic aspects of dialect share. It is argued that this quantitative approach can provide a background for qualitative analysis and facilitate the selection process of relevant data required for qualitative analysis.
Questions on transitivity
(2008)
This handout (it isn’t a paper) presents phenomena and questions, rather than conclusions, related to the concept of transitivity. The idea is to return to these questions at the end of the Workshop to see if we can have a clearer consensus about the best general analysis of phenomena associated with transitivity. Section 2 presents alternative analyses of transitivity and questions about transitivity in three languages I have worked on. Section 3 discusses a few of the different conceptualisations of transitivity that might be relevant to our thinking about the questions related to these languages or that bring up further questions. Section 4 presents some general questions that might be asked of individual languages.
Rate effects on aerodynamics of intervocalic stops : evidence from real speech data and model data
(2008)
This paper is a first attempt towards a better understanding of the aerodynamic properties during speech production and their potential control. In recent years, studies on intraoral pressure in speech have been rather rare, and more studies concern the air flow development. However, the intraoral pressure is a crucial factor for analysing the production of various sounds.
In this paper, we focus on the intraoral pressure development during the production of intervocalic stops.
Two experimental methodologies are presented and confronted with each other: real speech data recorded for four German native speakers, and model data, obtained by a mechanical replica which allows reproducing the main physical mechanisms occurring during phonation. The two methods are presented and applied to a study on the influence of speech rate on aerodynamic properties.
A series of production and perception experiments investigating the prosody and well-formedness of special sentences, called Wide Focus Partial Fronting (WFPF), which consist of only one prosodic phrase and a unique initial accented argument, are reported on here. The results help us to decide between different models of German prosody. The absence of pitch height difference on the accent of the sentence speaks in favor of a relative model of prosody, in which accents are scaled relative to each other, and against models in which pitch accents are scaled in an absolute way. The results also speak for a model in which syntax, but not information structure, influences the prosodic phrasing. Finally, perception experiments show that the prosodic structure of sentences with a marked word order needs to be presented for grammaticality judgments. Presentation of written material only is not enough, and falsifies the results.
Structuring participles
(2008)
In this paper we discuss three types of adjectival participles in Greek, ending in -tos and –menos, and provide a further argument for the view that finer distinctions are necessary in the domain of participles (Kratzer 2001, Embick 2004). We further compare Greek stative participles to their German (and English) counterparts. We propose that a number of semantic as well as syntactic differences shown by these derive from differences in their respective morpho-syntactic composition.
This monograph describes the overall language situation in Luxembourg, a highly multilingual country in Western Europe, from a language policy and planning perspective. The first part discusses the social and historical contexts, including major societal changes and uncertainties about the future, which are bound up with Europeanisation and the accelerated processes of globalisation. It also deconstructs the notions of Luxembourgish as a 'minority language' and French as the 'language of prestige', and describes a two-pronged language ideology that allows for either monolingual identification with Luxembourgish or trilingual identification with the languages recognised by the language law of 1984 (Luxembourgish / German / French). The second part discusses the trilingual school-system, a system in which large numbers of romanophone students are forced to go through a German-language literacy programme. The third part provides an overview of language spread in the areas of the media and literary writing. The fourth part examines language purism and tensions concerning the standardisation of Luxembourgish, as well as the debates about language requirements for citizenship. The discussion shows how language policy scholarship needs to be approached from a multidimensional perspective, that is, by taking into account dynamics on the global, regional and local levels in addition to those at the state level.
The ACL 2008 Workshop on Parsing German features a shared task on parsing German. The goal of the shared task was to find reasons for the radically different behavior of parsers on the different treebanks and between constituent and dependency representations. In this paper, we describe the task and the data sets. In addition, we provide an overview of the test results and a first analysis.
The unfolding discussion will focus on the internal representation of turbulent sounds in the phonology of German as well as pinpoint the special status of the prime defining the quality of turbulence. It will also be argued that this prime is capable of entering into special types of licensing relations, which results in specific phonetic manifestations of forms. We shall compare the effects of two processes attested in German: consonant degemination and spirantisation with a view to revealing the role of the turbulence-defining element in the two operations. Furthermore, our attention will be focused on the workings of the Obligatory Contour Principle which, as will be shown below, exerts decisive impact on prime interplay and consequently the phonetic realization of sounds and words. We shall see that segmental identity is contingent on the languagespecific interpretation of inter-element bonds.
Aware of the importance of prime autonomy in determining the manifestation of sounds, let us start with a brief outline of the fundamental segment structure principles offered by the theory of Phonological Government.
Freeze (1992) argued on the basis of data from several different languages that there is a close relationship between existential sentences (stating the existence of an entity) and locative sentences (stating the location of an entity). Freeze (1992) proposes that they are both derived from the same base structure and that the surface differences are rather due to the distinct information structures.This paper argues against this position with the data from Serbian existentials, which show clear syntactic differences from the locatives. Thus, the close relationship between existential and locative sentences that Freeze (1992) observes is conceptual, but not (necessarily) part of the syntax of the language. In order to account for the data, we propose that existential sentences originate from a different syntactic predication structure than the locative ones. The existential meaning arises, as we will show, from the interaction of this predication structure with the structure and meaning of the noun phrase.
The study investigates the contribution of tactile and auditory feedback in the adaptation of /s/ towards a palatal prosthesis. Five speakers were recorded via electromagnetic articulography, at first without the prosthesis, then with the prosthesis and auditory feedback masked, and finally with the prosthesis and auditory feedback available. Tongue position, jaw position and acoustic centre of gravity of productions of the sound were measured. The results show that the initial adaptation attempts without auditory feedback are dependent on the prosthesis type and directed towards reaching the original tongue palate contact pattern. Speakers with a prosthesis which retracted the alveolar ridge retracted the tongue. Speakers with a prosthesis which did not change the place of the alveolar ridge did not retract the tongue. All speakers lowered the jaw. In a second adaptation step with auditory feedback available speakers reorganised tongue and jaw movements in order to produce more subtle acoustic characteristics of the sound such as the high amplitude noise which is typical for sibilants.
Predmet interesa ovoga rada dvije su ustaljene sveze riječi koje su dio hrvatskoga pomorskog nazivlja, a u jeziku se često koriste s frazeološkim značenjem. U radu se analizira njihovo podrijetlo, moguća frazeološka značenja i konteksti u kojima se upotrebljavaju. Potencijalni frazemi uspoređuju se i s njihovim ruskim frazeološkim značenjskim ekvivalentima.
Ključne riječi: hrvatska frazeologija; ruska frazeologija; hrvatsko pomorsko nazivlje; potencijalni frazemi mali od palube i mali od kužine
This talk concerns the copula system in Buli, a Ghanaian language which has also been attested in Bahia (Rodrigues 1935, Zwernemann 1968). Special focus will be put on the categorization of two copula-reminiscent elements for which I will propose a discoursepragmatic analysis.
Buli is an Oti-Volta tone language spoken in Northern Ghana. This paper outlines the basic features of its tonal system and explores whether and in which way pitch respectively phonemic tone is approached as a means to indicate the pragmatic category of focus. Pursued are cases with focus-related surface tone changes as well as cases where pitch could help to disambiguate between broad and narrow foci. It is argued that focus is not consistently encoded by pitch or tone. Parallel findings for the closely related languages Kopen o (phonetic symbol)nni and Dagbani suggest that the apparent lack of significant prosodic focus signals in Buli might pertain to a larger group of tonal languages of the Gur family.
U ovome se radu na temelju terenskog istraživanja obrađuje toponimija danas gotovo posve napuštenoga sela Dubljani u Popovu u istočnoj Hercegovini. U mjesnoj su toponimiji najzastupljeniji toponimi antroponimnoga postanja s pomoću kojih se upoznajemo s negdašnjim i današnjim imovinsko-pravnim ustrojem srednjovjekovnog Huma, toponim Satùlija (‘Sanctus Elias’) spomen je na davne romansko-hrvatske dodire, a na primjeru toponima Sačìvišće upoznajemo se s veoma složenom dijalektnom slikom istočne Hercegovine.
This paper is more about presenting phenomena and questions related to the concept of transitivity in Tibeto-Burman languages that I hope will stimulate discussion, rather than presenting strong conclusions. Sections 2 and 3 present alternative analyses of transitivity and questions about transitivity in two Tibeto-Burman languages I have worked on. In Section 4 I discuss some general issues about transitivity.
In this paper we present a parsing architecture that allows processing of different mildly context-sensitive formalisms, in particular Tree-Adjoining Grammar (TAG), Multi-Component Tree-Adjoining Grammar with Tree Tuples (TT-MCTAG) and simple Range Concatenation Grammar (RCG). Furthermore, for tree-based grammars, the parser computes not only syntactic analyses but also the corresponding semantic representations.
In this paper, we present an open-source parsing environment (Tübingen Linguistic Parsing Architecture, TuLiPA) which uses Range Concatenation Grammar (RCG) as a pivot formalism, thus opening the way to the parsing of several mildly context-sensitive formalisms. This environment currently supports tree-based grammars (namely Tree-Adjoining Grammars (TAG) and Multi-Component Tree-Adjoining Grammars with Tree Tuples (TT-MCTAG)) and allows computation not only of syntactic structures, but also of the corresponding semantic representations. It is used for the development of a tree-based grammar for German.
U radu se analiziraju glagolske tvorenice u Tadijanovićevu jezikoslovnom priručniku "Svašta po malo iliti kratko složenje imena i riči u ilirski i njemački jezik" (1761.), što je nastavak cjelovitoga istraživanja Tadijanovićevih tvorbenih modela. Autorice otvaraju i neka bitna teorijska pitanja iz područja glagolske tvorbe te upozoravaju na probleme, nedosljednosti i različita tumačenja pri raščlambi tvorbenih načina koje nalazimo u relevantnoj literaturi.
Verb agreement and epistemic marking : a typological journey from the Himalayas to the Caucasus
(2008)
Studies of the epistemic categories expressed in Tibetan auxiliaries and copulas have mostly compared the phenomena with mirativity marking, and this is no doubt the correct comparandum in diachronic research. However, synchronic descriptions are also often tempted to compare the relevant categories with agreement systems or similar reference-related structures, at least for expository purposes when explaining how the system works (e. g. Denwood 1999, Tournadre 1996, Goldstein et al. 1991).
Verbs, nouns and affixation
(2008)
What explains the rich patterns of deverbal nominalization? Why do some nouns have argument structure, while others do not? We seek a solution in which properties of deverbal nouns are composed from properties of verbs, properties of nouns, and properties of the morphemes that relate them. The theory of each plus the theory of howthey combine, should give the explanation. In exploring this, we investigate properties of two theories of nominalization. In one, the verb-like properties of deverbal nouns result from verbal syntactic structure (a “structural model”). See, for example, van Hout & Roeper 1998, Fu, Roeper and Borer 1993, 2001, to appear, Alexiadou 2001, to appear). According to the structural hypothesis, some nouns contain VPs and/or verbal functional layers. In the other theory, the verbal properties of deverbal nouns result from the event structure and argument structure of the DPs that they head. By “event structure” we mean a representation of the elements and structure of a linguistic event, not a representation of the world. We refer to this view as the “event model”. According to the event model hypothesis, all derived nouns are represented with the same syntactic structure, the difference lying in argument structure – which in turn is critically related to event structure, in the way sketched in Grimshaw (1990), Siloni (1997) among others. In pursuing these lines of analysis, and at least to some extent disentangling their properties, we reach the conclusion that, with respect to a core set of phenomena, the two theories are remarkably similar – specifically, they achieve success with the same problems, and must resort to the same stipulations to address the remaining issues that we discuss (although the stipulations are couched in different forms).
Die vorliegende Arbeit diente der Gewinnung neuer Erkenntnisse über die historische Entwicklung und Typisierung von Fragesätzen. Die Analyse basiert auf Materialien verschiedener indogermanischer Sprachen (Griechisch, Armenisch, Gotisch, Altkirchenslavisch, Altrussisch) sowie einer außerindogermanischen kaukasischen Sprache (Altgeorgisch). Primär wurden Bibeltexte aus dem Alten und Neuen Testament anhand von Faksimileausgaben und elektronischen Textcorpora untersucht. Die Arbeit demonstrierte anhand von über 540 Beispielen, welche Kriterien, graphische oder grammatische Mittel, Fragewortstellung oder Satzgliederfolge, in den überlieferten Texten für die Entschlüsselung von Fragesätzen hilfreich waren. Für jede betrachtete Sprache wurde eine möglichst ausführliche Klassifikation der Hauptfragesatztypen vorgelegt. Ferner gehörte zum Untersuchungsobjekt der Arbeit die in den Fragesätzen implizierte Antworterwartung. Für die weitere Analyse dieser Erscheinung wurden die Fragesätze aufgrund ihrer formalen Kennzeichen für Antworterwartung und Bedeutung eingeteilt. Anhand des übereinzelsprachlichen Vergleiches war es möglich, die spezifischen interrogativen Charakteristika aufzuzeigen, die in den einzelnen Sprachen für die jeweiligen schriftlich fixierten Perioden typisch waren. Wenn relevant, wurden auch Daten aus jüngeren Sprachstufen herangezogen. Die zum Schluss vorgestellte Gegenüberstellung von indogermanischen und kaukasischen Sprachen war erforderlich, um nicht nur genetisch bedingte sprachspezifische Charakteristika von Fragesätzen aufzuzeigen, sondern auch allgemeinsprachliche spezifische Merkmale zu eruieren.
This article focuses on the rhetorical structure of introductory sections in Brazilian and German MA dissertations from the field of linguistics. The analysis is based on the CARS ("Create a Research Space") model proposed by Swales (1990) for examining introductions in English research papers. We also resort to Hutz (1997), who applies Swales' CARS model and compares English and German research papers from the discipline of psychology, and compare Brazilian with German text production (case study). The aim of this paper is to investigate whether Brazilian and German MA dissertations follow the same schematic patterns. Do the differences hold across the two cultures and different disciplines? To what extend can we talk about a 'universal academic discourse', as Widdowson (1979) claims?
U radu se razmatra problem vezničke sinonimije i antonimije. O sinonimiji i antonimiji govori se u jezikoslovnoj literaturi u pravilu kad je riječ o tradicionalno punoznačnim riječima, a o sinonimiji i antonimiji tradicionalno nepunoznačnih riječi rijetko se piše. O problemu sinonimije i antonimije ostalih nepunoznačnih riječi (usklika, zamjenica, prijedloga, odnosnih priloga i čestica) autorice su već pisale u radu Sinonimija i antonimija nepunoznačnih riječi u hrvatskoj leksikografiji. Ovaj je rad svojevrsna dopuna tomu radu te se u njemu osobita pozornost posvećuje vezničkoj sinonimiji i antonimiji (koja se pojavljuje tek iznimno) u hrvatskoj leksikografiji. Razmatra se problem sintaktičke sinonimije i antonimije te pokazuje da se u hrvatskim jednojezičnim rječnicima veoma malo pozornosti poklanja donošenju sinonima i antonima uopće, a osobito uz veznike (također i uz prijedloge, zamjenice, priloge, usklike i čestice) te da se oni i u definiciji značenja i u posebnoj rubrici donose samo iznimno i nesustavno. Objašnjavaju se načela po kojima je moguće uspostaviti sinonimne i (iznimno) antonimne nizove za veznike, a koja su uspostavljena i provedena pri izradbi Školskoga rječnika hrvatskog jezika, čije su urednice autorice ovog rada, te koja se razrađuju i dopunjuju kako bi se primijenila i u hrvatskome jednosvezačnom normativnom rječniku koji se izrađuje u Institutu za hrvatski jezik i jezikoslovlje u Zagrebu.
Die zwölfjährige GIP zwischen den Germanistiklehrstühlen der Universität Augsburg und der Staatlichen Pädagogischen (heute: Humanwissenschaftlichen) Universität Chabarovsk unter der Leitung von Prof. Dr. Hans Wellmann und Frau Dr. Elena Kan brachte fachliche Aktivitäten unterschiedlichster Art hervor. Im wissenschaftlichen Bereich wurde diese Zusammenarbeit ab 1999 durch eine Reihe gemeinsamer Videokonferenzen unterstützt. Dabei waren die Eingangsvoraussetzungen an beiden Partneruniversitäten recht unterschiedlich.