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Beyond well-established difficulties with working memory in individuals with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), evidence is emerging that other memory processes may also be affected. We investigated, first, which memory processes show differences in adults and adolescents with ADHD in comparison to control participants, focusing on working and short-term memory, initial learning, interference, delayed and recognition memory. Second, we investigated whether ADHD severity, co-occurring depressive symptoms, IQ and physical fitness are associated with the memory performance in the individuals with ADHD.
We assessed 205 participants with ADHD (mean age 25.8 years, SD 7.99) and 50 control participants (mean age 21.1 years, SD 5.07) on cognitive tasks including the digit span forward (DSF) and backward (DSB), the Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Test (RAVLT), and the vocabulary and matrix reasoning subtests of the Wechsler Abbreviated Scale of Intelligence. Participants with ADHD were additionally assessed on ADHD severity, depression symptoms and cardiorespiratory fitness. A series of regressions were run, with sensitivity analyses performed when variables were skewed.
ADHD-control comparisons were significant for DSF, DSB, delayed and recognition memory, with people with ADHD performing less well than the control participants. The result for recognition memory was no longer significant in sensitivity analysis. Memory performance was not associated with greater ADHD or depression symptoms severity. IQ was positively associated with all memory variables except DSF. Cardiorespiratory fitness was negatively associated with the majority of RAVLT variables.
Individuals with ADHD showed difficulties with working memory, short-term memory and delayed memory, as well as a potential difficulty with recognition memory, despite preserved initial learning.
Introduction: The influence of our diet on mental health is of increasing importance in current research. Study results on the gut-brain axis suggest that the gut microbiome can influence mental processes via neuronal, hormonal and immune signaling pathways [1]. The gut microbiome is largely influenced by our diet. Some studies provide evidence that a "Western diet" rich in saturated fat and sugar may promote mental disorders [2]. There is evidence, that dietary behaviour in individuals with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is characterized by an increased intake of sugar and saturated fat [3]. So far, it is unclear whether this dietary pattern contributes to ADHD symptoms such as impulsivity. The aim of this study is to investigate the influence of certain macronutrients such as fats and mono/disaccharides on impulsivity in individuals with ADHD. Using our APPetite-mobile-app [4] enabled us to study dietary behaviour and momentary impulsiveness in everyday life of our participants.
Methods: 43 participants with ADHD (mean age 36.0 ± 12.3 years, 21 females) and 186 healthy controls (mean age 28.5 ± 7.7 years, 133 females) without any psychiatric condition were included into the study. Food intake was recorded over a period of three days using the APPetite-mobile-app via a 6 step process: (1) Selection of meal type, (2) Entry of time of meal, (3) Selection of consumed foods and drinks, (4) Specification of consumed amounts, (5) Presentation of reminder for commonly forgotten foods, and (6) Indication of predominant reason for eating. In addition to entering consumed foods in the APPetite-mobile-app, subjects completed an online food log for the last 24 hours (myfood 24) at the beginning of the study. After the data collection period, a detailed analysis of the ingested nutrients was performed for each subject. Trait impulsivity was assessed using the UPPS-P, a self-assessment questionnaire. Momentary impulsiveness was assessed via the mHealth APP by means of the Momentary Impulsiveness scale (MIS). The MIS consists of 4 questions capturing different aspects of impulsivity. The participants were prompted to answer these questions at 8 semi-random times per day between 8 AM and 10 PM. The minimum time between 2 prompts was 1 hour. Thereby participants could not predict the exact time of the next prompt and the assessed situations are a better reflection of the participant’s real life.
Results: ANOVA revealed higher levels of both, trait and momentary impulsivity in individuals with ADHD compared to controls (p < 0,01). After preprocessing of data that was sampled via the mHealth APP is completed, a regression analysis with different macronutrients as predictors and impulsivity as dependent variable will be computed. To assess the association between momentary impulsiveness and dietary intake, generalized linear multilevel modelling will be used. Results of these analyses will be presented.
Understanding the underlying mechanisms that link psychopathology and physical comorbidities in schizophrenia is crucial since decreased physical fitness and overweight pose major risk factors for cardio-vascular diseases and decrease the patients’ life expectancies. We hypothesize that altered reward anticipation plays an important role in this. We implemented the Monetary Incentive Delay task in a MR scanner and a fitness test battery to compare schizophrenia patients (SZ, n = 43) with sex- and age-matched healthy controls (HC, n = 36) as to reward processing and their physical fitness. We found differences in reward anticipation between SZs and HCs, whereby increased activity in HCs positively correlated with overall physical condition and negatively correlated with psychopathology. On the other handy, SZs revealed stronger activity in the posterior cingulate cortex and in cerebellar regions during reward anticipation, which could be linked to decreased overall physical fitness. These findings demonstrate that a dysregulated reward system is not only responsible for the symptomatology of schizophrenia, but might also be involved in physical comorbidities which could pave the way for future lifestyle therapy interventions.
The ICH M13A draft bioequivalence guideline allows the exclusion of very low plasma profiles from the statistical evaluation in exceptional cases, i.e., if such phenomenon occurs due to non-compliance of subjects (not swallowing the product). Moreover, the draft ICH guideline requests additional bioequivalence studies for medicinal products with pH-dependent solubility after concomitant administration of gastric pH modifying preparations, e.g., proton pump inhibitors. Both regulations are scientifically sound, however, would need further specification. Main problem in this context is that compounds with very low solubility and slow intrinsic dissolution in the intestinal environment will cause significant bioavailability problems if their solid oral dosage forms are emptied from the stomach undisintegrated. Also very low plasma profiles may result under these circumstances. Such cases can occur accidentally and are not resultant of non-compliance. Thus, limitation for one case per study only as suggested in the guideline is not justified.
Bipolar disorder (BD) is a heritable mental illness with complex etiology. While the largest published genome-wide association study identified 64 BD risk loci, the causal SNPs and genes within these loci remain unknown. We applied a suite of statistical and functional fine-mapping methods to these loci, and prioritized 22 likely causal SNPs for BD. We mapped these SNPs to genes, and investigated their likely functional consequences by integrating variant annotations, brain cell-type epigenomic annotations, brain quantitative trait loci, and results from rare variant exome sequencing in BD. Convergent lines of evidence supported the roles of SCN2A, TRANK1, DCLK3, INSYN2B, SYNE1, THSD7A, CACNA1B, TUBBP5, PLCB3, PRDX5, KCNK4, AP001453.3, TRPT1, FKBP2, DNAJC4, RASGRP1, FURIN, FES, YWHAE, DPH1, GSDMB, MED24, THRA, EEF1A2, and KCNQ2 in BD. These represent promising candidates for functional experiments to understand biological mechanisms and therapeutic potential. Additionally, we demonstrated that fine-mapping effect sizes can improve performance and transferability of BD polygenic risk scores across ancestrally diverse populations, and present a high-throughput fine-mapping pipeline (https://github.com/mkoromina/SAFFARI).
Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a complex neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by hyperactivity, impulsivity, and/or inattention, which are symptoms also observed in many rare genetic disorders. We searched for genes involved in Mendelian disorders presenting with ADHD symptoms in the Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man (OMIM) database, to curate a list of new candidate risk genes for ADHD. We explored the enrichment of functions and pathways in this gene list, and tested whether rare or common variants in these genes are associated with ADHD or with its comorbidities. We identified 139 genes, causal for 137 rare disorders, mainly related to neurodevelopmental and brain function. Most of these Mendelian disorders also present with other psychiatric traits that are often comorbid with ADHD. Using whole exome sequencing (WES) data from 668 ADHD cases, we found rare variants associated with the dimension of the severity of inattention symptoms in three genes: KIF11, WAC, and CRBN. Then, we focused on common variants and identified six genes associated with ADHD (in 19,099 cases and 34,194 controls): MANBA, UQCC2, HIVEP2, FOPX1, KANSL1, and AUH. Furthermore, HIVEP2, FOXP1, and KANSL1 were nominally associated with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) (18,382 cases and 27,969 controls), as well as HIVEP2 with anxiety (7016 cases and 14,475 controls), and FOXP1 with aggression (18,988 individuals), which is in line with the symptomatology of the rare disorders they are responsible for. In conclusion, inspecting Mendelian disorders and the genes responsible for them constitutes a valuable approach for identifying new risk genes and the mechanisms of complex disorders.
Background: Patients with cancer have an increased risk of VTE. We compared VTE rates and bleeding complications in 1) cancer patients receiving LMWH or UFH and 2) patients with or without cancer.
Patients with cancer have an increased risk of VTE. We compared VTE rates and bleeding complications in 1) cancer patients receiving LMWH or UFH and 2) patients with or without cancer.
Methods: Acutely-ill, non-surgical patients ≥70 years with (n = 274) or without cancer (n = 2,965) received certoparin 3,000 UaXa o.d. or UFH 5,000 IU t.i.d. for 8-20 days.
Results: 1) Thromboembolic events in cancer patients (proximal DVT, symptomatic non-fatal PE and VTE-related death) occurred at 4.50% with certoparin and 6.03% with UFH (OR 0.73; 95% CI 0.23-2.39). Major bleeding was comparable and minor bleedings (0.75 vs. 5.67%) were nominally less frequent. 7.5% of certoparin and 12.8% of UFH treated patients experienced serious adverse events. 2) Thromboembolic event rates were comparable in patients with or without cancer (5.29 vs. 4.13%) as were bleeding complications. All cause death was increased in cancer (OR 2.68; 95%CI 1.22-5.86). 10.2% of patients with and 5.81% of those without cancer experienced serious adverse events (OR 1.85; 95% CI 1.21-2.81).
Conclusions: Certoparin 3,000 UaXa o.d. and 5,000 IU UFH t.i.d. were equally effective and safe with respect to bleeding complications in patients with cancer. There were no statistically significant differences in the risk of thromboembolic events in patients with or without cancer receiving adequate anticoagulation.
Trial Registration: clinicaltrials.gov, NCT00451412
Die Befundung individueller Fallkonstellationen bei geeigneten Parameterkonstellationen und Fragestellungen ist ein zentraler Bestandteil der medizinischen Aufgabenstellung des Fachgebietes Laboratoriumsmedizin.
Um den labormedizinischen Anteil der medizinischen Diagnostik umfassend zu unterstützen, sollte unabhängig vom Einsatz wissensbasierter Systeme die labormedizinische Spezialbefundung generell bei entsprechenden Fragestellungen und Kenngrößenkonstellationen sowie bei Verfügbarkeit der jeweils geeigneten Methodik, bei Vorhandensein der entsprechenden Krankheitsprävalenzen und der entsprechenden labormedizinischen Kenntnisse durchgeführt werden. Dieser Notwendigkeit wird aber oft wegen des Aufwandes der individuellen fallbezogenen Befunderstellung nicht im erforderlichen Umfang entsprochen.
Bei richtigem Einsatz wissensbasierter Systeme kann die labormedizinische Spezialbefundung effizient unterstützt und auf hohem Niveau optimiert und, soweit sinnvoll, standardisiert werden. Dies ist eine der wesentlichen Zielsetzungen der Pro.M.D.-Entwicklung (Prologsystem zur Unterstützung Medizinischer Diagnostik). Weitere zum Teil ebenfalls bereits zu einem großen Teil erreichte Ziele bei der Pro.M.D.-Entwicklung sind die Schaffung einer gemeinsamen Notationsebene für das bei der labormedizinischen Spezialbefundung formalisierbare Wissen und die dadurch erreichbare Verbesserung des fallbezogenen Erfahrungsaustausches.
Hypoxia inhibits ferritinophagy, increases mitochondrial ferritin, and protects from ferroptosis
(2020)
Highlights
• Hypoxia decreases NCOA4 transcription in primary human macrophages.
• NCOA4 mRNA is a target of miR-6862-5p.
• Lowering NCOA4 increases FTMT abundance under hypoxia.
• FTMT and FTH protect from ferroptosis.
• Tumor cells lack the hypoxic decrease of NCOA4 and fail to stabilize FTMT.
Abstract
Cellular iron, at the physiological level, is essential to maintain several metabolic pathways, while an excess of free iron may cause oxidative damage and/or provoke cell death. Consequently, iron homeostasis has to be tightly controlled. Under hypoxia these regulatory mechanisms for human macrophages are not well understood. Hypoxic primary human macrophages reduced intracellular free iron and increased ferritin expression, including mitochondrial ferritin (FTMT), to store iron. In parallel, nuclear receptor coactivator 4 (NCOA4), a master regulator of ferritinophagy, decreased and was proven to directly regulate FTMT expression. Reduced NCOA4 expression resulted from a lower rate of hypoxic NCOA4 transcription combined with a micro RNA 6862-5p-dependent degradation of NCOA4 mRNA, the latter being regulated by c-jun N-terminal kinase (JNK). Pharmacological inhibition of JNK under hypoxia increased NCOA4 and prevented FTMT induction. FTMT and ferritin heavy chain (FTH) cooperated to protect macrophages from RSL-3-induced ferroptosis under hypoxia as this form of cell death is linked to iron metabolism. In contrast, in HT1080 fibrosarcome cells, which are sensitive to ferroptosis, NCOA4 and FTMT are not regulated. Our study helps to understand mechanisms of hypoxic FTMT regulation and to link ferritinophagy and macrophage sensitivity to ferroptosis.
Essentials
• The role of platelet IL-1β release in chronic inflammation is currently unclear.
• Platelets from 65 patients with varying degrees of chronic inflammation were studied.
• Chronic inflammation linked to reduced levels of intracellular IL-1β and IL-1β release.
• Chronic inflammation induces a phenotype that indicates chronic IL-1β release from platelets.
Abstract
Background: Chronic inflammation is a cardiovascular risk factor, and interleukin-1β (IL-1β) is central to the inflammatory host response. Platelets contain the NLRP3 inflammasome and are able to translate IL-1β messenger RNA (mRNA) and secrete mature IL-1β upon activation. However, the role of a chronic inflammatory environment in platelet IL-1β mRNA and protein content remains unclear.
Objectives: The aim of the current study was to investigate intracellular platelet IL-1β and IL-1β mRNA in a chronic inflammatory state.
Methods: Sixty-five patients with stable inflammation (ie, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein within predefined margins in 2 separate measurements) were stratified according to high-sensitivity C-reactive protein levels in low (0.0-0.9 mg/L), medium (1.0-2.9 mg/L), and high (3.0-9.9 mg/L) risk groups. Platelet reactivity as well as platelet IL-1β protein synthesis were studied.
Results: The highest risk group was characterized by a distinct cardiovascular risk profile and approximately 20% higher platelet counts. While platelet reactivity was not different, a reduction in intracellular platelet IL-1β mRNA and IL-1β protein levels was observed in the highest risk group and was linked to decreased platelet size and granularity. This signature suggests a phenotype of chronic IL-1β secretion and could be experimentally phenocopied by stimulation of platelets from healthy volunteers with either TRAP-6 or collagen related peptide (CRP-XL).
Conclusion: Our data suggest a phenotype of chronic IL-1β secretion by platelets in patients with chronic sterile inflammation.
An 80-year-old post–coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) patient had an acute coronary syndrome with non–ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (ACS-NSTE) with saphenous vein graft (SVG)–obtuse marginal stenosis. High-definition intravascular ultrasound revealed an underexpanded SVG stent with a hyperechoic structure. Optical coherence tomography confirmed surgical clip causing compression, resolved by post-dilation. This case underscores ACS-NSTE complexity post-CABG and the critical role of coronary imaging in optimizing interventions by addressing surgical clip–induced compression.
Chronic kidney disease (CKD) represents an independent risk factor for cardiovascular diseases (CVD). Accordingly, CKD patients show a substantial increased risk of cardiovascular mortality. Inflammation represents an important link between CKD and CVD. The interaction between endothelial cells and effector cells of the innate immune system plays a central role in the development and progression of inflammation. Vascular injury causes endothelial dysfunction, leading to augmented oxidative stress, increased expression of leukocyte adhesion molecules and chronic inflammation. CKD induces numerous metabolic changes, creating a uremic milieu resulting in the accumulation of various uremic toxins. These toxins lead to vascular injury, endothelial dysfunction and activation of the innate immune system. Recent studies describe CKD-dependent changes in monocytes that promote endothelial dysfunction and thus CKD progression and CKD-associated CVD. The NLR family pyrin domain containing 3–interleukin-1β–interleukin-6 (NLRP3–IL-1β–IL-6) signaling pathway plays a pivotal role in the development and progression of CVD and CKD alike. Several clinical trials are investigating targeted inhibition of this pathway indicating that anti-inflammatory therapeutic strategies may emerge as novel approaches in patients at high cardiovascular risk and nonresolving inflammation. CKD patients in particular would benefit from targeted anti-inflammatory therapy, since conventional therapeutic regimens have limited efficacy in this population.
PET probes targeting fibroblasts are frequently used for varying applications in oncology. In recent years, the clinical spectrum has been expanded towards cardiovascular medicine, e.g., after myocardial infarction, in aortic stenosis or as a non-invasive read-out of atherosclerosis. We herein provide a brief overview of the current status of this PET radiotracer in the context of cardiovascular disease, including translational and clinical evidence. In addition, we will also briefly discuss future applications, e.g., the use of fibroblast-targeting PET to investigate bilateral organ function along the cardiorenal axis.
Highlights
• Currently, China has the most publications, ahead of the USA and European countries.
• Research focuses are strictly separated into ecological and material science topics.
• Russia and Ukraine are among the frontrunners with a clear focus on materials science.
• The focus in PFAS research is shifting toward ecological issues.
• A national imbalance can be observed that leaves the low economies behind.
Abstract
The European Commission's current efforts to launch the largest proposal to restrict per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) in history reflect the dire global plight of PFAS accumulation in the environment and their health impacts. While there are existing studies on PFAS research, there is a lack of comprehensive analysis that both covers the entire research period and provides deep insights into global research patterns, incentives, and barriers based on various parameters. We have been able to demonstrate the increasing interest in PFAS research, although citation numbers are declining prematurely. Policy regulations based on proving and establishing the toxicity of PFASs have stimulated research in developed countries and vice versa, with increasing emphasis on ecological aspects. China, in particular, is investing increasingly in PFAS research, but without defining or implementing regulations - with devastating effects. The separation of industrial and environmental research interests is clear, with little involvement of developing countries, even though their exposure to PFAS is devastating. It, therefore, requires increased globally networked and multidisciplinary approaches to address PFAS contamination challenges.
Highlights
• CD62p + exosomes were significantly increased in septic polytrauma-patients, while CD40+, as well as CD49e + exosomes were diminished.
• Exosomal IL-6 concentration in septic patients reflects the systemic IL-6.
• Exosomal IL-10 concentration seemed to be constant in patients and healthy controls.
• Decrease of miR-21 in exosomes was associated with the development of sepsis, while exosomal miR-93, miR-155 and miR-92a were not specifically altered.
Abstract
Sepsis as a severe systemic inflammation leads oftentimes to organ dysfunction and subsequently to death. In polytrauma patients, septic complications represent with 45% the predominant cause of late death and are responsible for extremely high costs in the healthcare system. Therefore, clinicians have to detect as early as possible the begin of sepsis to improve the patient's outcome. One new promising diagnostic tool to diagnose septic complications in polytraumatized patients are exosomes.
Plasma samples from polytraumatized patients (Injury Severity Score (ISS) ≥16) which developed sepsis (n = 10) and without sepsis (n = 10), were collected at emergency room (ER), 24h and 5 days after trauma. The EVs subpopulations were investigated by a bead-based multiplex flow cytometry measurement of surface epitopes and were compared with plasma EVs from healthy controls (n = 10). Moreover, exosomal cytokine concentrations were measured via high-sensitive ELISA and were correlated with systemic concentrations. For miRNA cargo analysis, we analysed the miRNAs miR-1298-5p, miR-1262, miR-125b-5p, miR-92a-3p, miR-93-5p, miR-155-5p and miR-21-5p and compared their exosomal concentrations by means of RT-qPCR.
CD62p + exosomes were significantly increased in septic polytrauma-patients (p ≤ 0.05), while CD40+exosomes, as well as CD49e + exosomes were diminished (p ≤ 0.05). Furthermore, we observed that the exosomal IL-6 concentration reflects the systemic IL-6 concentration (r2 = 0.63) and did not significantly alter between patients with and without sepsis. The exosomal IL-10 concentration seemed to be constant in all patients and healthy controls. We observed that a decrease of miR-21-5p in exosomes was associated with the development of sepsis (p ≤ 0.05), while exosomal miR-93-5p, miR-155-5p and miR-92a-3p were not specifically altered in septic patients.
Taken together, the present study in polytraumatized patients demonstrated that the development of sepsis is associated with an increase of CD62p + exosomes. Furthermore, the exosomal cargo was changed in septic patients: miR-21-5p was diminished.
Understanding effects of emotional valence and stress on children’s memory is important for educational and legal contexts. This study disentangles the effects of emotional content of to-be-remembered information (i.e., items differing in emotional valence and arousal), stress exposure, and associated cortisol secretion on children’s memory. We also examine whether girls’ memory is more affected by stress induction. 143 6-to-7-year-old children were randomly allocated to the Trier Social Stress Test for Children (n = 103) or a control condition (n = 40). 25 minutes after stressor onset, children incidentally encoded 75 objects varying in emotional valence (crossed with arousal) together with neutral scene backgrounds. We found that response-bias corrected memory was worse for low arousing negative items than neutral and positive items, with the latter two categories not being different from each other. Whilst boys’ memory was largely unaffected by stress, girls in the stress condition showed worse memory for negative items, especially the low arousing ones, than girls in the control condition. Girls, compared to boys, reported higher subjective stress increases following stress exposure, and had higher cortisol stress responses. Whilst a higher cortisol stress response was associated with better emotional memory in girls in the stress condition, boys’ memory was not associated with their cortisol secretion. Taken together, our study suggests that 6-to-7-year-old children, more so girls, show memory suppression for negative information. Girls’ memory for negative information, compared to boys, is also more strongly modulated by stress experience and the associated cortisol response.
Highlights
• Open pulmonary tuberculosis patient discharge policy was not reviewed for decades.
• After smear-negativity conversion, substantial cultural positivity may remain.
• It remains unclear, whether smear-negative patients still may be infective.
• The clinical relevance of this finding warrants further investigation.
Abstract
Objectives: Patients with open pulmonary tuberculosis (opTB) are subject to strict isolation rules. Sputum smear microscopy is used to determine infectivity, but sensitivity is lower than for culture. This study aimed to investigate the clinical relevance of this mismatch in contemporary settings.
Methods: Differential results between microscopy and culture were determined at the time of microscopic sputum conversion, from all patients with opTB between 01/2013 and 12/2017. In addition, data on HIV, multi/extensive drug-resistant TB status, time to smear- and cultural-negativity conversion were analyzed; and a Kaplan-Meier curve was developed.
Results: Of 118 patients with opTB, 58 had demographic data available for microbiological and clinical follow-up analysis; among these, 26 (44.8%) had still at least one positive culture result. Median time from opTB-treatment initiation to full microscopic sputum- or culture conversion, was 16.5 days (range 2-105), and 20 days (1-105), respectively (median difference: +3.5 days). Sixteen days after de-isolation, >90% had converted culturally. HIV- or multi/extensive drug-resistant TB status did not impact conversion time.
Conclusion: When patients with opTB were de-isolated after 3 negative sputum smear microscopy tests, a substantial part still revealed cultural growth of Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex, but it remains unclear, whether smear-negative and culturally-positive individuals on therapy are really infective. Thus, the clinical relevance of this finding warrants further investigation.
Background. The guidelines on antithrombotic treatment in patients with symptomatic peripheral artery disease (PAD) undergoing peripheral revascularization of the lower extremities were developed based on heterogeneous trials, assessing various dose regimens and recruiting patients who were subjected to different revascularization procedures. Objective. To compare efficacy and safety of treatments used in patients with PAD undergoing peripheral revascularization accounting for between-trial heterogeneity and large dispersion of the quality of evidence. Methods. A systematic literature review of randomised controlled trials (RCTs) recruiting adult patients with PAD receiving antithrombotics was conducted until January 2020. Hazard ratios (HR) were pooled using Bayesian network meta-analysis. The estimated between-treatment effects were presented as HR together with 95% credible intervals. The base case analysis included studies recruiting patients following recent peripheral revascularization, who received treatment regimens administered within the recommended therapeutic window, while a sensitivity scenario included all identified trials. Results. Thirteen RCTs were identified (8 RCTs enrolled patients following peripheral revascularization and 5 RCTs regardless of the previous revascularization). Five trials, recruiting an overall of 8349 patients, were considered for the base case analysis. Of those, 6564 patients were recruited in the VOYAGER PAD trial comparing rivaroxaban plus aspirin (RIV plus ASA) versus ASA. RIV plus ASA was associated with a lower risk of repeated peripheral revascularization versus ASA monotherapy (HR = 0.88 [0.79, 0.99]), however having a trend towards an increased rate of major bleeding (HR = 1.43 [0.98, 2.11]). There was no evidence for differences between RIV plus ASA and dual antiplatelet therapy and vitamin K antagonists plus ASA. Similar results were observed in sensitivity analyses. Conclusions. RIV plus ASA is associated with reduced risk of revascularization compared with ASA monotherapy, but the evidence for other comparators, in particular antiplatelet regimens, was insufficient to guide treatment decisions and highlights the challenge in establishing the magnitude of comparative efficacy using existing RCTs.
Aims: Acetylsalicylic acid (ASA) is widely used for the prevention of atherothrombotic events in patients with chronic coronary artery disease (CAD) and peripheral artery disease (PAD), but the risk of vascular events remains high. We aimed at identifying randomised controlled trials (RCTs) on antithrombotic treatments in patients with chronic CAD or PAD.
Methods: Searches were conducted on MEDLINE, EMBASE, and CENTRAL on March 1st, 2018. This systematic review (SR) uses a narrative synthesis to summarize the evidence for the efficacy and safety of antiplatelet and anticoagulant therapies in the population of both chronic CAD or PAD patients.
Results: Four RCTs from 27 publications were included. Study groups included 15,603 to 27,395 patients. ASA alone was the most extensively studied (n = 3); other studies included rivaroxaban with or without ASA (n = 1), vorapaxar alone (n = 1), and clopidogrel with (n = 1) or without ASA (n = 1). Clopidogrel alone and clopidogrel plus ASA compared to ASA presented similar efficacy with comparable safety profile. Rivaroxaban plus ASA significantly reduced the risk of the composite of cardiovascular death, myocardial infarction, and stroke compared to ASA alone, although major bleeding with rivaroxaban plus ASA increased.
Conclusion: There is limited and heterogeneous evidence on the prevention of atherothrombotic events in patients with chronic CAD or PAD. Clopidogrel alone and clopidogrel plus ASA did not demonstrate superiority over ASA alone. A combination of rivaroxaban plus ASA may offer significant additional benefit in reducing cardiovascular outcomes, yet it may increase the risk of bleeding, compared to ASA alone.
Background: Symptoms, severity, and acuteness of peripheral artery disease (PAD) are major determinants of severe limb symptoms, subsequent risk of cardiovascular events, and mortality. Lower-extremity revascularization (LER) is a key option to relieve symptoms and to prevent limb loss in symptomatic patients with PAD. This study aimed to quantify the burden of disease among patients with PAD-LER in England.
Methods: A retrospective population-based study of linked primary and secondary care electronic health records, included 13,869 adult patients (aged ⩾ 18 years) with PAD-LER from 2003 to 2018. The incidence of first ever PAD-LER was estimated both overall and by type of procedure (endovascular/surgical). Health resource utilization associated with PAD-related complications and treatment patterns were assessed.
Results: A high annual incidence of lower-limb revascularization (41.2 per 1000 person years) and a nearly double incidence of endovascular first revascularization compared with open surgery were observed. More than 70% of patients with PAD-LER had a history of hyperlipidemia and hypertension and roughly one-third were diabetic and had a history of coronary artery disease. Cardiovascular mortality accounted for one-third (34.1 per 1000 person years) of all-cause mortality. Over 93% of patients were hospitalized for any reason and the commonest reasons for hospitalization were cardiovascular diseases and PAD with about one-third hospitalized for revascularization reoccurrence.
Conclusion: There is a significant burden of PAD-LER to the individual and society with ongoing healthcare resource utilization, treatment, and increasing mortality.
Background. Atherothrombotic disease, including coronary artery disease (CAD) and peripheral artery disease (PAD), can lead to cardiovascular (CV) events, such as myocardial infarction, stroke, limb ischemia, heart failure, and CV death. Aim. Evaluate the humanistic and economic burden of CAD and PAD and identify unmet needs through a comprehensive literature review. Methods. Relevant search terms were applied across online publication databases. Studies published between January 2010 and August 2017 meeting the inclusion/exclusion criteria were selected; guidelines were also included. Two rounds of screening were applied to select studies of relevance. Results. Worldwide data showed approximately 5–8% prevalence of CAD and 10–20% prevalence of PAD, dependent on the study design, average age, gender, and geographical location. Data from the REACH registry indicated that 18–35% of patients with CAD and 46–68% of patients with PAD had disease in one or more vascular beds. Use of medication to control modifiable CV risk factors was variable by country (lower in France than in Canada); statins and aspirin were the most widely used therapies in patients with chronic disease. Survival rates have improved with medical advancements, but there is an additional need to improve the humanistic burden of disease (i.e., associated disability and quality of life). The economic burden of atherothrombotic disease is high and expected to increase with increased survival and the aging population. Conclusion. CAD and PAD represent a substantial humanistic and economic burden worldwide, highlighting a need for new interventions to reduce the incidence of atherothrombotic disease.
Treatment predictors are important tools for the management of therapy in patients with chronic hepatitis B and C virus (HBV, HCV) infection. In chronic hepatitis B, several pretreatment parameters have been identified for prediction of virologic response to interferon alfa-based antiviral therapies or treatment with polymerase inhibitors. In interferon alfa and pegylated interferon alfa-treated patients, low baseline HBV DNA concentrations, HBV genotype A (B), and high baseline ALT levels are significantly associated with treatment response. In patients treated with nucleos(t)ide analogues, low baseline HBV DNA but not viral genotype is positively associated with virologic response. During treatment the best predictor of response is HBV DNA kinetics. Early viral suppression is associated with favourable virologic response and reduced risk for subsequent resistance mutations. For the current standard treatment with pegylated interferon alfa and ribavirin in patients with chronic hepatitis C, infection with HCV genotypes 2 and 3, baseline viral load below 400,000–800,000 IU/ml, Asian and Caucasian ethnicity, younger age, low GGT levels, absence of advanced fibrosis/cirrhosis, and absence of steatosis in the liver have been identified as independent pretreatment predictors of a sustained virologic response. After initiation of treatment, initial viral decline with undetectable HCV-RNA at week 4 of therapy (RVR) is the best predictor of sustained virologic response independent of HCV genotype.
Treatment of patients with recent-onset type 1 diabetes with an anti-CD3 antibody leads to the transient stabilization of C-peptide levels in responder patients. Partial efficacy may be explained by the entry of islet-reactive T-cells spared by and/or regenerated after the anti-CD3 therapy. The CXCR3/CXCL10 axis has been proposed as a key player in the infiltration of autoreactive T cells into the pancreatic islets followed by the destruction of β cells. Combining the blockade of this axis using ACT-777991, a novel small-molecule CXCR3 antagonist, with anti-CD3 treatment may prevent further infiltration and β-cell damage and thus, preserve insulin production. The effect of anti-CD3 treatment on circulating T-cell subsets, including CXCR3 expression, in mice was evaluated by flow cytometry. Anti-CD3/ACT-777991 combination treatment was assessed in the virally induced RIP-LCMV-GP and NOD diabetes mouse models. Treatments started at disease onset. The effects on remission rate, blood glucose concentrations, insulitis, and plasma C-peptide were evaluated for the combination treatment and the respective monotherapies. Anti-CD3 treatment induced transient lymphopenia but spared circulating CXCR3+ T cells. Combination therapy in both mouse models synergistically and persistently reduced blood glucose concentrations, resulting in increased disease remission rates compared to each monotherapy. At the study end, mice in disease remission demonstrated reduced insulitis and detectable plasma C-peptide levels. When treatments were initiated in non-severely hyperglycemic NOD mice at diabetes onset, the combination treatment led to persistent disease remission in all mice. These results provide preclinical validation and rationale to investigate the combination of ACT-777991 with anti-CD3 for the treatment of patients with recent-onset diabetes.
Highlights
• Hyperglycaemia, in rodents, is consistently associated with cognitive impairments.
• The strength of this association is supported by the heterogeneity of the studies.
• The study of the role of insulin on cognition is mainly limited to spatial memory.
• Preclinical studies on the role of insulin signalling on cognition are male biased.
Abstract
Beside its involvement in somatic dysfunctions, altered insulin signalling constitutes a risk factor for the development of mental disorders like Alzheimer’s disease and obsessive-compulsive disorder. While insulin-related somatic and mental disorders are often comorbid, the fundamental mechanisms underlying this association are still elusive. Studies conducted in rodent models appear well suited to help decipher these mechanisms. Specifically, these models are apt to prospective studies in which causative mechanisms can be manipulated via multiple tools (e.g., genetically engineered models and environmental interventions), and experimentally dissociated to control for potential confounding factors. Here, we provide a narrative synthesis of preclinical studies investigating the association between hyperglycaemia – as a proxy of insulin-related metabolic dysfunctions – and impairments in working and spatial memory, and attention. Ultimately, this review will advance our knowledge on the role of glucose metabolism in the comorbidity between somatic and mental illnesses.
Clinical outcomes of cancer-associated isolated superficial vein thrombosis in daily practice
(2022)
Highlights
• In acute isolated SVT, the prevalence of cancer is almost 7 %.
• Cancer increases the SVT-associated VTE risk at 3 and 12 months.
• Cancer patients with isolated SVT may benefit from prolonged anticoagulation.
Abstract
Background: Despite significant progress in the understanding of paraneoplastic deep vein thrombosis (DVT) and pulmonary embolism (PE), little is known about the outcomes of cancer-associated superficial vein thrombosis (SVT) in daily practice.
Methods: INSIGHTS-SVT was a prospective observational study on patients with acute isolated SVT. Primary outcome measure was symptomatic venous thromboembolism (VTE), a composite of DVT, PE, and SVT extension/recurrence, at 3 months. Clinically relevant bleeding was also assessed.
Results: Of 1151 patients included, 6.7 % either had active cancer at baseline or were diagnosed with cancer during 12 months of follow-up. At 3 months, symptomatic VTE had occurred in 13.0 % and 5.4 % of cancer and non-cancer patients, respectively (HR 2.6, 95 % CI 1.3–5.0). Regarding secondary outcomes, cancer patients had increased risks of DVT and PE (HR 3.9, 95 % CI 1.3–11.8) and hospitalization due to VTE (HR 11.0, 95 % CI 2.5–49.0). The rate of clinically relevant bleeding was numerically higher in the cancer cohort (3.9 % vs 1.3 %, HR 3.1, 95 % CI 0.9–10.7). At 12 months, the primary composite outcome had occurred in 15.6 % and 11.9 % of cancer and non-cancer patients, respectively (HR 1.9, 95 % CI 1.0–3.5). After adjusting for additional risk factors, including age, history of DVT/PE and cardiovascular risk factors/diseases, the association of cancer with the primary outcome remained statistically significant.
Conclusion: Cancer patients with isolated SVT are at significant risk of symptomatic VTE. While most events occur within 3 months, the VTE risk remains elevated up to one year of follow-up.
ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT02699151.
Objective: Management and outcomes of superficial vein thrombosis (SVT) are highly variable and not well described. Therefore, the INvestigating SIGnificant Health TrendS in the management of SVT (INSIGHTS-SVT) study collected prospective data under real life conditions.
Methods: Prospective observational study of objectively confirmed acute isolated SVT. The primary outcome was a composite of symptomatic deep vein thrombosis (DVT), pulmonary embolism (PE), and extension or recurrence of SVT at three months. The primary safety outcome was clinically relevant bleeding.
Results: A total of 1 150 patients were included (mean age 60.2 ± 14.7 years; 64.9% women; mean BMI 29.4 ± 6.3 kg/m2). SVT was below the knee in 54.5%, above the knee in 26.7%, above and below the knee in 18.8%. At baseline, 93.6% received pharmacological treatment (65.7% fondaparinux, 23.2% heparins, 4.3% direct oral anticoagulants [DOACs], 14.5% analgesics), 77.0% compression treatment, and 1.9% surgery; 6.4% did not receive any anticoagulation. The primary outcome occurred in 5.8%; 4.7% had recurrent or extended SVT, 1.7% DVT, and 0.8% PE. Clinically relevant non-major bleeding occurred in 1.2% and major bleeding in 0.3%. Complete clinical recovery of SVT was reported in 708 patients (62.4%). Primary outcome adjusted by propensity score and for treatment duration was lower with fondaparinux compared with low molecular weight heparin (4.4% vs. 9.6%; hazard ratio [HR] 0.51; 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.3 - 0.9; p = .017). On multivariable analysis, associated factors for primary outcome included another SVT prior to the present SVT event (HR 2.3), age per year (HR 0.97), duration of drug treatment per week (HR 0.92), and thrombus length (HR 1.03).
Conclusion: At three month follow up, patients with isolated SVT are at risk of thromboembolic complications (mainly recurrent or extended SVT), despite anticoagulation. In this real life study, about one third had received either heparins, oral anticoagulants, or no anticoagulation.
Objectives: Since the introduction of non-vitamin K antagonist (VKA) oral anticoagulants (NOACs), an additional treatment option, apart from VKAs, has become available for stroke prevention in patients with atrial fibrillation (AF). For various reasons, it is important to consider patients’ preferences regarding type of medication, particularly in view of the established relationship between preferences towards treatment, associated burden of treatment, and treatment adherence. This review aimed to systematically analyse the scientific literature assessing the preferences of AF patients with regard to long-term oral anticoagulant (OAC) treatment.
Methods: We searched the MEDLINE, Scopus and EMBASE databases (from 1980 to 2015), added records from reference lists of publications found, and conducted a systematic review based on all identified publications. Outcomes of interest included any quantitative information regarding the opinions or preferences of AF patients towards OAC treatment, ideally specified according to different clinical or convenience attributes describing different OAC treatment options.
Results: Overall, 27 publications describing the results of studies conducted in 12 different countries were included in our review. Among these, 16 studies analysed patient preferences towards OACs in general. These studies predominantly assessed which benefits (mainly lower stroke risk) AF patients would require to tolerate harms (mainly higher bleeding risk) associated with an OAC. Most studies showed that patients were willing to accept higher bleeding risks if a certain threshold in stroke risk reduction could be reached. Nevertheless, most of the publications also showed that the preferences of AF patients towards OACs may differ from the perspective of clinical guidelines or the perspective of physicians. The remaining 11 studies included in our review assessed the preferences of AF patients towards specific OAC medication options, namely NOACs versus VKAs. Our review showed that AF patients prefer easy-to-administer treatments, such as treatments that are applied once daily without any food/drug interactions and without the need for bridging and frequent blood controls.
Conclusion: Stroke risk reduction and a moderate increase in the risk of bleeding are the most important attributes for an AF patient when deciding whether they are for or against OAC treatment. If different anticoagulation options have similar clinical characteristics, convenience attributes matter to patients. In this review, AF patients favour attribute levels that describe NOAC treatment.
The question of whether nuclear energy—as a source with relatively low carbon dioxide emissions—can be classified as a sustainable energy source has come into focus in connection with climate change. There is a controversy over securing independence from fossil fuels and gas supplies from other countries through a revival of nuclear energy. On the other hand, some viewpoints are critical: the handling of nuclear waste and the still unclear risks to human health and the environment, especially in light of recent perils from Russian military attacks on Ukrainian nuclear plants. To evaluate the worldwide publications on nuclear energy under health and environmental aspects, socio-economic parameters were included to provide an informed background for all stakeholders, from scientists to decision-makers. The correlation between the number of nuclear power plants and the publication output of the countries is proven to be highly significant. Thus, the operating countries publish the most. It has been shown that the development and economic use of nuclear energy are major stimuli for scientific endeavors. Reactor accidents have also spurred research. Mathematical risk modeling has been the area with the highest citation rate to date, but environmental and health aspects have become more important, especially after major accidents. The results show the importance of economic interests in research on nuclear energy from health and environmental aspects. Against the background of transnational hazards, global research participation should be encouraged. Moreover, the international debate should not ignore the reality of threats and their possible impacts.
Highlights
• Forensic experts should be questioned about their education and experience.
• Reliability of methods used to estimate the PMI should be evident when exposed in court.
• Judges should question if the right method was used in the right manner.
• The PMI is an estimate and cannot be interpreted as the actual time of death.
Abstract
When a capital crime is committed the post-mortem interval (PMI) is of particular importance in investigating a suspect’s alibi in court. A forensic expert can use different methods to estimate the PMI. This research focuses on who is considered an expert in court and whether the methods used to estimate the PMI are reliable. In this study, the methods used to estimate the PMI and the experts consulted, available in Dutch jurisprudence, in the period 2010–2019 were investigated. Ninety-four judicial cases were included and multiple experts and methods of estimating the PMI were found. As part of this study, the methods that were used to estimate the PMI in court were subjected to the Daubert criteria. Of these methods, only the Henssge nomogram and entomological methods met the Daubert criteria. However, the methods are only useful when applied by the right forensic expert and in the right manner. Unfortunately, this was not always the case.
Die Einteilung der Pneumonien richtet sich neben klinischen und pathologischen vor allem nach ätiologischen Gesichtspunkten. Es werden diesbezüglich die respirato- bzw. pneumotropen Viren vorgestellt, daneben differentialdiagnostisch wichtige andere Infektionserreger der "Viruspneumonie" (M. pneumoniae, Chlamydia psittaci, Coxiella burnetii) beschrieben und ihre klinischen Aspekte, labordiagnostischen Möglichkeiten sowie die Aussagekraft der verschiedenen Nachweisverfahren diskutiert. Die Letalität der primär virusbedingten Pneumonien ist zwar niedrig, der respiratotrope Virusbefall kann aber Schrittmacher für schwerebakterielle Superinfektionen sein.
Determination of a minimal postmortem interval via age estimation of necrophagous diptera has been restricted to the juvenile stages and the time until emergence of the adult fly, i.e. up until 2–6 weeks depending on species and temperature. Age estimation of adult flies could extend this period by adding the age of the fly to the time needed for complete development. In this context pteridines are promising metabolites, as they accumulate in the eyes of flies with increasing age. We studied adults of the blow fly Lucilia sericata at constant temperatures of 16 °C and 25 °C up to an age of 25 days and estimated their pteridine levels by fluorescence spectroscopy. Age was given in accumulated degree days (ADD) across temperatures. Additionally, a mock case was set up to test the applicability of the method. Pteridine increases logarithmically with increasing ADD, but after 70–80 ADD the increase slows down and the curve approaches a maximum. Sex had a significant impact (p < 4.09 × 10−6) on pteridine fluorescence level, while body-size and head-width did not. The mock case demonstrated that a slight overestimation of the real age (in ADD) only occurred in two out of 30 samples. Age determination of L. sericata on the basis of pteridine levels seems to be limited to an age of about 70 ADD, but depending on the ambient temperature this could cover an extra amount of time of about 5–7 days after completion of the metamorphosis.
Cabozantinib (Cabometyx®) is a potent multikinase inhibitor targeting the vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) receptor 2, the mesenchymal-epithelial transition factor (MET) receptor, and the “anexelekto” (AXL) receptor tyrosine kinase. It is approved for the treatment of advanced hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) after failure of sorafenib in Europe (since November 2018) and in the USA (since January 2019). The approval of cabozantinib was based on results of the randomized, placebo-controlled, phase 3 CELESTIAL trial in patients with unresectable HCC, who received one or two prior lines of treatment including sorafenib. At the second planned interim analysis, the trial was stopped, because the primary end point overall survival was clearly in favor for cabozantinib. Additionally, median progression-free survival was superior to placebo. The most common ≥ grade 3 relevant adverse events in patients with HCC treated with cabozantinib were palmar–plantar erythrodysesthesia, hypertension, fatigue, and diarrhea. In this review, current data on cabozantinib for the treatment of patients with advanced HCC, with a focus on the management of common adverse events and ongoing clinical trials, are discussed.
Die Gattungen Nicotiana tabacum und Nicotiana rustica der Tabakpflanze sind von großer wirtschaftlicher Bedeutung. Aus ihnen wird Tabak hergestellt, der mit Alkohol zur weltweit am häufigsten konsumierten Genussdroge zählt. Aufgrund seiner Legalität wird die Toxizität trotz steigender Warnung und Aufklärung immer noch unterschätzt. Die Toxizität der Tabakpflanze ist vor allem auf das Alkaloid Nikotin zurückzuführen. Dass es selten zu einer Vergiftung durch die reine Pflanze kommt, liegt daran, dass sie optisch kaum zum Verzehr anregt. Häufiger dagegen ist eine Vergiftung durch z. B. verschluckte Zigarettenstummel, die vor allem für Kinder sehr gefährlich sein kann. Eine weitere Gefahr der Vergiftung entsteht bei der Tabakernte. Nikotin wird auch über die Haut aufgenommen und kann so zu der Green Tobacco Sickness bei Tabakplantagenarbeitern führen. Im Ernstfall existiert kein Antidot. Aktivkohle sollte so schnell wie möglich gegeben werden, um die Resorption zu vermindern. Ansonsten muss das Nikotin mit einer Magenwäsche aus dem Körper gefiltert werden. Präventiv sollten deshalb verstärkt auf die Gefahren des Tabaks aufmerksam gemacht werden.
Purpose: The role of hypoalbuminemia and raised C-reactive protein (CRP) levels in predicting critical prognosis has been described extensively in adult literature. However, there are limited studies in pediatrics, particularly neonates. The CRP/albumin (CRP/ALB) ratio is often associated with higher mortality, organ failure and prolonged hospital stay. We hypothesized that the serum CRP/ALB ratio has a prognostic value in predicting surgery and mortality in neonates with necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC).
Methods: Retrospective review of all neonates with clinical and radiological evidence of non-perforated NEC that were treated in a tertiary-level referral hospital between 2009 and 2018. General patient demographics, laboratory parameters and outcomes were recorded. Receiver operating characteristics analysis was performed to evaluated optimal cut-offs and area under the curve (AUC) with 95% confidence intervals (CI).
Results: A total of 191 neonates were identified. Of these, 103 (53.9%) were born at ≤ 28 weeks of gestation and 101 (52.9%) had a birth weight of ≤ 1000 g. Eighty-four (44.0%) patients underwent surgical intervention for NEC. The overall survival rate was 161/191 (84.3%). A CRP/ALB ratio of ≥ 3 on day 2 of NEC diagnosis was associated with a statistically significant higher likelihood for surgery [AUC 0.71 (95% CI 0.63–0.79); p < 0.0001] and mortality [AUC 0.66 (95% CI 0.54–0.77); p = 0.0150], respectively.
Conclusions : A CRP/ALB ratio of ≥ 3 on day 2 is indicative of a critical pathway in neonates with radiologically confirmed, non-perforated NEC. This could be used as an additional criterion to guide parental counselling in NEC for surgical intervention and mortality.
Wir haben einen kommerziell verfügbaren Test zur Bestimmung von Thyroxin (T4) am Analysensystem RA1000 auf seine Eignung in unserem Labor untersucht. Das Prinzip des Tests beruht auf einer immunturbidimetrischen Inhibitionstechnik, die besonders zur Messung niedriger T4-Konzentrationen geeignet ist Es wurde eine Präzision (in Serie, von Tag zu Tag) zwischen 2,6 und 4,6% (VK) ermittelt. Die Richtigkeit wurde untersucht an Patientenproben mit 2 Vergleichsmethoden und vergleichend zu den Sollwerten kommerziell verfügbarer Richtigkeitskontrollseren. Der Vergleich an Patientenproben ergab eine gute bis akzeptable Übereinstimmung, der Vergleich mit den Sollwerten von Richtigkeitskontrollseren zeigte in einigen Seren gewisse methodische Differenzen. Insgesamt ergaben unsere Untersuchungen, daß die immunturbidimetrische Inhibitionstechnik am HA-1000 eine schnelle und zuverlässige Bestimmung der T4-Konzentration ermöglicht.
Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is precipitated by the autoimmune destruction of the insulin-producing beta-cells in the pancreatic islets of Langerhans. Chemokines have been identified as major conductors of the islet infiltration by autoaggressive leukocytes, including antigen-presenting cells and islet autoantigen-specific T cells. We have previously generated a roadmap of the gene expression in the islet microenvironment during T1D in a mouse model and found that most of the chemokine axes are chronically upregulated during T1D. We focused our attention on CXCL10/CXCR3, CCL5/CCR5, CXCL16/CCR6, CX3CL1/CX3CR1, and XCL1/XCR1. First, we found that the absence of CCR6 and of CX3CR1 diminished T1D incidence in a mouse model for T1D. Further, the XCL1/XCR1 chemokine axis is of particular interest, since XCR1 is exclusively expressed on convention dendritic cells type 1 (cDC1) that excel by their high capacity for T cell activation. Here we demonstrate that cDC1 expressing XCR1 are present in and around the islets of patients with T1D and of islet-autoantibody positive individuals. Further, in an inducible mouse model for T1D, we show that XCL1 plays an important role in the attraction of highly potent dendritic cells expressing XCR1 to the islets. XCL1-deficient mice display a diminished infiltration of XCR1+ cDC1 and subsequently also a reduced magnitude and activity of islet autoantigen-specific T cells. XCR1-deficient mice display a reduced magnitude and activity of islet autoantigen-specific T cells. A 3D-visualization of the entire pancreas reveals that both XCL1-deficient mice and XCR1-deficient mice indeed maintain most of their functional islets after induction of the disease. Thus, the absence of XCL1 results in a profound decrease in T1D incidence. The XCR1-deficiency also reduces T1D incidence, even if in a less drastic way compared to XCL1-deficiency. An interference with the XCL1/XCR1 chemokine axis might constitute a novel target for the therapy for T1D.
The current problem of increasing antibiotic resistance and the resurgence of numerous infections indicate the need for novel vaccination strategies more than ever. In vaccine development, the search for and the selection of adequate vaccine antigens is the first important step. In recent years, bacterial outer membrane proteins have become of major interest, as they are the main proteins interacting with the extracellular environment. Trimeric autotransporter adhesins (TAAs) are important virulence factors in many Gram-negative bacteria, are localised on the bacterial surface, and mediate the first adherence to host cells in the course of infection. One example is the Neisseria adhesin A (NadA), which is currently used as a subunit in a licensed vaccine against Neisseria meningitidis. Other TAAs that seem promising vaccine candidates are the Acinetobacter trimeric autotransporter (Ata), the Haemophilus influenzae adhesin (Hia), and TAAs of the genus Bartonella. Here, we review the suitability of various TAAs as vaccine candidates.
RBFOX1 is a highly pleiotropic gene that contributes to several psychiatric and neurodevelopmental disorders. Both rare and common variants in RBFOX1 have been associated with several psychiatric conditions, but the mechanisms underlying the pleiotropic effects of RBFOX1 are not yet understood. Here we found that, in zebrafish, rbfox1 is expressed in spinal cord, mid- and hindbrain during developmental stages. In adults, expression is restricted to specific areas of the brain, including telencephalic and diencephalic regions with an important role in receiving and processing sensory information and in directing behaviour. To investigate the effect of rbfox1 deficiency on behaviour, we used rbfox1sa15940, a rbfox1 loss-of-function line. We found that rbfox1sa15940 mutants present hyperactivity, thigmotaxis, decreased freezing behaviour and altered social behaviour. We repeated these behavioural tests in a second rbfox1 loss-of-function line with a different genetic background, rbfox1del19, and found that rbfox1 deficiency affects behaviour similarly in this line, although there were some differences. rbfox1del19 mutants present similar thigmotaxis, but stronger alterations in social behaviour and lower levels of hyperactivity than rbfox1sa15940 fish. Taken together, these results suggest that rbfox1 deficiency leads to multiple behavioural changes in zebrafish that might be modulated by environmental, epigenetic and genetic background effects, and that resemble phenotypic alterations present in Rbfox1-deficient mice and in patients with different psychiatric conditions. Our study thus highlights the evolutionary conservation of rbfox1 function in behaviour and paves the way to further investigate the mechanisms underlying rbfox1 pleiotropy on the onset of neurodevelopmental and psychiatric disorders.
RBFOX1 is a highly pleiotropic gene that contributes to several psychiatric and neurodevelopmental disorders. Both rare and common variants in RBFOX1 have been associated with several psychiatric conditions, but the mechanisms underlying the pleiotropic effects of RBFOX1 are not yet understood. Here we found that, in zebrafish, rbfox1 is expressed in spinal cord, mid- and hindbrain during developmental stages. In adults, expression is restricted to specific areas of the brain, including telencephalic and diencephalic regions with an important role in receiving and processing sensory information and in directing behaviour. To investigate the effect of rbfox1 deficiency on behaviour, we used rbfox1sa15940, a rbfox1 loss-of-function line. We found that rbfox1sa15940 mutants present hyperactivity, thigmotaxis, decreased freezing behaviour and altered social behaviour. We repeated these behavioural tests in a second rbfox1 loss-of-function line with a different genetic background, rbfox1del19, and found that rbfox1 deficiency affects behaviour similarly in this line, although there were some differences. rbfox1del19 mutants present similar thigmotaxis, but stronger alterations in social behaviour and lower levels of hyperactivity than rbfox1sa15940 fish. Taken together, these results suggest that rbfox1 deficiency leads to multiple behavioural changes in zebrafish that might be modulated by environmental, epigenetic and genetic background effects, and that resemble phenotypic alterations present in Rbfox1-deficient mice and in patients with different psychiatric conditions. Our study thus highlights the evolutionary conservation of rbfox1 function in behaviour and paves the way to further investigate the mechanisms underlying rbfox1 pleiotropy on the onset of neurodevelopmental and psychiatric disorders.
Prenatal and postnatal experiences associated with epigenetic changes in the adult mouse brain
(2018)
To analyze the influences of early-life history on the brain epigenome, the offspring of mouse dams kept in an enriched or standard environment were exposed postnatally to enriched, standard, or adverse conditions. The methylation patterns of 7 candidate genes (9 loci) involved in developmental programming of stress vulnerability/resilience and psychiatric disease were analyzed in 6 brain regions of adult male and female mice. Exposure to an enriched prenatal environment was associated with widespread epigenetic changes (all of small effect size), affecting 29 of 324 (9%) gene/region-specific methylation patterns. The effects of either adverse or enriched postnatal conditions were tested separately in the two prenatal cohorts. Significant changes were observed in 2 of 324 (0.6%) loci in offspring of dams in a standard environment and 6 of 324 (1.9%) loci in animals that were exposed prenatally to an enriched environment. Prenatal life experiences appear to have a bigger effect on the adult brain epigenome than postnatal experiences. Positive prenatal life experiences may increase epigenetic plasticity of the brain later in life. All observed between-group differences were sex-specific, consistent with largely different developmental trajectories of the male and female brain. Multiple changes of small effect size are consistent with a multifactorial model of developmental programming of adult behavior and disease susceptibility.
Beside its involvement in somatic dysfunctions, altered insulin signalling constitutes a risk factor for the development of mental disorders like Alzheimer’s disease and obsessive-compulsive disorder. While insulin-related somatic and mental disorders are often comorbid, the fundamental mechanisms underlying this association are still elusive. Studies conducted in rodent models appear well suited to help decipher these mechanisms. Specifically, these models are apt to prospective studies in which causative mechanisms can be manipulated via multiple tools (e.g., genetically engineered models and environmental interventions), and experimentally dissociated to control for potential confounding factors. Here, we provide a narrative synthesis of preclinical studies investigating the association between hyperglycaemia – as a proxy of insulin-related metabolic dysfunctions – and impairments in working and spatial memory, and attention. Ultimately, this review will advance our knowledge on the role of glucose metabolism in the comorbidity between somatic and mental illnesses.
Behavioural inflexibility is a symptom of neuropsychiatric and neurodegenerative disorders such as Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder, Autism Spectrum Disorder and Alzheimer’s Disease, encompassing the maintenance of a behaviour even when no longer appropriate. Recent evidence suggests that insulin signalling has roles apart from its regulation of peripheral metabolism and mediates behaviourally-relevant central nervous system (CNS) functions including behavioural flexibility. Indeed, insulin resistance is reported to generate anxious, perseverative phenotypes in animal models, with the Type 2 diabetes medication metformin proving to be beneficial for disorders including Alzheimer’s Disease. Structural and functional neuroimaging studies of Type 2 diabetes patients have highlighted aberrant connectivity in regions governing salience detection, attention, inhibition and memory. As currently available therapeutic strategies feature high rates of resistance, there is an urgent need to better understand the complex aetiology of behaviour and develop improved therapeutics. In this review, we explore the circuitry underlying behavioural flexibility, changes in Type 2 diabetes, the role of insulin in CNS outcomes and mechanisms of insulin involvement across disorders of behavioural inflexibility.
Highlights
• Overview on functional work performed in rodent, zebrafish and fruit fly models of ADHD and its comorbidities.
• Comprehensive search for new genetically modified mouse models to study ADHD-related and comorbid traits.
• Review of behavioral assays available in animal models to test ADHD-related and comorbid traits.
• Animal models to assess environmental effects contributing to the epigenetic mechanisms of ADHD and comorbidities.
Abstract
Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a highly prevalent neurodevelopmental disorder resulting from the interaction between genetic and environmental risk factors. It is well known that ADHD co-occurs frequently with other psychiatric disorders due, in part, to shared genetics factors. Although many studies have contributed to delineate the genetic landscape of psychiatric disorders, their specific molecular underpinnings are still not fully understood. The use of animal models can help us to understand the role of specific genes and environmental stimuli-induced epigenetic modifications in the pathogenesis of ADHD and its comorbidities. The aim of this review is to provide an overview on the functional work performed in rodents, zebrafish and fruit fly and highlight the generated insights into the biology of ADHD, with a special focus on genetics and epigenetics. We also describe the behavioral tests that are available to study ADHD-relevant phenotypes and comorbid traits in these models. Furthermore, we have searched for new models to study ADHD and its comorbidities, which can be useful to test potential pharmacological treatments.
Refraktives und visuelles Ergebnis nach Neuausrichtung von rotierten torischen Intraokularlinsen
(2023)
Hintergrund und Ziel der Studie
Das Ziel der Studie ist die Beurteilung des refraktiven und visuellen Ergebnisses von Patienten mit fehlausgerichteten torischen IOLs nach operativer Neuausrichtung, mit und ohne Rückberechnung der torischen Achse nach Implantation der IOL.
Methoden
Dies ist eine retrospektive Analyse von 39 Patienten, die sich von August 2013 bis Dezember 2019 an der Klinik für Augenheilkunde der Goethe-Universität Frankfurt am Main einer zweiten Operation zur Neuausrichtung einer fehlausgerichteten torischen IOL unterzogen haben. Die zweite Operaton zur Korrektur der Achsenlage wurde auf zwei Weisen durchgeführt: In der ersten Gruppe wurde auf die primär berechnete Achse rotiert und in der zweiten Gruppe wurde die Rotation auf eine neu berechnete Achse mit dem Rückrechner von astigmatisfix.com vorgenommen.
Ergebnisse
In dieser retrospektiven Studie wurden 39 Augen von 39 Patienten eingeschlossen. Die Ergebnisse nach der ersten Operation (die Linsenoperation) zeigte eine Besserung der (BCVA) von 0,28 ± 0,22 logMAR (20/40) auf 0,15 ± 0,14 logMAR (20/32). Nach der Linsenoperation zeigten die torischen IOLs durchschnittlich eine postoperative Fehlstellung von 25,69° ± 26,06°. Verglichen vor und nach der Rotation der torischen IOL blieb der BCVA unverändert bei 0,14 ± 0,14 logMAR (20/32), während sich der UDVA signifikant von 0,39 ± 0,29 logMAR (20/50) auf 0,27 ± 0,18 logMAR (20/40) verbesserte. Das refraktive Ergebnis zeigte eine Reduktion sowohl in der Restsphäre sowie in dem Zylinder. Die Ergebnisse der Gruppenanalyse demonstrierte für die erste Gruppe (Neuausrichtung auf die präoperativ berechnete Achse) eine postoperative UDVA 0,24 ± 0,16 logMAR mit einem Zylinder von 0,90 ± 0,90 D. In der zweiten Gruppe (Ausrichtung auf eine zurückberechnete Achse) betrug die UDVA 0,32 ± 0,20 logMAR mit einem Zylinder von 0,76 ± 0,72 D. Die IOLs mit hoher Zylinderstärke (≥ 2 D) zeigten bei der Rückberechnung eine stärkere Abnahme des Restzylinders als IOL mit niedriger Zylinderstärke (< 2 D) (27 % vs. 9 %). Der mittlere sphärische Äquivalent-Vorhersagefehler der Rückberechnung betrug 0,54 ± 0,55 D.
Schlussfolgerung
Die Neuausrichtung von fehlausgerichteten torischen IOLs verbessert die Sehschärfe und reduziert verbleibende Brechungsfehler. Insbesondere bei IOL mit hoher Zylinderstärke kann ein besseres refraktives Ergebnis erzielt werden, wenn vor der Neuausrichtung eine Rückberechnung durchgeführt wird.
A recent in-vivo experiment has shown that force can be transmitted between the gastrocnemius and the hamstring muscles due to a direct tissue continuity. However, it remains unclear if this mechanical interaction is affected by the stiffness of the structural connection. This study therefore aimed to investigate the impact of the knee angle on myofascial force transmission across the dorsal knee. A randomized, cross-over study was performed, including n = 56 healthy participants (25.36 ± 3.9 years, 25 females). On two separate days, they adopted a prone position on an isokinetic dynamometer (knee extended or 60° flexed). In each condition, the device moved the ankle three times from maximal plantarflexion to maximal dorsal extension. Muscle inactivity was ensured using EMG. High-resolution ultrasound videos of the semimembranosus (SM) and the gastrocnemius medialis (GM) soft tissue were recorded. Maximal horizontal tissue displacement, obtained using cross-correlation, was examined as a surrogate of force transmission. SM tissue displacement was higher at extended (4.83 ± 2.04 mm) than at flexed knees (3.81 ± 2.36 mm). Linear regression demonstrated significant associations between (1) SM and GM soft tissue displacement (extended: R2 = 0.18, p = 0.001; flexed: R2 = 0.17, p = 0.002) as well as (2) SM soft tissue displacement and ankle range of motion (extended: R2 = 0.103, p = 0.017; flexed: R2 = 0.095, p = 0.022). Our results further strengthen the evidence that local stretching induces a force transmission to neighboring muscles. Resulting remote exercise effects such as increased range of motion, seem to depend on the stiffness of the continuity.
Trial registration: DRKS (Deutsches Register Klinischer Studien), registration number DRKS00024420, first registered 08/02/2021, https://drks.de/search/de/trial/DRKS00024420.
This study investigated the effects of a daily plyometric hopping intervention on running economy (RE) in amateur runners. In a randomized, controlled trial, thirty-four amateur runners (29 ± 7 years, 27 males) were allocated to a control or a hopping exercise group. During the six-week study, the exercise group performed 5 min of double-legged hopping exercise daily. To progressively increase loading, the number of hopping bouts (10 s each) was steadily increased while break duration between sets was decreased. Pre- and post-intervention, RE, peak oxygen uptake (VO2peak), and respiratory exchange ratio (RER) were measured during 4-min stages at three running speeds (10, 12, and 14 km/h). ANCOVAs with baseline values and potential cofounders as cofactors were performed to identify differences between groups. ANCOVA revealed an effect of hopping on RE at 12 km/h (df = 1; F = 4.35; p < 0.05; η2 = 0.072) and 14 km/h (df = 1; F = 6.72; p < 0.05; η2 = 0.098), but not at 10 km/h (p > 0.05). Exercise did not affect VO2peak (p > 0.05), but increased RER at 12 km/h (df = 1; F = 4.26; p < 0.05; η2 = 0.059) and 14 km/h (df = 1; F = 36.73; p < 0.001; η2 = 0.520). No difference in RER was observed at 10 km/h (p > 0.05). Daily hopping exercise is effective in improving RE at high running speeds in amateurs and thus can be considered a feasible complementary training program.
Clinical trial registration German Register of Clinical Trials (DRKS00017373).
Background: Knee osteoarthritis is associated with higher kinetic friction in the knee joint, hence increased acoustic emissions during motion. Decreases in compressive load and improvements in movement quality might reduce this friction and, thus, sound amplitude. We investigated if an exercise treatment acutely affects knee joint sounds during different activities of daily life.
Methods: Eighteen participants with knee osteoarthritis (aged 51.8 ± 7.3 years; 14 females) were included in this randomized crossover trial. A neuromuscular exercise intervention and a placebo laser needle acupuncture treatment were performed. Before and after both interventions, knee joint sounds were measured during three different activities of daily living (standing up/sitting down, walking, descending stairs) by means of vibroarthrography. The mean amplitude (dB) and the median power frequency (MPF, Hz) were assessed at the medial tibial plateau and the patella. Differences in knee acoustic emissions between placebo and exercise interventions were calculated by analyses of covariance.
Results: Controlled for participant's age, knee demanding activity level and osteoarthritis stage, the conditions significantly differed in their impact on the MPF (mean(± SD) pre-post-differences standing up: placebo: 9.55(± 29.15) Hz/ exercise: 13.01(± 56.06) Hz, F = 4.9, p < 0.05) and the amplitude (standing up: placebo:0.75(± 1.43) dB/ exercise: 0.51(± 4.68) dB, F = 5.0, p < 0.05; sitting down: placebo: 0.07(± 1.21) dB/ exercise: -0.16(± .36) dB, F = 4.7, p < 0.05) at the tibia. There were no differences in the MPF and amplitude during walking and descending stairs (p > 0.05). At the patella, we found significant differences in the MPF during walking (placebo 0.08(± 1.42) Hz/ exercise: 15.76(± 64.25) Hz, F = 4.8, p < .05) and in the amplitude during descending stairs (placebo: 0.02 (± 2.72) dB/ exercise: -0.73(± 2.84) dB, F = 4.9, p < 0.05). There were no differences in standing up/ sitting down for both parameters, nor in descending stairs for the MPF and walking for the amplitude (p > 0.05).
Conclusion: The MPF pre-post differences of the exercise intervention were higher compared to the MPF pre-post differences of the placebo treatment. The amplitude pre-post differences were lower in the exercise intervention. In particular, the sound amplitude might be an indicator for therapy effects in persons with knee osteoarthritis.
Trial registration: The study was retrospectively registered in the German Clinical Trials Register (DRKS00022936, date of registry: 26/08/2020).
• Mexican and German populations of L. sericata differ in their development times.
• Mexican L. sericata had a shorter development time at 20°C than German flies.
• At 30 °C, German L. sericata pupariated and eclosed earlier than the Mexican flies.
• Differences in study design make the comparison of developmental studies difficult.
Abstract
The cosmopolitan blow fly Lucilia sericata is often used in forensic case work for estimating the minimum postmortem interval (PMImin). For this, the age of immature specimens developing on the dead body is calculated by measuring the time taken to reach the sampled developmental stage at a given temperature. To test whether regional developmental data of L. sericata is valid on a global scale, the time taken to reach different developmental stages was compared between a population from Mexico and one from Germany at two different constant temperatures.
The German population of L. sericata was collected in Frankfurt/Main, while the Mexican population originated near Oaxaca de Juarez and was transported to Germany in the larval stage. Only the F1 generation was used to avoid adaption of the Mexican flies. Eggs were immediately placed at 20 °C and 30 °C. Five times 30 freshly eclosed larvae per replicate (n = 5) were then transferred to a cup of minced meat in separate containers. The larvae were checked every 8 h for migration, pupariation or emergence of adult flies. The time at which the first individual and 50 % of the specimens per container entered each of these stages, was recorded.
Significant differences in the time of development between the two populations were observed at both temperatures. At 20 °C, the first specimens of the Mexican population reached all developmental stages a little (< 1 day to < 2 days) earlier than the German L. sericata. At 30 °C, the Mexican flies also reached the post-feeding stage slightly earlier (0.2 days). However, at 30 °C, the German flies started pupariation significantly earlier (after 5 days) than the Mexican flies (6.9 days) and the adults from Germany also emerged earlier (10.5 days compared to 13.1 days). The same pattern was observed when looking at 50 % of the total number of specimens per container. A comparison with previously published developmental studies was difficult as the experimental design varied widely between studies. However, the results were within the range of most studies. Our study has shown that age estimation can vary widely depending on the population on which the reference data used for the calculations are based. This highlights the importance of using local and population-specific developmental data for estimating the age of blow flies in case work.
• Mexican and German populations of L. sericata differ in their development times.
• Mexican L. sericata had a shorter development time at 20°C than German flies.
• At 30 °C, German L. sericata pupariated and eclosed earlier than the Mexican flies.
• Differences in study design make the comparison of developmental studies difficult.
Abstract
The cosmopolitan blow fly Lucilia sericata is often used in forensic case work for estimating the minimum postmortem interval (PMImin). For this, the age of immature specimens developing on the dead body is calculated by measuring the time taken to reach the sampled developmental stage at a given temperature. To test whether regional developmental data of L. sericata is valid on a global scale, the time taken to reach different developmental stages was compared between a population from Mexico and one from Germany at two different constant temperatures.
The German population of L. sericata was collected in Frankfurt/Main, while the Mexican population originated near Oaxaca de Juarez and was transported to Germany in the larval stage. Only the F1 generation was used to avoid adaption of the Mexican flies. Eggs were immediately placed at 20 °C and 30 °C. Five times 30 freshly eclosed larvae per replicate (n = 5) were then transferred to a cup of minced meat in separate containers. The larvae were checked every 8 h for migration, pupariation or emergence of adult flies. The time at which the first individual and 50 % of the specimens per container entered each of these stages, was recorded.
Significant differences in the time of development between the two populations were observed at both temperatures. At 20 °C, the first specimens of the Mexican population reached all developmental stages a little (< 1 day to < 2 days) earlier than the German L. sericata. At 30 °C, the Mexican flies also reached the post-feeding stage slightly earlier (0.2 days). However, at 30 °C, the German flies started pupariation significantly earlier (after 5 days) than the Mexican flies (6.9 days) and the adults from Germany also emerged earlier (10.5 days compared to 13.1 days). The same pattern was observed when looking at 50 % of the total number of specimens per container. A comparison with previously published developmental studies was difficult as the experimental design varied widely between studies. However, the results were within the range of most studies. Our study has shown that age estimation can vary widely depending on the population on which the reference data used for the calculations are based. This highlights the importance of using local and population-specific developmental data for estimating the age of blow flies in case work.
Highlights
• Out of the six edible pumpkin seeds found in Cameroonian C. sativus showed most potent anti-proliferative effects on prostate cells.
• Its oil conserved almost all the effects of raw seeds and prevented benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH).
• It exhibited potent anti-inflammatory activities in rat with BPH.
Abstract
Pumpkin seeds are claimed to treat prostate tumour/cancer. The in vitro (ability to inhibit cell growth through MTT assay) and in vivo (ability to prevent testosterone-induced BPH in rats at the doses of 125, 250, 500 and 1000 mg/kg BW) of six edible pumpkin seeds found in Cameroonian were assessed. The endpoints were cell growth arrest, prostate mass and volume, prostatic epithelium height, prostatic proteins, prostate specific antigen (PSA) and inflammatory cytokines. In vitro, C. sativus seeds exhibited the most potent antiproliferative effects on DU145 and PC3 prostate cancer cells and its oil conserved almost all the effects of raw seeds. Further, it prevented the increased of prostate relative mass and volume, prostate epithelium height, PSA and testosterone dose-dependently compared to normal rats. This effect is thought to be mediated through antiandrogenic, estrogenic and anti-inflammatory activities, evidenced by a decreased in IL-1β, IL-6 and TNFα level. Overall, this results justify its traditional use.
Bedeutung der Retikulozytenbestimmung zur Differenzierung und Behandlungskontrolle der Anämie
(1994)
Die Retikulozytenbestimmung hat eine wesentliche Bedeutung in der Differenzierung und Behandlungskontrolle von Anämien. Dies insbesondere, seitdem die mikroskopische Retikulozytenzählung durch die Bestimmung mit automatisierten Blutzellzählgeräten abgelöst und somit die Retikulozytenzahl mit geringer Impräzision bestimmt werden kann. Somit ist es möglich, die Regeneration derErythropoese gut zu verfolgen. In der Differenzierung der Anämien hat die Retikulozytenbestimmung ihre wesentliche Bedeutung zur Unterscheidung der nprmozytären Anämie formen. Ist bei normozytärer Anämie die Retikulozytenzahl normal oder vermindert, muß eine Knochenmarkpunktion in Erwägung gezogen werden. Bei mikro- und makrozytären Anämien ist die Retikulozytenbestimmung weniger bedeutsam. Für die Behandlungskontrolle der Anämien kann die Retikulozytenzahl ein wichtiger Indikator sowohl für eine beginnende Regeneration der Erythropoese als auch für die erfolgreiche Behandlung einer die Erythrozytenlebenszeit verkürzenden Erkrankung sein.
Aim: The cytochrome P450 reductase (POR) along with the cytochrome P450 enzymes (CYP) are responsible for the metabolism of a multitude of metabolites important for the maintenance of tissue function. Defects in this system have been associated with cardiovascular diseases. These enzymes are known to produce vasoactive lipids that modulate vascular tone. The aim of this study was to identify the consequence of a loss in endothelial POR for vascular function.
Methods and Results: To identify the endothelial contribution of the POR/CYP450 system to vascular function, we generated an endothelial-specific, tamoxifen-inducible POR knockout mouse (ecPOR-/-). Under basal condition ecPOR-/- already exhibited endothelial dysfunction in aorta and mesenteric vessels (acetylcholine-dependent relaxation, LogEC50 -7.6M for CTR vs. -7.2M for ecPOR-/- in aorta) and lower nitric oxide levels in the plasma (CTR: 236.8 ±77.4; ecPOR-/- 182.8 ±34.1 nmol/L). This dysfunction was coupled to attenuated eNOS function detected by the heavy arginine assay and decreased eNOS phosphorylation on S1177. Furthermore, insulin-induced phosphorylation of the eNOS activator, AKT, was also attenuated in the aorta from ecPOR-/- mice as compared to control mice. CYP450-dependent EET production was lower in plasma, lung and aorta of ecPOR-/- mice and this was accompanied with increased levels of vasoconstriction prostanoids (lipidomics of aorta, plasma and lung freshly isolated from CTR and ecPOR-/- mice). MACE-RNAseq from these aortas also showed a significant increase in genes annotated to eicosanoid production. In an in vivo angiotensin II model, acute deletion of POR increased the blood pressure as measured by telemetry and tail cuff (137.4 ± 15.9 mmHg in WT; 152.1 ± 7.154 mmHg in ecPOR-/-). In a rescue experiment using the NSAID naproxen, the increase in blood pressure induced by deletion of endothelial POR was abolished.
Conclusion: Collectively, in endothelial cells POR regulates eNOS activity and orchestrates the metabolic fate of arachidonic acid towards the vessel dilating EETs and away from deleterious prostanoids. In the absence of POR this endothelial regulation is compromised leading to vascular dysfunction.
Das „Seralyzer®-System" (AMES) wird zur quantitativen Bestimmung von Bilirubinkonzentrationen in Erwachsenen- und Neugeborenenplasmen eingesetzt und mit konventionellen Methoden verglichen. Die Präzision in Serie an Humanplasma beträgt im Normalbereich 0,95-8,8896, im erhöhten Konzentrationsbereich 2,64-14,3%, an Kontrollseren 3,20-6,78%, am Neugeborenenplasma 8,60%. Für die Präzision von Tag zu Tag ergibt sich an Humanplasma im Gesamtbereich 10,5-15,3%, an Kalibratoren 4,35-6,17%, an Kontrollseren im Normalbereich 9,27-20,9%, im erhöhten Bereich 9,25-23,5%. Die Wiederfindung deklarierter Werte bei Kalibratoren und Kontrollseren ist befriedigend. Eine Linearität bis 20 mg/dl ist auch bei Neugeborenenplasma erreichbar. Die Speicherdauer der Kalibrierung beträgt mehr als 30 Tage. Die Grenzbedingungen der internen und externen Qualitätskontrolle und des „State of the art" werden einwandfrei erfüllt. Hämoglobin und Matrix-beeinflussende Substanzen interferieren. Aufgrund eines eingehenden Vergleichs von über 3000 Meßwerten mit Literaturdaten kann festgestellt werden, daß die „ Trockenchemie-Analytik" des Seralyzer-Systems für Bilirubin den klinischen Anforderungen genügt.
Zur quantitativen Plasmaproteinbestimmung sind die Immunnephelometrie und die Immunturbidimetrie häufig eingesetzte Bestimmungstechniken. Aufgrund der kürzeren Analysenzeit bei vergleichbarer oder besserer Präzision und Empfindlichkeit haben diese Techniken die radiale Immundiffusion in vielen Laboratorien ersetzt.
Die mechanisierte Plasmaproteinbestimmung erfolgt als Antigen-Antikörper-Reaktion entweder mit Proteinanalyzern oder mit klinisch-chemischen Analysensystemen, an denen normalerweise Enzyme und Substrate bestimmt werden.
Zwischen den verschiedenen Plasmaproteinen im Serum besteht ein bis zu 10.OOOfacher Konzentrationsunterschied und die biologische Varianz des einzelnen Plasmaproteins ist breit Damit die Plasmaproteine mit hoher analytischer Sensitivität über einen weiten Konzentrationsbereich, mit guter Präzision und der erforderlichen Richtigkeit mechanisiert bestimmt werden können, ist eine gute Adaption des Immunreagenzes auf das mechanisierte Analysensystem erforderlich. Diese Übersicht soll dazu Grundlagen vermitteln.
Die Entzündung ist eine Folge von Reaktionen mit der Zielsetzung, die Ausbreitung einer Gewebeschädigung, oder eines Infektionserregers einzudämmen. Zelluläre und humorale Mechanismen interagieren dabei in einem komplexen Netzwerk. In diesem Übersichtsbeitrag zeigen wir die wichtigsten Wege des inflammatorischen Reaktionsgeschehens auf und diskutieren die Bedeutung von Laboratoriumsuntersuchungen für die Diagnostik und das Monitoring von Entzündungen.
Wesentliche Schritte im Ablauf der Entzündungsreaktion sind
- die Synthese von Prostaglandinen aus Arachidonsäure, die durch Phospholipasen A2 (PLA2)-katalysierte Hydrolyse aus Membranphospholipiden gebildet wird;
- Interaktionen zwischen Gefäßendothel und Leukozyten, die Leukozytenextravasation und die Freisetzung freier Sauerstoffradikale und von Elastase im Gewebe;
- die Bildung inflammatorischer Cytokine, ihr Effekt auf Entzündungszellen und ihre systemische Wirkung auf Organe;
- die Synthese von Akute-Phase-Proteinen, deren Plasmakonzentration bei Entzündung als Antwort auf eine Vielfalt von Schädigungen ansteigt.
Zur Diagnostik und Verlaufsbeurteilung entzündlicher Krankheiten hat die Bestimmung des C-reaktiven Proteins den höchsten Stellenwert. Die Elastase hat nur eine begrenzte Bedeutung. Die Bestimmung von PLA2, der 'inflammatorischen Cytokine TNFa, IL-1, IL-6 und des s!L-2R als generelle Entzündungsmarker kann in der Routinediagnostik noch nicht empfohlen werden. Eingehende klinische Untersuchungen zur diagnostischen Bedeutung müssen noch abgewartet werden.
Aufgrund der leichten Handhabung und des Nachweises einer Mortalitätssenkung gilt der Nachweis von okkultem Blut (FOBT) im Stuhl derzeit als das am weitesten verbreitete Screeningverfahren für das kolorektale Karzinom. Als nachteilig erweisen sich allerdings eine unzureichende Sensitivität, insbesondere beim Nachweis früher Stadien und eine nach wie vor geringe Akzeptanz in der Bevölkerung. Vorläufige Daten zum Nachweis von Calprotectin oder der Tumor-M2-PK im Stuhl ließen bessere Screeningeigenschaften erwarten. Aber auch hierschränkt die geringe Sensitivität für frühe Vorstufen und unzureichende Spezifität mit zu erwartenden hohen Folgekosten die Tauglichkeit der Tests deutlich ein. Die kürzlich entwickelten immunologischen FOBTs (I-FOBT)erweisen sich als spezifischer und sensitiver. Sie beruhen auf dem Nachweis von humanem Hämoglobin mittels spezifischer Antikörper und sind somit unabhängig von diätetischen oder medikamentösen Faktoren, was zu einer deutlich besseren Akzeptanz führt. Sie gelten derzeit als kosteneffektivste Verfahren unter den nichtinvasiven Screeningmaßnahmen. Der Nachweis von Tumor-DNA im Stuhl eröffnet eine neue Ära zum frühzeitigen Nachweis kolorektaler Karzinome. Erste kleinere Studien weisen auf eine sehr gute Sensitivität dieser Verfahren hin. Sie lagen für kolorektale Karzinome zwischen 62–91% und für Adenome zwischen 26–73% bei mit 93–100% sehr guter Spezifität. Als nachteilig im Ver-gleich zu den derzeit verfügbaren Screeningtests erweisen sich allerdings die vergleichsweise hohen Kosten.
Given the simplicity of the method and how it can be applied, as well as proof that it lowers the mortality rate, fecal occult blood testing (FOBT) is currently the most commonly used screening method for colorectal cancer (CRC). However, the test suffers from poor sensitivity, particularly with respect to detecting early stages, as well as low acceptance among the population. Preliminary data on detecting calprotectin and tumour-M2-PK in the stool indicated that a better screening performance could be expected. But these tests also suffer from low sensitivity in detecting early stages and from poor specificity, thus limiting the usefulness of the tests as a result of high follow-up costs. Recently developed immunological tests (I-FOBT) demonstrate significantly increased sensitivity and specificity. I-FOBTs use antibodies specific to human hemoglobin and are therefore not affected by diet and drugs, leading to improved patient partipication. At present, I-FOBTs seem to be the most cost-effective approach for non-invasive screening. The detection of tumour-DNA in the stool opens up a new era in early diagnosis of colorectal cancer. Small trials have pointed to a very high sensitivity of these methods: 62–91% for colorectal cancer and between 26% and 73% for adenomas, with a very high level of specificity (93–100%). The major drawback of this type of testing, compared with other screening tests available today, is its high cost.
Es wurde die Seroprävalenz von Erregern mit und ohne Tropismus zu Gefäßendothelzellen, wie Chlamydia (C.) pneumoniae, C. trachomatis, C. psittaci, verschiedene Herpesviren (Cytomegalie-Virus (CMV), Epstein-Barr-Virus (EBV), Herpes simplex Typ l und 2-Virus, Varizella Zoster-Virus (VZV)) sowie Masern- und Mumpsviren, bei Patienten mit koronarer Herzerkrankung (KHK) (n=167) und zwei Kontrollkollektiven ohne Herzerkrankung (n=400, n=108) ermittelt. Die IgG-Antikörperprävalenzen betrugen im KHK-Kollektiv für C. pneumoniae 79,6% bzw. in den Kontrollkollektiven 72,5% und 66,7%, für C. trachomatis 4,8% bzw. 6,8% und 2,8%, für C. psittaci 3% bzw. 3,5% und 6,5%, für CMV 72,9% bzw. 74,3% und 79,2%, für EBV 95,1% bzw. 93.1% und 94%, für Herpes simplex 1/2 91,8% bzw. 87,4% und 91,3%, für Masern 99,2% bzw. 100% und für Mumps 93,4% bzw. 86,5% und 84,8%. Die Prävalenzen der VZV-IgA waren 60,3% bzw. 57,3% und 54%. Bei dieser Untersuchung zeigten sich somit keine signifikanten Unterschiede in den Antikörperprävalenzen zwischen den einzelnen Kollektiven. Wurden kranke, stationäre Patienten aus dem Kontrollkollektiv ausgeschlossen, so fand sich in diesem zweiten Kontrollkollektiv mittels Chi2-Test eine signifikant niedrigere Prävalenz (66,7%) der C. pneumoniae-IgG-Antikörper im Vergleich zu Patienten mit KHK (79,6%), (p=0,02). Die Untersuchung der geschlechtsspezifischen Prävalenzen zeigte für Männer (82,6% bzw. 78,5% und 73,2%) eine höhere Durchseuchung als für Frauen (55,6% bzw. 63% und 59,6%). Beim Vergleich gleichgeschlechtlicher Gruppen fanden sich keine signifikanten Unterschiede. Eine Assoziation von C. pneumoniae oder CMV mit der atherosklerotischen, koronaren Herzerkrankung konnte somit durch unsere* Untersuchung nicht bestätigt werden. Die Wahl der Kontroll-Gruppen kann möglicherweise die Ergebnisse der Metaanalyse früherer Assoziationsstudien beeinflußt haben.
Die Bestimmung von Lipoprotein(a) im Plasma mittels kinetischer Nephelometrie (Beckman Instruments) wurde mit einem immunoradiometrischen Assay (Mercodia) verglichen. Untersucht wurden 182 Proben in frischem Zustand und 18 Proben, die für kurze Zeit bei -25 °C gelagert waren. Die Meßergebnisse zeigen eine gute Übereinstimmung der Median werte (147 mg/1 bzw. 160 mg/1) und eine gute Korrelation bei den frischen und den eingefrorenen Proben (r = 0,971/rs= 0,985 bzw. r = 0,971). Die Variationskoeffizienten der Nephelometrie entsprechen mit 4.2% in der Serie (Intraassay) und 5,5-6,5% von Tag zu Tag (Interassay) den bisherigen Literaturwerten. Entgegen der Empfehlung, nur frisches Probenmaterial für die Nephelometrie einzusetzen, wurde bei einer Probe mit einer hohen Lipoprotein(a) Konzentration (960 mg/1) über 5 Wochen keine bedeutende Abnahme der Meßwerte registriert. Um den Einfluß der Triglyzeridkonzentration auf die Lp(a) Bestimmung zu untersuchen, wurden sechs Plasmaproben mit Triglyzeridwerten > 5,75 mmol/1 ausgewählt und in verschiedenen Verdünnungen mit Triglyzeridkonzentrationen zwischen 3,45-8,05 mmol/1 analysiert. Während 4 Proben keinen Einfluß der Triglyzeridkonzentration zeigten, wurde bei 2 Proben ein geringer Abfall der Lipoprotein(a) Meßwerte mit steigender Triglyzeridkonzentration beobachtet.
Bacterial adhesion to the host is the most decisive step in infections. Trimeric autotransporter adhesins (TAA) are important pathogenicity factors of Gram-negative bacteria. The prototypic TAA Bartonella adhesin A (BadA) from human-pathogenic Bartonella henselae mediates bacterial adherence to endothelial cells (ECs) and extracellular matrix proteins. Here, we determined the interaction between BadA and fibronectin (Fn) to be essential for bacterial host cell adhesion. BadA interactions occur within the heparin-binding domains of Fn. The exact binding sites were revealed by mass spectrometry analysis of chemically cross-linked whole-cell bacteria and Fn. Specific BadA interactions with defined Fn regions represent the molecular basis for bacterial adhesion to ECs and these data were confirmed by BadA-deficient bacteria and CRISPR-Cas knockout Fn host cells. Interactions between TAAs and the extracellular matrix might represent the key step for adherence of human-pathogenic Gram-negative bacteria to the host.
IMPORTANCE Deciphering the mechanisms of bacterial host cell adhesion is a clue for preventing infections. We describe the underestimated role that the extracellular matrix protein fibronectin plays in the adhesion of human-pathogenic Bartonella henselae to host cells. Fibronectin-binding is mediated by a trimeric autotransporter adhesin (TAA) also present in many other human-pathogenic Gram-negative bacteria. We demonstrate that both TAA and host-fibronectin contribute significantly to bacterial adhesion, and we present the exact sequence of interacting amino acids from both proteins. Our work shows the domain-specific pattern of interaction between the TAA and fibronectin to adhere to host cells and opens the perspective to fight bacterial infections by inhibiting bacterial adhesion which represents generally the first step in infections.
Pseudomonas aeruginosa is a human pathogen that causes health-care associated blood stream infections (BSI). Although P. aeruginosa BSI are associated with high mortality rates, the clinical relevance of pathogen-derived prognostic biomarker to identify patients at risk for unfavorable outcome remains largely unexplored. We found novel pathogen-derived prognostic biomarker candidates by applying a multi-omics approach on a multicenter sepsis patient cohort. Multi-level Cox regression was used to investigate the relation between patient characteristics and pathogen features (2298 accessory genes, 1078 core protein levels, 107 parsimony-informative variations in reported virulence factors) with 30-day mortality. Our analysis revealed that presence of the helP gene encoding a putative DEAD-box helicase was independently associated with a fatal outcome (hazard ratio 2.01, p = 0.05). helP is located within a region related to the pathogenicity island PAPI-1 in close proximity to a pil gene cluster, which has been associated with horizontal gene transfer. Besides helP, elevated protein levels of the bacterial flagellum protein FliL (hazard ratio 3.44, p < 0.001) and of a bacterioferritin-like protein (hazard ratio 1.74, p = 0.003) increased the risk of death, while high protein levels of a putative aminotransferase were associated with an improved outcome (hazard ratio 0.12, p < 0.001). The prognostic potential of biomarker candidates and clinical factors was confirmed with different machine learning approaches using training and hold-out datasets. The helP genotype appeared the most attractive biomarker for clinical risk stratification due to its relevant predictive power and ease of detection.
The capacity of pathogenic microorganisms to adhere to host cells and avoid clearance by the host immune system is the initial and most decisive step leading to infections. Bacteria have developed different strategies to attach to diverse host surface structures. One important strategy is the adhesion to extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins (e.g., collagen, fibronectin, laminin) that are highly abundant in connective tissue and basement membranes. Gram-negative bacteria express variable outer membrane proteins (adhesins) to attach to the host and to initiate the process of infection. Understanding the underlying molecular mechanisms of bacterial adhesion is a prerequisite for targeting this interaction by “anti-ligands” to prevent colonization or infection of the host. Future development of such “anti-ligands” (specifically interfering with bacteria-host matrix interactions) might result in the development of a new class of anti-infective drugs for the therapy of infections caused by multidrug-resistant Gram-negative bacteria. This review summarizes our current knowledge about the manifold interactions of adhesins expressed by Gram-negative bacteria with ECM proteins and the use of this information for the generation of novel therapeutic antivirulence strategies.
Highlights
• An airport can result in high particle concentrations in a distant residential area.
• The particle size distribution indicated the airport as the main source of particles.
• Lower air traffic during the COVID-19 pandemic lead to lower particle concentrations.
• The particle concentration showed high temporal variations.
Abstract
Exposure to ultrafine particles has a significant influence on human health. In regions with large commercial airports, air traffic and ground operations can represent a potential particle source. The particle number concentration was measured in a low-traffic residential area about 7 km from Frankfurt Airport with a Condensation Particle Counter in a long-term study. In addition, the particle number size distribution was determined using a Fast Mobility Particle Sizer.
The particle number concentrations showed high variations over the entire measuring period and even within a single day. A maximum 24 h-mean of 24,120 cm−3 was detected. Very high particle number concentrations were in particular measured when the wind came from the direction of the airport. In this case, the particle number size distribution showed a maximum in the particle size range between 5 and 15 nm. Particles produced by combustion in jet engines typically have this size range and a high potential to be deposited in the alveoli. During a period with high air traffic volume, significantly higher particle number concentrations could be measured than during a period with low air traffic volume, as in the COVID-19 pandemic.
A large commercial airport thus has the potential to lead to a high particle number concentration even in a distant residential area. Due to the high particle number concentrations, the critical particle size, and strong concentration fluctuations, long-term measurements are essential for a realistic exposure analysis.