Institutes
Refine
Year of publication
Document Type
- Article (320)
- Doctoral Thesis (179)
- Preprint (41)
Language
- English (540) (remove)
Has Fulltext
- yes (540)
Is part of the Bibliography
- no (540)
Keywords
- Podospora anserina (8)
- aging (8)
- SARS-CoV-2 (7)
- Cyanobacteria (5)
- Ecology (5)
- Membrane Proteins (5)
- Phylogeny (5)
- mitochondria (5)
- Acetogenesis (4)
- Biodiversity (4)
- Haloferax volcanii (4)
- Saccharomyces cerevisiae (4)
- Synechococcus (4)
- alternative splicing (4)
- bats (4)
- fungi (4)
- Acetogen (3)
- Bioenergetics (3)
- Biogeography (3)
- Biomarker (3)
- COVID19-NMR (3)
- Carotenoids (3)
- Evolution (3)
- Lipid and Fatty Acid Composition (3)
- Marine Diatoms (3)
- Membrane Transport (3)
- Microbiology (3)
- Oxidoreductases (3)
- Photooxidation (3)
- Pigmentation (3)
- Protein Structure (3)
- RNA (3)
- Solution NMR spectroscopy (3)
- Taxonomy (3)
- Thermophile (3)
- Transcriptomics (3)
- biodiversity (3)
- climate change (3)
- sleep (3)
- structural biology (3)
- zebrafish (3)
- 14CO2 Fixation (2)
- 5′-UTR (2)
- Acetogenic bacteria (2)
- Acinetobacter (2)
- Adhesion (2)
- Aloe (2)
- Amino Acid Pools (2)
- Archaea (2)
- Asphodelaceae (2)
- Bioaccumulation (2)
- Biomarkers (2)
- Biosynthesis (2)
- Bleaching Herbicides (2)
- Climate change (2)
- Community ecology (2)
- Conservation biology (2)
- Covid19-NMR (2)
- Crustacea (2)
- DNA Transformation (2)
- DNA uptake (2)
- Desiccation resistance (2)
- Dicarboxylic acids (2)
- Downy mildew (2)
- Ecological modelling (2)
- Ecotoxicogenomics (2)
- Electron Bifurcation (2)
- Electron Transfer (2)
- Electron Transport (2)
- Energy Conservation (2)
- Energy Metabolism (2)
- Energy conservation (2)
- Entomology (2)
- Enzyme Mechanisms (2)
- European beech (2)
- Host-parasite interaction (2)
- Iron-Sulfur Protein (2)
- Land cover (2)
- Light-sheet microscopy (2)
- MICOS (2)
- Magnetic compass (2)
- Maxent (2)
- Membrane Biogenesis (2)
- Metabolic Engineering (2)
- Metabolic engineering (2)
- Metabolism (2)
- Metalloenzymes (2)
- Methylorubrum extorquens (2)
- Methylorubrum extorquens AM1 (2)
- Microplastic (2)
- Mitochondria (2)
- Modification (2)
- Morphogenesis (2)
- Morphology (2)
- NMR (2)
- NMR spectroscopy (2)
- Non-invasive sampling (2)
- Oaks (2)
- Oomycetes (2)
- Oxidative stress (2)
- Peronosporaceae (2)
- Photosynthesis (2)
- Phycocyanin-Free Lamellae (2)
- Protein Translocation (2)
- Psychology (2)
- Risk assessment (2)
- Solution NMR-spectroscopy (2)
- Species distribution modelling (2)
- Synaptic transmission (2)
- Synchron Cultures (2)
- Thermus (2)
- Trypanosoma cruzi (2)
- UV-B Stress (2)
- Wood-Ljungdahl pathway (2)
- Wood–Ljungdahl pathway (2)
- Xenorhabdus (2)
- Zebrafish (2)
- angiogenesis (2)
- aroma (2)
- autophagy (2)
- bacteria (2)
- biodiversity protection (2)
- biosynthesis (2)
- carotenoid biosynthesis (2)
- climate (2)
- color (2)
- community composition (2)
- conservation (2)
- conservation funding (2)
- conservation genetics (2)
- conservation planning (2)
- cox2 (2)
- cristae (2)
- cryptochrome (2)
- decision making (2)
- development (2)
- environmental attitudes (2)
- environmental education (2)
- extremophile (2)
- gene expression (2)
- genomics (2)
- global change (2)
- heat stress (2)
- inclination compass (2)
- integrins (2)
- long non-coding RNA (2)
- metabarcoding (2)
- microglia (2)
- migration (2)
- morphology (2)
- nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) (2)
- one new species (2)
- oomycetes (2)
- peroxisomes (2)
- phylogeny (2)
- population genetics (2)
- population genomics (2)
- post-2020 biodiversity targets (2)
- pre-mRNA (2)
- predation (2)
- prefrontal cortex (2)
- prostate carcinoma cells (2)
- strategic site selection (2)
- structure–activity relationships (2)
- tumor microenvironment (2)
- 14C- and 15N-Assimilation (1)
- 15N-Labelled Amino Acids (1)
- 16S rRNA gene (1)
- 18S rRNA gene (1)
- 2030 Agenda (1)
- 3-Hydroxybutyric acid (1)
- 5'-UTR (1)
- 5-Hydroxyaloin A (1)
- 5_SL4 (1)
- ABR (1)
- AChE (1)
- ADAM15 (1)
- ADCD (1)
- ALE (1)
- AMPK (1)
- ATG24 (1)
- ATP (1)
- Absorption Spectra (1)
- Acetobacterium (1)
- Acetogenic metabolism (1)
- Acid transporters (1)
- Active Particles (1)
- Adenosine (1)
- Aedes (1)
- Agent-based modeling (1)
- Aging (1)
- Aging Phenomenon (1)
- Aichi targets (1)
- Air Pollutants (1)
- Alien species (1)
- Allohormone pheromones (1)
- Alphaproteobacteria (1)
- Amino Acids (1)
- Amphibia (1)
- Amplexus (1)
- Anabaena flos-aquae (1)
- Anacystis (1)
- Anaerobes (1)
- Anaerobic bacteria (1)
- Androst-4-en-3,17-dione (1)
- Anion Transport System (1)
- Anthraquinones (1)
- Anthropocene (1)
- Antibiotic Resistance (1)
- Antibiotics and Metabolite Export (1)
- Antioxidants (1)
- Aphanomyces astaci (1)
- Apoptosis (1)
- Aposematism (1)
- Aquilegia (1)
- Arabidopsis thaliana (1)
- Arctic Ocean (1)
- Ascomycota (1)
- Assignment (1)
- Assimilation of 15N-Nitrate (1)
- Asymmetrie Reconstitution (1)
- Auditory midbrain (1)
- Autism Spectrum Disorder (1)
- Autism Spectrum disorder (1)
- Automobile Exhaust (1)
- B chromosome (1)
- Bacillariaphyceae (1)
- Bacillus (1)
- Background expression (1)
- Bacteria (1)
- Bacterial Metabolism (1)
- Bacterial genes (1)
- Bacterial physiology (1)
- Bacterial structural biology (1)
- Bacteriology (1)
- Baleen whales (1)
- Band 3 Protein (1)
- Bartonella henselae (1)
- Basidiomycota (1)
- Behaviour (1)
- Benin (1)
- Benthic environment (1)
- Benthos (1)
- Biochemistry (1)
- Biodiversity tools and pipelines (1)
- Bioenergetics/Electron Transfer Complex (1)
- Bioengineering (1)
- Biofuels (1)
- Biohydrogen (1)
- Biological anthropology (1)
- Bioreactor (1)
- Biosecurity (1)
- Biotechnology (1)
- Biotic interactions (1)
- Biotransformation (1)
- Body burden (1)
- Bogert’s rule (1)
- Bolivia (1)
- Bovidae (1)
- Brain-stimulus synchrony (1)
- Breeding glands (1)
- Brudenell River (1)
- Bungarus (1)
- Bungarus niger (1)
- Bungarus walli (1)
- Business strategy in drug development (1)
- Butyrate (1)
- CAZy (1)
- CLIP (1)
- CLP protease (1)
- CNV 16p11.2 (1)
- COVID-19 (1)
- CRISPR-Cas9 (1)
- CRISPR-Cas9 gene conversion (1)
- CXCL12 (1)
- CXCR4 (1)
- CaMPARI (1)
- Caffeate Respiration (1)
- Calathea (1)
- Calmodulin (1)
- Canada (1)
- Canis lupus (1)
- Canis lupus familiaris (1)
- Carbohydrates (1)
- Carbon capture (1)
- Carbon cycling (1)
- Cardiac regeneration (1)
- Cardiac remodeling (1)
- Carnivora (1)
- Carnivores (1)
- Carotene Isomerase (1)
- Carotenoid Desaturation (1)
- Castor bean tick (1)
- Catalase (1)
- Cation Proton Antiporter (1)
- Cell Wall (1)
- Cellular microbiology (1)
- Cellulase gene expression (1)
- Cercospora (1)
- Chagas disease (1)
- Chaperone Chaperonin (1)
- Chaperones (1)
- Chemical communication (1)
- Chemical dispersant (1)
- Chemical dispersants (1)
- Chemistry (1)
- Chemotaxonomy (1)
- Chironomus riparius (1)
- Chlorophyll (1)
- Chlorophyll Fluorescence (1)
- Chlorophyll Formation (1)
- Chlorophyll fluorescence (1)
- Chloroplast (1)
- Chlorosis (1)
- Chromatin (1)
- Chromones (1)
- Chrysops (1)
- Climate (1)
- Climate Change (1)
- Climate-change ecology (1)
- Climatic conditions (1)
- Closely related fungal species (1)
- ClpB (1)
- Coevolution (1)
- Colorectal Cancer (1)
- Community barcoding (1)
- Computational model (1)
- Conservation (1)
- Coronaries (1)
- Cortex (1)
- Cortical column (1)
- Costs (1)
- Crude oil (1)
- Crystal Structure (1)
- Cucumis sativus (Cucumber) (1)
- Cumate (1)
- D. magna (1)
- DCMU-Type Inhibitors (1)
- DCMU-Type Inhibitors Shade Adaptation (1)
- DEPDC5 (1)
- DIRAS2 (1)
- DNA Amplification Fingerprinting (1)
- DNA metabarcoding (1)
- DNA-Specific Labelling (1)
- Daboia russelii (1)
- Dark fermentation (1)
- Data standard (1)
- Data standards (1)
- Deep sea (1)
- Dehydration (medicine) (1)
- Dental Tissues (1)
- Depth (1)
- Development (1)
- Diatomophthora (1)
- Dicellomyces (1)
- Dimer Yield Ratio (1)
- Dimerization domain (1)
- Dioscorea (1)
- Diosgenin Production (1)
- Direct seeding (1)
- Discovery (1)
- Diseases (1)
- Dispersal capacity (1)
- Dissemination (1)
- Diversity (1)
- Drought (1)
- Drought reaction (1)
- Drug discovery (1)
- Drug therapy (1)
- Dynamics (1)
- E-NTPDase (1)
- ER (1)
- ERAL1 (1)
- EROD (1)
- Earth sciences (1)
- Earthworms (1)
- EcNhaA (1)
- Ech (1)
- Ecological niche modelling (1)
- Ecological requirements (1)
- Ecosystem Services (1)
- Ecotoxicology (1)
- Ecto-5'-nucleotidase (1)
- Ectrogella (1)
- Electron Microscopy (1)
- Electron transport chain (1)
- Electron-bifurcating hydrogenase (1)
- Electrophysiology (1)
- Elimination of Rho Factor (1)
- Embryo toxicity (1)
- Embryogenesis (1)
- Emerging insect model organisms (1)
- Endocrine disruptors (1)
- Endocrine-disrupting compounds (1)
- Endothelial (1)
- Endothelial-to-mesenchymal transition (1)
- Engineering (1)
- Entolomataceae (1)
- Entorrhizales (1)
- Envelope (1)
- Environmental factors (1)
- Environmental fate (1)
- Environmental partitioning (1)
- Environmental sciences (1)
- Environmental studies (1)
- Enzyme Induction (1)
- Enzyme Kinetics (1)
- Enzyme engineering (1)
- EphrinB2 (1)
- Equilibrium partitioning theory (1)
- Erythrocyte Membrane (1)
- Ethiopia (1)
- Ethylmalonyl-CoA (1)
- Eubacterium (1)
- Europe (1)
- European Beech (1)
- European Union (1)
- Evolutionary biology (1)
- Evolutionary developmental biology (1)
- Evolutionary genetics (1)
- Excretion (1)
- Extinction (1)
- Extracellular matrix (1)
- Extremophile (1)
- Extremophiles (1)
- F1Fo-ATP-synthase (1)
- FAD (1)
- FAD synthase (1)
- FAD1 (1)
- Fabaceae (1)
- Fabclavine (1)
- Fagaceae (1)
- Far UV (1)
- Felidae (1)
- Filamentous fungi (1)
- Flavoproteins (1)
- Fluorescence imaging (1)
- Folic Acid Antagonists (1)
- Foraminiferal (1)
- Freshwater (1)
- Freshwater Ecosystems (1)
- Freshwater invertebrate (1)
- Functional Ecology (1)
- Functional genomics (1)
- Functional traits (1)
- Fungal pan-genomes (1)
- G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) (1)
- G3BP1 (1)
- GRAND-SLAM (1)
- Gal2 (1)
- Galakturonsäure (1)
- Gas Vacuoles (1)
- Gene sll0033 (1)
- Genetic variation (1)
- Genetic vectors (1)
- Genetics (1)
- Genome (1)
- Genome sequence (1)
- Genotoxicity (1)
- Genotyping and haplotyping (1)
- Geoffrey Burnstock (1)
- Geomagnetic field (1)
- Global warming (1)
- Glucose-6-phosphate- and 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase (1)
- Glycolate Oxidase (1)
- Glycophorin A dimerization (1)
- Graminicolous downy mildews (1)
- H+ transport (1)
- HARS2 (1)
- HCMV (1)
- HER (1)
- HWC database (1)
- Habitat transfer (1)
- Haematopota (1)
- Hazard assessment (1)
- Health care (1)
- Heart (1)
- Heat-Bleaching (of Plastids) (1)
- Hematophagous arthropods (1)
- Herbicide Resistance (1)
- Herbicide Resistant Mutants (1)
- Herbicide-Tolerant Mutants (1)
- Herbivores (1)
- Hi-C (1)
- High Performance Liquid (1)
- Hippocampal development (1)
- Hippocampus (1)
- History (1)
- Hominins (1)
- Host jump (1)
- Human impact (1)
- Hybridization (1)
- Hydrogen storage (1)
- Hydrogen-dependent CO2 reductase (1)
- Hydrogen-dependent CO2 reductase (HDCR) (1)
- Hydrogenase (1)
- Hypercolumn (1)
- Hypothermia (1)
- I50 Value (1)
- IDP (1)
- ITS (1)
- IUCN protection categories (1)
- In situ burning (1)
- In vivo electrophysiology (1)
- Inducible Promoter (1)
- Infectious diseases (1)
- Inferior colliculus (1)
- Influenza (1)
- Insularity (1)
- International survey (1)
- Intestinal bacterial community (1)
- Inthraszentin (1)
- InvaCost (1)
- Invasive species (1)
- Isoprenoids (1)
- Isozyme Pattern (1)
- Ixodes ricinus (1)
- Kinetics of Dimer Formation (1)
- Klebsiella (1)
- Kordyana (1)
- LARS2 (1)
- LASSO algorithm (1)
- LanI Protein (1)
- Lantibiotic (1)
- Lantibiotic Immunity (1)
- Larmor frequency (1)
- Larva (1)
- Latent Injury (1)
- Laurasiatheria (1)
- Leaf Peroxisomes (1)
- Leguminosae (1)
- Life-Satisfaction (1)
- Life-history (1)
- Lifespan (1)
- Light dark transition test (1)
- Light sheet-based fluorescence microscopy (1)
- Limnology (1)
- Limonene-3-hydroxylase (1)
- Lineage Through Time (1)
- Lipoprotein (1)
- Long-term potentiation (1)
- MARTINI force field (1)
- MEK inhibition (1)
- MMN (1)
- Macrobenthosda (1)
- Macroevolution (1)
- Macrotermes (1)
- Macrozoobenthos (1)
- Magnetic conditioning (1)
- Magnetic map (1)
- Marantaceae (1)
- Marine biodiversity (1)
- Marine ecosystem (1)
- Marine invertebrates (1)
- Mass spectrometry (1)
- Maternal Immune Activation (1)
- Mawson Bank (1)
- Mechanisms of disease (1)
- Mediterranean plants (1)
- Meliolales (1)
- Membrane Energetics (1)
- Membrane Enzymes (1)
- Membrane Protein Complex (1)
- MetVF (1)
- Metabolomics (1)
- Metagenomic shotgun sequencing (1)
- Metamorphosis (1)
- Methylene-THF reductase (1)
- Methylene-tetrahydrofolate reductase (1)
- Methylotroph (1)
- Methyltransferase (1)
- Mevalonic Acid (1)
- Microbiota (1)
- Microbotryales (1)
- Microenvironment (1)
- Microplastics (1)
- Microscopy (1)
- Mikroplastik (1)
- Mineralization (1)
- Mitochondrial Transport (1)
- Mitochondrial proteases (1)
- MjNhaP1 (1)
- Model (1)
- Molecular biology (1)
- Monoterpenoid (1)
- Monoterpenoid tolerance (1)
- Montane forest (1)
- Mount Kilimanjaro (1)
- Museum samples (1)
- Mutual information (1)
- Myocardial infarction (1)
- Myotis bechsteinii (1)
- NMR solution structure (1)
- NW Pacific (1)
- Na Gradient (1)
- Na+ transport (1)
- Naja (1)
- Nanoplastic (1)
- Natural Products (1)
- Natural products (1)
- Natural sounds (1)
- Nature Contributions to People (1)
- Nature Interest Scale (NIS) (1)
- Nature Valuation (1)
- Nature conservation (1)
- Nature's Contributions to People (1)
- Naturstoffe (1)
- Neocaridina palmata (1)
- Neotropic (1)
- Neural circuits (1)
- Neural map (1)
- Neurodevelopmental Psychiatric Disorders (1)
- Neuroligins (1)
- Neuronal Differentiation (1)
- Neurotoxicity (1)
- New host (1)
- New species (1)
- Niche (1)
- Nitrogen Metabolism (1)
- Noctuidae (1)
- Non-canonical terpenes (1)
- Non-ribosomal peptide synthetases (1)
- Non-structural protein (1)
- Norflurazon (1)
- Normative dimension (1)
- Nothopassalora (1)
- Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (1)
- Nucleic acid-binding domain (1)
- Nucleocapsid (1)
- Nucleus reuniens (1)
- Nyctalus leisleri (1)
- O-CAS assay (1)
- OXPHOS (1)
- Obituary (1)
- Oil spills (1)
- Olfactory Receptors (1)
- Olpidiopsis (1)
- Omp85-independent OMP Insertion (1)
- Optimal wiring (1)
- Optimization (1)
- Organic micropollutants (1)
- Organoids (1)
- Organophosphates (1)
- Orientation preference (1)
- Oxidation-Reduction (1)
- Oxidative Stress (1)
- Oxygen (1)
- Oxygen Evolution (1)
- Ozone (1)
- P 700 (1)
- P. anserina (1)
- P. maximowiczii Henry x P. nigra L. cv. Rochester (1)
- POTRA Domains (1)
- PURA (1)
- PaCRD1 (1)
- PaIAP (1)
- Panama (1)
- Panolis flammea (1)
- Parkinson (1)
- Parkinson’s disease (1)
- Particle toxicity (1)
- Passalora (1)
- Pathogenesis (1)
- Pathways (1)
- Pelagic (1)
- Peptide natural products (1)
- Pesticides (1)
- Pheromone Inhibitor (1)
- Pheromones (1)
- Phosphohydrolases (1)
- Photoinactivation (1)
- Photorhabdus (1)
- Photosynthetic CO2 Fixation (1)
- Photosynthetic Reaction Center (1)
- Photosystem II (1)
- Phvtoene Desaturase (1)
- Phvtofluene (1)
- Phylogenetics (1)
- Physical chemistry (1)
- Physiology (1)
- Phytoene (1)
- Pigment Composition (1)
- Pigment and Protein Content (1)
- Pink1 (1)
- Pinnotheres (1)
- Pinwheel (1)
- Planetary boundaries (1)
- Plant regeneration (1)
- Plant regeneration; community assembly; diversity (1)
- Plant sciences (1)
- Plant stress (1)
- Plastic pollution (1)
- Plastic response (1)
- Plasticity (1)
- Plastics (1)
- Plastid rRNA (1)
- Podocarpus National Park (1)
- Polyhedral Bodies (1)
- Polyketides (1)
- Polymer (1)
- Polypeptides (1)
- Population density (1)
- Population dynamics (1)
- Populus nigra L. cv. Loenen (1)
- Porin (1)
- Potato Tuber Slices (1)
- Potato Tuber Tissue (1)
- Prediction (1)
- Premature Leaf Drop (1)
- Prenyl pyrophosphates (1)
- Product reuptake (1)
- Protein Assembly (1)
- Protein Complexes (1)
- Protein DNA-Interaction (1)
- Protein Purification (1)
- Protein Shape (1)
- Protein Sorting (1)
- Protein drugability (1)
- Protein druggability (1)
- Proteomics (1)
- Pseudocercospora (1)
- Pseudomonas (1)
- Pseudomonas putida (1)
- Pure Cultures of Marine Diatoms (1)
- Purkinje cell (1)
- Pyrophosphatase (1)
- QuEChERS (1)
- Quality of life (1)
- Quantum Requirement (1)
- Quarantine (1)
- Quercus (1)
- Quercus frainetto (1)
- Quercus frainetto Ten. (Ungarische Eiche) (1)
- Quercus ilex L. (Steineiche) (1)
- Quercus pubescens (1)
- Quercus pubescens Willd. (Flaumeiche) (1)
- Quercus robur L. (Stieleiche) (1)
- Quercus rubra L. (Roteiche) (1)
- Quinolinate Phosphoribosyltransferase (1)
- Quinones (1)
- Qв Binding Protein (1)
- R-INLA (1)
- RBFOX1 (1)
- REM sleep (1)
- RMP1 (1)
- RNA Polymerase (1)
- RNA genome (1)
- RNA polymerase (1)
- RNA sequencing (1)
- RNA stability (1)
- RNA turnover (1)
- RNA-binding proteins (1)
- Radical Pair model (1)
- Radiotherapy (1)
- Range expansion (1)
- Recolonization (1)
- Regeneration (1)
- Regulation of D1 Protein (1)
- Reintroduction (1)
- Rep gene (1)
- Reproduction (1)
- Resilience (1)
- Respiration (1)
- Respiratory chain (1)
- Rheumatoid Arthritis (1)
- Rhodnius prolixus (1)
- Ribosomally synthesized and post-translationally modified peptides (1)
- Ribosomen, rRNA Prozessierung, snoRNA, Ribosomenbiogenesefaktoren (1)
- Rnf (1)
- Robert Koch Institute (1)
- Ross Sea (1)
- Russell´s Viper (1)
- S-azidoacyl-N-acetylcysteamine (1)
- S9 (1)
- SL1 (1)
- SL5b (1)
- SL5b + c (1)
- SL5c (1)
- SLAM-seq (1)
- SNF1 (1)
- SNP (1)
- SNP genotyping (1)
- SNPs (1)
- SPAD (1)
- SR proteins (1)
- SSA (1)
- Salinity (1)
- Scale-up (1)
- Schistosomiaisis (1)
- Schizokinen (1)
- Science–society interactions (1)
- Scrotifera (1)
- Sea water (1)
- Secondary metabolites (1)
- Secretin (1)
- Secretins (1)
- Secretion (1)
- Seed sowing experiment (1)
- Seedling establishment (1)
- Sensorimotor processing (1)
- Sensory processing (1)
- Sex Attractants (1)
- Shade Adaptation (1)
- Shallow water (1)
- Shores (1)
- Sign posts (1)
- Simuliidae (1)
- Smut fungi (1)
- Social sciences (1)
- Sodefrin precursor-like factor (1)
- Sodium Proton Exchange (1)
- Sodium Transport (1)
- Sodium transport (1)
- Solanum lycopersicum (1)
- Solid Supported Membrane (1)
- SpaI (1)
- Spatial navigation (1)
- Species richness (1)
- Spectral clustering algorithm (1)
- Sporisorium reilianum (1)
- Ste2p (1)
- Stewardship (1)
- Stewardship and dissemination (1)
- Streams (1)
- Streptomyces hydrogenans (1)
- Structural protein (1)
- Structured Illumination Microscopy (1)
- Subjective Well-Being (1)
- Subtilin (1)
- Summer drought (1)
- Super resolution (1)
- Super resolution fluorescence microscopy (1)
- Supervised machine learning (1)
- Surface range (1)
- Sustainability research (1)
- Sustainable chemistry (1)
- Svetamycin (1)
- Swimming (1)
- Swimming behavior (1)
- Symbiont evolution (1)
- Symbiosis (1)
- Synaptosomal preparation (1)
- Synovial Fibroblast (1)
- Synthesis gas (1)
- Systematics (1)
- TWNK (1)
- Tabanidae (1)
- Tabanus (1)
- Temperature preference (1)
- Terbutryn (1)
- Terpenes (1)
- Terpenoid (1)
- Testosterone (1)
- Tetrad Analysis (1)
- Thalassiosira (1)
- Thermoanaerobacter kivui (1)
- Thermoascus aurantiacus (1)
- Thermophiles (1)
- Thermophilic acetogenic bacteria (1)
- Thermus thermophilus (1)
- Thin Layer Chromatography (1)
- Thioesterase (1)
- Threatened species (1)
- Three-Dimensional Structure (1)
- Thylakoid Membrane (1)
- Thymidylate Low Requirement (1)
- Thymidylate Sensitivity (1)
- Thymidylate Synthetase (1)
- Thymidylate Uptake (1)
- Thymine Dimers (1)
- Tick-borne diseases (1)
- Tie2 (1)
- Tigray (1)
- Tocochromanol (1)
- TolC (1)
- Tools and pipelines (1)
- Tooth Development (1)
- Topology (1)
- Toxicity (1)
- Tragelaphus oryx (1)
- Transgenic organisms (1)
- Translational Psychiatry (1)
- Transport (1)
- Traumatic mating (1)
- Tree rings (1)
- Triatominae (1)
- Trichoptera (1)
- Trimethylamine biosynthesis (1)
- Tropical forest restoration (1)
- Tropical montane forest (1)
- Truffle (1)
- Trypanosoma rangeli (1)
- Tuber magnatum (1)
- Tylosis (1)
- Type IV Pili (1)
- UV-B Effects (1)
- UV/V cones (1)
- Ultrastructure (1)
- University students (1)
- Uptake (1)
- Urgent actions (1)
- Ustilaginales (1)
- Ustilaginomycotina (1)
- Ustilago maydis (1)
- Ustilagomaydis (1)
- V1 (1)
- VEGF (1)
- Variability (1)
- Vector-host-interaction (1)
- Viral infection (1)
- Visual cortex (1)
- Vitality monitoring (1)
- WL110547 (1)
- Water accommodated fractions (1)
- Weather conditions (1)
- West Africa (1)
- Western Kenya (1)
- Wood properties (1)
- X-ray crystallography (1)
- Xylem (1)
- Zea mays (1)
- Zebrafish eleutheroembryo (1)
- aIF (1)
- abiotic factors (1)
- abundance (1)
- acetogen (1)
- acetogenic metabolism (1)
- acetyl-CoA (1)
- acoustic features (1)
- acoustic stream (1)
- acquisition strategy (1)
- active sensing (1)
- activity budgetx (1)
- adaptive transgenerational plasticity (1)
- additive manufacturing (1)
- additives (1)
- adhesin (1)
- adipogenesis (1)
- alarm calls (1)
- algae (1)
- all-E Lycopene (1)
- alzheimer’s disease (1)
- amplicon sequencing (1)
- angipoietin (1)
- animal behaviour (1)
- animal movement (1)
- animal welfare (1)
- annual plants (1)
- anomaly zone (1)
- antibiotic resistance (1)
- antibiotics (1)
- antimicrobial resistance (1)
- antipredator (1)
- apex bird species (1)
- aptamers (1)
- arabinose (1)
- archaea (1)
- arid climate (1)
- articular chondrocytes (1)
- artificial docking domains (1)
- asgard group (1)
- assembly gaps (1)
- assisted migration (1)
- ataxia (1)
- attitudes towards species conservation (1)
- auditory cortex (1)
- automated radiotelemetry system (1)
- azido-fatty acids (1)
- bacillary angiomatosis (1)
- bacteria-host interaction (1)
- bacterial community (1)
- bacterial infection (1)
- barrier (1)
- behaviour (1)
- benchmarking (1)
- benthic fauna (1)
- bioacoustics (1)
- bioactivity testing (1)
- bioassays (1)
- biodiversity conservation (1)
- biodiversity in literature (1)
- bioenergetics (1)
- biofilm (1)
- bioinformatics (1)
- biological variables (1)
- biomarkers (1)
- biosonar (1)
- biotic factors (1)
- biotrophic parasites (1)
- birds (1)
- bitopic transmembrane α-helix (1)
- blood vessels (1)
- boundary patrolling (1)
- brain cancer (1)
- brain rhythms (1)
- brain waves (1)
- branching (1)
- breeding sites (1)
- cardiolipin (1)
- cardiovascular disease (1)
- carnivora (1)
- carnivores (1)
- carotenogenic pathways (1)
- carotenoid distribution (1)
- carotenoid pathway engineering (1)
- carotenoid structures (1)
- caudate (1)
- central place foraging (1)
- cerebellum (1)
- checklist (1)
- checkpoint inhibitors (1)
- chlorophyll fluorescence (1)
- chromosomes (1)
- click-chemistry (1)
- climatic variables (1)
- co-transcriptional regulation (1)
- coalescence (1)
- cobra (1)
- coevolution (1)
- communication (1)
- communication-mediating domains (1)
- community ecology (1)
- community mean (1)
- compass orientation (1)
- complete chloroplast genome (1)
- complexome profiling (1)
- computational literary studies (1)
- connection to nature (1)
- consortia (1)
- control theory (1)
- cooperation (1)
- cophylogeny (1)
- cospeciation (1)
- cotransformation (1)
- coupling (1)
- cpDNA (1)
- cross-species RNA-sequencing (1)
- crosslinking-mass spectrometry (1)
- crustacea (1)
- cryo-EM (1)
- cultural ecosystem services (1)
- custom (1)
- cyclooctyne (1)
- cytosolic free calcium (1)
- de novo Synthesis (1)
- de novo transcription (1)
- decomposition (1)
- deep learning (1)
- deep sea (1)
- deep-sea sediment (1)
- deletion mutant (1)
- demography (1)
- dendrite (1)
- dendritic branching (1)
- dendritic morphology (1)
- depth (1)
- dermosphere (1)
- diagnostics (1)
- diatoms (1)
- differentially regulated orthologs (1)
- differentiation diversity (1)
- digital student lab (1)
- dimer interface formation (1)
- discrete choice modeling (1)
- distribution (1)
- diurnal variation (1)
- docking domains (1)
- domain architecture evolution (1)
- downy mildew (1)
- drug design (1)
- easyPACId (1)
- ecological risk assessment (1)
- ecology and biodiversity (1)
- ecospat (1)
- ecosystem management (1)
- ecosystem services (1)
- ectomycorrhizal (1)
- ectrogella (1)
- effect monitoring (1)
- effectors (1)
- elapid snake (1)
- elephant (1)
- elevational gradient (1)
- endocrine disruption (1)
- endocrine-disrupting chemicals (1)
- endophytes (1)
- endothelium (1)
- energy (1)
- energy-converting hydrogenase (Ech) (1)
- engineering (1)
- envenoming (1)
- environmental DNA (1)
- environmental behavior (1)
- environmental factors (1)
- environmental gradients (1)
- environmental humanities (1)
- environmental knowledge (1)
- environmental pollution (1)
- eukaryotic biodiversity (1)
- evolution (1)
- evolutionary traceability (1)
- exon coalescence (1)
- exon concatenation (1)
- experiment (1)
- exposome (1)
- exposure (1)
- expression system (1)
- extracellular matrix (1)
- extreme frost (1)
- failure to diverge (1)
- fatty acid dependency (1)
- fatty acid desaturation (1)
- fatty acid metabolism (1)
- fence (1)
- fitness (1)
- flowering (1)
- foliar pathogens (1)
- food contact materials (1)
- foraging (1)
- foraging site fidelity (1)
- foraging site switching (1)
- forest management (1)
- freshwater crayfish (1)
- functional group (1)
- functional traits (1)
- fungal effectors (1)
- fungal pathogens (1)
- fungal phylogeny (1)
- fungal traits (1)
- fuzzy clustering (1)
- gamma oscillations (1)
- gas exchange (1)
- gene conversion (1)
- gene families (1)
- gene models (1)
- generalised additive models (1)
- genetic engineering (1)
- genome architecture (1)
- genome assembly (1)
- genome assembly and annotation (1)
- genomic diversity (1)
- genotype (1)
- genotyping (1)
- geoecology (1)
- geographical origin (1)
- giraffe behavior (1)
- glidobactins (1)
- global biomes (1)
- glucocorticoid receptor (1)
- glucocorticoid response (1)
- graded structure (1)
- grasslands (1)
- gravity (1)
- growth promotion (1)
- guanidine riboswitch (1)
- guided zoo tours (1)
- habitat heterogeneity (1)
- hands-on elements (1)
- heat (1)
- heat and drought (1)
- heat-shock protein (1)
- heathlands (1)
- hematopoietic stem cell (1)
- herbaria (1)
- herbivores (1)
- heteroplasmy (1)
- heterozygous cells (1)
- high temperature (1)
- high throughput screening (1)
- hippo (1)
- historical biodiversity (1)
- homeostasis (1)
- homologous gene expression (1)
- honey bee classification (1)
- honey bees (1)
- horizontal gene transfer (1)
- host specificity (1)
- host-switch (1)
- housing conditions (1)
- human footprint (1)
- human-wildlife conflict (1)
- hydroxamate (1)
- hyperparasitic fungi (1)
- hyperparasitism (1)
- hypoxia (1)
- in-vitro Assay (1)
- inbreeding (1)
- indel (1)
- individual interest (1)
- individuality (1)
- infectious diseases (1)
- infra-slow oscillation (1)
- integrate-and-fire (1)
- inter- seasonal predictability (1)
- interaction networks (1)
- interest in nature (1)
- intersexuality (1)
- invasive mammals (1)
- iron starvation (1)
- krait (1)
- lab motivation scale (LMS) (1)
- land use (1)
- landscape fragmentation (1)
- lantibiotic (1)
- large subunit maturation (1)
- lateral line (1)
- latitudinal gradient (1)
- learning technology (1)
- left ventricular hypertrophy (1)
- leukodystrophy (1)
- light (1)
- light-harvesting (1)
- lipid metabolism (1)
- lipoprotein (1)
- livelihood (1)
- liver cancer (1)
- local field potentials (1)
- long noncoding RNA (1)
- long sequencing reads (1)
- long-term protection (1)
- long36 term protection (1)
- mPFC (1)
- mPTP (1)
- mRNA (1)
- mTOR (1)
- machine learning (1)
- macroevolution (1)
- macrohabitat (1)
- magnetoreception (1)
- maladaptation (1)
- mathematical modeling (1)
- maturity (1)
- maximum likelihood (1)
- mean fruit body size (1)
- mechanics (1)
- medically relevant (1)
- meerkats (1)
- membrane protein (1)
- membrane trafficking (1)
- memory (1)
- metabolic disruptors (1)
- metabolomics (1)
- metazoans (1)
- microRNA (1)
- microbiome (1)
- microplastics (1)
- microsatellite (1)
- miracula (1)
- missing data (1)
- mitochondria localization (1)
- mitochondrial dysfunction (1)
- mitochondrial localization motif (1)
- mitohormesis (1)
- mitophagy (1)
- molecular phylogenetic analysis (1)
- monetary impacts (1)
- monocytes (1)
- morphology evaluation (1)
- moth indicator groups (1)
- mounting (1)
- movement (1)
- mt DNA (1)
- mtDNA haplotypes (1)
- multi-generation experiment (1)
- mushroom (1)
- mycorrhiza (1)
- myeloid angiogenic cells (1)
- natural behavior (1)
- natural products (1)
- naturalistic stimuli (1)
- nature connectedness (1)
- navigation (1)
- nematode diversity (1)
- network analysis (1)
- neural coding (1)
- neuro-vascular (1)
- neurobiology (1)
- neurodegeneration (1)
- neurodevelopment (1)
- neuroethology (1)
- neuromodulation (1)
- neuronal coherence (1)
- neurosimulation (1)
- nightly behavior (1)
- nisin binding (1)
- nocturnal activity (1)
- nomadism (1)
- non-destructive sampling (1)
- non-material contribution (1)
- non-ribosomal peptide syntheses (1)
- non-ribosomal peptide synthetase (1)
- non-target chemical analysis (1)
- non-timber forest products (NTFPs) (1)
- nonsense-mediated mRNA decay (1)
- nontarget (1)
- northern giraffe (1)
- novel natural products (1)
- obesogens (1)
- obligate pathogens (1)
- octanoic acid (1)
- oncomodulation (1)
- oomycete (1)
- open-source 3D bioprinting (1)
- organoids (1)
- orientation behavior (1)
- orthogroup (1)
- orthology (1)
- orthology assignment (1)
- outdoor education (1)
- oxygenic photosynthesis (1)
- pH Regulation (1)
- paleobiology (1)
- parabolic flight (1)
- paralogy (1)
- parasitism (1)
- parasitoid (1)
- parathyroid hormone 2 (1)
- pathogenicity (1)
- pathway (1)
- pathway complexity (1)
- pathway evolution (1)
- peptide-antimicrobial-Xenorhabdus peptide (1)
- phenology (1)
- phosphoketolase (1)
- phosphotransacetylase (1)
- photocycle (1)
- phylogenetic informativeness (1)
- phylogenetic profiles (1)
- phylogenetic profiling (1)
- physiological stress (1)
- planning and design (1)
- plant regeneration (1)
- plasma (1)
- plasmid (1)
- plasmid copy number (1)
- playback experiment (1)
- policies (1)
- politics and governance (1)
- pollinator crisis (1)
- polymers (1)
- polyploidy (1)
- population structure (1)
- postglacial colonisation (1)
- posture estimation (1)
- power law (1)
- precipitation (1)
- prediction error (1)
- priority natural areas (1)
- probe kit (1)
- propagating waves (1)
- proteasome inhibitors (1)
- protein folding (1)
- protein production (1)
- protein structure (1)
- proteobacteria (1)
- proteoliposomes, (1)
- proteomics (1)
- proton translocation (1)
- protoplast fusion (1)
- qH2 (1)
- quality control (1)
- quantitative disease resistance (1)
- quercus (1)
- raccoon dog (Nyctereutes procyonoides) (1)
- radical pair model (1)
- random forest (1)
- range boundary (1)
- range expansion (1)
- reaction mechanisms (1)
- receptor (1)
- regulation (1)
- reliability (1)
- repeat elements (1)
- repetition suppression (1)
- reptiles (1)
- resource losses (1)
- retrophylogenomics (1)
- ribosome (1)
- ribosomes, Arabiodpsis thaliana, pre-rRNA processing, snoRNA, (1)
- rock-climbing impact (1)
- root allocation strategy (1)
- root functional traits (1)
- roots (1)
- runs of homozygosity (1)
- sage downy mildew (1)
- saprobic and ectomycorrhizal basidiomycetes (1)
- saprotrophic (1)
- scale development (1)
- scale invariance (1)
- seafloor bathymetry (1)
- search (1)
- sediment (1)
- selection gradients (1)
- senescence (1)
- sensory (1)
- sensory acquisition (1)
- serine/arginine-rich proteins (1)
- shallow water (1)
- shroom (1)
- siderophore (1)
- siderophore-dependent iron uptake (1)
- signaling (1)
- silicate (1)
- simplified production (1)
- small angle x-ray scattering (1)
- small animals (1)
- small protein (1)
- small proteins (1)
- smut fungi (1)
- snake bite (1)
- social information (1)
- social isolation (1)
- socio-economic sectors (1)
- socio-economics (1)
- soil degradation (1)
- soil fungal communities (1)
- sound coding (1)
- spatial analysis (1)
- spatial modelling (1)
- special needs students (1)
- speciation (1)
- species delimitation (1)
- species distribution model (1)
- species richness (1)
- splicing (1)
- splicing regulation (1)
- stairway plot (1)
- stereolithography (1)
- stimulus repetition (1)
- stingless bee (1)
- stochastic factors (1)
- strained promoted cycloadditon (1)
- sub-Saharan Africa (1)
- sugar uptake (1)
- sun exposure (1)
- suricates (1)
- surround suppression (1)
- survival rate (1)
- sustainability (1)
- symbiont association patterns (1)
- systems knowledge (1)
- tRNA (1)
- tRackIT (1)
- tafazzin (1)
- target knowledge (1)
- taxonomy (1)
- teaching tool (1)
- technology acceptance model (TAM) (1)
- temperate forest (1)
- temperature (1)
- terrestrial mammal (1)
- text mining (1)
- thermal-melanism hypothesis (1)
- thiolation domain (1)
- threatened cliff plant species (1)
- tight junctions (1)
- topology (1)
- trait evolution (1)
- traits (1)
- transcription (1)
- transcriptome (1)
- transcriptome analysis (1)
- transdisciplinarity (1)
- transformation knowledge (1)
- transglutaminase 2 (1)
- translation initiation (1)
- transplant experiment (1)
- trimeric autotransporter adhesin (1)
- trisporic acids (1)
- tritrophic interaction (1)
- trophic interactions (1)
- tumor model (1)
- tumor-associated macrophages (1)
- ungulate (1)
- universal (1)
- university students (1)
- unselected segregation (1)
- validity (1)
- vascular integrity (1)
- vegetation (1)
- venomous snakes (1)
- video action classification (1)
- video observation (1)
- viruses (1)
- vocalization (1)
- vocalization production; (1)
- volatile (1)
- warming (1)
- water security (1)
- white truffle (1)
- wing geometric morphometrics (1)
- wolf (1)
- wwtr1 (1)
- xenology (1)
- xylose (1)
- yap1 (1)
- yeast (1)
- zinc finger (1)
- zoo (1)
- zoo biology (1)
- zoo education (1)
- zoo elephants (1)
- µ-protein (1)
- β-Barrel Proteins (1)
- β-oxidation (1)
- ζ-Carotene (1)
Institute
- Biowissenschaften (540)
- Senckenbergische Naturforschende Gesellschaft (33)
- Medizin (17)
- Biodiversität und Klima Forschungszentrum (BiK-F) (15)
- Biochemie, Chemie und Pharmazie (13)
- Buchmann Institut für Molekulare Lebenswissenschaften (BMLS) (13)
- Zentrum für Biomolekulare Magnetische Resonanz (BMRZ) (13)
- Institut für Ökologie, Evolution und Diversität (11)
- MPI für Biophysik (8)
- Biochemie und Chemie (7)
The eight-carbon fatty acid octanoic acid (OA) is an important platform chemical and precursor of many industrially relevant products. Its microbial biosynthesis is regarded as a promising alternative to current unsustainable production methods. In Saccharomyces cerevisiae, the production of OA had been previously achieved by rational engineering of the fatty acid synthase. For the supply of the precursor molecule acetyl-CoA and of the redox cofactor NADPH, the native pyruvate dehydrogenase bypass had been harnessed, or the cells had been additionally provided with a pathway involving a heterologous ATP-citrate lyase. Here, we redirected the flux of glucose towards the oxidative branch of the pentose phosphate pathway and overexpressed a heterologous phosphoketolase/phosphotransacetylase shunt to improve the supply of NADPH and acetyl-CoA in a strain background with abolished OA degradation. We show that these modifications lead to an increased yield of OA during the consumption of glucose by more than 60% compared to the parental strain. Furthermore, we investigated different genetic engineering targets to identify potential factors that limit the OA production in yeast. Toxicity assays performed with the engineered strains suggest that the inhibitory effects of OA on cell growth likely impose an upper limit to attainable OA yields.
Acetogenic bacteria are already established as biocatalysts for production of high-value compounds from C1 substrates such as H2 + CO2 or CO. However, little is known about the physiology, biochemistry and bioenergetics of acetogenesis from formate, an interesting feedstock for biorefineries. Here, we analysed formate metabolism in the model acetogen Acetobacterium woodii. Cells grew optimally on 200 mM formate to an optical density of 0.6. Formate was exclusively converted to acetate (and CO2) with a ratio of 4.4:1. Transcriptome analyses revealed genes/enzymes involved in formate metabolism. Strikingly, A. woodii has two genes potentially encoding a formyl-THF synthetase, fhs1 and fhs2. fhs2 forms an operon with a gene encoding a potential formate transporter, fdhC. Deletion of fhs2/fdhC led to a reduced growth rate, formate consumption and optical densities. Acetogenesis from H2 + CO2 was accompanied by transient formate production; strikingly, formate reutilization was completely abolished in the Δfhs2/fdhC mutant. Take together, our studies gave the first detailed insights into the formatotrophic lifestyle of A. woodii.
Non-ribosomal peptide synthetases (NRPSs) are the origin of a wide range of natural products, including many clinically used drugs. Efficient engineering of these often giant biosynthetic machineries to produce novel non-ribosomal peptides (NRPs) is an ongoing challenge. Here we describe a cloning and co-expression strategy to functionally combine NRPS fragments of Gram-negative and -positive origin, synthesising novel peptides at titres up to 220 mg L−1. Extending from the recently introduced definition of eXchange Units (XUs), we inserted synthetic zippers (SZs) to split single protein NRPSs into independently expressed and translated polypeptide chains. These synthetic type of NRPS (type S) enables easier access to engineering, overcomes cloning limitations, and provides a simple and rapid approach to building peptide libraries via the combination of different NRPS subunits.
Methanol is the simplest of all alcohols, is universally distributed in anoxic sediments as a result of plant material decomposition and is constantly attracting attention as an interesting substrate for anaerobes like acetogens that can convert bio-renewable methanol into value-added chemicals. A major drawback in the development of environmentally friendly but economically attractive biotechnological processes is the present lack of information on biochemistry and bioenergetics during methanol conversion in these bacteria. The mesophilic acetogen Eubacterium callanderi KIST612 is naturally able to consume methanol and produce acetate as well as butyrate. To grasp the full potential of methanol-based production of chemicals, we analysed the genes and enzymes involved in methanol conversion to acetate and identified the redox carriers involved. We will display a complete model for methanol-derived acetogenesis and butyrogenesis in Eubacterium callanderi KIST612, tracing the electron transfer routes and shed light on the bioenergetics during the process.
The constitution and regulation of effector repertoires shape host–microbe interactions. Ustilago maydis and Sporisorium reilianum are two closely related smut fungi, which both infect maize but cause distinct disease symptoms. Understanding how effector orthologs are regulated in these two pathogens can therefore provide insights into the evolution of different infection strategies. We tracked the infection progress of U. maydis and S. reilianum in maize leaves and used two distinct infection stages for cross-species RNA-sequencing analyses. We identified 207 of 335 one-to-one effector orthologs as differentially regulated during host colonization, which might reflect the distinct disease development strategies. Using CRISPR-Cas9-mediated gene conversion, we identified two differentially expressed effector orthologs with conserved function between two pathogens. Thus, differential expression of functionally conserved genes might contribute to species-specific adaptation and symptom development. Interestingly, another differentially expressed orthogroup (UMAG_05318/Sr10075) showed divergent protein function, providing a possible case for neofunctionalization. Collectively, we demonstrated that the diversification of effector genes in related pathogens can be caused both by alteration on the transcriptional level and through functional diversification of the encoded effector proteins.
Global landscapes are changing due to human activities with consequences for both biodiversity and ecosystems. For single species, terrestrial mammal population densities have shown mixed responses to human pressure, with both increasing and decreasing densities reported in the literature. How the impacts of human activities on mammal populations translates into altered global density patterns remains unclear. Here we aim to disentangle the effect of human impacts on large-scale patterns of mammal population densities using a global dataset of 6729 population density estimates for 468 mammal species (representing 59% and 44% of mammalian orders and families). We fitted a mixed effect model to explain the variation in density based on a 1-degree resolution as a function of the human footprint index (HFI), a global proxy of direct and indirect human disturbances, while accounting for body mass, trophic level and primary productivity (normalized vegetation index; NDVI). We found a significant positive relationship between population density and HFI, where population densities were higher in areas with a higher HFI (e.g. agricultural or suburban areas – no populations were located in very high HFI urban areas) compared to areas with a low HFI (e.g. wilderness areas). We also tested the effect of the individual components of the HFI and still found a consistent positive effect. The relationships remained positive even across populations of the same species, although variability among species was high. Our results indicate shifts in mammal population densities in human modified landscapes, which is due to the combined effect of species filtering, increased resources and a possible reduction in competition and predation. Our study provides further evidence that macroecological patterns are being altered by human activities, where some species will benefit from these activities, while others will be negatively impacted or even extirpated.
More than 2 million tons of glycerol are produced during industrial processes each year and, therefore, glycerol is an inexpensive feedstock to produce biocommodities by bacterial fermentation. Acetogenic bacteria are interesting production platforms and there have been few reports in the literature on glycerol utilization by this ecophysiologically important group of strictly anaerobic bacteria. Here, we show that the model acetogen Acetobacterium woodii DSM1030 is able to grow on glycerol, but contrary to expectations, only for 2–3 transfers. Transcriptome analysis revealed the expression of the pdu operon encoding a propanediol dehydratase along with genes encoding bacterial microcompartments. Deletion of pduAB led to a stable growth of A. woodii on glycerol, consistent with the hypothesis that the propanediol dehydratase also acts on glycerol leading to a toxic end-product. Glycerol is oxidized to acetate and the reducing equivalents are reoxidized by reducing CO2 in the Wood–Ljungdahl pathway, leading to an additional acetate. The possible oxidation product of glycerol, dihydroxyacetone (DHA), also served as carbon and energy source for A. woodii and growth was stably maintained on that compound. DHA oxidation was also coupled to CO2 reduction. Based on transcriptome data and enzymatic analysis we present the first metabolic and bioenergetic schemes for glycerol and DHA utilization in A. woodii.
Objectives: The four-dimensional ultrasound (4D-US) enables imaging of the aortic segment and simultaneous determination of the wall expansion. The method shows a high spatial and temporal resolution, but its in vivo reliability is so far unknown for low-measure values. The present study determines the intraobserver repeatability and interobserver reproducibility of 4D-US in the atherosclerotic and non-atherosclerotic infrarenal aorta. Methods: In all, 22 patients with non-aneurysmal aorta were examined by an experienced examiner and a medical student. After registration of 4D images, both the examiners marked the aortic wall manually before the commercially implemented speckle tracking algorithm was applied. The cyclic changes of the aortic diameter and circumferential strain were determined with the help of custom-made software. The reliability of 4D-US was tested by the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC). Results: The 4D-US measurements showed very good reliability for the maximum aortic diameter and the circumferential strain for all patients and for the non-atherosclerotic aortae (ICC >0.7), but low reliability for circumferential strain in calcified aortae (ICC = 0.29). The observer- and masking-related variances for both maximum diameter and circumferential strain were close to zero. Conclusions: Despite the low-measured values, the high spatial and temporal resolution of the 4D-US enables a reliable evaluation of cyclic diameter changes and circumferential strain in non-aneurysmal aortae independent from the observer experience but with some limitations for calcified aortae. The 4D-US opens up a new perspective with regard to noninvasive, in vivo assessment of kinematic properties of the vessel wall in the abdominal aorta.
Genetic engineering of Saccharomyces cerevisiae for improved cytosolic isobutanol biosynthesis
(2021)
The finite nature of fossil resources and the environmental problems caused by their excessive usage requires alternative approaches. The transformation from a fossil based economy to one based on renewable biomass is called a “bioeconomy”. To substitute fossil resources, various microorganisms have already been modified for the biosynthesis of valuable chemicals from biomass. However, the development of such efficient microorganisms at an industrial scale, remains a major challenge. The most prominent and robust microorganism for industrial production is the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, which is known to produce ethanol that is used as renewable biofuel. However, S. cerevisiae is also naturally able to produce isobutanol in small amounts. Isobutanol is favoured as a biofuel compared to ethanol due to its higher octane number and lower hygroscopicity, which makes it more suitable for application in conventional combustion engines. In S. cerevisiae, the biosynthesis of isobutanol is permitted by the combination of mitochondrial valine synthesis (catalysed by Ilv2, Ilv5 and Ilv3) and its cytosolic degradation (catalysed by Aro10 and Adh2). The different compartmentalisation of the two pathways limit isobutanol biosynthesis. Thus, Brat et al. (2012) were able to increase the isobutanol yield up to 15 mg/gGlc by cytosolic re localisation of the enzymes Ilv2Δ54, Ilv5Δ48 and Ilv3Δ19 (cyt-ILV), with simultaneous deletion of ilv2. This corresponds to approximately 3.7% of the theoretical yield of 410 mg/gGlc, implying existing limitations in isobutanol biosynthesis, which have been investigated in this work.
For yet unknown reasons, isobutanol was only produced by S. cerevisiae in a valine free medium, according to Brat et al. (2012). This work shows that this can be attributed to the catalytic activity of Ilv2Δ54, which acted as growth inhibitor to S. cerevisiae. By this logic, a negative selection on the ILV2∆54 gene was exerted, which made the ilv2 deletion and simultaneous valine exclusion necessary to maintain the functional expression of toxic ILV2∆54. Furthermore, it was shown that valine exclusion is not mandatory due to the feedback regulation of Ilv2, permitted by Ilv6. Rather, increased isobutanol yield was observed when cytosolic Ilv6∆61 was expressed in the valine free medium, which is explained by the enhanced regulation of Ilv2Δ54 by Ilv6∆61 when BCAA are absent. Isobutanol biosynthesis is neither redox nor NAD(P)H co factor balanced. It was seen that co factor imbalance could be mitigated by the expression of an NADH oxidase (NOX), but not by expression of the NADH dependent ilvC6E6, since the latter showed low in vivo activity. Furthermore, it was seen that NAD(H) imbalance did already limit isobutanol biosynthesis, but the NADP(H) imbalance did not. Another limitation of cytosolic isobutanol biosynthesis is the secretion of the intermediate 2‑dihydroxyisovalerate, which then no longer is taken up by S. cerevisiae, causing a reduced isobutanol yield. This is attributed to insufficient Ilv3∆19 activity, due to poor iron sulphur cluster apo protein maturation. Therefore, it was aimed to replace Ilv3∆19 by heterologous dihydroxyacid dehydratases. Even though some of the enzymes were functionally expressed, none showed better in vivo activity than Ilv3∆19. Therefore, the Ilv3∆19 apo protein maturation was improved. This was achieved by the genomic deletion of fra2 or pim1 as well as by the cytosolic expression of Grx5∆29.
In addition to the isobutanol pathway, S. cerevisiae was optimised for isobutanol biosynthesis by rational and evolutionary engineering. For this purpose, the genes which are necessary for isobutanol production were integrated into the ilv2 locus, and the resulting strain was evolved in a medium containing the toxic amino acid analogue norvaline. Evolved single colonies were isolated, which presented improved growth and increased isobutanol yields (0.59 mg/gGlc) in a valine free medium, as compared to the initial strain. This is explained by a gene dosage effect which occurred during the evolutionary engineering experiment. In collaboration with Dr. Wess, the genes ilv2, bdh1/2, leu4/9, ecm31, ilv1, adh1, gpd1/2 and ald6 were cumulatively deleted in CEN.PK113 7D to block competing metabolic pathways. The resulting strain JWY23 achieved isobutanol yields up to 67.3 mg/gGlc, when expressing the cyt ILV enzymes from a multi copy vector. The most promising approaches of this work, namely the deletion of fra2 and the expression of Grx5∆29, Ilv6∆61, and NOX, were confirmed in this JWY23 strain. The highest isobutanol yield from this work was observed at 72 mg/gGlc for Ilv6∆61 and cyt ILV enzymes expressing JWY23, which corresponds to 17.6% of the theoretical isobutanol yield.
Isobutyric acid (IBA) is a by product of isobutanol biosynthesis, but it is also considered a valuable platform chemical. Therefore, the approaches that improved isobutanol biosynthesis were applied to the biosynthesis of IBA in S. cerevisiae. The highest IBA yield of 9.8 mg/gGlc was observed in a valine free medium by expression of cyt ILV enzymes, NOX and Ald6 in JWY04 (CEN.PK113 7D Δilv2; Δbdh1; Δbdh2; Δleu4; Δleu9; Δecm31; Δilv1). This corresponded to an 8.9 fold increase compared with the control and is, to our best knowledge, the highest IBA yield reported to date for S. cerevisiae.
Climate change causes increased tree mortality leading to canopy loss and thus sun-exposed forest floors. Sun exposure creates extreme temperatures and radiation, with potentially more drastic effects on forest organisms than the current increase in mean temperature. Such conditions might potentially negatively affect the maturation of mushrooms of forest fungi. A failure of reaching maturation would mean no sexual spore release and, thus, entail a loss of genetic diversity. However, we currently have a limited understanding of the quality and quantity of mushroom-specific molecular responses caused by sun exposure. Thus, to understand the short-term responses toward enhanced sun exposure, we exposed mushrooms of the wood-inhabiting forest species Lentinula edodes, while still attached to their mycelium and substrate, to artificial solar light (ca. 30°C and 100,000 lux) for 5, 30, and 60 min. We found significant differentially expressed genes at 30 and 60 min. Eukaryotic Orthologous Groups (KOG) class enrichment pointed to defense mechanisms. The 20 most significant differentially expressed genes showed the expression of heat-shock proteins, an important family of proteins under heat stress. Although preliminary, our results suggest mushroom-specific molecular responses to tolerate enhanced sun exposure as expected under climate change. Whether mushroom-specific molecular responses are able to maintain fungal fitness under opening forest canopies remains to be tested.
1. Plant-fungal interactions are important for plant community assembly, but quantifying these relationships remains challenging. High throughput sequencing of fungal communities allows us to identify plant-fungal associations at a high level of resolution, but often fails to provide information on taxonomic and functional assignment of fungi. 2. We transplanted seeds of Pinus cembra across an elevational gradient (1850–2250 m a.s.l.) and identified environmental factors and known fungal associates important for seedling establishment and survival. We then applied null model tests to identify taxonomically unassigned fungi associated with pine recruitment. 3. Early seedling establishment was determined by abiotic environmental factors, while seedling survival was predominantly affected by biotic environmental factors (i.e., the abundance of a fungal pathogen known from literature and the distance to adult trees). Null model tests identified known mycorrhizal partners and a large number of unknown operational taxonomic units (OTUs) associated with seedling survival, including saprotrophic and pathogenic species. These results highlight that unknown fungal OTUs, which are usually discarded from analyses, could play a crucial role for plant survival. 4. Synthesis. We conclude that high throughput metabarcoding paired with null model tests, is a valuable approach for identifying hidden plant-fungal associations within large and complex DNA metabarcoding datasets. Such an approach can be an important tool in illuminating the black box of plant-microbe interactions, and thus understanding ecosystem dynamics.
The acetogenic model bacterium Acetobacterium woodii is well-known to produce acetate by homoacetogenesis from sugars, but under certain conditions minor amounts of ethanol are produced in addition. Here, we have aimed to identify physiological conditions that increase electron and carbon flow towards ethanol production. Ethanol was only produced from fructose but not from H2 + CO2, formate, pyruvate, lactate or alanine. In the absence of Na+, the Wood–Ljungdahl pathway (WLP) of acetate formation is not functional. Therefore, the ethanol yield increased to 0.42 mol/mol (ethanol/fructose) with an ethanol/acetate ratio of 0.28 mol/mol. The presence of bicarbonate/CO2 stimulated electron and carbon flow through the WLP and led to less ethanol produced. Of the 11 potential alcohol dehydrogenase genes, the most upregulated during ethanologenesis was adh4. A deletion of adh4 led to an increase in ethanol production by 100% to a yield of 0.79 mol/mol (ethanol/fructose); this correlated with an increase in transcript abundance of adh6. In sum, our studies revealed low Na+ and bicarbonate/CO2 as factors that trigger ethanol formation and that a deletion of adh4 drastically increased ethanol formation in A. woodii.
Acinetobacter baumannii is outstanding for its ability to cope with low water activities which significantly contributes to its persistence in hospital environments. The vast majority of bacteria are able to prevent loss of cellular water by amassing osmoactive compatible solutes or their precursors into the cytoplasm. One such precursor of an osmoprotectant is choline that is taken up from the environment and oxidized to the compatible solute glycine betaine. Here, we report the identification of the osmotic stress operon betIBA in A. baumannii. This operon encodes the choline oxidation pathway important for the production of the solute glycine betaine. The salt-sensitive phenotype of a betA deletion strain could not be rescued by addition of choline, which is consistent with the role of BetA in choline oxidation. We found that BetA is a choline dehydrogenase but also mediates in vitro the oxidation of glycine betaine aldehyde to glycine betaine. BetA was found to be associated with the membrane and to contain a flavin, indicative for BetA donating electrons into the respiratory chain. The choline dehydrogenase activity was not salt dependent but was stimulated by the compatible solute glutamate.
An exploration of the relationship between recruitment communication and foraging in stingless bees
(2021)
Social information is widely used in the animal kingdom and can be highly adaptive. In social insects, foragers can use social information to find food, avoid danger, or choose a new nest site. Copying others allows individuals to obtain information without having to sample the environment. When foragers communicate information they will often only advertise high-quality food sources, thereby filtering out less adaptive information. Stingless bees, a large pantropical group of highly eusocial bees, face intense inter- and intra-specific competition for limited resources, yet display disparate foraging strategies. Within the same environment there are species that communicate the location of food resources to nest-mates and species that do not. Our current understanding of why some species communicate foraging sites while others do not is limited. Studying freely foraging colonies of several co-existing stingless bee species in Brazil, we investigated if recruitment to specific food locations is linked to 1) the sugar content of forage, 2) the duration of foraging trips, and 3) the variation in activity of a colony from 1 day to another and the variation in activity in a species over a day. We found that, contrary to our expectations, species with recruitment communication did not return with higher quality forage than species that do not recruit nestmates. Furthermore, foragers from recruiting species did not have shorter foraging trip durations than those from weakly recruiting species. Given the intense inter- and intraspecific competition for resources in these environments, it may be that recruiting species favor food resources that can be monopolized by the colony rather than food sources that offer high-quality rewards.
Obligate endoparasitic oomycetes are known to ubiquitously occur in marine and freshwater diatoms, but their diversity is still largely unexplored. Many of these parasitoids are members of the early-diverging oomycete lineages (Miracula, Diatomophthora), others are within the Leptomitales of the Saprolegniomycetes (Ectrogella, Lagenisma) and some have been described in the Peronosporomycetes (Aphanomycopsis, Lagenidium). Even though some species have been recently described and two new genera were introduced (Miracula and Diatomophthora), the phylogeny and taxonomy of most of these organisms remain unresolved. This is contrasted by the high number of sequences from unclassified species, as recently revealed from environmental sequencing, suggesting the presence of several undiscovered species. In this study, a new species of Miracula is reported from a marine centric diatom (Minidiscus sp.) isolated from Skagaströnd harbor in Northwest Iceland. The morphology and life cycle traits of this novel oomycete parasite are described herein, and its taxonomic placement within the genus Miracula is confirmed by molecular phylogeny. As it cannot be assigned to any previously described species, it is introduced as Miracula islandica in this study. The genus Miracula thus contains three described holocarpic species (M. helgolandica, M. islandica, M. moenusica) to which likely additional species will need to be added in the future, considering the presence of several lineages known only from environmental sequencing that clustered within the Miracula clade.
The stem-loop (SL1) is the 5'-terminal structural element within the single-stranded SARS-CoV-2 RNA genome. It is formed by nucleotides 7–33 and consists of two short helical segments interrupted by an asymmetric internal loop. This architecture is conserved among Betacoronaviruses. SL1 is present in genomic SARS-CoV-2 RNA as well as in all subgenomic mRNA species produced by the virus during replication, thus representing a ubiquitous cis-regulatory RNA with potential functions at all stages of the viral life cycle. We present here the 1H, 13C and 15N chemical shift assignment of the 29 nucleotides-RNA construct 5_SL1, which denotes the native 27mer SL1 stabilized by an additional terminal G-C base-pair.
Acinetobacter baumannii is an opportunistic pathogen, which has become a rising threat in healthcare facilities worldwide due to increasing antibiotic resistances and optimal adaptation to clinical environments and the human host. We reported in a former publication on the identification of three phopholipases of the phospholipase D (PLD) superfamily in A. baumannii ATCC 19606T acting in concerted manner as virulence factors in Galleria mellonella infection and lung epithelial cell invasion. This study focussed on the function of the three PLDs. A Δpld1-3 mutant was defect in biosynthesis of the phospholipids cardiolipin (CL) and monolysocardiolipin (MLCL), whereas the deletion of pld2 and pld3 abolished the production of MLCL. Complementation of the Δpld1-3 mutant with pld1 restored CL biosynthesis demonstrating that the PLD1 is implicated in CL biosynthesis. Complementation of the Δpld1-3 mutant with either pld2 or pld3 restored MLCL and CL production leading to the conclusion that PLD2 and PLD3 are implicated in CL and MLCL production. Mutant studies revealed that two catalytic motifs are essential for the PLD3-mediated biosynthesis of CL and MLCL. The Δpld1-3 mutant exhibited a decreased colistin and polymyxin B resistance indicating a role of CL in cationic antimicrobial peptides (CAMPs) resistance.
The genome of the halophilic archaeon Haloferax volcanii encodes more than 40 one-domain zinc finger µ-proteins. Only one of these, HVO_2753, contains four C(P)XCG motifs, suggesting the presence of two zinc binding pockets (ZBPs). Homologs of HVO_2753 are widespread in many euryarchaeota. An in frame deletion mutant of HVO_2753 grew indistinguishably from the wild-type in several media, but had a severe defect in swarming and in biofilm formation. For further analyses, the protein was produced homologously as well as heterologously in Escherichia coli. HVO_2753 was stable and folded in low salt, in contrast to many other haloarchaeal proteins. Only haloarchaeal HVO_2753 homologs carry a very hydrophilic N terminus, and NMR analysis showed that this region is very flexible and not part of the core structure. Surprisingly, both NMR analysis and a fluorimetric assay revealed that HVO_2753 binds only one zinc ion, despite the presence of two ZBPs. Notably, the analysis of cysteine to alanine mutant proteins by NMR as well by in vivo complementation revealed that all four C(P)XCG motifs are essential for folding and function. The NMR solution structure of the major conformation of HVO_2753 was solved. Unexpectedly, it was revealed that ZBP1 was comprised of C(P)XCG motifs 1 and 3, and ZBP2 was comprised of C(P)XCG motifs 2 and 4. There are several indications that ZBP2 is occupied by zinc, in contrast to ZBP1. To our knowledge, this study represents the first in-depth analysis of a zinc finger µ-protein in all three domains of life.
The extraordinary desiccation resistance of the opportunistic human pathogen Acinetobacter baumannii is a key to its survival and spread in medical care units. The accumulation of compatible solute such as glutamate, mannitol and trehalose contributes to the desiccation resistance. Here, we have used osmolarity as a tool to study the response of cells to low water activities and studied the role of a potential inorganic osmolyte, K+, in osmostress response. Growth of A. baumannii was K+-dependent and the K+-dependence increased with the osmolarity of the medium. After an osmotic upshock, cells accumulated K+ and K+ accumulation increased with the salinity of the medium. K+ uptake was reduced in the presence of glycine betaine. The intracellular pools of compatible solutes were dependent on the K+ concentration: mannitol and glutamate concentrations increased with increasing K+ concentrations whereas trehalose was highest at low K+. After osmotic upshock, cells first accumulated K+ followed by synthesis of glutamate; later, mannitol and trehalose synthesis started, accompanied with a decrease of intracellular K+ and glutamate. These experiments demonstrate K+ uptake as a first response to osmostress in A. baumannii and demonstrate a hierarchy in the time-dependent accumulation of K+ and different organic solutes.
Acinetobacter baumannii is outstanding for its ability to cope with low water activities and therefore its adaptation mechanism to osmotic stress. Here we report on the identification and characterization of five different secondary active compatible solute transporters, belonging to the betaine-choline-carnitine transporter (BCCT) family. Our studies revealed two choline-specific and three glycine betaine-specific BCCTs. Activity of the BCCTs was differentially dependent to the osmolality: one choline and one betaine transporter were osmostress-independent. Addition of choline to resting cells of Acinetobacter grown in the presence of the co-substrate choline or with phosphatidylcholine as sole carbon source led to ATP synthesis in the wild type but not in the BCCT quadruple mutant. This indicates that the BCCTs are essential to transport the energy substrate choline. The role of the different BCCTs in osmostress resistance and in metabolic adaptation of A. baumannii to the human host is discussed.