Institutes
Refine
Year of publication
Document Type
- Article (315)
- Doctoral Thesis (178)
- Preprint (41)
Language
- English (534) (remove)
Has Fulltext
- yes (534)
Is part of the Bibliography
- no (534)
Keywords
- Podospora anserina (8)
- aging (8)
- SARS-CoV-2 (7)
- Cyanobacteria (5)
- Ecology (5)
- Membrane Proteins (5)
- Phylogeny (5)
- mitochondria (5)
- Acetogenesis (4)
- Biodiversity (4)
- Haloferax volcanii (4)
- Saccharomyces cerevisiae (4)
- Synechococcus (4)
- alternative splicing (4)
- bats (4)
- fungi (4)
- Acetogen (3)
- Bioenergetics (3)
- Biogeography (3)
- COVID19-NMR (3)
- Carotenoids (3)
- Conservation biology (3)
- Evolution (3)
- Lipid and Fatty Acid Composition (3)
- Marine Diatoms (3)
- Membrane Transport (3)
- Microbiology (3)
- Oxidoreductases (3)
- Photooxidation (3)
- Pigmentation (3)
- Protein Structure (3)
- RNA (3)
- Solution NMR spectroscopy (3)
- Taxonomy (3)
- Thermophile (3)
- biodiversity (3)
- climate change (3)
- structural biology (3)
- zebrafish (3)
- 14CO2 Fixation (2)
- 5′-UTR (2)
- Acetogenic bacteria (2)
- Acinetobacter (2)
- Adhesion (2)
- Aloe (2)
- Amino Acid Pools (2)
- Archaea (2)
- Asphodelaceae (2)
- Bioaccumulation (2)
- Biomarker (2)
- Biomarkers (2)
- Biosynthesis (2)
- Bleaching Herbicides (2)
- Climate change (2)
- Community ecology (2)
- Covid19-NMR (2)
- Crustacea (2)
- DNA Transformation (2)
- DNA uptake (2)
- Desiccation resistance (2)
- Dicarboxylic acids (2)
- Downy mildew (2)
- Ecological modelling (2)
- Ecotoxicogenomics (2)
- Electron Bifurcation (2)
- Electron Transfer (2)
- Electron Transport (2)
- Energy Conservation (2)
- Energy Metabolism (2)
- Energy conservation (2)
- Entomology (2)
- Enzyme Mechanisms (2)
- European beech (2)
- Host-parasite interaction (2)
- Iron-Sulfur Protein (2)
- Land cover (2)
- Light-sheet microscopy (2)
- MICOS (2)
- Magnetic compass (2)
- Maxent (2)
- Membrane Biogenesis (2)
- Metabolic Engineering (2)
- Metabolic engineering (2)
- Metabolism (2)
- Metalloenzymes (2)
- Methylorubrum extorquens (2)
- Methylorubrum extorquens AM1 (2)
- Microplastic (2)
- Mitochondria (2)
- Modification (2)
- Morphogenesis (2)
- Morphology (2)
- NMR (2)
- NMR spectroscopy (2)
- Non-invasive sampling (2)
- Oaks (2)
- Oomycetes (2)
- Peronosporaceae (2)
- Photosynthesis (2)
- Phycocyanin-Free Lamellae (2)
- Protein Translocation (2)
- Psychology (2)
- Risk assessment (2)
- Solution NMR-spectroscopy (2)
- Species distribution modelling (2)
- Synaptic transmission (2)
- Synchron Cultures (2)
- Thermus (2)
- Transcriptomics (2)
- Trypanosoma cruzi (2)
- UV-B Stress (2)
- Wood-Ljungdahl pathway (2)
- Wood–Ljungdahl pathway (2)
- Xenorhabdus (2)
- Zebrafish (2)
- angiogenesis (2)
- aroma (2)
- autophagy (2)
- bacteria (2)
- biodiversity protection (2)
- biosynthesis (2)
- carotenoid biosynthesis (2)
- climate (2)
- color (2)
- community composition (2)
- conservation (2)
- conservation funding (2)
- conservation genetics (2)
- conservation planning (2)
- cox2 (2)
- cristae (2)
- cryptochrome (2)
- decision making (2)
- development (2)
- environmental attitudes (2)
- environmental education (2)
- extremophile (2)
- gene expression (2)
- genomics (2)
- global change (2)
- heat stress (2)
- inclination compass (2)
- integrins (2)
- long non-coding RNA (2)
- metabarcoding (2)
- microglia (2)
- morphology (2)
- nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) (2)
- peroxisomes (2)
- population genetics (2)
- population genomics (2)
- post-2020 biodiversity targets (2)
- pre-mRNA (2)
- predation (2)
- prefrontal cortex (2)
- prostate carcinoma cells (2)
- sleep (2)
- strategic site selection (2)
- structure–activity relationships (2)
- tumor microenvironment (2)
- 14C- and 15N-Assimilation (1)
- 15N-Labelled Amino Acids (1)
- 16S rRNA gene (1)
- 18S rRNA gene (1)
- 2030 Agenda (1)
- 3-Hydroxybutyric acid (1)
- 5'-UTR (1)
- 5-Hydroxyaloin A (1)
- 5_SL4 (1)
- ABR (1)
- AChE (1)
- ADAM15 (1)
- ADCD (1)
- ALE (1)
- AMPK (1)
- ATG24 (1)
- ATP (1)
- Absorption Spectra (1)
- Acetobacterium (1)
- Acetogenic metabolism (1)
- Acid transporters (1)
- Active Particles (1)
- Adenosine (1)
- Aedes (1)
- Agent-based modeling (1)
- Aging (1)
- Aging Phenomenon (1)
- Aichi targets (1)
- Air Pollutants (1)
- Alien species (1)
- Allohormone pheromones (1)
- Alphaproteobacteria (1)
- Amino Acids (1)
- Amphibia (1)
- Amplexus (1)
- Anabaena flos-aquae (1)
- Anacystis (1)
- Anaerobes (1)
- Anaerobic bacteria (1)
- Androst-4-en-3,17-dione (1)
- Anion Transport System (1)
- Anthraquinones (1)
- Anthropocene (1)
- Antibiotic Resistance (1)
- Antibiotics and Metabolite Export (1)
- Antioxidants (1)
- Aphanomyces astaci (1)
- Apoptosis (1)
- Aposematism (1)
- Aquilegia (1)
- Arabidopsis thaliana (1)
- Arctic Ocean (1)
- Ascomycota (1)
- Assignment (1)
- Assimilation of 15N-Nitrate (1)
- Asymmetrie Reconstitution (1)
- Auditory midbrain (1)
- Autism Spectrum Disorder (1)
- Autism Spectrum disorder (1)
- Automobile Exhaust (1)
- B chromosome (1)
- Bacillariaphyceae (1)
- Bacillus (1)
- Background expression (1)
- Bacteria (1)
- Bacterial Metabolism (1)
- Bacterial genes (1)
- Bacterial physiology (1)
- Bacterial structural biology (1)
- Bacteriology (1)
- Baleen whales (1)
- Band 3 Protein (1)
- Bartonella henselae (1)
- Basidiomycota (1)
- Behaviour (1)
- Benin (1)
- Benthic environment (1)
- Benthos (1)
- Biochemistry (1)
- Biodiversity tools and pipelines (1)
- Bioenergetics/Electron Transfer Complex (1)
- Bioengineering (1)
- Biofuels (1)
- Biohydrogen (1)
- Biological anthropology (1)
- Bioreactor (1)
- Biosecurity (1)
- Biotechnology (1)
- Biotic interactions (1)
- Biotransformation (1)
- Body burden (1)
- Bogert’s rule (1)
- Bolivia (1)
- Bovidae (1)
- Brain-stimulus synchrony (1)
- Breeding glands (1)
- Brudenell River (1)
- Bungarus (1)
- Bungarus niger (1)
- Bungarus walli (1)
- Business strategy in drug development (1)
- Butyrate (1)
- CAZy (1)
- CLP protease (1)
- CNV 16p11.2 (1)
- COVID-19 (1)
- CRISPR-Cas9 (1)
- CRISPR-Cas9 gene conversion (1)
- CXCL12 (1)
- CXCR4 (1)
- CaMPARI (1)
- Caffeate Respiration (1)
- Calathea (1)
- Calmodulin (1)
- Canada (1)
- Canis lupus (1)
- Canis lupus familiaris (1)
- Carbohydrates (1)
- Carbon capture (1)
- Carbon cycling (1)
- Cardiac regeneration (1)
- Cardiac remodeling (1)
- Carnivora (1)
- Carnivores (1)
- Carotene Isomerase (1)
- Carotenoid Desaturation (1)
- Castor bean tick (1)
- Catalase (1)
- Cation Proton Antiporter (1)
- Cell Wall (1)
- Cellular microbiology (1)
- Cellulase gene expression (1)
- Cercospora (1)
- Chagas disease (1)
- Chaperone Chaperonin (1)
- Chaperones (1)
- Chemical communication (1)
- Chemical dispersant (1)
- Chemical dispersants (1)
- Chemistry (1)
- Chemotaxonomy (1)
- Chironomus riparius (1)
- Chlorophyll (1)
- Chlorophyll Fluorescence (1)
- Chlorophyll Formation (1)
- Chlorophyll fluorescence (1)
- Chloroplast (1)
- Chlorosis (1)
- Chromatin (1)
- Chromones (1)
- Chrysops (1)
- Climate (1)
- Climate Change (1)
- Climate-change ecology (1)
- Climatic conditions (1)
- Closely related fungal species (1)
- ClpB (1)
- Coevolution (1)
- Colorectal Cancer (1)
- Community barcoding (1)
- Computational model (1)
- Conservation (1)
- Coronaries (1)
- Cortex (1)
- Cortical column (1)
- Costs (1)
- Crude oil (1)
- Crystal Structure (1)
- Cucumis sativus (Cucumber) (1)
- Cumate (1)
- D. magna (1)
- DCMU-Type Inhibitors (1)
- DCMU-Type Inhibitors Shade Adaptation (1)
- DEPDC5 (1)
- DIRAS2 (1)
- DNA Amplification Fingerprinting (1)
- DNA metabarcoding (1)
- DNA-Specific Labelling (1)
- Daboia russelii (1)
- Dark fermentation (1)
- Data standard (1)
- Data standards (1)
- Deep sea (1)
- Dehydration (medicine) (1)
- Dental Tissues (1)
- Depth (1)
- Development (1)
- Diatomophthora (1)
- Dicellomyces (1)
- Dimer Yield Ratio (1)
- Dimerization domain (1)
- Dioscorea (1)
- Diosgenin Production (1)
- Direct seeding (1)
- Discovery (1)
- Diseases (1)
- Dispersal capacity (1)
- Dissemination (1)
- Diversity (1)
- Drought (1)
- Drought reaction (1)
- Drug discovery (1)
- Drug therapy (1)
- Dynamics (1)
- E-NTPDase (1)
- ER (1)
- ERAL1 (1)
- EROD (1)
- Earth sciences (1)
- EcNhaA (1)
- Ech (1)
- Ecological niche modelling (1)
- Ecological requirements (1)
- Ecosystem Services (1)
- Ecotoxicology (1)
- Ecto-5'-nucleotidase (1)
- Ectrogella (1)
- Electron Microscopy (1)
- Electron transport chain (1)
- Electron-bifurcating hydrogenase (1)
- Electrophysiology (1)
- Elimination of Rho Factor (1)
- Embryo toxicity (1)
- Embryogenesis (1)
- Emerging insect model organisms (1)
- Endocrine disruptors (1)
- Endocrine-disrupting compounds (1)
- Endothelial (1)
- Endothelial-to-mesenchymal transition (1)
- Engineering (1)
- Entolomataceae (1)
- Entorrhizales (1)
- Envelope (1)
- Environmental factors (1)
- Environmental fate (1)
- Environmental health (1)
- Environmental partitioning (1)
- Environmental sciences (1)
- Environmental studies (1)
- Enzyme Induction (1)
- Enzyme Kinetics (1)
- Enzyme engineering (1)
- EphrinB2 (1)
- Equilibrium partitioning theory (1)
- Erythrocyte Membrane (1)
- Ethiopia (1)
- Ethylmalonyl-CoA (1)
- Eubacterium (1)
- Europe (1)
- European Beech (1)
- European Union (1)
- Evolutionary biology (1)
- Evolutionary developmental biology (1)
- Evolutionary genetics (1)
- Excretion (1)
- Extracellular matrix (1)
- Extremophile (1)
- Extremophiles (1)
- F1Fo-ATP-synthase (1)
- FAD (1)
- FAD synthase (1)
- FAD1 (1)
- Fabaceae (1)
- Fabclavine (1)
- Fagaceae (1)
- Far UV (1)
- Felidae (1)
- Filamentous fungi (1)
- Flavoproteins (1)
- Fluorescence imaging (1)
- Folic Acid Antagonists (1)
- Foraminiferal (1)
- Freshwater (1)
- Freshwater Ecosystems (1)
- Freshwater invertebrate (1)
- Functional Ecology (1)
- Functional genomics (1)
- Functional traits (1)
- Fungal pan-genomes (1)
- G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) (1)
- G3BP1 (1)
- GRAND-SLAM (1)
- Gal2 (1)
- Galakturonsäure (1)
- Gas Vacuoles (1)
- Gene sll0033 (1)
- Genetic variation (1)
- Genetic vectors (1)
- Genetics (1)
- Genome (1)
- Genome sequence (1)
- Genotoxicity (1)
- Genotyping and haplotyping (1)
- Geoffrey Burnstock (1)
- Geomagnetic field (1)
- Global warming (1)
- Glucose-6-phosphate- and 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase (1)
- Glycolate Oxidase (1)
- Glycophorin A dimerization (1)
- Graminicolous downy mildews (1)
- H+ transport (1)
- HARS2 (1)
- HCMV (1)
- HER (1)
- HWC database (1)
- Habitat transfer (1)
- Haematopota (1)
- Hazard assessment (1)
- Health care (1)
- Heart (1)
- Heat-Bleaching (of Plastids) (1)
- Hematophagous arthropods (1)
- Herbicide Resistance (1)
- Herbicide Resistant Mutants (1)
- Herbicide-Tolerant Mutants (1)
- Herbivores (1)
- Hi-C (1)
- High Performance Liquid (1)
- Hippocampal development (1)
- Hippocampus (1)
- History (1)
- Hominins (1)
- Host jump (1)
- Hybridization (1)
- Hydrogen storage (1)
- Hydrogen-dependent CO2 reductase (1)
- Hydrogen-dependent CO2 reductase (HDCR) (1)
- Hydrogenase (1)
- Hypercolumn (1)
- Hypothermia (1)
- I50 Value (1)
- IDP (1)
- ITS (1)
- IUCN protection categories (1)
- In situ burning (1)
- In vivo electrophysiology (1)
- Inducible Promoter (1)
- Infectious diseases (1)
- Inferior colliculus (1)
- Influenza (1)
- International survey (1)
- Intestinal bacterial community (1)
- Inthraszentin (1)
- InvaCost (1)
- Invasive species (1)
- Isoprenoids (1)
- Isozyme Pattern (1)
- Ixodes ricinus (1)
- Kinetics of Dimer Formation (1)
- Klebsiella (1)
- Kordyana (1)
- LARS2 (1)
- LASSO algorithm (1)
- LanI Protein (1)
- Lantibiotic (1)
- Lantibiotic Immunity (1)
- Larmor frequency (1)
- Larva (1)
- Latent Injury (1)
- Laurasiatheria (1)
- Leaf Peroxisomes (1)
- Leguminosae (1)
- Life-Satisfaction (1)
- Life-history (1)
- Lifespan (1)
- Light dark transition test (1)
- Light sheet-based fluorescence microscopy (1)
- Limnology (1)
- Limonene-3-hydroxylase (1)
- Lineage Through Time (1)
- Lipoprotein (1)
- Long-term potentiation (1)
- MARTINI force field (1)
- MEK inhibition (1)
- MMN (1)
- Macrobenthosda (1)
- Macroevolution (1)
- Macrotermes (1)
- Macrozoobenthos (1)
- Magnetic conditioning (1)
- Magnetic map (1)
- Marantaceae (1)
- Marine biodiversity (1)
- Marine ecosystem (1)
- Marine invertebrates (1)
- Mass spectrometry (1)
- Maternal Immune Activation (1)
- Mawson Bank (1)
- Mechanisms of disease (1)
- Mediterranean plants (1)
- Meliolales (1)
- Membrane Energetics (1)
- Membrane Enzymes (1)
- Membrane Protein Complex (1)
- MetVF (1)
- Metabolomics (1)
- Metagenomic shotgun sequencing (1)
- Metamorphosis (1)
- Methylene-THF reductase (1)
- Methylene-tetrahydrofolate reductase (1)
- Methylotroph (1)
- Methyltransferase (1)
- Mevalonic Acid (1)
- Microbiota (1)
- Microbotryales (1)
- Microenvironment (1)
- Microscopy (1)
- Mikroplastik (1)
- Mineralization (1)
- Mitochondrial Transport (1)
- Mitochondrial proteases (1)
- MjNhaP1 (1)
- Model (1)
- Molecular biology (1)
- Monoterpenoid (1)
- Monoterpenoid tolerance (1)
- Montane forest (1)
- Mount Kilimanjaro (1)
- Museum samples (1)
- Mutual information (1)
- Myocardial infarction (1)
- Myotis bechsteinii (1)
- NMR solution structure (1)
- NW Pacific (1)
- Na Gradient (1)
- Na+ transport (1)
- Naja (1)
- Nanoplastic (1)
- Natural Products (1)
- Natural products (1)
- Natural sounds (1)
- Nature Contributions to People (1)
- Nature Interest Scale (NIS) (1)
- Nature Valuation (1)
- Nature conservation (1)
- Nature's Contributions to People (1)
- Naturstoffe (1)
- Neocaridina palmata (1)
- Neotropic (1)
- Neural circuits (1)
- Neural map (1)
- Neurodevelopmental Psychiatric Disorders (1)
- Neuroligins (1)
- Neuronal Differentiation (1)
- Neurotoxicity (1)
- New host (1)
- New species (1)
- Niche (1)
- Nitrogen Metabolism (1)
- Noctuidae (1)
- Non-canonical terpenes (1)
- Non-ribosomal peptide synthetases (1)
- Non-structural protein (1)
- Norflurazon (1)
- Normative dimension (1)
- Nothopassalora (1)
- Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (1)
- Nucleic acid-binding domain (1)
- Nucleocapsid (1)
- Nucleus reuniens (1)
- Nyctalus leisleri (1)
- O-CAS assay (1)
- OXPHOS (1)
- Obituary (1)
- Oil spills (1)
- Olfactory Receptors (1)
- Olpidiopsis (1)
- Omp85-independent OMP Insertion (1)
- Optimal wiring (1)
- Optimization (1)
- Organic micropollutants (1)
- Organoids (1)
- Organophosphates (1)
- Orientation preference (1)
- Oxidation-Reduction (1)
- Oxidative Stress (1)
- Oxidative stress (1)
- Oxygen (1)
- Oxygen Evolution (1)
- Ozone (1)
- P 700 (1)
- P. anserina (1)
- P. maximowiczii Henry x P. nigra L. cv. Rochester (1)
- POTRA Domains (1)
- PaCRD1 (1)
- PaIAP (1)
- Panama (1)
- Panolis flammea (1)
- Parkinson (1)
- Parkinson’s disease (1)
- Particle toxicity (1)
- Passalora (1)
- Pathogenesis (1)
- Pathways (1)
- Pelagic (1)
- Peptide natural products (1)
- Pesticides (1)
- Phenology (1)
- Pheromone Inhibitor (1)
- Pheromones (1)
- Phosphohydrolases (1)
- Photoinactivation (1)
- Photorhabdus (1)
- Photosynthetic CO2 Fixation (1)
- Photosynthetic Reaction Center (1)
- Photosystem II (1)
- Phvtoene Desaturase (1)
- Phvtofluene (1)
- Phylogenetics (1)
- Physical chemistry (1)
- Physiology (1)
- Phytoene (1)
- Pigment Composition (1)
- Pigment and Protein Content (1)
- Pink1 (1)
- Pinnotheres (1)
- Pinwheel (1)
- Planetary boundaries (1)
- Plant regeneration (1)
- Plant regeneration; community assembly; diversity (1)
- Plant sciences (1)
- Plant stress (1)
- Plastic pollution (1)
- Plastic response (1)
- Plasticity (1)
- Plastics (1)
- Plastid rRNA (1)
- Podocarpus National Park (1)
- Polyhedral Bodies (1)
- Polyketides (1)
- Polymer (1)
- Polypeptides (1)
- Population density (1)
- Population dynamics (1)
- Populus nigra L. cv. Loenen (1)
- Porin (1)
- Potato Tuber Slices (1)
- Potato Tuber Tissue (1)
- Prediction (1)
- Premature Leaf Drop (1)
- Prenyl pyrophosphates (1)
- Product reuptake (1)
- Protein Assembly (1)
- Protein Complexes (1)
- Protein DNA-Interaction (1)
- Protein Purification (1)
- Protein Shape (1)
- Protein Sorting (1)
- Protein drugability (1)
- Protein druggability (1)
- Proteomics (1)
- Pseudocercospora (1)
- Pseudomonas (1)
- Pseudomonas putida (1)
- Pure Cultures of Marine Diatoms (1)
- Purkinje cell (1)
- Pyrophosphatase (1)
- QuEChERS (1)
- Quality of life (1)
- Quantum Requirement (1)
- Quarantine (1)
- Quercus (1)
- Quercus frainetto (1)
- Quercus frainetto Ten. (Ungarische Eiche) (1)
- Quercus ilex L. (Steineiche) (1)
- Quercus pubescens (1)
- Quercus pubescens Willd. (Flaumeiche) (1)
- Quercus robur L. (Stieleiche) (1)
- Quercus rubra L. (Roteiche) (1)
- Quinolinate Phosphoribosyltransferase (1)
- Quinones (1)
- Qв Binding Protein (1)
- R-INLA (1)
- RBFOX1 (1)
- REM sleep (1)
- RMP1 (1)
- RNA Polymerase (1)
- RNA genome (1)
- RNA polymerase (1)
- RNA sequencing (1)
- RNA stability (1)
- RNA turnover (1)
- RNA-binding proteins (1)
- Radical Pair model (1)
- Radiotherapy (1)
- Range expansion (1)
- Recolonization (1)
- Regeneration (1)
- Regulation of D1 Protein (1)
- Reintroduction (1)
- Rep gene (1)
- Reproduction (1)
- Resilience (1)
- Respiration (1)
- Respiratory chain (1)
- Rheumatoid Arthritis (1)
- Rhodnius prolixus (1)
- Ribosomally synthesized and post-translationally modified peptides (1)
- Ribosomen, rRNA Prozessierung, snoRNA, Ribosomenbiogenesefaktoren (1)
- Rnf (1)
- Robert Koch Institute (1)
- Ross Sea (1)
- Russell´s Viper (1)
- S-azidoacyl-N-acetylcysteamine (1)
- S9 (1)
- SL1 (1)
- SL5b (1)
- SL5b + c (1)
- SL5c (1)
- SLAM-seq (1)
- SNF1 (1)
- SNP (1)
- SNP genotyping (1)
- SNPs (1)
- SPAD (1)
- SR proteins (1)
- SSA (1)
- Salinity (1)
- Scale-up (1)
- Schistosomiaisis (1)
- Schizokinen (1)
- Science–society interactions (1)
- Scrotifera (1)
- Sea water (1)
- Secondary metabolites (1)
- Secretin (1)
- Secretins (1)
- Secretion (1)
- Seed sowing experiment (1)
- Seedling establishment (1)
- Sensorimotor processing (1)
- Sensory processing (1)
- Sex Attractants (1)
- Shade Adaptation (1)
- Shallow water (1)
- Shores (1)
- Sign posts (1)
- Simuliidae (1)
- Smut fungi (1)
- Social sciences (1)
- Sodefrin precursor-like factor (1)
- Sodium Proton Exchange (1)
- Sodium Transport (1)
- Sodium transport (1)
- Solanum lycopersicum (1)
- Solid Supported Membrane (1)
- SpaI (1)
- Spatial navigation (1)
- Species richness (1)
- Spectral clustering algorithm (1)
- Sporisorium reilianum (1)
- Ste2p (1)
- Stewardship (1)
- Stewardship and dissemination (1)
- Streams (1)
- Streptomyces hydrogenans (1)
- Structural protein (1)
- Structured Illumination Microscopy (1)
- Subjective Well-Being (1)
- Subtilin (1)
- Summer drought (1)
- Super resolution (1)
- Super resolution fluorescence microscopy (1)
- Supervised machine learning (1)
- Surface range (1)
- Sustainability research (1)
- Sustainable chemistry (1)
- Svetamycin (1)
- Swimming (1)
- Swimming behavior (1)
- Symbiont evolution (1)
- Symbiosis (1)
- Synaptosomal preparation (1)
- Synovial Fibroblast (1)
- Synthesis gas (1)
- Systematics (1)
- TWNK (1)
- Tabanidae (1)
- Tabanus (1)
- Temperature preference (1)
- Terbutryn (1)
- Terpenes (1)
- Terpenoid (1)
- Testosterone (1)
- Tetrad Analysis (1)
- Thalassiosira (1)
- Thermoanaerobacter kivui (1)
- Thermoascus aurantiacus (1)
- Thermophiles (1)
- Thermophilic acetogenic bacteria (1)
- Thermus thermophilus (1)
- Thin Layer Chromatography (1)
- Thioesterase (1)
- Three-Dimensional Structure (1)
- Thylakoid Membrane (1)
- Thymidylate Low Requirement (1)
- Thymidylate Sensitivity (1)
- Thymidylate Synthetase (1)
- Thymidylate Uptake (1)
- Thymine Dimers (1)
- Tick-borne diseases (1)
- Tie2 (1)
- Tigray (1)
- Tocochromanol (1)
- TolC (1)
- Tools and pipelines (1)
- Tooth Development (1)
- Topology (1)
- Tragelaphus oryx (1)
- Transgenic organisms (1)
- Translational Psychiatry (1)
- Transport (1)
- Traumatic mating (1)
- Tree rings (1)
- Triatominae (1)
- Trichoptera (1)
- Trimethylamine biosynthesis (1)
- Tropical forest restoration (1)
- Tropical montane forest (1)
- Truffle (1)
- Trypanosoma rangeli (1)
- Tuber magnatum (1)
- Tylosis (1)
- Type IV Pili (1)
- UV-B Effects (1)
- UV/V cones (1)
- Ultrastructure (1)
- University students (1)
- Uptake (1)
- Ustilaginales (1)
- Ustilaginomycotina (1)
- Ustilago maydis (1)
- Ustilagomaydis (1)
- V1 (1)
- VEGF (1)
- Variability (1)
- Vector-host-interaction (1)
- Viral infection (1)
- Visual cortex (1)
- Vitality monitoring (1)
- WL110547 (1)
- Water accommodated fractions (1)
- Weather conditions (1)
- West Africa (1)
- Western Kenya (1)
- Wood properties (1)
- X-ray crystallography (1)
- Xylem (1)
- Zea mays (1)
- Zebrafish eleutheroembryo (1)
- aIF (1)
- abiotic factors (1)
- abundance (1)
- acetogen (1)
- acetogenic metabolism (1)
- acetyl-CoA (1)
- acoustic features (1)
- acoustic stream (1)
- acquisition strategy (1)
- active sensing (1)
- adaptive transgenerational plasticity (1)
- additive manufacturing (1)
- additives (1)
- adhesin (1)
- adipogenesis (1)
- alarm calls (1)
- algae (1)
- all-E Lycopene (1)
- alzheimer’s disease (1)
- amplicon sequencing (1)
- angipoietin (1)
- animal welfare (1)
- annual plants (1)
- anomaly zone (1)
- antibiotic resistance (1)
- antibiotics (1)
- antimicrobial resistance (1)
- antipredator (1)
- apex bird species (1)
- aptamers (1)
- arabinose (1)
- archaea (1)
- articular chondrocytes (1)
- artificial docking domains (1)
- asgard group (1)
- assembly gaps (1)
- assisted migration (1)
- ataxia (1)
- attitudes towards species conservation (1)
- auditory cortex (1)
- automated radiotelemetry system (1)
- azido-fatty acids (1)
- bacillary angiomatosis (1)
- bacteria-host interaction (1)
- bacterial community (1)
- bacterial infection (1)
- behaviour (1)
- benchmarking (1)
- benthic fauna (1)
- bioacoustics (1)
- bioactivity testing (1)
- bioassays (1)
- biodiversity conservation (1)
- biodiversity in literature (1)
- bioenergetics (1)
- biofilm (1)
- bioinformatics (1)
- biological variables (1)
- biomarkers (1)
- biosonar (1)
- biotic factors (1)
- birds (1)
- bitopic transmembrane α-helix (1)
- blood vessels (1)
- boundary patrolling (1)
- brain cancer (1)
- brain rhythms (1)
- brain waves (1)
- branching (1)
- breeding sites (1)
- cardiolipin (1)
- cardiovascular disease (1)
- carnivora (1)
- carotenogenic pathways (1)
- carotenoid distribution (1)
- carotenoid pathway engineering (1)
- carotenoid structures (1)
- caudate (1)
- central place foraging (1)
- cerebellum (1)
- checklist (1)
- checkpoint inhibitors (1)
- chlorophyll fluorescence (1)
- chromosomes (1)
- click-chemistry (1)
- climatic variables (1)
- co-transcriptional regulation (1)
- coalescence (1)
- cobra (1)
- coevolution (1)
- communication (1)
- communication-mediating domains (1)
- community ecology (1)
- community mean (1)
- compass orientation (1)
- complete chloroplast genome (1)
- complexome profiling (1)
- computational literary studies (1)
- connection to nature (1)
- consortia (1)
- control theory (1)
- cooperation (1)
- cophylogeny (1)
- cospeciation (1)
- cotransformation (1)
- coupling (1)
- cpDNA (1)
- cross-species RNA-sequencing (1)
- crosslinking-mass spectrometry (1)
- crustacea (1)
- cryo-EM (1)
- cultural ecosystem services (1)
- custom (1)
- cyclooctyne (1)
- cytosolic free calcium (1)
- de novo Synthesis (1)
- de novo transcription (1)
- decomposition (1)
- deep learning (1)
- deep sea (1)
- deep-sea sediment (1)
- deletion mutant (1)
- demography (1)
- dendrite (1)
- dendritic branching (1)
- dendritic morphology (1)
- depth (1)
- dermosphere (1)
- diagnostics (1)
- differentially regulated orthologs (1)
- differentiation diversity (1)
- digital student lab (1)
- dimer interface formation (1)
- discrete choice modeling (1)
- distribution (1)
- diurnal variation (1)
- docking domains (1)
- domain architecture evolution (1)
- downy mildew (1)
- drug design (1)
- easyPACId (1)
- ecological risk assessment (1)
- ecology and biodiversity (1)
- ecospat (1)
- ecosystem management (1)
- ecosystem services (1)
- ectomycorrhizal (1)
- effect monitoring (1)
- effectors (1)
- elapid snake (1)
- elephant (1)
- elevational gradient (1)
- endocrine disruption (1)
- endocrine-disrupting chemicals (1)
- endophytes (1)
- endothelium (1)
- energy (1)
- energy-converting hydrogenase (Ech) (1)
- engineering (1)
- envenoming (1)
- environmental DNA (1)
- environmental behavior (1)
- environmental factors (1)
- environmental gradients (1)
- environmental humanities (1)
- environmental knowledge (1)
- environmental pollution (1)
- eukaryotic biodiversity (1)
- evolution (1)
- evolutionary traceability (1)
- exon coalescence (1)
- exon concatenation (1)
- experiment (1)
- exposome (1)
- exposure (1)
- expression system (1)
- extracellular matrix (1)
- extreme frost (1)
- failure to diverge (1)
- fatty acid dependency (1)
- fatty acid desaturation (1)
- fatty acid metabolism (1)
- fitness (1)
- flowering (1)
- foliar pathogens (1)
- food contact materials (1)
- foraging (1)
- foraging site fidelity (1)
- foraging site switching (1)
- forest management (1)
- freshwater crayfish (1)
- functional group (1)
- functional traits (1)
- fungal effectors (1)
- fungal pathogens (1)
- fungal phylogeny (1)
- fungal traits (1)
- fuzzy clustering (1)
- gamma oscillations (1)
- gas exchange (1)
- gene conversion (1)
- gene families (1)
- gene models (1)
- generalised additive models (1)
- genetic engineering (1)
- genome architecture (1)
- genome assembly (1)
- genome assembly and annotation (1)
- genomic diversity (1)
- genotype (1)
- genotyping (1)
- geoecology (1)
- geographical origin (1)
- giraffe behavior (1)
- glidobactins (1)
- global biomes (1)
- glucocorticoid receptor (1)
- glucocorticoid response (1)
- graded structure (1)
- grasslands (1)
- gravity (1)
- growth promotion (1)
- guanidine riboswitch (1)
- guided zoo tours (1)
- habitat heterogeneity (1)
- hands-on elements (1)
- heat (1)
- heat and drought (1)
- heat-shock protein (1)
- heathlands (1)
- hematopoietic stem cell (1)
- herbaria (1)
- herbivores (1)
- heteroplasmy (1)
- heterozygous cells (1)
- high temperature (1)
- high throughput screening (1)
- hippo (1)
- historical biodiversity (1)
- homeostasis (1)
- homologous gene expression (1)
- honey bee classification (1)
- honey bees (1)
- horizontal gene transfer (1)
- host specificity (1)
- host-switch (1)
- housing conditions (1)
- human footprint (1)
- human-wildlife conflict (1)
- hydroxamate (1)
- hyperparasitic fungi (1)
- hyperparasitism (1)
- hypoxia (1)
- in-vitro Assay (1)
- inbreeding (1)
- indel (1)
- individual interest (1)
- individuality (1)
- infectious diseases (1)
- infra-slow oscillation (1)
- integrate-and-fire (1)
- inter- seasonal predictability (1)
- interaction networks (1)
- interest in nature (1)
- intersexuality (1)
- invasive mammals (1)
- iron starvation (1)
- krait (1)
- lab motivation scale (LMS) (1)
- land use (1)
- landscape fragmentation (1)
- lantibiotic (1)
- large subunit maturation (1)
- lateral line (1)
- latitudinal gradient (1)
- learning technology (1)
- left ventricular hypertrophy (1)
- leukodystrophy (1)
- light (1)
- light-harvesting (1)
- lipid metabolism (1)
- lipoprotein (1)
- livelihood (1)
- liver cancer (1)
- local field potentials (1)
- long noncoding RNA (1)
- long sequencing reads (1)
- long-term protection (1)
- long36 term protection (1)
- mPFC (1)
- mPTP (1)
- mRNA (1)
- mTOR (1)
- machine learning (1)
- macroevolution (1)
- macrohabitat (1)
- magnetoreception (1)
- maladaptation (1)
- mathematical modeling (1)
- maturity (1)
- maximum likelihood (1)
- mean fruit body size (1)
- mechanics (1)
- medically relevant (1)
- meerkats (1)
- membrane protein (1)
- membrane trafficking (1)
- metabolic disruptors (1)
- metabolomics (1)
- metazoans (1)
- microRNA (1)
- microbiome (1)
- microplastics (1)
- microsatellite (1)
- migration (1)
- missing data (1)
- mitochondria localization (1)
- mitochondrial dysfunction (1)
- mitochondrial localization motif (1)
- mitohormesis (1)
- mitophagy (1)
- molecular phylogenetic analysis (1)
- monetary impacts (1)
- monocytes (1)
- morphology evaluation (1)
- moth indicator groups (1)
- mounting (1)
- movement (1)
- mt DNA (1)
- mtDNA haplotypes (1)
- multi-generation experiment (1)
- mushroom (1)
- mycorrhiza (1)
- myeloid angiogenic cells (1)
- natural behavior (1)
- natural products (1)
- naturalistic stimuli (1)
- nature connectedness (1)
- nematode diversity (1)
- network analysis (1)
- neural coding (1)
- neuro-vascular (1)
- neurobiology (1)
- neurodegeneration (1)
- neurodevelopment (1)
- neuroethology (1)
- neuromodulation (1)
- neuronal coherence (1)
- neurosimulation (1)
- nightly behavior (1)
- nisin binding (1)
- nocturnal activity (1)
- non-destructive sampling (1)
- non-material contribution (1)
- non-ribosomal peptide syntheses (1)
- non-ribosomal peptide synthetase (1)
- non-target chemical analysis (1)
- non-timber forest products (NTFPs) (1)
- nonsense-mediated mRNA decay (1)
- nontarget (1)
- northern giraffe (1)
- novel natural products (1)
- obesogens (1)
- obligate pathogens (1)
- octanoic acid (1)
- oncomodulation (1)
- one new species (1)
- oomycete (1)
- oomycetes (1)
- open-source 3D bioprinting (1)
- organoids (1)
- orientation behavior (1)
- orthogroup (1)
- orthology (1)
- orthology assignment (1)
- outdoor education (1)
- oxygenic photosynthesis (1)
- pH Regulation (1)
- paleobiology (1)
- parabolic flight (1)
- paralogy (1)
- parasitism (1)
- parasitoid (1)
- parathyroid hormone 2 (1)
- pathogenicity (1)
- pathway (1)
- pathway complexity (1)
- pathway evolution (1)
- peptide-antimicrobial-Xenorhabdus peptide (1)
- phenology (1)
- phosphoketolase (1)
- phosphotransacetylase (1)
- photocycle (1)
- phylogenetic informativeness (1)
- phylogenetic profiles (1)
- phylogenetic profiling (1)
- phylogeny (1)
- physiological stress (1)
- planning and design (1)
- plant regeneration (1)
- plasma (1)
- plasmid (1)
- plasmid copy number (1)
- playback experiment (1)
- policies (1)
- politics and governance (1)
- pollinator crisis (1)
- polymers (1)
- polyploidy (1)
- population structure (1)
- postglacial colonisation (1)
- posture estimation (1)
- power law (1)
- precipitation (1)
- prediction error (1)
- priority natural areas (1)
- probe kit (1)
- propagating waves (1)
- proteasome inhibitors (1)
- protein folding (1)
- protein production (1)
- protein structure (1)
- proteobacteria (1)
- proteoliposomes, (1)
- proteomics (1)
- proton translocation (1)
- protoplast fusion (1)
- qH2 (1)
- quality control (1)
- quantitative disease resistance (1)
- quercus (1)
- raccoon dog (Nyctereutes procyonoides) (1)
- radical pair model (1)
- random forest (1)
- range boundary (1)
- range expansion (1)
- reaction mechanisms (1)
- receptor (1)
- regulation (1)
- reliability (1)
- repeat elements (1)
- repetition suppression (1)
- reptiles (1)
- resource losses (1)
- retrophylogenomics (1)
- ribosome (1)
- ribosomes, Arabiodpsis thaliana, pre-rRNA processing, snoRNA, (1)
- rock-climbing impact (1)
- root allocation strategy (1)
- root functional traits (1)
- roots (1)
- runs of homozygosity (1)
- sage downy mildew (1)
- saprobic and ectomycorrhizal basidiomycetes (1)
- saprotrophic (1)
- scale development (1)
- scale invariance (1)
- seafloor bathymetry (1)
- sediment (1)
- selection gradients (1)
- senescence (1)
- sensory (1)
- sensory acquisition (1)
- serine/arginine-rich proteins (1)
- shallow water (1)
- shroom (1)
- siderophore (1)
- siderophore-dependent iron uptake (1)
- signaling (1)
- silicate (1)
- simplified production (1)
- small angle x-ray scattering (1)
- small animals (1)
- small protein (1)
- small proteins (1)
- smut fungi (1)
- snake bite (1)
- social information (1)
- social isolation (1)
- socio-economic sectors (1)
- socio-economics (1)
- soil degradation (1)
- soil fungal communities (1)
- sound coding (1)
- spatial analysis (1)
- spatial modelling (1)
- special needs students (1)
- speciation (1)
- species delimitation (1)
- species distribution model (1)
- species richness (1)
- splicing (1)
- splicing regulation (1)
- stairway plot (1)
- stereolithography (1)
- stimulus repetition (1)
- stingless bee (1)
- stochastic factors (1)
- strained promoted cycloadditon (1)
- sub-Saharan Africa (1)
- sugar uptake (1)
- sun exposure (1)
- suricates (1)
- surround suppression (1)
- survival rate (1)
- sustainability (1)
- symbiont association patterns (1)
- systems knowledge (1)
- tRNA (1)
- tRackIT (1)
- tafazzin (1)
- target knowledge (1)
- taxonomy (1)
- teaching tool (1)
- technology acceptance model (TAM) (1)
- temperate forest (1)
- temperature (1)
- terrestrial mammal (1)
- text mining (1)
- thermal-melanism hypothesis (1)
- thiolation domain (1)
- threatened cliff plant species (1)
- tight junctions (1)
- topology (1)
- trait evolution (1)
- traits (1)
- transcription (1)
- transcriptome (1)
- transcriptome analysis (1)
- transdisciplinarity (1)
- transformation knowledge (1)
- transglutaminase 2 (1)
- translation initiation (1)
- transplant experiment (1)
- trimeric autotransporter adhesin (1)
- trisporic acids (1)
- tritrophic interaction (1)
- trophic interactions (1)
- tumor model (1)
- tumor-associated macrophages (1)
- universal (1)
- university students (1)
- unselected segregation (1)
- validity (1)
- vascular integrity (1)
- vegetation (1)
- venomous snakes (1)
- video action classification (1)
- viruses (1)
- vocalization (1)
- vocalization production; (1)
- volatile (1)
- warming (1)
- water security (1)
- white truffle (1)
- wing geometric morphometrics (1)
- wolf (1)
- wwtr1 (1)
- xenology (1)
- xylose (1)
- yap1 (1)
- yeast (1)
- zinc finger (1)
- zoo (1)
- zoo education (1)
- zoo elephants (1)
- µ-protein (1)
- β-Barrel Proteins (1)
- β-oxidation (1)
- ζ-Carotene (1)
Institute
- Biowissenschaften (534)
- Senckenbergische Naturforschende Gesellschaft (32)
- Medizin (17)
- Biodiversität und Klima Forschungszentrum (BiK-F) (15)
- Biochemie, Chemie und Pharmazie (13)
- Buchmann Institut für Molekulare Lebenswissenschaften (BMLS) (13)
- Zentrum für Biomolekulare Magnetische Resonanz (BMRZ) (13)
- Institut für Ökologie, Evolution und Diversität (11)
- MPI für Biophysik (8)
- Biochemie und Chemie (7)
The toxicity of microplastics on Daphnia magna as key model for freshwater zooplankton is well described. While several studies predict population-level effects based on short-term, individual-level responses, only very few have validated these predictions experimentally. Thus, we exposed D. magna populations to irregular polystyrene microplastics and diatomite as natural particle (both ≤63 µm) over 50 days. We used mixtures of both particle types at fixed particle concentrations (50,000 mL-1) and recorded the overall population density, the size of the individual animals, and resting egg production. Particle exposure adversely affected the population density and structure and induced resting egg production. The terminal population size was 31–42% lower in exposed compared to control populations. Interestingly, mixtures containing diatomite induced stronger effects than microplastics alone highlighting that natural particles are not per se less toxic than microplastics. Our results demonstrate that an exposure to synthetic and natural particles has negative population-level effects on zooplankton. Understanding the mixture toxicity of microplastics and natural particles is important given that aquatic organisms will experience exposure to both. Just as for chemical pollutants, better knowledge of such joint effects is essential to fully understand the environmental risks of complex particle mixtures.
Environmental Implications While microplastics are commonly considered hazardous based on individual-level effects, there is a dearth of information on how they affect populations. Since the latter is key for understanding the environmental impacts of microplastics, we investigated how particle exposures affect the population size and structure of Daphnia magna. In addition, we used mixtures of microplastics and natural particles because neither occurs alone in nature and joint effects can expected in an environmentally realistic scenario. We show that such mixtures adversely affect daphnid populations and highlight that population-level and mixture-toxicity designs are one important step towards more environmental realism in microplastics research.
Differential derepression of the genome of potato tuber cells can be initiated by slicing the tissue into disks. The consequence of this procedure on the cells of the wound surface is dedifferentiation and cell division followed by redifferentiation to a suberized phellem cell. The drift of glucose-, glucose-1-phosphate-, glucose-6-phosphate-, fructose-6-phosphate- and 6-phospho-gluconatelevels has been determined in the derepressed tissue. With the exception of 6-phospho-gluconate all intermediates so far investigated showed a rise in concentration after derepression.
This is interpreted as a consequence of altered enzymic activities which were estimated for phosphoglucomutase, hexokinase, phosphoglucoisomerase, gluco-6-phosphate- and 6-phosphogluconatedehydrogenase. The two dehydrogenases were activated after derepression, the activation represented a de-novo-synthesis, as was demonstrated with the inhibitors Actidione (translation) and p-Fluorophenyl-alanine (protein synthesis in general). Hexokinase and phosphoglucoisomerase were not severely affected by cutting the tissue. Phosphoglucomutase was degrated rapidly, the degradation being dependent on protein synthesis. The importance of an enhanced activity of the pentose phosphate shunt for the stressed cell is emphasized and the possibility of an alteration in the osmotic pressure within the cell and especially in the nucleus — a primary consequence of wounding — as a cause of derepression in potato tuber cells is discussed.
The toxicity of microplastics on Daphnia magna as a key model for freshwater zooplankton is well described. While several studies predict population-level effects based on short-term, individual-level responses, only very few have validated these predictions experimentally. Thus, we exposed D. magna populations to irregular polystyrene microplastics and diatomite as natural particle (both ≤ 63 μm) over 50 days. We used mixtures of both particle types at fixed particle concentrations (50,000 mL-1) and recorded the effects on overall population size and structure, the size of the individual animals, and resting egg production. Particle exposure adversely affected the population density and structure, and induced resting egg production. The terminal population size was 28–42% lower in exposed compared to control populations. Interestingly, mixtures containing diatomite induced stronger effects than microplastics alone, highlighting that natural particles are not per se less toxic than microplastics. Our results demonstrate that an exposure to synthetic and natural particles has negative population-level effects on zooplankton. Understanding the mixture toxicity of microplastics and natural particles is important given that aquatic organisms will experience exposure to both. Just as for chemical pollutants, better knowledge of such joint effects is essential to fully understand the environmental impacts of complex particle mixtures.
Environmental Implications While microplastics are commonly considered hazardous based on individual-level effects, there is a dearth of information on how they affect populations. Since the latter is key for understanding the environmental impacts of microplastics, we investigated how particle exposures affect the population size and structure of Daphnia magna. In addition, we used mixtures of microplastics and natural particles because neither occurs alone in nature and joint effects can be expected in an environmentally realistic scenario. We show that such mixtures adversely affect daphnid populations and highlight that population-level and mixture-toxicity designs are one important step towards more environmental realism in microplastics research.
The toxicity of microplastics on Daphnia magna as a key model for freshwater zooplankton is well described. While several studies predict population-level effects based on short-term, individual-level responses, only very few have validated these predictions experimentally. Thus, we exposed D. magna populations to irregular polystyrene microplastics and diatomite as natural particle (both ≤ 63 μm) over 50 days. We used mixtures of both particle types at fixed particle concentrations (50,000 particles mL-1) and recorded the effects on overall population size and structure, the size of the individual animals, and resting egg production. Particle exposure adversely affected the population size and structure and induced resting egg production. The terminal population size was 28–42% lower in exposed compared to control populations. Interestingly, mixtures containing diatomite induced stronger effects than microplastics alone, highlighting that natural particles are not per se less toxic than microplastics. Our results demonstrate that an exposure to synthetic and natural particles has negative population-level effects on zooplankton. Understanding the mixture toxicity of microplastics and natural particles is important given that aquatic organisms will experience exposure to both. Just as for chemical pollutants, better knowledge of such joint effects is essential to fully understand the environmental impacts of complex particle mixtures.
Environmental Implications While microplastics are commonly considered hazardous based on individual-level effects, there is a dearth of information on how they affect populations. Since the latter is key for understanding the environmental impacts of microplastics, we investigated how particle exposures affect the population size and structure of Daphnia magna. In addition, we used mixtures of microplastics and natural particles because neither occurs alone in nature and joint effects can be expected in an environmentally realistic scenario. We show that such mixtures adversely affect daphnid populations and highlight that population-level and mixture-toxicity designs are one important step towards more environmental realism in microplastics research.
Several clinically used drugs are derived from microorganisms that often produce them via non-ribosomal peptide synthetases (NRPS), giant megasynthases that activate and connect individual amino acids in an assembly line fashion. Since NRPS are not restricted to the incorporation of the 20 proteinogenic amino acids, their efficient manipulation would allow the biotechnological generation of several different peptides including linear, cyclic and further modified derivatives. Here we describe a detailed phylogenetic analysis of several bacterial NRPS that led to the identification of a new recombination breakpoint within the thiolation (T) domain important in natural NRPS evolution. From this an evolutionary-inspired eXchange Unit between T domains (XUT) approach was developed, which allows the assembly of NRPS fragments over a broad range of GC contents, protein similarities, and extender unit specificities, as was shown for the specific production of a proteasome inhibitor, designed and assembled from five different NRPS fragments.
Many clinically used drugs are derived from or inspired by bacterial natural products that often are biosynthesised via non-ribosomal peptide synthetases (NRPS), giant megasynthases that activate and join individual amino acids in an assembly line fashion. Since NRPS are not limited to the incorporation of the 20 proteinogenic amino acids, their efficient manipulation would allow the biotechnological generation of complex peptides including linear, cyclic and further modified natural product analogues, e.g. to optimise natural product leads. Here we describe a detailed phylogenetic analysis of several bacterial NRPS that led to the identification of a new recombination breakpoint within the thiolation (T) domain that is important for natural NRPS evolution. From this, an evolution-inspired eXchange Unit between T domains (XUT) approach was developed which allows the assembly of NRPS fragments over a broad range of GC contents, protein similarities, and extender unit specificities, as demonstrated for the specific production of a proteasome inhibitor designed and assembled from five different NRPS fragments.
Biosynthesis of butyrate from methanol and carbon monoxide by recombinant Acetobacterium woodii
(2022)
Methanol is one of the most widely produced organic substrates from syngas and can serve as a bio-feedstock to cultivate acetogenic bacteria which allows a major contribution to reducing greenhouse gas. Acetobacterium woodii is one of the very few acetogens that can utilize methanol to produce acetate as sole product. Since A. woodii is genetically tractable, it is an interesting candidate to introduce recombinant pathways for production of bio-commodities from methanol. In this study, we introduced the butyrate production operon from a related acetogen, Eubacterium callanderi KIST612, into A. woodii and show a stable production of butyrate from methanol. This study also reveals how butyrate production by recombinant A. woodii strains can be enhanced with addition of electrons in the form of carbon monoxide. Our results not only show a stable expression system of non-native enzymes in A. woodii but also increase in the product spectrum of A. woodii to compounds with higher economic value.
Thermoanaerobacter kivui is an acetogenic model organism that reduces CO2 with electrons derived from H2 or CO, or from organic substrates in the Wood–Ljugdahl pathway (WLP). For the calculation of ATP yields, it is necessary to know the electron carriers involved in coupling of the oxidative and reductive parts of metabolism. Analyses of key catabolic oxidoreductases in cell-free extract (CFE) or with purified enzymes revealed the physiological electron carriers involved. The glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GA3P-DH) assayed in CFE was NAD+-specific, NADP+ was used with less than 4% and ferredoxin (Fd) was not used. The methylene-THF dehydrogenase was NADP+-specific, NAD+ or Fd were not used. A Nfn-type transhydrogenase that catalyzes reduced Fd-dependent reduction of NADP+ with NADH as electron donor was also identified in CFE. The electron carriers used by the potential electron-bifurcating hydrogenase (HydABC) could not be unambiguously determined in CFE for technical reasons. Therefore, the enzyme was produced homologously in T. kivui and purified by affinity chromatography. HydABC contained 33.9 ± 4.5 mol Fe/mol of protein and FMN; it reduced NADP+ but not NAD+. The methylene-THF reductase (MetFV) was also produced homologously in T. kivui and purified by affinity chromatography. MetFV contained 7.2 ± 0.4 mol Fe/mol of protein and FMN; the complex did neither use NADPH nor NADH as reductant but only reduced Fd. In sum, these analysis allowed us to propose a scheme for entire electron flow and bioenergetics in T. kivui.
The functional and molecular role of transglutaminase 2 in hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells
(2023)
Long-term repopulating hematopoietic stem cells (LT-HSCs) that reside in the bone marrow (BM) give rise to all blood cell types including erythrocytes, leukocytes and platelets. LT-HSCs are mainly quiescent during steady state hematopoiesis. LT-HSCs can process self-renewal to expand and maintain stemness, or commit to differentiation into short-term (ST) repopulating HSC and multipotent progenitors (MPPs). MPPs differentiate into oligopotent lineagerestricted progenitors which eventually produce all mature blood cell lineages, and thereby regenerate hematopoietic system.
Previous studies have shown in transcription profiles and quantitative PCR (qPCR) analysis that transglutaminase 2 (Tgm2) is one of the most upregulated genes in quiescent LT-HSCs in comparison to active HSCs, mobilized HSCs, ST-HSCs, MPPs, as well as leukemic stem cells (LSC). However, the reason why Tgm2 is strongly upregulated in dormant mouse LTHSCs and what the role of Tgm2 is in LT-HSCs has not been investigated yet.
Tgm2, encoded by the Tgm2 gene, is a multi-functional protein within the transglutaminase family. It has been found to be widely expressed inside and outside the cells. It consists of four domains and two functionally exclusive forms that are regulated by the Ca2+ and GTP concentration. Besides the most well-known transglutaminase enzymatic activity for transamidation, deamidation and crosslinking, Tgm2 acts also as a GTPase/ATPase, kinase, adhesion/scaffold protein, as well as disulfide isomerase. The role of Tgm2 in hematopoiesis remains elusive. Accordingly, the aim of this dissertation is to investigate the role of Tgm2 in murine hematopoiesis, especially in murine LT-HSCs.
Firstly, the expression of Tgm2 was analyzed in highly purified murine hematopoietic stem and progenitor cell (HSPC) populations. Low input label-free mass spectrometric proteomics and WES protein analysis confirmed the highly specific expression of Tgm2 in LT-HSCs at protein level. Already at the state of MPPs, Tgm2 protein was almost absent with further decline towards oligopotent progenitors. These results indicated Tgm2 as a specific protein marker for LT-HSCs, justifying the future generation of a fluorescent reporter mouse line based on endogenous Tgm2 tagging.
To delineate the functional and molecular role of Tgm2 in LT-HSCs, a conditional Tgm2 knockout mouse model was generated using the Mx1-Cre/loxP system, with the loxP sites flanking the coding exons of the catalytic domain of Tgm2. After PolyIC-mediated induction, a more than 95% knockout efficiency was observed in purified LT-HSCs and the protein expression of Tgm2 was confirmed to be vanished in the purified LT-HSCs from conditional Tgm2-KO mice. Conditional knockout mice are viable and show no aberrant organ functions.
In steady state condition, the distribution of mature blood cell lineages and immunophenotypically-defined HSPC populations within the BM, the mitochondrial potential of HSPCs reflected by the non-invasive cationic dye JC-1, as well as the cell cycle status of HSPCs mirrored by the intracellular Ki67 staining did not show any significant variations upon loss of Tgm2. However, the in vitro continuous observation of prospectivly isolated LT-HSCs by time-lapse microscopy-based cell tracking revealed a delayed entry into cell cycle with a two fold increased apoptosis rate after knocking out Tgm2, indicating Tgm2 expression might be essential for survival of LT-HSCs. Moreover, while the absence of Tgm2 in LT-HSCs did not influence differentiation and lineage choice in vitro, overexpression of Tgm2 in LT-HSCs resulted in an increase of the most immature subpopulation upon cultivation. All these features were not observed in Tgm2-deleted MPPs, suggesting Tgm2 playing a specific function at the level of LT-HSCs. Upon stress hematopoiesis, induced by the administration of 5-fluorouracil (5-FU), there was a trend towards delayed recovery of LT-HSCs lacking Tgm2. Although Tgm2 express specificly in LT-HSCs, two rounds of competitive BM serial transplantation displayed an equal overall engraftment and multi-lineage reconstitution of LT-HSCs from Tgm2-WT and Tgm2-KO mice in peripheral blood (PB), BM and spleens. Interestingly, LT-HSCs from Tgm2-KO mice reconstituted to more myeloid cells and fewer B cells in the first four weeks after primary transplantation, which disappeared at later time points.
Gene expression profiling and simultaneous single cell proteo-genomic profiling indicated that HSPCs and LT-HSCs from Tgm2-KO mice were transcriptionally more active. A heterogeneity of Tgm2 expression within Tgm2-WT LT-HSCs was revealed by single cell data. Commonly up-regulated genes in Tgm2-KO LT-HSCs and MPPs were significantly involved in regulation of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter in response to stress, positive regulation of cell death as well as negative regulation of mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathways. In Tgm2-KO LT-HSCs, 136 up-regulated genes demonstrated an enrichment of genes involved in apoptosis, as well as negative regulation of MAPK signaling pathway.
Taken together, this dissertation shows that Tgm2 protein is highly specifically expressed in LT-HSCs, but not in subsequent progenitor populations. However, Tgm2 is not essential for differentiation and maturation of myeloid lineages, the proliferation and the long-term multilineage reconstitution potential of LT-HSCs after transplantation. Tgm2 might be involved in accurate stress response of LT-HSCs and the transition from LT-HSCs into MPPs, meaning that the absence of Tgm2 results in poor survival, myeloid bias upon transplantation, as well as slower recovery upon chemotherapeutic treatment.
Exploring the power of moth samples to reveal community patterns along shallow ecological gradients
(2022)
1. Analysing the effects of environmental variation on species assemblages is a key topic in community ecology. However, the outcome may strongly depend on the focal species group. Moths have often been used as the target in ecological studies due to their fast response to environmental change. Yet, some moth subgroups might be more sensitive than others to reflect environmental differences, depending on their functional and physiological characteristics.
2. We investigated which moth subsets are especially suitable to mirror responses to subtle variation in vegetation. We analysed the susceptibility of different subsets to local weather conditions and inter-annual fluctuations. Finally, we checked for the importance of including abundance information. We analysed moth communities (392 species, 23.870 individuals) at 60 sites within two Mediterranean forest reserves and investigated relationships between community composition and environment of (1) all moths (with and without taking abundances into account), and of subsets comprising only (2) small-sized species, (3) host-plant specialists, (4) moss, lichen and detritus feeding species, (5) ‘microlepidoptera’, (6) ‘macro-moths’ and (7) random subsets of 50, 100 and 200 species.
3. Incidence data performed similarly to abundance data in matrix regression models. Host plant specialists responded especially sensitive to small-scaled variation in vegetation composition. Macro-moth samples in contrast were highly prone to local weather conditions and to inter-annual abundance fluctuations. Accordingly, a focus on host-specialists and micro-moths is the best way to analyse relationships between shallow environmental gradients and insect communities.