Biochemie und Chemie
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Current metabolomics approaches utilize cellular metabolite extracts, are destructive, and require high cell numbers. We introduce here an approach that enables the monitoring of cellular metabolism at lower cell numbers by observing the consumption/production of different metabolites over several kinetic data points of up to 48 hours. Our approach does not influence cellular viability, as we optimized the cellular matrix in comparison to other materials used in a variety of in‐cell NMR spectroscopy experiments. We are able to monitor real‐time metabolism of primary patient cells, which are extremely sensitive to external stress. Measurements are set up in an interleaved manner with short acquisition times (approximately 7 minutes per sample), which allows the monitoring of up to 15 patient samples simultaneously. Further, we implemented our approach for performing tracer‐based assays. Our approach will be important not only in the metabolomics fields, but also in individualized diagnostics.
Current metabolomics approaches utilize cellular metabolite extracts, are destructive, and require high cell numbers. We introduce here an approach that enables the monitoring of cellular metabolism at lower cell numbers by observing the consumption/production of different metabolites over several kinetic data points of up to 48 hours. Our approach does not influence cellular viability, as we optimized the cellular matrix in comparison to other materials used in a variety of in‐cell NMR spectroscopy experiments. We are able to monitor real‐time metabolism of primary patient cells, which are extremely sensitive to external stress. Measurements are set up in an interleaved manner with short acquisition times (approximately 7 minutes per sample), which allows the monitoring of up to 15 patient samples simultaneously. Further, we implemented our approach for performing tracer‐based assays. Our approach will be important not only in the metabolomics fields, but also in individualized diagnostics.
pH and Na+ homeostasis in all cells requires Na+/H+ antiporters. The crystal structure, obtained at pH 4, of NhaA, the main antiporter of Escherichia coli, has provided general insights into an antiporter mechanism and its unique pH regulation. Here, we describe a general method to select various NhaA mutants from a library of randomly mutagenized NhaA. The selected mutants, A167P and F267C are described in detail. Both mutants are expressed in Escherichia coli EP432 cells at 70–95% of the wild type but grow on selective medium only at neutral pH, A167P on Li+ (0.1 M) and F267C on Na+ (0.6 M). Surprising for an electrogenic secondary transporter, and opposed to wild type NhaA, the rates of A167P and F267C are almost indifferent to membrane potential. Detailed kinetic analysis reveals that in both mutants the rate limiting step of the cation exchange cycle is changed from an electrogenic to an electroneutral reaction.
Die Messung von heteronuklearen 15N-Relaxationszeiten (Longitudinale, transversale sowie heteronukleare NOE) bei verschiedenen Magnetfeldstärken (500, 600 und 800 MHz 1H Larmorfrequenz) ergeben Informationen über interne dynamische Prozesse in Biomolekülen. Diese verschiedenen Relaxationsraten sind voneinander abhängig und über die spektrale Leistungsdichtefunktion miteinander gekoppelt. Die mikrodynamischen Parameter des NH-Peptidrückgratvektors (der Ordnungsparameter S2 und die effektive interne Korrelationszeit te) sowie der Beitrag des konformationellen Austausches zur transversalen Relaxationsrate der Austauschparameter Rex wurden für einige Proteine errechnet und angepaßt. Das Human ILBP gehört zur Familie der intrazellulären Lipidbindungsproteine (LBP), die in der Lage sind, Fett- und Gallensäuren spezifisch zu binden und in Cytosol zu transportieren. Viele verschiedene Typen von LBPs sind bis heute identifiziert worden. Diese Proteine enthalten 127 - 135 Aminosäurereste und werden nach dem Gewebe benannt, aus dem sie isoliert wurden. Human-ILBP enthält 127 Aminosäurereste und besteht haupsächlich aus 10 antiparallelen beta-Faltblattsträngen, die eine beta-Fassstruktur mit einer großen Bindungstasche bilden, und zwei alpha-Helices. ILBP hat die Tendenz, Gallensäuren oder Fettsäuren zu binden. Diese geringe Tendenz zur liganden Spezifität ist entweder in der Struktur oder in seiner Dynamik begründet. Aus diesem Grund kann die Untersuchung der Dynamik des Human ILBP (apo- und holo-Form) in zwei Zeitfenstern zum besseren Verständnis der Funktion führen. Für die nicht-terminalen Peptidrückgratgruppen wurde ein S2-Parameter> 0,8 mit einen Durchschnitt von 0,88 beobachtet, was auf eine niedrige Mobilität im ganzen Protein in einem Nano- zu Picosekunden-Zeitfenster deutet, wobei eine Korrelationszeit von tc = 6.25 ns für ILBP (apo-form) und tc = 6.10 ns für ILBP (holo-Form) beobachtet wurde. Apo- und holo-Form (mit Taurocholat als Ligand) zeigen eine ähnliche Dynamik in diesem Zeitfenster. Überdurchschnittliche S2-Werte der alpha-Helix I deuten eine geringe Flexibilität des Peptidrückgrats an, während alpha-Helix II als Teil der Portalregion eine höhere Beweglichkeit zeigt. Austauschparameter Rex wurden hauptsächlich in den Regionen der Ligandenbindung nachgewiesen. Die hier beschriebenen Eigenschaften unterscheiden sich von denen des H-FABP und des E-FABP. Offensichtlich unterscheiden sich verschiedene Mitglieder der LBP-Familie wie ILBP (Human oder Schwein), H-FABP und E-FABP in der Funktion und Dynamik des Peptidrückgrats. In der vorliegenden Arbeit wurden die transversalen 15N CSA/DD-kreuzkorrelierten Kreuzrelaxationsraten bestimmt. Für die Bestimmung der Anisotropie des chemischen Verschiebungstensors wurde des Verhältnis zwischen den Auto- und Kreuzrelaxationsraten in Abhängigkeit von der magnetischen Feldstärke genutzt, wobei es möglich war, die Orientierung und Größe des CSA-Tensors einzelner Aminosäurereste zu bestimmen. Bei dieser Methode (wie auch in vielen anderen Studien gezeigt) wurde keine Korrelation zwischen der Sekundärstruktur des Proteins und den 15N CSA-Werten festgestellt. Zum Vergleich der CSA-Konstanten der ILBP-Spezies wurden die entsprechenden Parameter der RNaseT1 gemessen. Alle Daten wurden im Hinblick auf strukturelle Details kritisch diskutiert.
Long non-coding RNAs are a very versatile class of molecules that can have important roles in regulating a cells function, including regulating other genes on the transcriptional level. One of these mechanisms is that RNA can directly interact with DNA thereby recruiting additional components such as proteins to these sites via an RNA:dsDNA triplex formation. We genetically deleted the triplex forming sequence (FendrrBox) from the lncRNA Fendrr in mice and found that this FendrrBox is partially required for Fendrr function in vivo. We found that the loss of the triplex forming site in developing lungs causes a dysregulation of gene programs associated with lung fibrosis. A set of these genes contain a triplex site directly at their promoter and are expressed in lung fibroblasts. We biophysically confirmed the formation of an RNA:dsDNA triplex with target promoters in vitro. We found that Fendrr with the Wnt signalling pathway regulates these genes, implicating that Fendrr synergizes with Wnt signalling in lung fibrosis.
Large crystals of the methyl ester of the N-a-benzyloxycarbonyl protected Ala-Phe dipeptide (Z-AF-OMe) were obtained after the very slow evaporation of a solution of the corresponding carboxylic acid (Z-AF-OH) in methanol containing an excess of HCl. The structure was confirmed by single crystal X-ray diffraction data. It crystallizes in the orthorhombic space group P212121 with unit cell dimensions a = 5.0655(6) Å, b = 8.4614(8) Å, c = 46.856(5) Å, V = 2008.3(4) Å3, Z = 4. In the crystal, the molecules form hydrogen bonded chains running along the a axis of the unit cell. Other secondary interactions are also discussed.
Characterization of mouse NOA1 : subcellular localizaion, G-Quadruplex binding and proteolysis
(2013)
Mitochondria contain their own protein synthesis machinery with mitoribosomes that are similar to prokaryotic ribosomes. The thirteen proteins encoded in the mitochondrial genome are members of the respiratory chain complexes that generate a proton gradient, which is the electromotoric force for ATP synthesis.
NOA1 (Nitric Oxide Associated Protein-1) is a nuclear encoded GTPase that positively influences mitochondrial respiration and ATP production. Although a role in mitoribosome assembly was assigned to NOA1 the underlying molecular mechanism is poorly understood. This work shows that the multi-domain protein NOA1 serves multiple purposes for the function of mitochondria. NOA1 is a dual localized protein that makes a detour through the nucleus before mitochondrial import. The nuclear shuttling is mediated by a nuclear localization signal and the now identified nuclear export signal. SELEX (Systemic Evolution of Ligands by Exponential Enrichment) analysis revealed a G-quadruplex binding motif that characterizes NOA1 as ribonucleoprotein (RNP). G-quadruplex binding was coupled to the GTPase activity and increased the GTP hydrolysis rate. The sequence of localization events and the identification of NOA1 being a RNP lead to the discussion of an alternative import pathway for RNPs into mitochondria. The short-lived NOA1 contains ClpX recognition motifs and is specifically degraded by the mitochondrial matrix protease ClpXP. NOA1 is the first reported substrate of ClpXP in higher eukaryotes and augments the contribution of the ClpXP protease for mitochondrial metabolism. To assess the direct action of NOA1 on the mitoribosome co-sedimentation assays were performed. They showed that the interaction of NOA1 and the mitoribosome is dependent on the GTPase function and the nascent peptide chain. In vitro, NOA1 facilitated the membrane insertion of newly translated and isotope labeled mitochondrial translation products into inverted mitochondrial inner membrane vesicles. In conclusion, NOA1 is a G-quadruplex-RNP that acts as mitochondrial membrane insertion factor for mtDNA-encoded proteins.
This thesis provides a comprehensive model of the molecular function of NOA1 and is the basis for future research. The identification of NOA1 as ClpXP substrate is a major contribution to the field of mitochondrial research.
4-(4-Nitrophenoxy)biphenyl
(2009)
The two phenyl rings of the biphenyl unit of the title compound, C18H13NO3, are almost coplanar [dihedral angle 6.70 (9)°]. The nitrophenyl ring, on the other hand, is significantly twisted out of the plane of the these two rings, making dihedral angles of 68.83 (4)° with the middle ring and 62.86 (4)° with the end ring. The nitro group is twisted by 12.1 (2)° out of the plane of the phenyl ring to which it is attached. Key indicators: single-crystal X-ray study; T = 173 K; mean σ(C–C) = 0.002 A° ; R factor = 0.040; wR factor = 0.118; data-to-parameter ratio = 12.8.
The title compound, C22H28N2O6, crystallizes with four half-molecules in the asymmetric unit: each molecule is located about a crystallographic inversion centre. The central methylene groups of two molecules are disordered over two sets of equally occupied sites. The crystal packing is characterized by sheets of molecules parallel to (114).
The neuronal transcriptome changes dynamically to adapt to stimuli from the extracellular and intracellular environment. In this study, we adapted for the first time a click chemistry technique to label the newly synthesized RNA in cultured hippocampal neurons and intact larval zebrafish brain. Ethynyl uridine (EU) was incorporated into neuronal RNA in a time- and concentration-dependent manner. Newly synthesized RNA granules observed throughout the dendrites were colocalized with mRNA and rRNA markers. In zebrafish larvae, the application of EU to the swim water resulted in uptake and labeling throughout the brain. Using a GABA receptor antagonist, PTZ (pentylenetetrazol), to elevate neuronal activity, we demonstrate that newly transcribed RNA signal increased in specific regions involved in neurogenesis.