Institutes
Refine
Year of publication
Document Type
- Article (315)
- Doctoral Thesis (178)
- Preprint (41)
Language
- English (534) (remove)
Has Fulltext
- yes (534)
Is part of the Bibliography
- no (534)
Keywords
- Podospora anserina (8)
- aging (8)
- SARS-CoV-2 (7)
- Cyanobacteria (5)
- Ecology (5)
- Membrane Proteins (5)
- Phylogeny (5)
- mitochondria (5)
- Acetogenesis (4)
- Biodiversity (4)
- Haloferax volcanii (4)
- Saccharomyces cerevisiae (4)
- Synechococcus (4)
- alternative splicing (4)
- bats (4)
- fungi (4)
- Acetogen (3)
- Bioenergetics (3)
- Biogeography (3)
- COVID19-NMR (3)
- Carotenoids (3)
- Conservation biology (3)
- Evolution (3)
- Lipid and Fatty Acid Composition (3)
- Marine Diatoms (3)
- Membrane Transport (3)
- Microbiology (3)
- Oxidoreductases (3)
- Photooxidation (3)
- Pigmentation (3)
- Protein Structure (3)
- RNA (3)
- Solution NMR spectroscopy (3)
- Taxonomy (3)
- Thermophile (3)
- biodiversity (3)
- climate change (3)
- structural biology (3)
- zebrafish (3)
- 14CO2 Fixation (2)
- 5′-UTR (2)
- Acetogenic bacteria (2)
- Acinetobacter (2)
- Adhesion (2)
- Aloe (2)
- Amino Acid Pools (2)
- Archaea (2)
- Asphodelaceae (2)
- Bioaccumulation (2)
- Biomarker (2)
- Biomarkers (2)
- Biosynthesis (2)
- Bleaching Herbicides (2)
- Climate change (2)
- Community ecology (2)
- Covid19-NMR (2)
- Crustacea (2)
- DNA Transformation (2)
- DNA uptake (2)
- Desiccation resistance (2)
- Dicarboxylic acids (2)
- Downy mildew (2)
- Ecological modelling (2)
- Ecotoxicogenomics (2)
- Electron Bifurcation (2)
- Electron Transfer (2)
- Electron Transport (2)
- Energy Conservation (2)
- Energy Metabolism (2)
- Energy conservation (2)
- Entomology (2)
- Enzyme Mechanisms (2)
- European beech (2)
- Host-parasite interaction (2)
- Iron-Sulfur Protein (2)
- Land cover (2)
- Light-sheet microscopy (2)
- MICOS (2)
- Magnetic compass (2)
- Maxent (2)
- Membrane Biogenesis (2)
- Metabolic Engineering (2)
- Metabolic engineering (2)
- Metabolism (2)
- Metalloenzymes (2)
- Methylorubrum extorquens (2)
- Methylorubrum extorquens AM1 (2)
- Microplastic (2)
- Mitochondria (2)
- Modification (2)
- Morphogenesis (2)
- Morphology (2)
- NMR (2)
- NMR spectroscopy (2)
- Non-invasive sampling (2)
- Oaks (2)
- Oomycetes (2)
- Peronosporaceae (2)
- Photosynthesis (2)
- Phycocyanin-Free Lamellae (2)
- Protein Translocation (2)
- Psychology (2)
- Risk assessment (2)
- Solution NMR-spectroscopy (2)
- Species distribution modelling (2)
- Synaptic transmission (2)
- Synchron Cultures (2)
- Thermus (2)
- Transcriptomics (2)
- Trypanosoma cruzi (2)
- UV-B Stress (2)
- Wood-Ljungdahl pathway (2)
- Wood–Ljungdahl pathway (2)
- Xenorhabdus (2)
- Zebrafish (2)
- angiogenesis (2)
- aroma (2)
- autophagy (2)
- bacteria (2)
- biodiversity protection (2)
- biosynthesis (2)
- carotenoid biosynthesis (2)
- climate (2)
- color (2)
- community composition (2)
- conservation (2)
- conservation funding (2)
- conservation genetics (2)
- conservation planning (2)
- cox2 (2)
- cristae (2)
- cryptochrome (2)
- decision making (2)
- development (2)
- environmental attitudes (2)
- environmental education (2)
- extremophile (2)
- gene expression (2)
- genomics (2)
- global change (2)
- heat stress (2)
- inclination compass (2)
- integrins (2)
- long non-coding RNA (2)
- metabarcoding (2)
- microglia (2)
- morphology (2)
- nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) (2)
- peroxisomes (2)
- population genetics (2)
- population genomics (2)
- post-2020 biodiversity targets (2)
- pre-mRNA (2)
- predation (2)
- prefrontal cortex (2)
- prostate carcinoma cells (2)
- sleep (2)
- strategic site selection (2)
- structure–activity relationships (2)
- tumor microenvironment (2)
- 14C- and 15N-Assimilation (1)
- 15N-Labelled Amino Acids (1)
- 16S rRNA gene (1)
- 18S rRNA gene (1)
- 2030 Agenda (1)
- 3-Hydroxybutyric acid (1)
- 5'-UTR (1)
- 5-Hydroxyaloin A (1)
- 5_SL4 (1)
- ABR (1)
- AChE (1)
- ADAM15 (1)
- ADCD (1)
- ALE (1)
- AMPK (1)
- ATG24 (1)
- ATP (1)
- Absorption Spectra (1)
- Acetobacterium (1)
- Acetogenic metabolism (1)
- Acid transporters (1)
- Active Particles (1)
- Adenosine (1)
- Aedes (1)
- Agent-based modeling (1)
- Aging (1)
- Aging Phenomenon (1)
- Aichi targets (1)
- Air Pollutants (1)
- Alien species (1)
- Allohormone pheromones (1)
- Alphaproteobacteria (1)
- Amino Acids (1)
- Amphibia (1)
- Amplexus (1)
- Anabaena flos-aquae (1)
- Anacystis (1)
- Anaerobes (1)
- Anaerobic bacteria (1)
- Androst-4-en-3,17-dione (1)
- Anion Transport System (1)
- Anthraquinones (1)
- Anthropocene (1)
- Antibiotic Resistance (1)
- Antibiotics and Metabolite Export (1)
- Antioxidants (1)
- Aphanomyces astaci (1)
- Apoptosis (1)
- Aposematism (1)
- Aquilegia (1)
- Arabidopsis thaliana (1)
- Arctic Ocean (1)
- Ascomycota (1)
- Assignment (1)
- Assimilation of 15N-Nitrate (1)
- Asymmetrie Reconstitution (1)
- Auditory midbrain (1)
- Autism Spectrum Disorder (1)
- Autism Spectrum disorder (1)
- Automobile Exhaust (1)
- B chromosome (1)
- Bacillariaphyceae (1)
- Bacillus (1)
- Background expression (1)
- Bacteria (1)
- Bacterial Metabolism (1)
- Bacterial genes (1)
- Bacterial physiology (1)
- Bacterial structural biology (1)
- Bacteriology (1)
- Baleen whales (1)
- Band 3 Protein (1)
- Bartonella henselae (1)
- Basidiomycota (1)
- Behaviour (1)
- Benin (1)
- Benthic environment (1)
- Benthos (1)
- Biochemistry (1)
- Biodiversity tools and pipelines (1)
- Bioenergetics/Electron Transfer Complex (1)
- Bioengineering (1)
- Biofuels (1)
- Biohydrogen (1)
- Biological anthropology (1)
- Bioreactor (1)
- Biosecurity (1)
- Biotechnology (1)
- Biotic interactions (1)
- Biotransformation (1)
- Body burden (1)
- Bogert’s rule (1)
- Bolivia (1)
- Bovidae (1)
- Brain-stimulus synchrony (1)
- Breeding glands (1)
- Brudenell River (1)
- Bungarus (1)
- Bungarus niger (1)
- Bungarus walli (1)
- Business strategy in drug development (1)
- Butyrate (1)
- CAZy (1)
- CLP protease (1)
- CNV 16p11.2 (1)
- COVID-19 (1)
- CRISPR-Cas9 (1)
- CRISPR-Cas9 gene conversion (1)
- CXCL12 (1)
- CXCR4 (1)
- CaMPARI (1)
- Caffeate Respiration (1)
- Calathea (1)
- Calmodulin (1)
- Canada (1)
- Canis lupus (1)
- Canis lupus familiaris (1)
- Carbohydrates (1)
- Carbon capture (1)
- Carbon cycling (1)
- Cardiac regeneration (1)
- Cardiac remodeling (1)
- Carnivora (1)
- Carnivores (1)
- Carotene Isomerase (1)
- Carotenoid Desaturation (1)
- Castor bean tick (1)
- Catalase (1)
- Cation Proton Antiporter (1)
- Cell Wall (1)
- Cellular microbiology (1)
- Cellulase gene expression (1)
- Cercospora (1)
- Chagas disease (1)
- Chaperone Chaperonin (1)
- Chaperones (1)
- Chemical communication (1)
- Chemical dispersant (1)
- Chemical dispersants (1)
- Chemistry (1)
- Chemotaxonomy (1)
- Chironomus riparius (1)
- Chlorophyll (1)
- Chlorophyll Fluorescence (1)
- Chlorophyll Formation (1)
- Chlorophyll fluorescence (1)
- Chloroplast (1)
- Chlorosis (1)
- Chromatin (1)
- Chromones (1)
- Chrysops (1)
- Climate (1)
- Climate Change (1)
- Climate-change ecology (1)
- Climatic conditions (1)
- Closely related fungal species (1)
- ClpB (1)
- Coevolution (1)
- Colorectal Cancer (1)
- Community barcoding (1)
- Computational model (1)
- Conservation (1)
- Coronaries (1)
- Cortex (1)
- Cortical column (1)
- Costs (1)
- Crude oil (1)
- Crystal Structure (1)
- Cucumis sativus (Cucumber) (1)
- Cumate (1)
- D. magna (1)
- DCMU-Type Inhibitors (1)
- DCMU-Type Inhibitors Shade Adaptation (1)
- DEPDC5 (1)
- DIRAS2 (1)
- DNA Amplification Fingerprinting (1)
- DNA metabarcoding (1)
- DNA-Specific Labelling (1)
- Daboia russelii (1)
- Dark fermentation (1)
- Data standard (1)
- Data standards (1)
- Deep sea (1)
- Dehydration (medicine) (1)
- Dental Tissues (1)
- Depth (1)
- Development (1)
- Diatomophthora (1)
- Dicellomyces (1)
- Dimer Yield Ratio (1)
- Dimerization domain (1)
- Dioscorea (1)
- Diosgenin Production (1)
- Direct seeding (1)
- Discovery (1)
- Diseases (1)
- Dispersal capacity (1)
- Dissemination (1)
- Diversity (1)
- Drought (1)
- Drought reaction (1)
- Drug discovery (1)
- Drug therapy (1)
- Dynamics (1)
- E-NTPDase (1)
- ER (1)
- ERAL1 (1)
- EROD (1)
- Earth sciences (1)
- EcNhaA (1)
- Ech (1)
- Ecological niche modelling (1)
- Ecological requirements (1)
- Ecosystem Services (1)
- Ecotoxicology (1)
- Ecto-5'-nucleotidase (1)
- Ectrogella (1)
- Electron Microscopy (1)
- Electron transport chain (1)
- Electron-bifurcating hydrogenase (1)
- Electrophysiology (1)
- Elimination of Rho Factor (1)
- Embryo toxicity (1)
- Embryogenesis (1)
- Emerging insect model organisms (1)
- Endocrine disruptors (1)
- Endocrine-disrupting compounds (1)
- Endothelial (1)
- Endothelial-to-mesenchymal transition (1)
- Engineering (1)
- Entolomataceae (1)
- Entorrhizales (1)
- Envelope (1)
- Environmental factors (1)
- Environmental fate (1)
- Environmental health (1)
- Environmental partitioning (1)
- Environmental sciences (1)
- Environmental studies (1)
- Enzyme Induction (1)
- Enzyme Kinetics (1)
- Enzyme engineering (1)
- EphrinB2 (1)
- Equilibrium partitioning theory (1)
- Erythrocyte Membrane (1)
- Ethiopia (1)
- Ethylmalonyl-CoA (1)
- Eubacterium (1)
- Europe (1)
- European Beech (1)
- European Union (1)
- Evolutionary biology (1)
- Evolutionary developmental biology (1)
- Evolutionary genetics (1)
- Excretion (1)
- Extracellular matrix (1)
- Extremophile (1)
- Extremophiles (1)
- F1Fo-ATP-synthase (1)
- FAD (1)
- FAD synthase (1)
- FAD1 (1)
- Fabaceae (1)
- Fabclavine (1)
- Fagaceae (1)
- Far UV (1)
- Felidae (1)
- Filamentous fungi (1)
- Flavoproteins (1)
- Fluorescence imaging (1)
- Folic Acid Antagonists (1)
- Foraminiferal (1)
- Freshwater (1)
- Freshwater Ecosystems (1)
- Freshwater invertebrate (1)
- Functional Ecology (1)
- Functional genomics (1)
- Functional traits (1)
- Fungal pan-genomes (1)
- G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) (1)
- G3BP1 (1)
- GRAND-SLAM (1)
- Gal2 (1)
- Galakturonsäure (1)
- Gas Vacuoles (1)
- Gene sll0033 (1)
- Genetic variation (1)
- Genetic vectors (1)
- Genetics (1)
- Genome (1)
- Genome sequence (1)
- Genotoxicity (1)
- Genotyping and haplotyping (1)
- Geoffrey Burnstock (1)
- Geomagnetic field (1)
- Global warming (1)
- Glucose-6-phosphate- and 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase (1)
- Glycolate Oxidase (1)
- Glycophorin A dimerization (1)
- Graminicolous downy mildews (1)
- H+ transport (1)
- HARS2 (1)
- HCMV (1)
- HER (1)
- HWC database (1)
- Habitat transfer (1)
- Haematopota (1)
- Hazard assessment (1)
- Health care (1)
- Heart (1)
- Heat-Bleaching (of Plastids) (1)
- Hematophagous arthropods (1)
- Herbicide Resistance (1)
- Herbicide Resistant Mutants (1)
- Herbicide-Tolerant Mutants (1)
- Herbivores (1)
- Hi-C (1)
- High Performance Liquid (1)
- Hippocampal development (1)
- Hippocampus (1)
- History (1)
- Hominins (1)
- Host jump (1)
- Hybridization (1)
- Hydrogen storage (1)
- Hydrogen-dependent CO2 reductase (1)
- Hydrogen-dependent CO2 reductase (HDCR) (1)
- Hydrogenase (1)
- Hypercolumn (1)
- Hypothermia (1)
- I50 Value (1)
- IDP (1)
- ITS (1)
- IUCN protection categories (1)
- In situ burning (1)
- In vivo electrophysiology (1)
- Inducible Promoter (1)
- Infectious diseases (1)
- Inferior colliculus (1)
- Influenza (1)
- International survey (1)
- Intestinal bacterial community (1)
- Inthraszentin (1)
- InvaCost (1)
- Invasive species (1)
- Isoprenoids (1)
- Isozyme Pattern (1)
- Ixodes ricinus (1)
- Kinetics of Dimer Formation (1)
- Klebsiella (1)
- Kordyana (1)
- LARS2 (1)
- LASSO algorithm (1)
- LanI Protein (1)
- Lantibiotic (1)
- Lantibiotic Immunity (1)
- Larmor frequency (1)
- Larva (1)
- Latent Injury (1)
- Laurasiatheria (1)
- Leaf Peroxisomes (1)
- Leguminosae (1)
- Life-Satisfaction (1)
- Life-history (1)
- Lifespan (1)
- Light dark transition test (1)
- Light sheet-based fluorescence microscopy (1)
- Limnology (1)
- Limonene-3-hydroxylase (1)
- Lineage Through Time (1)
- Lipoprotein (1)
- Long-term potentiation (1)
- MARTINI force field (1)
- MEK inhibition (1)
- MMN (1)
- Macrobenthosda (1)
- Macroevolution (1)
- Macrotermes (1)
- Macrozoobenthos (1)
- Magnetic conditioning (1)
- Magnetic map (1)
- Marantaceae (1)
- Marine biodiversity (1)
- Marine ecosystem (1)
- Marine invertebrates (1)
- Mass spectrometry (1)
- Maternal Immune Activation (1)
- Mawson Bank (1)
- Mechanisms of disease (1)
- Mediterranean plants (1)
- Meliolales (1)
- Membrane Energetics (1)
- Membrane Enzymes (1)
- Membrane Protein Complex (1)
- MetVF (1)
- Metabolomics (1)
- Metagenomic shotgun sequencing (1)
- Metamorphosis (1)
- Methylene-THF reductase (1)
- Methylene-tetrahydrofolate reductase (1)
- Methylotroph (1)
- Methyltransferase (1)
- Mevalonic Acid (1)
- Microbiota (1)
- Microbotryales (1)
- Microenvironment (1)
- Microscopy (1)
- Mikroplastik (1)
- Mineralization (1)
- Mitochondrial Transport (1)
- Mitochondrial proteases (1)
- MjNhaP1 (1)
- Model (1)
- Molecular biology (1)
- Monoterpenoid (1)
- Monoterpenoid tolerance (1)
- Montane forest (1)
- Mount Kilimanjaro (1)
- Museum samples (1)
- Mutual information (1)
- Myocardial infarction (1)
- Myotis bechsteinii (1)
- NMR solution structure (1)
- NW Pacific (1)
- Na Gradient (1)
- Na+ transport (1)
- Naja (1)
- Nanoplastic (1)
- Natural Products (1)
- Natural products (1)
- Natural sounds (1)
- Nature Contributions to People (1)
- Nature Interest Scale (NIS) (1)
- Nature Valuation (1)
- Nature conservation (1)
- Nature's Contributions to People (1)
- Naturstoffe (1)
- Neocaridina palmata (1)
- Neotropic (1)
- Neural circuits (1)
- Neural map (1)
- Neurodevelopmental Psychiatric Disorders (1)
- Neuroligins (1)
- Neuronal Differentiation (1)
- Neurotoxicity (1)
- New host (1)
- New species (1)
- Niche (1)
- Nitrogen Metabolism (1)
- Noctuidae (1)
- Non-canonical terpenes (1)
- Non-ribosomal peptide synthetases (1)
- Non-structural protein (1)
- Norflurazon (1)
- Normative dimension (1)
- Nothopassalora (1)
- Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (1)
- Nucleic acid-binding domain (1)
- Nucleocapsid (1)
- Nucleus reuniens (1)
- Nyctalus leisleri (1)
- O-CAS assay (1)
- OXPHOS (1)
- Obituary (1)
- Oil spills (1)
- Olfactory Receptors (1)
- Olpidiopsis (1)
- Omp85-independent OMP Insertion (1)
- Optimal wiring (1)
- Optimization (1)
- Organic micropollutants (1)
- Organoids (1)
- Organophosphates (1)
- Orientation preference (1)
- Oxidation-Reduction (1)
- Oxidative Stress (1)
- Oxidative stress (1)
- Oxygen (1)
- Oxygen Evolution (1)
- Ozone (1)
- P 700 (1)
- P. anserina (1)
- P. maximowiczii Henry x P. nigra L. cv. Rochester (1)
- POTRA Domains (1)
- PaCRD1 (1)
- PaIAP (1)
- Panama (1)
- Panolis flammea (1)
- Parkinson (1)
- Parkinson’s disease (1)
- Particle toxicity (1)
- Passalora (1)
- Pathogenesis (1)
- Pathways (1)
- Pelagic (1)
- Peptide natural products (1)
- Pesticides (1)
- Phenology (1)
- Pheromone Inhibitor (1)
- Pheromones (1)
- Phosphohydrolases (1)
- Photoinactivation (1)
- Photorhabdus (1)
- Photosynthetic CO2 Fixation (1)
- Photosynthetic Reaction Center (1)
- Photosystem II (1)
- Phvtoene Desaturase (1)
- Phvtofluene (1)
- Phylogenetics (1)
- Physical chemistry (1)
- Physiology (1)
- Phytoene (1)
- Pigment Composition (1)
- Pigment and Protein Content (1)
- Pink1 (1)
- Pinnotheres (1)
- Pinwheel (1)
- Planetary boundaries (1)
- Plant regeneration (1)
- Plant regeneration; community assembly; diversity (1)
- Plant sciences (1)
- Plant stress (1)
- Plastic pollution (1)
- Plastic response (1)
- Plasticity (1)
- Plastics (1)
- Plastid rRNA (1)
- Podocarpus National Park (1)
- Polyhedral Bodies (1)
- Polyketides (1)
- Polymer (1)
- Polypeptides (1)
- Population density (1)
- Population dynamics (1)
- Populus nigra L. cv. Loenen (1)
- Porin (1)
- Potato Tuber Slices (1)
- Potato Tuber Tissue (1)
- Prediction (1)
- Premature Leaf Drop (1)
- Prenyl pyrophosphates (1)
- Product reuptake (1)
- Protein Assembly (1)
- Protein Complexes (1)
- Protein DNA-Interaction (1)
- Protein Purification (1)
- Protein Shape (1)
- Protein Sorting (1)
- Protein drugability (1)
- Protein druggability (1)
- Proteomics (1)
- Pseudocercospora (1)
- Pseudomonas (1)
- Pseudomonas putida (1)
- Pure Cultures of Marine Diatoms (1)
- Purkinje cell (1)
- Pyrophosphatase (1)
- QuEChERS (1)
- Quality of life (1)
- Quantum Requirement (1)
- Quarantine (1)
- Quercus (1)
- Quercus frainetto (1)
- Quercus frainetto Ten. (Ungarische Eiche) (1)
- Quercus ilex L. (Steineiche) (1)
- Quercus pubescens (1)
- Quercus pubescens Willd. (Flaumeiche) (1)
- Quercus robur L. (Stieleiche) (1)
- Quercus rubra L. (Roteiche) (1)
- Quinolinate Phosphoribosyltransferase (1)
- Quinones (1)
- Qв Binding Protein (1)
- R-INLA (1)
- RBFOX1 (1)
- REM sleep (1)
- RMP1 (1)
- RNA Polymerase (1)
- RNA genome (1)
- RNA polymerase (1)
- RNA sequencing (1)
- RNA stability (1)
- RNA turnover (1)
- RNA-binding proteins (1)
- Radical Pair model (1)
- Radiotherapy (1)
- Range expansion (1)
- Recolonization (1)
- Regeneration (1)
- Regulation of D1 Protein (1)
- Reintroduction (1)
- Rep gene (1)
- Reproduction (1)
- Resilience (1)
- Respiration (1)
- Respiratory chain (1)
- Rheumatoid Arthritis (1)
- Rhodnius prolixus (1)
- Ribosomally synthesized and post-translationally modified peptides (1)
- Ribosomen, rRNA Prozessierung, snoRNA, Ribosomenbiogenesefaktoren (1)
- Rnf (1)
- Robert Koch Institute (1)
- Ross Sea (1)
- Russell´s Viper (1)
- S-azidoacyl-N-acetylcysteamine (1)
- S9 (1)
- SL1 (1)
- SL5b (1)
- SL5b + c (1)
- SL5c (1)
- SLAM-seq (1)
- SNF1 (1)
- SNP (1)
- SNP genotyping (1)
- SNPs (1)
- SPAD (1)
- SR proteins (1)
- SSA (1)
- Salinity (1)
- Scale-up (1)
- Schistosomiaisis (1)
- Schizokinen (1)
- Science–society interactions (1)
- Scrotifera (1)
- Sea water (1)
- Secondary metabolites (1)
- Secretin (1)
- Secretins (1)
- Secretion (1)
- Seed sowing experiment (1)
- Seedling establishment (1)
- Sensorimotor processing (1)
- Sensory processing (1)
- Sex Attractants (1)
- Shade Adaptation (1)
- Shallow water (1)
- Shores (1)
- Sign posts (1)
- Simuliidae (1)
- Smut fungi (1)
- Social sciences (1)
- Sodefrin precursor-like factor (1)
- Sodium Proton Exchange (1)
- Sodium Transport (1)
- Sodium transport (1)
- Solanum lycopersicum (1)
- Solid Supported Membrane (1)
- SpaI (1)
- Spatial navigation (1)
- Species richness (1)
- Spectral clustering algorithm (1)
- Sporisorium reilianum (1)
- Ste2p (1)
- Stewardship (1)
- Stewardship and dissemination (1)
- Streams (1)
- Streptomyces hydrogenans (1)
- Structural protein (1)
- Structured Illumination Microscopy (1)
- Subjective Well-Being (1)
- Subtilin (1)
- Summer drought (1)
- Super resolution (1)
- Super resolution fluorescence microscopy (1)
- Supervised machine learning (1)
- Surface range (1)
- Sustainability research (1)
- Sustainable chemistry (1)
- Svetamycin (1)
- Swimming (1)
- Swimming behavior (1)
- Symbiont evolution (1)
- Symbiosis (1)
- Synaptosomal preparation (1)
- Synovial Fibroblast (1)
- Synthesis gas (1)
- Systematics (1)
- TWNK (1)
- Tabanidae (1)
- Tabanus (1)
- Temperature preference (1)
- Terbutryn (1)
- Terpenes (1)
- Terpenoid (1)
- Testosterone (1)
- Tetrad Analysis (1)
- Thalassiosira (1)
- Thermoanaerobacter kivui (1)
- Thermoascus aurantiacus (1)
- Thermophiles (1)
- Thermophilic acetogenic bacteria (1)
- Thermus thermophilus (1)
- Thin Layer Chromatography (1)
- Thioesterase (1)
- Three-Dimensional Structure (1)
- Thylakoid Membrane (1)
- Thymidylate Low Requirement (1)
- Thymidylate Sensitivity (1)
- Thymidylate Synthetase (1)
- Thymidylate Uptake (1)
- Thymine Dimers (1)
- Tick-borne diseases (1)
- Tie2 (1)
- Tigray (1)
- Tocochromanol (1)
- TolC (1)
- Tools and pipelines (1)
- Tooth Development (1)
- Topology (1)
- Tragelaphus oryx (1)
- Transgenic organisms (1)
- Translational Psychiatry (1)
- Transport (1)
- Traumatic mating (1)
- Tree rings (1)
- Triatominae (1)
- Trichoptera (1)
- Trimethylamine biosynthesis (1)
- Tropical forest restoration (1)
- Tropical montane forest (1)
- Truffle (1)
- Trypanosoma rangeli (1)
- Tuber magnatum (1)
- Tylosis (1)
- Type IV Pili (1)
- UV-B Effects (1)
- UV/V cones (1)
- Ultrastructure (1)
- University students (1)
- Uptake (1)
- Ustilaginales (1)
- Ustilaginomycotina (1)
- Ustilago maydis (1)
- Ustilagomaydis (1)
- V1 (1)
- VEGF (1)
- Variability (1)
- Vector-host-interaction (1)
- Viral infection (1)
- Visual cortex (1)
- Vitality monitoring (1)
- WL110547 (1)
- Water accommodated fractions (1)
- Weather conditions (1)
- West Africa (1)
- Western Kenya (1)
- Wood properties (1)
- X-ray crystallography (1)
- Xylem (1)
- Zea mays (1)
- Zebrafish eleutheroembryo (1)
- aIF (1)
- abiotic factors (1)
- abundance (1)
- acetogen (1)
- acetogenic metabolism (1)
- acetyl-CoA (1)
- acoustic features (1)
- acoustic stream (1)
- acquisition strategy (1)
- active sensing (1)
- adaptive transgenerational plasticity (1)
- additive manufacturing (1)
- additives (1)
- adhesin (1)
- adipogenesis (1)
- alarm calls (1)
- algae (1)
- all-E Lycopene (1)
- alzheimer’s disease (1)
- amplicon sequencing (1)
- angipoietin (1)
- animal welfare (1)
- annual plants (1)
- anomaly zone (1)
- antibiotic resistance (1)
- antibiotics (1)
- antimicrobial resistance (1)
- antipredator (1)
- apex bird species (1)
- aptamers (1)
- arabinose (1)
- archaea (1)
- articular chondrocytes (1)
- artificial docking domains (1)
- asgard group (1)
- assembly gaps (1)
- assisted migration (1)
- ataxia (1)
- attitudes towards species conservation (1)
- auditory cortex (1)
- automated radiotelemetry system (1)
- azido-fatty acids (1)
- bacillary angiomatosis (1)
- bacteria-host interaction (1)
- bacterial community (1)
- bacterial infection (1)
- behaviour (1)
- benchmarking (1)
- benthic fauna (1)
- bioacoustics (1)
- bioactivity testing (1)
- bioassays (1)
- biodiversity conservation (1)
- biodiversity in literature (1)
- bioenergetics (1)
- biofilm (1)
- bioinformatics (1)
- biological variables (1)
- biomarkers (1)
- biosonar (1)
- biotic factors (1)
- birds (1)
- bitopic transmembrane α-helix (1)
- blood vessels (1)
- boundary patrolling (1)
- brain cancer (1)
- brain rhythms (1)
- brain waves (1)
- branching (1)
- breeding sites (1)
- cardiolipin (1)
- cardiovascular disease (1)
- carnivora (1)
- carotenogenic pathways (1)
- carotenoid distribution (1)
- carotenoid pathway engineering (1)
- carotenoid structures (1)
- caudate (1)
- central place foraging (1)
- cerebellum (1)
- checklist (1)
- checkpoint inhibitors (1)
- chlorophyll fluorescence (1)
- chromosomes (1)
- click-chemistry (1)
- climatic variables (1)
- co-transcriptional regulation (1)
- coalescence (1)
- cobra (1)
- coevolution (1)
- communication (1)
- communication-mediating domains (1)
- community ecology (1)
- community mean (1)
- compass orientation (1)
- complete chloroplast genome (1)
- complexome profiling (1)
- computational literary studies (1)
- connection to nature (1)
- consortia (1)
- control theory (1)
- cooperation (1)
- cophylogeny (1)
- cospeciation (1)
- cotransformation (1)
- coupling (1)
- cpDNA (1)
- cross-species RNA-sequencing (1)
- crosslinking-mass spectrometry (1)
- crustacea (1)
- cryo-EM (1)
- cultural ecosystem services (1)
- custom (1)
- cyclooctyne (1)
- cytosolic free calcium (1)
- de novo Synthesis (1)
- de novo transcription (1)
- decomposition (1)
- deep learning (1)
- deep sea (1)
- deep-sea sediment (1)
- deletion mutant (1)
- demography (1)
- dendrite (1)
- dendritic branching (1)
- dendritic morphology (1)
- depth (1)
- dermosphere (1)
- diagnostics (1)
- differentially regulated orthologs (1)
- differentiation diversity (1)
- digital student lab (1)
- dimer interface formation (1)
- discrete choice modeling (1)
- distribution (1)
- diurnal variation (1)
- docking domains (1)
- domain architecture evolution (1)
- downy mildew (1)
- drug design (1)
- easyPACId (1)
- ecological risk assessment (1)
- ecology and biodiversity (1)
- ecospat (1)
- ecosystem management (1)
- ecosystem services (1)
- ectomycorrhizal (1)
- effect monitoring (1)
- effectors (1)
- elapid snake (1)
- elephant (1)
- elevational gradient (1)
- endocrine disruption (1)
- endocrine-disrupting chemicals (1)
- endophytes (1)
- endothelium (1)
- energy (1)
- energy-converting hydrogenase (Ech) (1)
- engineering (1)
- envenoming (1)
- environmental DNA (1)
- environmental behavior (1)
- environmental factors (1)
- environmental gradients (1)
- environmental humanities (1)
- environmental knowledge (1)
- environmental pollution (1)
- eukaryotic biodiversity (1)
- evolution (1)
- evolutionary traceability (1)
- exon coalescence (1)
- exon concatenation (1)
- experiment (1)
- exposome (1)
- exposure (1)
- expression system (1)
- extracellular matrix (1)
- extreme frost (1)
- failure to diverge (1)
- fatty acid dependency (1)
- fatty acid desaturation (1)
- fatty acid metabolism (1)
- fitness (1)
- flowering (1)
- foliar pathogens (1)
- food contact materials (1)
- foraging (1)
- foraging site fidelity (1)
- foraging site switching (1)
- forest management (1)
- freshwater crayfish (1)
- functional group (1)
- functional traits (1)
- fungal effectors (1)
- fungal pathogens (1)
- fungal phylogeny (1)
- fungal traits (1)
- fuzzy clustering (1)
- gamma oscillations (1)
- gas exchange (1)
- gene conversion (1)
- gene families (1)
- gene models (1)
- generalised additive models (1)
- genetic engineering (1)
- genome architecture (1)
- genome assembly (1)
- genome assembly and annotation (1)
- genomic diversity (1)
- genotype (1)
- genotyping (1)
- geoecology (1)
- geographical origin (1)
- giraffe behavior (1)
- glidobactins (1)
- global biomes (1)
- glucocorticoid receptor (1)
- glucocorticoid response (1)
- graded structure (1)
- grasslands (1)
- gravity (1)
- growth promotion (1)
- guanidine riboswitch (1)
- guided zoo tours (1)
- habitat heterogeneity (1)
- hands-on elements (1)
- heat (1)
- heat and drought (1)
- heat-shock protein (1)
- heathlands (1)
- hematopoietic stem cell (1)
- herbaria (1)
- herbivores (1)
- heteroplasmy (1)
- heterozygous cells (1)
- high temperature (1)
- high throughput screening (1)
- hippo (1)
- historical biodiversity (1)
- homeostasis (1)
- homologous gene expression (1)
- honey bee classification (1)
- honey bees (1)
- horizontal gene transfer (1)
- host specificity (1)
- host-switch (1)
- housing conditions (1)
- human footprint (1)
- human-wildlife conflict (1)
- hydroxamate (1)
- hyperparasitic fungi (1)
- hyperparasitism (1)
- hypoxia (1)
- in-vitro Assay (1)
- inbreeding (1)
- indel (1)
- individual interest (1)
- individuality (1)
- infectious diseases (1)
- infra-slow oscillation (1)
- integrate-and-fire (1)
- inter- seasonal predictability (1)
- interaction networks (1)
- interest in nature (1)
- intersexuality (1)
- invasive mammals (1)
- iron starvation (1)
- krait (1)
- lab motivation scale (LMS) (1)
- land use (1)
- landscape fragmentation (1)
- lantibiotic (1)
- large subunit maturation (1)
- lateral line (1)
- latitudinal gradient (1)
- learning technology (1)
- left ventricular hypertrophy (1)
- leukodystrophy (1)
- light (1)
- light-harvesting (1)
- lipid metabolism (1)
- lipoprotein (1)
- livelihood (1)
- liver cancer (1)
- local field potentials (1)
- long noncoding RNA (1)
- long sequencing reads (1)
- long-term protection (1)
- long36 term protection (1)
- mPFC (1)
- mPTP (1)
- mRNA (1)
- mTOR (1)
- machine learning (1)
- macroevolution (1)
- macrohabitat (1)
- magnetoreception (1)
- maladaptation (1)
- mathematical modeling (1)
- maturity (1)
- maximum likelihood (1)
- mean fruit body size (1)
- mechanics (1)
- medically relevant (1)
- meerkats (1)
- membrane protein (1)
- membrane trafficking (1)
- metabolic disruptors (1)
- metabolomics (1)
- metazoans (1)
- microRNA (1)
- microbiome (1)
- microplastics (1)
- microsatellite (1)
- migration (1)
- missing data (1)
- mitochondria localization (1)
- mitochondrial dysfunction (1)
- mitochondrial localization motif (1)
- mitohormesis (1)
- mitophagy (1)
- molecular phylogenetic analysis (1)
- monetary impacts (1)
- monocytes (1)
- morphology evaluation (1)
- moth indicator groups (1)
- mounting (1)
- movement (1)
- mt DNA (1)
- mtDNA haplotypes (1)
- multi-generation experiment (1)
- mushroom (1)
- mycorrhiza (1)
- myeloid angiogenic cells (1)
- natural behavior (1)
- natural products (1)
- naturalistic stimuli (1)
- nature connectedness (1)
- nematode diversity (1)
- network analysis (1)
- neural coding (1)
- neuro-vascular (1)
- neurobiology (1)
- neurodegeneration (1)
- neurodevelopment (1)
- neuroethology (1)
- neuromodulation (1)
- neuronal coherence (1)
- neurosimulation (1)
- nightly behavior (1)
- nisin binding (1)
- nocturnal activity (1)
- non-destructive sampling (1)
- non-material contribution (1)
- non-ribosomal peptide syntheses (1)
- non-ribosomal peptide synthetase (1)
- non-target chemical analysis (1)
- non-timber forest products (NTFPs) (1)
- nonsense-mediated mRNA decay (1)
- nontarget (1)
- northern giraffe (1)
- novel natural products (1)
- obesogens (1)
- obligate pathogens (1)
- octanoic acid (1)
- oncomodulation (1)
- one new species (1)
- oomycete (1)
- oomycetes (1)
- open-source 3D bioprinting (1)
- organoids (1)
- orientation behavior (1)
- orthogroup (1)
- orthology (1)
- orthology assignment (1)
- outdoor education (1)
- oxygenic photosynthesis (1)
- pH Regulation (1)
- paleobiology (1)
- parabolic flight (1)
- paralogy (1)
- parasitism (1)
- parasitoid (1)
- parathyroid hormone 2 (1)
- pathogenicity (1)
- pathway (1)
- pathway complexity (1)
- pathway evolution (1)
- peptide-antimicrobial-Xenorhabdus peptide (1)
- phenology (1)
- phosphoketolase (1)
- phosphotransacetylase (1)
- photocycle (1)
- phylogenetic informativeness (1)
- phylogenetic profiles (1)
- phylogenetic profiling (1)
- phylogeny (1)
- physiological stress (1)
- planning and design (1)
- plant regeneration (1)
- plasma (1)
- plasmid (1)
- plasmid copy number (1)
- playback experiment (1)
- policies (1)
- politics and governance (1)
- pollinator crisis (1)
- polymers (1)
- polyploidy (1)
- population structure (1)
- postglacial colonisation (1)
- posture estimation (1)
- power law (1)
- precipitation (1)
- prediction error (1)
- priority natural areas (1)
- probe kit (1)
- propagating waves (1)
- proteasome inhibitors (1)
- protein folding (1)
- protein production (1)
- protein structure (1)
- proteobacteria (1)
- proteoliposomes, (1)
- proteomics (1)
- proton translocation (1)
- protoplast fusion (1)
- qH2 (1)
- quality control (1)
- quantitative disease resistance (1)
- quercus (1)
- raccoon dog (Nyctereutes procyonoides) (1)
- radical pair model (1)
- random forest (1)
- range boundary (1)
- range expansion (1)
- reaction mechanisms (1)
- receptor (1)
- regulation (1)
- reliability (1)
- repeat elements (1)
- repetition suppression (1)
- reptiles (1)
- resource losses (1)
- retrophylogenomics (1)
- ribosome (1)
- ribosomes, Arabiodpsis thaliana, pre-rRNA processing, snoRNA, (1)
- rock-climbing impact (1)
- root allocation strategy (1)
- root functional traits (1)
- roots (1)
- runs of homozygosity (1)
- sage downy mildew (1)
- saprobic and ectomycorrhizal basidiomycetes (1)
- saprotrophic (1)
- scale development (1)
- scale invariance (1)
- seafloor bathymetry (1)
- sediment (1)
- selection gradients (1)
- senescence (1)
- sensory (1)
- sensory acquisition (1)
- serine/arginine-rich proteins (1)
- shallow water (1)
- shroom (1)
- siderophore (1)
- siderophore-dependent iron uptake (1)
- signaling (1)
- silicate (1)
- simplified production (1)
- small angle x-ray scattering (1)
- small animals (1)
- small protein (1)
- small proteins (1)
- smut fungi (1)
- snake bite (1)
- social information (1)
- social isolation (1)
- socio-economic sectors (1)
- socio-economics (1)
- soil degradation (1)
- soil fungal communities (1)
- sound coding (1)
- spatial analysis (1)
- spatial modelling (1)
- special needs students (1)
- speciation (1)
- species delimitation (1)
- species distribution model (1)
- species richness (1)
- splicing (1)
- splicing regulation (1)
- stairway plot (1)
- stereolithography (1)
- stimulus repetition (1)
- stingless bee (1)
- stochastic factors (1)
- strained promoted cycloadditon (1)
- sub-Saharan Africa (1)
- sugar uptake (1)
- sun exposure (1)
- suricates (1)
- surround suppression (1)
- survival rate (1)
- sustainability (1)
- symbiont association patterns (1)
- systems knowledge (1)
- tRNA (1)
- tRackIT (1)
- tafazzin (1)
- target knowledge (1)
- taxonomy (1)
- teaching tool (1)
- technology acceptance model (TAM) (1)
- temperate forest (1)
- temperature (1)
- terrestrial mammal (1)
- text mining (1)
- thermal-melanism hypothesis (1)
- thiolation domain (1)
- threatened cliff plant species (1)
- tight junctions (1)
- topology (1)
- trait evolution (1)
- traits (1)
- transcription (1)
- transcriptome (1)
- transcriptome analysis (1)
- transdisciplinarity (1)
- transformation knowledge (1)
- transglutaminase 2 (1)
- translation initiation (1)
- transplant experiment (1)
- trimeric autotransporter adhesin (1)
- trisporic acids (1)
- tritrophic interaction (1)
- trophic interactions (1)
- tumor model (1)
- tumor-associated macrophages (1)
- universal (1)
- university students (1)
- unselected segregation (1)
- validity (1)
- vascular integrity (1)
- vegetation (1)
- venomous snakes (1)
- video action classification (1)
- viruses (1)
- vocalization (1)
- vocalization production; (1)
- volatile (1)
- warming (1)
- water security (1)
- white truffle (1)
- wing geometric morphometrics (1)
- wolf (1)
- wwtr1 (1)
- xenology (1)
- xylose (1)
- yap1 (1)
- yeast (1)
- zinc finger (1)
- zoo (1)
- zoo education (1)
- zoo elephants (1)
- µ-protein (1)
- β-Barrel Proteins (1)
- β-oxidation (1)
- ζ-Carotene (1)
Institute
- Biowissenschaften (534)
- Senckenbergische Naturforschende Gesellschaft (32)
- Medizin (17)
- Biodiversität und Klima Forschungszentrum (BiK-F) (15)
- Biochemie, Chemie und Pharmazie (13)
- Buchmann Institut für Molekulare Lebenswissenschaften (BMLS) (13)
- Zentrum für Biomolekulare Magnetische Resonanz (BMRZ) (13)
- Institut für Ökologie, Evolution und Diversität (11)
- MPI für Biophysik (8)
- Biochemie und Chemie (7)
The magnetic field of the Earth provides animals with various kinds of information. Its use as a compass was discovered in the mid-1960s in birds, when it was first met with considerable skepticism, because it initially proved difficult to obtain evidence for magnetic sensitivity by conditioning experiments. Meanwhile, a magnetic compass was found to be widespread. It has now been demonstrated in members of all vertebrate classes, in mollusks and several arthropod species, in crustaceans as well as in insects. The use of the geomagnetic field as a ‘map’ for determining position, although already considered in the nineteenth century, was demonstrated by magnetically simulating displacements only after 2000, namely when animals, tested in the magnetic field of a distant site, responded as if they were physically displaced to that site and compensated for the displacement. Another use of the magnetic field is that as a ‘sign post’ or trigger: specific magnetic conditions elicit spontaneous responses that are helpful when animals reach the regions where these magnetic characteristics occur. Altogether, the geomagnetic field is a widely used valuable source of navigational information for mobile animals.
The division Ascomycota(Fungi) contains a large number of taxa known to reproduce only asexually by the formation of conidia or other non-motile propagules produced by mitotic cellular devisions. They are called anamorphic, mitosporic, asexual or conidial fungi and ecologically, they are often found associated with plant debris in different stages of decay. In general, saprobic anamorphs of ascomycetous affinities are poorly studied and their outstanding diversity is currently underexplored. Phylogenetic relationships are unknown for many of them and they are still largely underrepresented in the current phylogenetic classification system of Fungi, with many morphologically defined anamorphic taxa still awaiting taxonomic reassessment in the light of molecular approaches. The increasing usage of molecular markers combined with robust statistical methods has allowed their phylogenetic affinities to be revealed and to gradually incorporate many of them into the different taxonomic groups of the division Ascomycota. However, the phylogenetic placement and taxonomic status of a large number of saprobic taxa remain unresolved due to the lack of DNA sequence data.
The present dissertation aims to explore the rich but understudied diversity of those anamorphic fungi traditionally known as hyphomycetes that inhabit dead plant debris. It consists of five publications in which a polyphasic approach integrating morphological, developmental, cultural and molecular data was used to incorporate novel or incertae sedis taxa within Ascomycota and to make more sound decisions regarding their taxonomic status. Specific objectives include: 1. the collection, isolation and morphological characterization of selected anamorphic fungi representing putative new or interesting taxa of uncertain phylogenetic placement; 2. the generation of novel DNA sequence data to infer their phylogenetic relationships and to resolve their taxonomic affinities within Ascomycota; 3. the testing of any previously available morphologically based hypotheses on their putative position, generic placement or relationships with teleomorphic, pleomorphic or other anamorphic taxa; and 4. the determination of their generic validity, monophyly and taxonomic boundaries using molecular data and phylogenetic analyses methods.
Materials studied in these five projects consisted of specimens collected during field work carried out by the author or collaborators in different countries including USA, the Czech Republic and Panama between the years 2014 and 2017. The target substrates were dead leaves of different palm trees, dead wood and bark of pines and twigs or stems of unknown shrubs and woody vines that are all known to harbor a rich saprobic mycobiota. Putative novelties or anamorphic taxa with unknown or poorly studied phylogenetic affinities were selected for further morphological and molecular investigation. Micromorphological studies were based on fungal structures observed on natural substrate, herbarium specimens and in culture. DNA was extracted from cultures and PCR amplification followed by Sanger sequencing was carried out using relevant molecular markers employed in fungal phylogenetic studies. Newly obtained DNA sequence data were analyzed following a standard phylogenetic analysis pipeline and phylogenetic relationships were reconstructed using character-based methods such as Maximum Likelihood and Bayesian inference.
Conclusion is that anamorphic Ascomycota inhabiting dead plant debris represents a largely untapped source of biodiversity and information still in need of further exploration. A new capnodiaceous genus Castanedospora, seven new species named Taeniolella sabalicola, Hermatomyces bifurcatus, H. constrictus, H. megasporus, H. sphaericoides, H. verrucosus and Septonema lohmanii, and two new combinations, Castanedospora pachyanthicola and H. reticulatus, are proposed based on morphological and DNA sequence data. Molecular phylogenetics was confirmed as the tool of choice for the inference of relationships in novel or incertae sedis anamorphic fungi that are otherwise difficult to assess in the absence of a teleomorphic state. They were first resolved or revisited for several saprobic species such as Ernakulamia cochinensis, H. sphaericus, H. tucumanensis or Septonema fasciculare in a suitable framework for phylogenetic hypothesis testing. Molecular data allowed to fully incorporate all these taxa in Ascomycota, particularly within the classes Dothideomycetes and Sordariomycetes, and to provide a foundation for better taxonomic decisions on their classification. Large and polyphyletic genera such as Taeniolella, Sporidesmium and Septonema, partially treated in this work and containing mostly saprobic species of obscure affinities, remained in need of further investigation.
The oleochemical and petrochemical industries provide diverse chemicals used in personal care products, food and pharmaceutical industries or as fuels, oils, polymers and others. However, fossil resources are dwindling and concerns about these conventional production methods have risen due to their strong negative impact on the environment and contribution to climate change.
Therefore, alternative, sustainable and environmentally friendly production methods for oleochemical compounds such as fatty acids, fatty alcohols, hydroxy fatty acids and dicarboxylic acids are desired. The biotechnological production by engineered microorganism could fulfill these requirements. The concept of metabolic engineering, which is the modification of metabolic pathways of a host organism for increased production of a target compound, is a widely used strategy in biotechnology to generate cell factories or chassis strains for robust, efficient and high production. In this work, the versatile model and industrial yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae was manipulated by metabolic engineering strategies for increased production of the medium-chain fatty acid octanoic acid and de novo production the derived 8-hydroxyoctanoic acid.
Octanoic acid production was enabled by the fatty acid biosynthesis pathway by use of a mutated fatty acid synthase (FASRK) in a wild type FAS deficient strain. The yeast fatty acid synthase (FAS) consists of two polypeptides, α and β, which assemble to a α6β6 complex in a co-translational manner by interaction of the subunits. Because this step might be subject to cellular regulation, the α- and β- subunits of fatty acid synthase were fused to form a single-chain construct (fusFASRK), which displayed superior octanoic acid production compared with split FASRK. Thus, FASRK expression was identified as a limiting step of octanoic acid production. But the strains that produce octanoic acid have a severe growth defect that is undesirable for biotechnological applications and could lead to lower production titers. One reason is the strong
inhibitory effect of octanoic acid. Another possibility is that the mutant FAS no longer produces enough essential long-chain fatty acids. To compensate for this, the mutated split and fused FAS variants were co-expressed individually in a strain harboring genomic wild type FAS alleles. In
addition, mutant and wild type variants of fused and split FAS were co-expressed together in a FAS deficient strain. However, both cases resulted in decreased octanoic acid titers potentially by physical and/or metabolic crosstalk of the FAS variants.
The fatty acid biosynthesis relies on cytosolic acetyl-CoA for initiation and derived malonyl-CoA for elongation and requires NADPH for reductive power. To increase production of octanoic acid, engineering strategies for increased acetyl-CoA and NADHP supply were investigated. First, the flux through the native cytosolic acetyl-CoA and NADPH providing pyruvate dehydrogenase bypass was enhanced by overexpression of the target genes ADH2, ALD6 and ACSL461P from Salmonella enterica in combination or individually. Next, the acety-CoA forming heterologous phosphoketolase/phosphotransacetylase pathway was expressed and NADPH formation was increased by redirecting the flux of glucose-6-phosphate into the NADPH producing oxidative branch of the pentose phosphate pathway. In particular, the flux through glycolysis and pyruvate dehydrogenase bypass was reduced by downregulating the expression of the phosphoglucose isomerase PGI1 and deleting the acetaldehyde dehydrogenase ALD6. Glucose-6-phosphate was guided into the pentose phosphate pathway by overexpressing the glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase ZWF1. The first approach did not influence octanoic acid production but the latter increased yields in the glucose consumption phase by 65 %. However,
combining the superior fusFASRK with acetyl-CoA and NADPH supply engineering strategies did not result in additive production effects, indicating that other limitations hinder high octanoic acid accumulation. Limitations could be caused in particular by the strong inhibitory effects of octanoic acid or by intrinsic limitations of the FASRK mutant. To enlarge the octanoic acid production platform towards other derived valuable oleochemical compounds the de novo production of 8-hydroxyoctanoic acid was targeted. Since short- and medium-chain fatty acids have a strong inhibitory effect on Saccharomyces cerevisiae, the inhibitory effect of hydroxy fatty acid and dicarboxylic with eight or ten carbon atoms were compared and revealed only little or no growth impairment. Subsequently, the formation of 8-hydroxyoctanoic acid was targeted by a terminal hydroxylation of externally supplied octanoic acid in a bioconversion. For that, three heterologous genes, encoding for cytochromes P450 enzymes and their cognate cytochrome P450 reductases were expressed and 8-hydroxyoctanoic acid production was compared. In addition, the use of different carbon sources was compared.
...
Exploring the in vivo subthreshold membrane activity of phasic firing in midbrain dopamine neurons
(2021)
Dopamine is a key neurotransmitter that serves several essential functions in daily behaviors such as locomotion, motivation, stimulus coding, and learning. Disrupted dopamine circuits can result in altered functions of these behaviors which can lead to motor and psychiatric symptoms and diseases. In the central nervous system, dopamine is primarily released by dopamine neurons located in the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNc) and ventral tegmental area (VTA) within the midbrain, where they signal behaviorally-relevant information to downstream structures by altering their firing patterns. Their “pacemaker” firing maintains baseline dopamine levels at projection sites, whereas phasic “burst” firing transiently elevates dopamine concentrations. Firing activity of dopamine neurons projecting to different brain regions controls the activation of distinct dopamine pathways and circuits. Therefore, characterization of how distinct firing patterns are generated in dopamine neuron populations will be necessary to further advance our understanding of dopamine circuits that encode environmental information and facilitate a behavior.
However, there is currently a large gap in the knowledge of biophysical mechanisms of phasic firing in dopamine neurons, as spontaneous burst firing is only observed in the intact brain, where access to intrinsic neuronal activity remains a challenge. So far, a series of highly-influential studies published in the 1980s by Grace and Bunney is the only available source of information on the intrinsic activity of midbrain dopamine neurons in vivo, in which sharp electrodes were used to penetrate dopamine neurons to record their intracellular activity. A novel approach is thus needed to fill in the gap. In vivo whole-cell patch-clamp method is a tool that enables access to a neuron’s intrinsic activity and subthreshold membrane potential dynamics in the intact brain. It has been used to record from neurons in superficial brain regions such as the cortex and hippocampus, and more recently in deeper regions such as the amygdala and brainstem, but has not yet been performed on midbrain dopamine neurons. Thus, the deep brain in vivo patch-clamp recording method was established in the lab in an attempt to investigate the subthreshold membrane potential dynamics of tonic and phasic firing in dopamine neurons in vivo.
The use of this method allowed the first in-depth examination of burst firing and its subthreshold membrane potential activity of in vivo midbrain dopamine neurons, which illuminated that firing activity and subthreshold membrane activity of dopamine neurons are very closely related. Furthermore, systematic characterization of subthreshold membrane patterns revealed that tonic and phasic firing patterns of in vivo dopamine neurons can be classified based on three distinct subthreshold membrane signatures: 1) tonic firing, characterized by stable, non-fluctuating subthreshold membrane potentials; 2) rebound bursting, characterized by prominent hyperpolarizations that initiate bursting; and 3) plateau bursting, characterized by transient, depolarized plateaus on which bursting terminates. The results thus demonstrated that different types of phasic firing are driven by distinct patterns of subthreshold membrane activity, which may potentially signal distinct types of information. Taken together, the deep brain in vivo patch-clamp technique can be used for the investigation of firing mechanisms of dopamine neurons in the intact brain and will help address open questions in the dopamine field, particularly regarding the biophysical mechanisms of burst firing in dopamine neurons that control behavior.
Plastics contain a complex mixture of chemicals including polymers, additives, starting substances and side-products of processing. These plastic chemicals are prone to leach into the packaged goods, in the case of food contact materials (FCMs), or into the natural environment, in the case of plastic debris. Thus, plastics represent an exposure source of chemicals for humans and wildlife alike. While it is widely known that individual plastic chemicals, such as bisphenol A and phthalates, are hazardous, little is known on the overall chemical composition and toxicity of plastics. When fragmented into smaller particles, referred to as microplastics (< 5 mm), the plastic itself can be ingested by many species. It is well established that microplastic ingestion can have negative consequences for a wide range of organisms including invertebrates, but the contribution of plastic chemicals to the toxicity of microplastics is unclear.
Given the above, the present thesis aimed at a comprehensive toxicological, ecotoxicological and chemical characterization of everyday plastics. For a comparative evaluation, 77 plastic products were selected covering 16 material types (e.g., polyethylene) made from petroleum or renewable feedstocks. These products included biodegradable products, FCMs and non-FCMs, as well as raw materials and final products, respectively. In the first two studies, the chemical mixtures contained in the 77 products were extracted with methanol and extracts were analyzed in a set of four in vitro bioassays and by non-target high-resolution gas or liquid chromatography mass spectrometry. Since an exposure only occurs if chemicals actually leach under realistic conditions, in a third study migration experiments with water were conducted for 24 out of the 77 products. The aqueous migrates were assessed in the same way as the methanolic extracts. In addition, the freshwater invertebrate Daphnia magna was exposed chronically to microplastics made of polyvinylchloride (PVC), polyurethane (PUR) and polylactic acid (PLA) to investigate the contribution of chemicals in microplastic toxicity, in a fourth study.
The experimental findings demonstrate that a wide variety of chemicals is present in plastics. A single plastic product can contain up to several thousand chemical features, most of which unique to that product and at the same time unknown. The results also indicate that the majority of these chemical mixtures are toxic in vitro. Accordingly, 65% of the plastic extracts induced baseline toxicity and 42% an oxidative stress response, while 25% had an antiandrogenic and 6% an estrogenic activity. This implies that chemicals causing unspecific toxicity are more prevalent in plastics than such with endocrine effects. These chemicals can also leach from plastics under realistic conditions. Between 17 and 8936 chemical features were detected in a single migrate sample and all 24 tested migrates induced in vitro toxicity. This means that humans and wildlife can actually be exposed to toxic plastic chemicals under realistic conditions. Generally, each product has its individual toxicological and chemical fingerprint. Thus, neither material type, feedstock, biodegradability nor the food contact suitability of a product can serve as a predictor for the toxicity, the chemical composition or complexity of a product. Likewise, this means that bio-based and biodegradable materials are not superior to their petroleum-based counterparts from a toxicological perspective despite being promoted as sustainable alternatives to conventional plastics.
Moreover, the present thesis demonstrates that plastic chemicals can be the main driver for microplastic toxicity. Irregular microplastics made of PVC, PUR and PLA adversely affected life-history traits of D. magna in a polymer type- and endpoint-dependent manner at concentrations between 100 and 500 mg L-1 and with a higher efficiency than natural kaolin particles. While the toxicity of PVC was triggered by the chemicals used in the material, the effects of PUR and PLA were induced by the physical properties of the particle.
In addition, in the fifth study, results and observations made during this thesis were integrated inter- and transdisciplinarily with the perspectives of a social scientist and a product manufacturer. This elucidated that knowledge on plastic ingredients is often concealed, is lacking or not applicable in practice. These intransparencies hinder the safety evaluation of plastic products as well as the choice and sale of the least toxic packaging material.
Overall, the present thesis highlights that the chemical safety of plastics and their bio-based and biodegradable alternatives is currently not ensured. Thus, chemicals require more consideration in the toxicity and risk assessment of plastics and microplastics. Product-specific and complex chemical compositions, including unknown compounds, pose a challenge here. Two essential steps towards non-toxic products are to increase transparency along the product life cycle and to reduce the chemical complexity of plastics by communication and regulation. The results of the present thesis indicate that products exist which do not contain toxic chemicals. These can serve to direct the design of safer plastics. Since toxicity and chemical complexity seem to increase with processing, the integration of toxicity testing during the production steps would further support the safe and sustainable production and use of plastic products.
Sympathetic influences on articular cartilage regeneration capacity and osteoarthritis manifestation
(2021)
The pathogenesis of osteoarthritis (OA) involves articular cartilage, synovial tissue and subchondral bone and is therefore a disease of the whole joint. OA is characterized by progressive degradation of cartilage, synovial inflammation, osteophyte formation and subchondral bone sclerosis. Cartilage-surrounding tissues are innervated by tyrosine hydroxylase (TH)-positive sympathetic nerve fibers with the most important sympathetic neurotransmitter norepinephrine (NE) detected in the synovial fluid of OA patients. Furthermore, adrenergic receptors are expressed in different knee joint tissues. Most in vitro studies indicate a potential role of the β2-adrenergic receptor, which has been not investigated during OA pathogenesis in vivo. The role of the sympathetic nervous system (SNS) in OA progression has not yet been studied. Therefore, the objective of this study was to analyze how the SNS and NE influence the MSC dependent cartilage regeneration in vitro and the OA pathogenesis and manifestation in vivo.
In the first part of this study, the effect of NE on the chondrogenesis of sASC, which are known to play an important role in cartilage regeneration was analyzed in vitro. In the second part of this study, the role of the SNS was studied in vivo in mice that were sympathectomized chemically followed by surgically induced OA. The specific focus was on the β2-adrenergic receptor effects on OA pathogenesis, which were analyzed in β2-adrenergic receptor-deficient mice.
The in vitro experiments have shown that NE reduced the chondrogenic potential of sASCs by decreasing the expression of type II collagen and sGAG. NE mediated these effects mainly by the α2-AR signalling. Furthermore, NE treatment led to activation of the ERK1/2 signal pathway. These findings suggested that the sympathetic neurotransmitter NE might suppress the chondrogenic capacity of MSC and their dependent cartilage regeneration and may also play a role in OA progression and manifestation.
The in vivo study has shown that sympathectomy reduced synovial TH-positive nerve fibers in the synovium and the NE concentration in the spleen significantly. In WT mice, DMM leads to increased NE concentrations in the spleen compared to sham mice indicating an increased SNS activity after mechanical stress or inflammation due to DMM. Sympathectomy leads to less pronounced cartilage degeneration (OARSI score) after DMM compared to DMM in WT mice. Furthermore, the release of the type II collagen degradation fragment CTX-II was abolished in Syx DMM mice compared to WT DMM mice, suggesting that less SNS activity due to sympathectomy reduced the cartilage degeneration during OA pathogenesis. Similarly, sympathectomy decreased the synovitis score significantly after DMM compared to DMM in
WT mice. Synovitis in WT mice was accompanied by increased MMP-13 expression in the synovium after DMM, compared to Syx mice. Cartilage degeneration seemed to be driven mainly by the increased synovial inflammation accompanied by an increased MMP13 expression in synoviocytes and not in chondrocytes. The pathological changes in synovium and cartilage might also be linked to each other, as indicated by the moderate correlation between the synovial inflammation (synovitis score) and cartilage degeneration (OARSI score). Subchondral bone volume as well the thickness of the subchondral bone plate (SCBP) and calcified cartilage (CC) were increased in Syx mice compared to WT after DMM. The data on DMM induction in β2-AR deficient mice revealed that the β2-AR signaling is involved in cartilage degeneration and the aggravated subchondral bone changes as these mice had less pronounced cartilage degeneration compared to WT mice. While the cartilage degeneration was similar, the subchondral bone changes were more pronounced in β2-AR deficient mice compared to the Syx mice.
Overall, the SNS had differential effects in cartilage, synovium and subchondral bone. A reduced SNS activity by sympathectomy attenuated cartilage degeneration and synovitis but aggravated the OA specific subchondral bone changes. These findings provide new insights into the development of novel therapeutic strategies for OA by targeting the SNS in a tissue- specific manner.
The biotrophic pathogen Ustilago maydis causes smut disease on maize (Zea mays) and induces the formation of tumours on all aerial parts of the plant. Unlike in other biotrophic interactions, no gene-for-gene interactions have been identified in the maize–U. maydis pathosystem. Thus, maize resistance to U. maydis is considered a polygenic, quantitative trait. Here, we study the molecular mechanisms of quantitative disease resistance (QDR) in maize, and how U. maydis interferes with its components. Based on quantitative scoring of disease symptoms in 26 maize lines, we performed an RNA sequencing (RNA-Seq) analysis of six U. maydis-infected maize lines of highly distinct resistance levels. The different maize lines showed specific responses of diverse cellular processes to U. maydis infection. For U. maydis, our analysis identified 406 genes being differentially expressed between maize lines, of which 102 encode predicted effector proteins. Based on this analysis, we generated U. maydis CRISPR/Cas9 knock-out mutants for selected candidate effector sets. After infections of different maize lines with the fungal mutants, RNA-Seq analysis identified effectors with quantitative, maize line-specific virulence functions, and revealed auxin-related processes as a possible target for one of them. Thus, we show that both transcriptional activity and virulence function of fungal effector genes are modified according to the infected maize line, providing insights into the molecular mechanisms underlying QDR in the maize–U. maydis interaction.
1. During the last century, the practice of fur farming in Europe led to the introduction of two mammal species from opposite ends of the world. With their subsequent unintentional escape from captivity or intentional releases, the process of slow expansion and establishment in Europe began. The raccoon Procyon lotor and the raccoon dog Nyctereutes procyonoides are included on the European Union’s list of invasive alien species.
2. We characterised the current climatic niches of the two species in their native ranges in North America and Asia, and compared them with their non-native-range niches in Europe, where we also projected climatic suitability. The aim was to locate suitable habitats beyond their current ranges and assess where a range expansion can be expected.
3. Niche comparison and the projection of climatic suitability in Europe were based on eight bioclimatic variables and presence records from the Global Biodiversity Information Facility database. For niche modelling, we applied the maximum entropy approach (Maxent) and used the native-range data for training.
4. Minimum temperature of the coldest month (bio06) was identified as the most important bioclimatic variable in the habitat suitability models for both species. Different tolerance levels regarding this variable might explain small differences between the species’ projected ranges, especially in the north and east of Europe. The high niche unfilling for both species in Europe suggests a potential for expansion beyond their present ranges.
5. With only little understanding of their ecological impacts in their new ranges, including the potential risk of Nyctereutes procyonoides as SARS-CoV-2 reservoir hosts, further research and management is required at various spatial scales in Europe.
The pyruvate:ferredoxin oxidoreductase of the thermophilic acetogen, Thermoanaerobacter kivui
(2021)
Pyruvate:ferredoxin oxidoreductase (PFOR) is a key enzyme in bacterial anaerobic metabolism. Since a low-potential ferredoxin (Fd2−) is used as electron carrier, PFOR allows for hydrogen evolution during heterotrophic growth as well as pyruvate synthesis during lithoautotrophic growth. The thermophilic acetogenic model bacterium Thermoanaerobacter kivui can use both modes of lifestyle, but the nature of the PFOR in this organism was previously unestablished. Here, we have isolated PFOR to apparent homogeneity from cells grown on glucose. Peptide mass fingerprinting revealed that it is encoded by pfor1. PFOR uses pyruvate as an electron donor and methylene blue (1.8 U·mg−1) and ferredoxin (Fd; 27.2 U·mg−1) as electron acceptors, and the reaction is dependent on thiamine pyrophosphate, pyruvate, coenzyme A, and Fd. The pH and temperature optima were 7.5 and 66 °C, respectively. We detected 13.6 mol of iron·mol of protein−1, consistent with the presence of three predicted [4Fe–4S] clusters. The ability to provide reduced Fd makes PFOR an interesting auxiliary enzyme for enzyme assays. To simplify and speed up the purification procedure, we established a protocol for homologous protein production in T. kivui. Therefore, pfor1 was cloned and expressed in T. kivui and the encoded protein containing a genetically engineered His-tag was purified in only two steps to apparent homogeneity. The homologously produced PFOR1 had the same properties as the enzyme from T. kivui. The enzyme can be used as auxiliary enzyme in enzymatic assays that require reduced Fd as electron donor, such as electron-bifurcating enzymes, to keep a constant level of reduced Fd.
Butyrate production in the acetogen Eubacterium limosum is dependent on the carbon and energy source
(2021)
Eubacterium limosum KIST612 is one of the few acetogenic bacteria that has the genes encoding for butyrate synthesis from acetyl-CoA, and indeed, E. limosum KIST612 is known to produce butyrate from CO but not from H2 + CO2. Butyrate production from CO was only seen in bioreactors with cell recycling or in batch cultures with addition of acetate. Here, we present detailed study on growth of E. limosum KIST612 on different carbon and energy sources with the goal, to find other substrates that lead to butyrate formation. Batch fermentations in serum bottles revealed that acetate was the major product under all conditions investigated. Butyrate formation from the C1 compounds carbon dioxide and hydrogen, carbon monoxide or formate was not observed. However, growth on glucose led to butyrate formation, but only in the stationary growth phase. A maximum of 4.3 mM butyrate was observed, corresponding to a butyrate:glucose ratio of 0.21:1 and a butyrate:acetate ratio of 0.14:1. Interestingly, growth on the C1 substrate methanol also led to butyrate formation in the stationary growth phase with a butyrate:methanol ratio of 0.17:1 and a butyrate:acetate ratio of 0.33:1. Since methanol can be produced chemically from carbon dioxide, this offers the possibility for a combined chemical-biochemical production of butyrate from H2 + CO2 using this acetogenic biocatalyst. With the advent of genetic methods in acetogens, butanol production from methanol maybe possible as well.