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The current definitions of isosterism are incomplete if excited species are considered; here any reasonable definition must include the specification of the valence state too. Implications of this are discussed. A criterion for the selection of consistent valence state energies is developed.
In systems containing singlet-oxygen and aromatic fluorescers energy transfer from singletoxygen dimers to the dye should be observable by emission of the fluorescer. In order to prove this hypothesis, externally generated singlet-oxygen (1Δg) was bubbled through the solutions of dyes (chlorophyll a, eosin y, rhodamine b, luminol, rubrene and acridine orange) in organic solvents.
Luminescence could be observed and its spectral distribution analyzed by sharp cut-off filters and interference filters (rubrene) . Spectra, rates of oxidation, addition of quenchers and the long lasting time dependence of the reported reactions lead to the conclusion that the observed afterglow is due to chemical oxidation mechanisms producing a chemiluminescence. Therefore an excitation of the substances investigated in these experiments by simple physical energy transfer seems not to be predominant.
The effect of NNMG on the template activities of different polynucleotides (polyuridylic acid, polycytidylic acid, polyadenylic acid and copolymer of adenylic and guanylic acid 5,5:1) and t-RNS was studied. The maximum inhibition of the messenger activity was found for poly-C, followed by poly-Α and poly-U. The acceptor activity of t-RNA was found to be inhibited by NNMG: maximum for proline, followed by serine, leucine, phenylalanine and lysine. The mechanism of these inhibitions was studied using NNMG radioactively labelled on the methyl group. Different amounts of radioactivity were found in the various polynucleotides and t-RNS.
The preparation of (CH3)3SnSPSFC2H5, Pb(SPSFCH3)2, Pb(SPSFC2H5)2 and CH3HgSPSFCH3 is described. On the basis of NMR the structure was formulated as ... All the complexes are colourless and monomeric in solution. The magnetic and reflectance spectra of Cr(S2PFCH3)3, Mn(S2PFC2H5)2, Co(S2PFCH3)2, Ni(S2PFCH3)2 and Ni(S2PFC2H5)2 are reported and interpreted.
The near and far UV spectra of the aminoboranes (Me2N)n B X3-n, n = 1, 2, 3, Me=CH3, X= H, Me, F, Cl, Br are presented. In most of the monoamino boranes the π→π * transitions dominate. In the di- and triamino boranes there were additionally found a Rydberg series and some single Rydberg transitions, partly preceding the π→π * band. The Rydberg assignments were settled particularly by comparing the band positions of the compounds relatively to their ionization energies.
Substituted amides react with tridiloromethanesulfenyl chloride in the presence of triethylamine to following compounds: S=PCl2NCH3SCCl3, S=PFCl2NCH3SCCl3, S =PFClNCH3SCCl3, S=PF2NCH3SCCl3, O = PCl2NCH3SCCl3, O= PFClNCH3SCCl3, O = PF2NCH3SCCl3, FSO2NCH3SCCl3 and CF3SO2-NCH3SCCl3. The properties of these substances are described. They were characteriszed by elemental analyses, IR- and mass spectra. 19F-, 1H- and 31P-NMR spectra are reported and discussed.
Two routes for the preparation of (CH3)2SnS2N2 are given, which are kinetically controlled reactions. The molecule (CH3)2SnS2N2 was characterized by X-ray analysis. It is an interesting starting material for the preparation of S2N2CO and S3N2O. The latter reacts with iminosulfur oxides and isocyanates under the formation of S3N3SO2F and S3N3SO2CF3. The structure of S3N3SO2F was established by X-ray analysis. The bonding properties are discussed.
The cleavage of thin-nitrogen derivatives with S3N2Cl2 yields also five membered sulfurnitrogen rings. The structure and properties of P3N3F5NS3N2 and C3N3F2NS3N2 are reported. Six, eight and ten membered rings are formed by the reactions of (CH3)3Si–N = S = N–Si (CH3)3 with FSO2–N=S=O, these are S4N4O2 and S5N5+S3N3O4, respectively. The cation S5N5+ is a planar molecule, while the oxygen containing species are puckered. In S4N4O2 the oxygens are attached to one sulfur atom, which has a tetrahedral configuration.
The structure of the silicon containing cyclic and bicyclic rings (CH3)2Si(NSN)2Si(CH3)2 and CH3Si(NSN)3SiCH3 were determined.
By reacting S = PX2NHCH3 or O = PX2NHCH3 (X = F and/or Cl) with S = PF2Br in the presence of triethylamine the following compounds are prepared: S = PCl2NCH3F2P = S, S = PFClNCH3F2P = S, O = PCl2NCH3F2P = S and O = PFClNCH3F2P = S. Also, the infrared, proton NMR, fluorine NMR, phosphorus NMR, and mass spectral data of these compounds are presented and discussed.
R-P(Se)F2- (R = CH3, C2H5, C3H11, C6H5, N(CH3)2, N(C2H5)2, NHSi(CH3)3) and R-P(Se)FCl-compounds (R = CH3, C2H5) can be prepared by reaction of R-P(Se)Cl2-derivatives with antimony(III)fluoride under reduced pressure. In some cases the oxidation of fluorophophines with elemental selenium is successful. The isolated compounds are colourless volatile liquids which are sensitive to air and moisture. The chemical properties are described.
1H-, 19F-, 31P-NMR-, IR- and Raman-spectroscopic data are given. Main stretching frequencies are discussed by comparison with similar oxygen- and sulphur-compounds.
The preparations of the following compounds are described: O = PF2N = PCl2N = PCl3, O = PF2N = PCl2N = PCl2N (CH3) 2, O = PF2N=PCl2N = PCl2N (C2H5) 2, O = PF2N = PCl2N (CH3) 2, O = PF2N = PCl2N (C2H5)2, O = PF2N = PCl2N (CH3) Si (CH3)3, O = PF2N = PCl2NCS, O = PFClN = PCl2N (CH3)2, O = PFClN = PCl2N (C2H5)2, O = PFClN = PCl [N (C2H5)2]2 and O =P (C6H5) FN = PCl3. They were characterized by 1H-, 19F- and 31P-nmr spectroscopy. Analytical, ir and mass spectral data are reported. The properties of these substances are compared with the corresponding thiophosphorylderivatives.
Following treatment with the β-galactosidase inducer [methyl-3H] -thiogalactoside, an induceracceptor-complex was isolated from extracts of E. coli K 12 using DEAE cellulose chromatography. Enzymatic digestion with trypsin suggested that the inducer was bound to a protein component.
Specific radioactive peaks demonstrated acceptor activity in the inducible strains E. coli K 12 and ML 3, but different results were obtained using the non-inducible mutants ML 35, ML 308 and ML 309.
The potent inhibitor of TMG-induction, o-nitrophenylfucoside, reduced the radioactive acceptor peak and caused a similar inhibition of β-galactosidase synthesis, p-nitrophenylfucoside was ineffective.
Further evidence is presented for the in vitro formation of an inducer-acceptor-complex in cell free extracts of E. coli K 12.
Tetraphenylbutatriene is reduced under aprotic conditions to its ESR/ENDOR-spectroscopically characterized radical anion and to its dianion, with both electron transfers quasireversible according to cyclovoltammetric measurements. The alkali cation salts, the red contact ion pair [(H5C6)4C4·⊖][Na⊕ (H3COCH2CH2OCH3)3] and the dark violet contact ion triple [(H5C6)4C4⊖⊖][Li⊕(H3COCH2CH2OCH3)3]2 can be prepared by single electron reduction at a sodium metal mirror or by twofold de-protonation of 1,1,4,4-tetraphenylbutyne-2 using lithium-n-butyl. Their single crystal structures as well as that of the parent acetylene have been determined at low temperatures. The essential structural changes observed are the twisting of both molecular halves (H5C6)2CC relative to each other with increasing negative charge. The simultaneously resulting bond alternancy >C = C = C = C< → >C⊖ - C ≡ C⊖ - C < within the cumulene chain is discussed based on MNDO calculations for the structures determined.
The two-electron reduction of tetraphenyl-p-quinodimethane M via its radical anion M⊖ to its dianion M⊖⊖ is explored both by cyclovoltammetry and ESR/ENDOR spectroscopy. Contact of the diglyme solution with added 15-crown-5 under aprotic conditions with a sodium metal mirror yields black crystals of a solvent-separated contact ion triple [M⊖⊖][Na⊕(OCH2CH2)5(H3CO(CH2CH2O)2CH3)]2. The two-electron-insertion into the pquinodimethane derivative R2C⊖=C(HC=CH)2C=CR2 changes its structure drastically to that of a twofold carbanion substituted benzene, R2C⊖ -(C6H4)- ⊖CR2. MNDO calculations provide a rationale for both the tremendous solvation of a Na⊕ center coordinated to seven oxygen centers of 15-crown-5 and of one diglyme molecule and the structural changes as well as the charge distribution in the unique Tetraphenyl-p-quinodimethane dianion (H5C6)2C⊖-(C6H4)- ⊖C(C6H5)2, in which the two negative charges are largely localized at the carbanion center of the benzene -substituents.
The photoelectron (PE) spectra of dicyano methane and of its dimethyl derivative are tentatively assigned on the basis of a simple MO model. The interactions defined therein between the two cyano groups as well as with the R2C-framework can be parametrized using the PE data. Thus the hyperconjugation πCN/πCR₂ is estimated to amount to 1.7 eV in both compounds. Hyperconjugative effects in methane derivatives H3CX and H2CX2 with X = Br, Cl and CN are compared.
The cis-trans-isomerism of the WITTIG hydrocarbon was investigated in solid state and solution by means of fluorescence spectroscopy. The fluorescence behavior of both isomers in 2-methyltetrahydrofurane was determined as a function of concentration, temperature, and wavelength of exciting radiation. Furthermore, irradiation experiments were undertaken with light of various wavelengths.
The results obtained are in agreement with the assumption that the WITTIG hydrocarbon behaves with regard to the cis-trans-isomerism like a 1,3-butadien derivative, i.e. a thermal but no photochemical cis-trans-isomerisation can be detected. The enthalpy difference between the two isomers was estimated to ΔΗ = 250 ± 50 cal/mole. It could be shown that the fluorescence of the cis-isomer is quenched by the trans-isomer. This quenching occurs probably according to the resonance energy transfer mechanism.
1 reacts with SCl2 to yield 2. The methylsilane derivatives [OC–NCH3–CO–NCH3-SO2–N]nSi(CH3)4-n for n = 2, 3 and 4 are readily prepared from 1 and (CH3)2SiCl2, CH3SiCl3 and SiCl4. The IR and mass spectra are reported.
By substitution of a halogen atom in cyclic phosphazenes by isocyanate or isothiocyanate new members of this class of compounds are synthesized. These compounds are fairly stable against hydrolysis. Reaction of the new compounds with amines yields
P3N3F5NHC(O)N(CH3)2 and P3N3F5NHC(S)N(CH3)2. With elemental chlorine P3N3F5N = CCl2 is formed. Numerous IR, NMR and mass spectra data of the new compounds are reported.
P3N3F5NHNH2 reacts with P3N3F5Br to yield the symmetric hydrazide P3N3F5-NHNHP3N3F5. Compounds of the type P3N3F5NHNHC(O)CX3 and P3N3F5NHN = CX2 are readily prepared from P3N3F5NHNH2 and carbonic acid chlorides and respectively aldehydes and ketones.
The reaction product of P3N3F5NHNH2 and CH3CH2CHO gives a dimeric derivate. Its structure was proofed by molecular weight, IR- and mass spectra.
The transporter associated with antigen processing (TAP)-like (TAPL, ABCB9) belongs to the ATP-binding cassette transporter family, which translocates a vast variety of solutes across membranes. The function of this half-size transporter has not yet been determined. Here, we show that TAPL forms a homodimeric complex, which translocates peptides across the membrane. Peptide transport strictly requires ATP hydrolysis. The transport follows Michaelis-Menten kinetics with low affinity and high capacity. Different nucleotides bind and energize the transport with a slight predilection for purine bases. The peptide specificity is very broad, ranging from 6-mer up to at least 59-mer peptides with a preference for 23-mers. Peptides are recognized via their backbone, including the free N and C termini as well as side chain interactions. Although related to TAP, TAPL is unique as far as its interaction partners, transport properties, and substrate specificities are concerned, thus excluding that TAPL is part of the peptide-loading complex in the classic route of antigen processing via major histocompatibility complex class I molecules.
Synthesis and crystal structure of 2-(2-hydroxyphenyl)-1,3-bis(4-methoxybenzyl)-1,3-diazinan-5-ol
(2022)
The redetermined structure of 2-(2-hydroxyphenyl)-1,3-bis(4-methoxybenzyl)-1,3-diazinan-5-ol, C26H30N2O4, at 173 K has orthorhombic (Pbca) symmetry. It was previously described by Bolte et al. [ Private Communication (refcode EWICEV). CCDC, Cambridge, England]. The title compound resulted from the condensation reaction between 1,3-bis{[(4-methoxyphenyl)methyl]amino}propan-2-ol and 2-hydroxybenzaldehyde in CH3OH. The structure exhibits disorder. One of the 4-methoxybenzyl groups, the hydroxy group bonded to the 1,3-diazinan ring, and the methyl group of the methoxy residue are disordered over two orientations, with occupancies of 0.807 (3)/0.193 (3), 0.642 (5)/0.358 (5), and 0.82 (4)/0.18 (4), respectively. The dihedral angles between the mean planes of the central 1,3-diazinan-5-ol and the 4-methoxyphenyl rings (both occupancy components of the disordered ring) are 88.65 (13), 85.79 (14) and 83.4 (7)°. The crystal packing is sustained by C—H...O and O—H...π interactions, giving rise to infinite chains running along the b-axis direction.
The title compound, C8H16N4·2C11H16O, was synthesized from the corresponding sterically crowded phenol by treatment with the aminal cage polyamine. Single-crystal X-ray diffraction structural analysis revealed the three-molecule aggregate to crystallize in the monoclinic space group P2/c with one half of a 1,3,6,8-tetraaztricyclo[4.4.1.13,8]dodecane (TATD) molecule and one 2-tert-butyl-4-methylphenol molecule per asymmetric unit. The crystal structure features intermolecular O—H...N and C—H...O hydrogen bonds, as well as intermolecular C—H...π interactions.
The asymmetric unit of the title compound, C28H42N2O5·H2O, consists of one half of the organic molecule and one half-molecule of water, both of which are located on a mirror plane which passes through the central C atoms and the hydroxyl group of the heterocyclic system. The hydroxyl group at the central ring is disordered over two equally occupied positions. The six-membered ring adopts a chair conformation, and the 2-hydroxybenzyl substituents occupy the sterically preferred equatorial positions. The aromatic rings make dihedral angles of 75.57 (9)° with the mean plane of the heterocyclic ring. The dihedral angle between the two aromatic rings is 19.18 (10)°. The molecular structure features two intramolecular phenolic O-H...N hydrogen bonds with graph-set motif S(6). In the crystal, molecules are connected via O-H...O hydrogen bonds into zigzag chains running along the a-axis direction.
The transporter associated with antigen processing (TAP) is a key component of the cellular immune system. As a member of the ATP-binding cassette (ABC) superfamily, TAP hydrolyzes ATP to energize the transport of peptides from the cytosol into the lumen of the endoplasmic reticulum. TAP is composed of TAP1 and TAP2, each containing a transmembrane domain and a nucleotide-binding domain (NBD). Here we investigated the role of the ABC signature motif (C-loop) on the functional non-equivalence of the NBDs, which contain a canonical C-loop (LSGGQ) for TAP1 and a degenerate C-loop (LAAGQ) for TAP2. Mutation of the leucine or glycine (LSGGQ) in TAP1 fully abolished peptide transport. However, TAP complexes with equivalent mutations in TAP2 still showed residual peptide transport activity. To elucidate the origin of the asymmetry of the NBDs of TAP, we further examined TAP complexes with exchanged C-loops. Strikingly, the chimera with two canonical C-loops showed the highest transport rate whereas the chimera with two degenerate C-loops had the lowest transport rate, demonstrating that the ABC signature motifs control peptide transport efficiency. All single site mutants and chimeras showed similar activities in peptide or ATP binding, implying that these mutations affect the ATPase activity of TAP. In addition, these results prove that the serine of the C-loop is not essential for TAP function but rather coordinates, together with other residues of the C-loop, the ATP hydrolysis in both nucleotide-binding sites.
First crystal structure of a Pigment Red 52 compound: DMSO solvate hydrate of the monosodium salt
(2021)
Pigment Red 52, Na2[C18H11ClN2O6S], is an industrially produced hydrazone-laked pigment. It serves as an intermediate in the synthesis of the corresponding Ca2+ and Mn2+ salts, which are used commercially for printing inks and lacquers. Hitherto, no crystal structure of any salt of Pigment Red 52 is known. Now, single crystals have been obtained of a dimethyl sulfoxide solvate hydrate of the monosodium salt of Pigment Red 52, namely, monosodium 2-[2-(3-carboxy-2-oxo-1,2-dihydronaphthalen-1-ylidene)hydrazin-1-yl]-5-chloro-4-methylbenzenesulfonate dimethyl sulfoxide monosolvate monohydrate, Na+·C18H12ClN2O6S−·H2O·C2H6OS, obtained from in-house synthesized Pigment Red 52. The crystal structure was determined by single-crystal X-ray diffraction at 173 K. In this monosodium salt, the SO3− group is deprotonated, whereas the COOH group is protonated. The residues form chains via ionic interactions and hydrogen bonds. The chains are arranged in polar/non-polar double layers.
The title compound, di-μ3-chlorido-tetra-μ2-chlorido-tetrakis(diethyl ether-κO)bis(1,1-dimethylethyl)tetramagnesium, [Mg4(C4H9)2Cl6(C4H10O)4], features an Mg4Cl6 open-cube cluster. The two four-coordinate Mg2+ ions show an almost tetrahedral coordination, whereas the two six-coordinate Mg2+ ions have their ligands in an octahedral environment. The Mg—Cl bond lengths differ depending on the coordination number (2 or 3) of the bridging μ-Cl− ligands. There are few comparable structures deposited in the Cambridge Structural Database.
[1,3-Bis(2,6-diisopropylphenyl)-1,3-dihydro-2H-imidazol-2-ylidene]triiodoborane benzene hemisolvate
(2020)
The title compound, C4H9N5O2+·SO42−·H2O, is the monohydrate of the commercially available compound `C4H7N5O·H2SO4·xH2O'. It is obtained by reprecipitation of C4H7N5O·H2SO4·xH2O from dilute sodium hydroxide solution with dilute sulfuric acid. The crystal structure of anhydrous 2,4,5-triamino-1,6-dihydropyrimidin-6-one sulfate is known, although called by the authors 5-amminium-6-amino-isocytosinium sulfate [Bieri et al. (1993[Bieri, J. H., Prewo, R. & Linden, A. (1993). Private communication (refcode HACDEU). CCDC, Cambridge, England]). Private communication (refcode HACDEU). CCDC, Cambridge, England]. In the structure, the sulfate group is deprotonated, whereas one of the amino groups is protonated (R2C—NH3+) and one is rearranged to a protonated imine group (R2C=NH2+). This arrangement is very similar to the known crystal structure of the anhydrate. Several tautomeric forms of the investigated molecule are possible, which leads to questionable proton attributions. The measured data allowed the location of all hydrogen atoms from the residual electron density. In the crystal, ions and water molecules are linked into a three-dimensional network by N—H⋯O and O—H⋯O hydrogen bonds.
Decades of work have demonstrated that messenger RNAs (mRNAs) are localized and translated within neuronal dendrites and axons to provide proteins for remodeling and maintaining growth cones or synapses. It remains unknown, however, whether specific forms of plasticity differentially regulate the dynamics and translation of individual mRNA species. To address this, we targeted three individual synaptically localized mRNAs, CamkIIa, β-actin, Psd95, and used molecular beacons to track endogenous mRNA movements. We used reporters and CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing to track mRNA translation in cultured neurons. We found alterations in mRNA dynamic properties occurred during two forms of synaptic plasticity, long-term potentiation (cLTP) and depression (mGluR-LTD). Changes in mRNA dynamics following either form of plasticity resulted in an enrichment of mRNA in the vicinity of dendritic spines. Both the reporters and tagging of endogenous proteins revealed the transcript-specific stimulation of protein synthesis following cLTP or mGluR-LTD. As such, the plasticity-induced enrichment of mRNA near synapses could be uncoupled from its translational status. The enrichment of mRNA in the proximity of spines allows for localized signaling pathways to decode plasticity milieus and stimulate a specific translational profile, resulting in a customized remodeling of the synaptic proteome.
Decades of work have demonstrated that mRNAs are localized and translated within neuronal dendrites and axons to provide proteins for remodeling and maintaining growth cones or synapses. It remains unknown, however, whether specific forms of plasticity differentially regulate the dynamics and translation of individual mRNA species. To address these issues, we targeted three individual synaptically-localized mRNAs, CamkIIa, Beta actin, Psd95, and used molecular beacons to track endogenous mRNA movements and reporters and Crispr-Cas9 gene editing to track their translation. We found widespread alterations in mRNA behavior during two forms of synaptic plasticity, long-term potentiation (LTP) and depression (LTD). Changes in mRNA dynamics following plasticity resulted in an enrichment of mRNA in the vicinity of dendritic spines. Both the reporters and tagging of endogenous proteins revealed the transcript-specific stimulation of protein synthesis following LTP or LTD. The plasticity-induced enrichment of mRNA near synapses could be uncoupled from its translational status. The enrichment of mRNA in the proximity of spines allows for localized signaling pathways to decode plasticity milieus and stimulate a specific translational profile, resulting in a customized remodeling of the synaptic proteome.
Ziel dieser Arbeit ist die Identifikation des Einflusses klassischer Labormaterialien und alternativer Experimentiermaterialien auf fachdidaktische Anforderungen an ein gelungenes Experiment im Chemieunterricht. Dabei umfassen alternative Experimentiermaterialien sowohl Materialien aus der alltäglichen Lebenswelt von Schülerinnen und Schülern als auch Materialien aus dem Bereich der Medizintechnik, die anstelle von Materialien des gängigen Laborbetriebs im Chemieunterricht eingesetzt werden. Um den Einfluss des Experimentiermaterials auf entsprechende Anforderungen untersuchen zu können, wurden im Rahmen eines Mixed-Method-Designs zwei aufeinander aufbauende Studien durchgeführt. Bei Studie I handelt es sich um eine qualitative Interviewstudie unter N = 13 Chemielehrkräften, mit denen vor dem theoretischen Hintergrund fachdidaktischer Anforderungen an ein gelungenes Schulexperiment problemorientierte, leit-fadengestützte Interviews zu Vor- und Nachteilen beim Einsatz alternativer Experimentiermaterialien und klassischer Labormaterialien im Chemieunterricht geführt wurden. Anhand des gewonnenen Interviewmaterials wurden anschließend zunächst Eigenschaften identifiziert, in denen sich beide Materialpools voneinander unterscheiden, um davon ausgehend ein Kategoriensystem aufstellen zu können, das in Form einer Matrix den Einfluss dieser Materialeigenschaften auf organisatorische, experimentelle und affektive Anforderungen an ein Schulexperiment im Chemieunterricht darstellt. Dabei konnte in Bezug auf organisatorische Anforderungen insbesondere ein Einfluss des Experimentiermaterials auf zeitliche und finanzielle Rahmenbedingungen sowie auf Anforderungen zur Sicherheit beim Experimentieren im Chemieunterricht festgestellt werden. Ergebnisse zum Einfluss des Experimentiermaterials auf affektive und experimentelle Anforderungen an ein Schulexperiment wurden wiederum genutzt, um anschließend Hypothesen zum Einfluss des Experimentiermaterials auf entsprechende Anforderungen an gelungene Experimente im Chemieunterricht zu generieren, dabei an gelungene Schülerexperimente im Speziellen. Diese Hypothesen wurden in einer zweiten Studie quantitativ getestet. Innerhalb eines experimentellen Untersuchungsdesigns führten dazu insgesamt N = 293 Schülerinnen und Schüler eines von insgesamt fünf betrachteten Schülerexperimenten mit jeweils klassischem Labormaterial oder in einer jeweiligen Variante aus alternativem Experimentiermaterial durch. Im Anschluss beurteilten N = 237 Schülerinnen und Schüler im Rahmen einer Fragebogenerhebung ihre subjektive Wahrnehmung der Experimentiersituation bezüglich der Variablen Grad der Herausforderung, Beobachtbarkeit, Autonomieerleben, Anspannung/ Druck, Kompetenzerleben und Interesse/ Vergnügen. Mit Ausnahme des Kompetenzerlebens und der Beobachtbarkeit konnte zu allen betrachteten Variablen ein signifikanter Einfluss des Experimentiermaterials festgestellt werden. Um diese Ergebnisse der Hypothesentests näher beschreiben und differenzierter erläutern zu können, beantworteten die 237 Schülerinnen und Schüler zusätzlich offene Fragen zu den von ihnen verwendeten Experimentiermaterialien; mit N = 56 weiteren Schülerinnen und Schülern wurden aus diesem Grund außerdem leitfadengestützte Gruppeninterviews geführt. Um folglich auch aus Schülerperspektive möglichst allgemeingültige Einflüsse beider Materialpools auf fachdidaktische Anforderungen an ein gelungenes Schulexperiment zusammenfassen zu können, werden die Ergebnisse dieser qualitativen Datenerhebung ebenfalls in Form einer entsprechenden Matrix dargestellt und dabei von den konkret durchgeführten Experimenten abstrahiert. Neben dem bereits genannten Einfluss des Experimentiermaterials auf den von Schülerinnen und Schülern wahrgenommenen Grad der Herausforderung, das wahrgenommene Autonomieerleben, die/ den wahrgenommene/n Anspannung/ Druck beim Experimentieren sowie das wahrgenommene Interesse/ Vergnügen an der Experimentiersituation konnte dadurch insbesondere ein Materialeinfluss auf die Durchschaubarkeit eines Versuchsaufbaus und deren einzelner Bestandteile sowie auf die wahrgenommene Authentizität einer Experimentiersituation identifiziert werden. Dadurch zeigt die Gesamtuntersuchung auf theoretischer Ebene die Bedeutsamkeit des konkreten Experimentiermaterials als Qualitätsmerkmal des Chemieunterrichts und gibt Lehrkräften auf unterrichtspraktischer Ebene einen Überblick zu Potentialen und Grenzen alternativer Experimentiermaterialien im Vergleich zu etabliertem klassischem Labormaterial.
The family of scaffold attachment factor B (SAFB) proteins comprises three members and was first identified as binders of the nuclear matrix/scaffold. Over the past two decades, SAFBs were shown to act in DNA repair, mRNA/(l)ncRNA processing and as part of protein complexes with chromatin-modifying enzymes. SAFB proteins are approximately 100 kDa-sized dual nucleic acid-binding proteins with dedicated domains in an otherwise largely unstructured context, but whether and how they discriminate DNA and RNA binding has remained enigmatic. We here provide the SAFB2 DNA- and RNA-binding SAP and RRM domains in their functional boundaries and use solution NMR spectroscopy to ascribe DNA- and RNA-binding functions. We give insight into their target nucleic acid preferences and map the interfaces with respective nucleic acids on sparse data-derived SAP and RRM domain structures. Further, we provide evidence that the SAP domain exhibits intra-domain dynamics and a potential tendency to dimerize, which may expand its specifically targeted DNA sequence range. Our data provide a first molecular basis of and a starting point towards deciphering DNA- and RNA-binding functions of SAFB2 on the molecular level and serve a basis for understanding its localization to specific regions of chromatin and its involvement in the processing of specific RNA species.
Wir untersuchen eine neuartige Gruppe von Polarisationsmitteln – gemischtvalente Verbindungen – mittels theoretischer und experimenteller Methoden und demonstrieren ihre Leistungsfähigkeit in NMR-Experimenten mit Hochfeld-DNP (DNP=Dynamic Nuclear Polarization, dynamische Kernpolarisation) im festen Zustand. Diese gemischtvalenten Verbindungen stellen eine Gruppe von Molekülen dar, bei denen die molekulare Mobilität auch in Festkörpern erhalten bleibt. Folglich können solche Polarisationsmittel unter günstigen Bedingungen für die dynamische Kernpolarisationsbildung bei ultrahohen Magnetfeldern verwendet werden, um Overhauser-DNP-Experimente im Festkörper durchzuführen.
The family of scaffold attachment factor B (SAFB) proteins comprises three members and was first identified as binders of the nuclear matrix/scaffold. Over the past two decades, SAFBs were shown to act in DNA repair, mRNA/(l)ncRNA processing, and as part of protein complexes with chromatin-modifying enzymes. SAFB proteins are approximately-100-kDa-sized dual nucleic acid-binding proteins with dedicated domains in an otherwise largely unstructured context, but whether and how they discriminate DNA- and RNA-binding has remained enigmatic. We here provide the SAFB2 DNA- and RNA-binding SAP and RRM domains in their functional boundaries and use solution NMR spectroscopy to ascribe DNA- and RNA-binding functions. We give insight into their target nucleic acid preferences and map the interfaces with respective nucleic acids on sparse data-derived SAP and RRM domain structures. Further, we provide evidence that the SAP domain exhibits intra-domain dynamics and a potential tendency to dimerise, which may expand its specifically targeted DNA sequence range. Our data provide a first molecular basis of and a starting point towards deciphering DNA- and RNA-binding functions of SAFB2 on the molecular level and serve a basis for understanding its localization to specific regions of chromatin and its involvement in the processing of specific RNA species.
Cryo-electron tomography (cryo-ET) is a powerful method to elucidate subcellular architecture and to structurally analyse biomolecules in situ by subtomogram averaging (STA). Specimen thickness is a key factor affecting cryo-ET data quality. Cells that are too thick for transmission imaging can be thinned by cryo-focused-ion-beam (cryo-FIB) milling. However, optimal specimen thickness for cryo-ET on lamellae has not been systematically investigated. Furthermore, the ions used to ablate material can cause damage in the lamellae, thereby reducing STA resolution. Here, we systematically benchmark the resolution depending on lamella thickness and the depth of the particles within the sample. Up to ca. 180 nm, lamella thickness does not negatively impact resolution. This shows that there is no need to generate very thin lamellae and thickness can be chosen such that it captures major cellular features. Furthermore, we show that gallium-ion-induced damage extends to depths of up to 30 nm from either lamella surface.
The trifluoroacetylation of thymidine at room temperature was performed using trifluoroacetic acid phenylester in pyridine. A selective protection of the 5′-position was not possible: Even low molar quantities of the trifluoroacetylating agent gave rise to bis-trifluoroacetylation. The bis-trifluoroacetyl derivatives of thymidine and 5-bromo-deoxyuridine were purified by vacuum sublimation. The completely trifluoroacetylated deoxyribosides of uracil, 5-iodouracil and adenine underwent decomposition during sublimation.
The non-specific inhibition of the poly U directed polymerisation of phenylalanine through polyanions was studied. This inhibition was found to be in order as follows: dextransulfate, polyethylensulfate, heparine, ribosomal RNA and alginate. It was found that poly A, poly AP and poly AG cause a specific inhibition of the poly U directed synthesis of polyphenylalanine. Poly AG and poly AP, but not poly A were found to inhibit the poly C directed polymerisation of proline as well. The mechanism of these two types of inhibition caused by polyanions has been discussed.
HER2 belongs to the ErbB sub-family of receptor tyrosine kinases and regulates cellular proliferation and growth. Different from other ErbB receptors, HER2 has no known ligand. Activation occurs through heterodimerization with other ErbB receptors and their cognate ligands. This suggests several possible activation paths of HER2 with ligand-specific, differential response, which so far remained unexplored. Using single-molecule tracking and the diffusion profile of HER2 as a proxy for activity, we measured the activation strength and temporal profile in live cells. We found that HER2 is strongly activated by EGFR-targeting ligands EGF and TGFα, yet with a distinguishable temporal fingerprint. The HER4-targeting ligands EREG and NRGβ1 showed weaker activation of HER2, a preference for EREG and a delayed response to NRGβ1. Our results indicate a selective ligand response of HER2 that may serve as a regulatory element. Our experimental approach is easily transferable to other membrane receptors targeted by multiple ligands.
Highlights
HER2 exhibits heterogeneous motion in the plasma membrane
The fraction of immobile HER2 correlates with phosphorylation levels
Diffusion properties serve as proxies for HER2 activation
HER2 exhibits ligand-specific activation strength and temporal profiles
HER2 belongs to the ErbB sub-family of receptor tyrosine kinases and regulates cellular proliferation and growth. Different from other ErbB receptors, HER2 has no known ligand. Activation occurs through heterodimerization with other ErbB receptors and their cognate ligands. This suggests several possible activation paths of HER2 with ligand-specific, differential response, which has so far remained unexplored. Using single-molecule tracking and the diffusion profile of HER2 as a proxy for activity, we measured the activation strength and temporal profile in live cells. We found that HER2 is strongly activated by EGFR-targeting ligands EGF and TGFα, yet with a distinguishable temporal fingerprint. The HER4-targeting ligands EREG and NRGβ1 showed weaker activation of HER2, a preference for EREG, and a delayed response to NRGβ1. Our results indicate a selective ligand response of HER2 that may serve as a regulatory element. Our experimental approach is easily transferable to other membrane receptors targeted by multiple ligands.
HER2 belongs to the ErbB sub-family of receptor tyrosine kinases and regulates cellular proliferation and growth. Different from other ErbB receptors, HER2 has no known ligand. Activation occurs through heterodimerization with other ErbB receptors and their cognate ligands. This suggests several possible activation paths of HER2 with ligand-specific, differential response, which so far remained unexplored. Using single-molecule tracking and the diffusion profile of HER2 as a proxy for activity, we measured the activation strength and temporal profile in live cells. We found that HER2 is strongly activated by EGFR-targeting ligands EGF and TGFα, yet with a distinguishable temporal fingerprint. The HER4-targeting ligands EREG and NRGβ1 showed weaker activation of HER2, a preference for EREG, and a delayed response to NRGβ1. Our results indicate a selective ligand response of HER2 that may serve as a regulatory element. Our experimental approach is easily transferable to other membrane receptors targeted by multiple ligands.
Cells maintain membrane fluidity by regulating lipid saturation, but the molecular mechanisms of this homeoviscous adaptation remain poorly understood. Here, we have reconstituted the core machinery for sensing and regulating lipid saturation in baker’s yeast to directly characterize its response to defined membrane environments. Using spectroscopic techniques and in vitro ubiquitylation, we uncover a unique sensitivity of the transcriptional regulator Mga2 to the abundance, position, and configuration of double bonds in lipid acyl chains and provide unprecedented insight into the molecular rules of membrane adaptivity. Our data challenge the prevailing hypothesis that membrane viscosity serves as the measured variable for regulating lipid saturation. Rather, we show that the signaling output of Mga2 correlates with the size of a single sensor residue in the transmembrane helix, which senses the lateral pressure and/or compressibility profile in a defined region of the membrane. Our findings suggest that membrane property sensors have evolved remarkable sensitivities to highly specific aspects of membrane structure and dynamics, thus paving the way toward the development of genetically encoded reporters for such membrane properties in the future.
Pyrosulfonyldifluoride reacts with waterfree hydrazine in a molar ratio of 2 : 3 to give hydrazine -1,2-bis(sulfonylfluoride) in a low yield.. The reaction of N-fluorosulfonylamide and SOCl2 yields NH4⊕⊖ N(SO2F)2. This salt is converted to (C6H5)4P⊕⊖N(SO2F)2 in water by (C6H5)4PCl. (CH3)2NNH2 reacts with PSF3, PSF2Br, PSF2CH3 or PSF2C2H5 to yield the following compounds: (CH3)2NNHPSF2, (CH3)2NN (PSF2)2, (CH3)2NNHPSFCH3 and (CH3)2NNHPSFC2H5. The properties and the chemical behaviour of these substances are described. Results of ir-spectra, as well as 31P-, 19F- and 1H-nmr- and mass-spectra and elemental analysis characterize the compounds.
S4N3Cl reacts with sulfonic acids and imido- bissulfonyl derivatives under HCl-evolution to the following compounds: S4N3SO3CF3, S4N3N (SO2F)2, S4NSO3CH3HSO3CH3, S4N3N (SO2CF3) SO2Cl and S4N3N (SO2CF3) SO2F, They are yellow solids which decompose when heated below the melting point. The compounds are formed in nearly quantitative yield and have been characterized by elemental analysis, nmr and electronic spectra.
The reversible one-electron insertion into mono- and 1,4-di-substituted benzene derivatives is favored by dialkoxyboron and especially by dialkylboron groups. The assumption that it should be the symmetric e2u benzene molecular orbital which is occupied in the resulting radical anions can be supported by comparison of ESR coupling constants.
Hemoproteinoids related to contemporary porphyrin-dependent peroxidases were synthesized under simple conditions. The peroxidative activity of hematin increased by a factor of 50 if the hematin was bound to proteinoids whereas the catalatic activity of hematin decreased rather under the same conditions. The peroxidative activity of hemoproteinoids particularly increased with their lysine content whereas the catalatic activity especially decreased in proteinoids with high phenylalanine content. The isoelectric points of the lysine-rich peroxidic hemoproteinoids were about 8. Their relatively broad pH-activity optimum was about pH 7.0. The molecular weights were a little below 20 000. Hematin content and amino acid composition of the synthetic materials were varied greatly. The substrate specificity appeared as broad as that of biogenous peroxidases, e. g., horseradish peroxidase. Among the many substrates was NADH. The possible importance of the peroxidative oxidation of NADH-type coenzymes by primitive heterotrophic organisms or prebiological systems in an anaerobic environment is discussed.
Li6UO6 has a reversible phase transformation at 680°C and decomposes above about 850°C. At high pressure the low temperature modification becomes unstable because of an invariant point in the system Li2O—Li4UO5 at approximately 13 Kb and 620°C. β-Li6UO6 has a triclinic unit cell with a = 5.203, b= 5.520, c = 5.536 Å, α = 114.7, β = 120.7 and γ = 75.5°. The close relationship between the crystal structures of Li6TeO6 and Li6UO6 is also suggested from similar infrared spectra and from partial solid solution Li6UO6—Li6TeO6.
The interactions between human haptoglobin, Hp II (genetic types 2 - 1 and 2-2), and bovine hemoglobin, Hb, were investigated taking inhibition of complex formation and complex dissociation in various solvent media as criteria.
As shown by relative peroxidase activity and gel chromatography, complex dissociation occurs at high concentrations of guanidine HCl, urea, sodium chloride, dioxane, and formaldehyde, while in case of sodium dodecylsulfate a low molar ratio (SDS/Hb -Hp<5) is sufficient to split the complex. In general the formation of the complex stabilizes the structure of its constituents.
Excluding solvent conditions which lead to denaturation (as measured by optical rotation), ionpairs and H-bonds seem to prevail in the stabilization of the complex, while hydrophobic interactions should be of minor importance. Chemical modification of histidine and tyrosine with diazonium-1-H-tetrazole and N-acetylimidazole, respectively, prove histidyl-groups in Hb and tyrosylgroups in Hp to participate in the Hb-Hp contact, thus confirming earlier results.
Fluorescense spectra of lactate dehydrogenase * (E.C. 1.1.1.27) were investigated in the presence of the coenzyme fragments dihydronicotinamide mononucleotide and dihydronicotinamide-ribose-5'-pyrophospho- (P2) -5“-ribose. The reduced mononucleotide is enzymatically less active as a hydrogen donor. However, formation of a complex with the enzyme was not observed under the conditions used. All the other substances: dihydronicotinamide-ribose-5'-pyrophospho- (P2) -5“-ribose, dihydronicotinamide- benzimidazole-dinucleotide, dihydronicotinamide-3-desazapurine-dinucleotide and dihydronicotinamide-6-mercaptopurine-dinucleotide form more or less stable complexes with lactate dehydrogenase. The complexes do not markedly differ from the complex formed with the natural cofactor. In all cases spectra indicate change in conformation of the coenzyme by forming the coenzyme-enzyme-complex which has been proposed by VELICK 1 too. The cysteine residues of the lactate dehydrogenase are not essential for binding the coenzyme to the active center; this was shown with mercury blocked enzyme.
It is possible to determine the anomeric configuration of nucleosides by a simple, spectrophotometric assay, using the nucleoside phosphorylase activity of cell-free extracts from E. coli. β-nucleo-sides are split, a-anomers remain unchanged. For a single estimation 20-40 µg of nucleoside are required. 6-Azauracil- and 8-azaguanine-β-ᴅ-riboside and some nucleoside phosphates are resistant, a fact, which is of interest in view of the specificity of nucleoside phosphorylases.
Gegenstand der vorliegenden Untersuchung ist das hydrolytische Verhalten von Glycyl-seryl-alanin beim Erhitzen in einer rein wäßrigen Lösung bei einem pH-Wert in der Nähe des isoelektrischen Punktes. Die Reaktionsmöglichkeiten des Tripeptids und aller Folgeprodukte, die Alanin enthalten, wurden qualitativ aufgeklärt und die kinetischen Daten der einzelnen Reaktionen durch quantitative Hydrolyseversuche an den mit dem Kohlenstoffisotop 14C geeignet radioaktiv markierten Verbindungen Glycyl-seryl-alanin, Seryl-alanin, Alanyl-serin und Seryl-alanyl-diketopiperazin bei mehreren Temperaturen zwischen 55 und 95 °C bestimmt. Die Trennung der Hydrolysatproben erfolgte mit Hilfe der Papierchromatographie bzw. der Papierelektrophorese; für die Konzentrationsbestimmung der radioaktiven Substanzen wurde ein Verfahren ausgearbeitet, das eine Radioaktivitätsmessung mit hoher reproduzierbarer Ausbeute direkt auf den zur Trennung benutzten Filterpapieren nach der Flüssigkeitsszintillations-Methode ermöglicht.
Alle beobachteten Reaktionen verlaufen unter den Versuchsbedingungen nach einem Zeitgesetz 1. Ordnung. Die Konzentrations-Zeit-Funktionen der einzelnen Reaktionsteilnehmer wurden durch Auflösung der simultanen linearen Differentialgleichungen 1. Ordnung bestimmt und zur Berechnung der Reaktionsgeschwindigkeits-Konstanten nach einem iterativen Ausgleichsverfahren herangezogen.
In der Diskussion wird versucht, die beobachteten thermodynamischen Daten in ihrer Größenordnung aus anderen Eigenschaften und aus der Molekularstruktur der einzelnen Verbindungen abzuleiten und durch bestimmte Reaktionsmechanismen zu interpretieren.
Zur Klärung der Frage nach der Beteiligung von Protein-Actinomycin (AMC) -Wechselwirkungen am antibiotischen Wirkungsmechanismus von AMC wurden mit Hilfe von Absorptions-, Fluoreszenz- und Rotationsdispersions-Spektroskopie, sowie Gelfiltration, Gleichgewichts-Dialyse, Ultrazentrifugation und enzymatischen Tests physikalisch-chemische Wechselwirkungen von AMC und Actinocinanalogen mit Ribonuclease, Serumalbumin und einigen SH-Enzymen (ADH, LDH, GAPDH) untersucht. Photochemische Reaktionen wurden ausgeschlossen.
Eine Bildung starker Komplexe wird nur bei pH < 2 beobachtet. Unter quasi-physiologischen Bedingungen des Mediums ergibt sich aus einer Differenzbande im Bereich der Phenoxazin-Absorption schwache Komplexbildung, die bei hohen Proteinkonzentrationen auch durch die gemeinsame Sedimentation von AMC und Protein bestätigt wird. Die Peptid-Lacton-Ringe des AMC und die aromatischen Aminosäuren der Proteine scheinen an der Wechselwirkung nicht beteiligt zu sein (Reaktion mit AMC-Dimeren, Null-Differenzspektrum bei λ ~ 280 mμ). Die Ähnlichkeit im Verhalten von Cystein, Glutathion und SH-Enzymen und der kompetitive Effekt von Cystein bei der AMC-Enzym-Wechselwirkung weisen auf eine Beteiligung von Cystein am Komplex hin.
Eine durch AMC bewirkte Desaktivierung oder Stimulierung von Ribonuclease wird nicht beobachtet. Dagegen tritt im Fall von SH-Enzymen im pH-Optimum eine dem molaren Verhältnis AMC/Enzym proportionale Desaktivierung auf, die durch DNA bzw. RNA nur z. T. aufgehoben wird. Konformationsänderungen sind dabei nicht nachweisbar; die optische Drehung erweist sich als additiv. „Extrinsic“ Cotton-Effekte treten nicht auf.
Die SH-Spezifität des Ribonuclease-Inhibitors legt in Analogie zu den untersuchten SH-Enzymen die Annahme nahe, daß eine AMC-Protein-Wechselwirkung (Blockierung des RNase-Inhibitors) am biologischen Wirkungs-Mechanismus des AMC beteiligt sein könnte.
The ribonucleic acid of reovirus was extracted with 2 M sodium perchlorate solution and spread by the protein monolayer technique. Areas of the monolayer were transferred to support films, rotary shadowed, and observed in the electron microscope. Filaments of RNA obtained by extraction prior to spreading were similar in appearance and in distribution of contour lengths (0.2 to 1.2 μ) to those obtained by phenol extraction of the virus. Most of the filaments resulting from extraction of the virus suspension during spreading on a sodium perchlorate solution, however, were longer than 1 μ. The lengths of the longest filaments exceeded the 5 μ length predicted from chemical data for one single piece of complementary-stranded RNA in the reovirus particle.
The short filaments, 1.2 μ and less in length, fell into a tri-modal pattern of length distribution with peaks at 0.35 μ, 0.60 μ and 1.10 μ. These shorter lengths probably resulted from breakage of the intact RNA during the extraction procedures. The consistently observed pattern of length distribution suggests that they represent relatively stable subunits of the molecule.
Sodium perchlorate extracted reovirus RNA was thermally denatured in formaldehyde prior to spreading by the protein monolayer technique. Length distributions and relative numbers of filaments in the peaks of the tri-modal distribution pattern were similar to those found for unheated material when extracted prior to spreading. This similarity indicates that heating subsequent to extraction produced no further filament breakage. The thin, kinky appearance of the heated filaments, and the appearance of congruent pairs, indicated that heating had separated the strands of the complementary-stranded RNA subunits.
The formation of aliphatic α-amino acids by X-ray induced carboxylation of simple amines or amination of simple carboxylic acids is not favored over the formation of other amino acids. The new carboxylic and amino groups are more or less distributed statistically over the carbon atoms of the starting material. On radiationchemical formation of aliphatic hydrocarbons over C3, therefore, an increasing amount of unusual amino acids is produced. The results are influenced by various parameters such as temperature, pH, concentration, linear energy transfer and total dosis of radiation applied. Also peptides can be formed radiationchemically. However, the formation of greater molecules by radiationchemical processes under the conditions of a primitive earth seems to have only a low probability. The reaction mechanisms of radiationchemical carboxylation and amination are discussed.
Lumineszenz von Hefe
(1968)
Mit äußerst fein dispergiertem 3.4-Benzpyren (=BP**) wurde seine Löslichkeit in Wasser und wäßrigen Nucleotidlösungen fluoreszenz-spektroskopisch neu bestimmt. Wir fanden, daß ATP deutlich größere lösungsvermittelnde Eigenschaften für BP besitzt als ADP oder AMP. Die gesättigte Lösung von BP in ATP-Lösung verliert bei Zugabe von ATP-ase ihre zusätzliche Lösungsvermittlung. Zwischen DNS und BP, jedoch nicht zwischen RNS und BP wird eine Energieübertragung nachgewiesen.
Wir versuchen, aus den Löslichkeitsunterschieden für BP in Nucleotidlösungen den gerichteten Transport des BP von den Mitochondrien zu den kernnahen Bereichen der Zelle über das ATP-Konzentrationsgefälle zwischen diesen Strukturen zu erklären. Die gelbgrüne Fluoreszenz, die sich nach Inkubation mit BP im endoplasmatischen Retikulum zeigt, wird auf kristallines oder dimerisiertes BP bzw. Reaktionsprodukte des Benzpyrenyl-Radikalkations mit nucleophilen Zellstrukturelementen zurückgeführt. Hieraus werden Blockierungs- und Störmodelle der DNS abgeleitet. Auf die Ähnlichkeit dieser Prozesse mit der carcinogenen Wirksamkeit indifferenter Phasengrenzflächen und alkylierender Agenzien wird hingewiesen und die Bedeutung der Symmetrieelemente der Carcinogene bei diesem Prozeß diskutiert.
Wäßrige Sephadex-Gele nehmen Vielfache der in Wasser gelösten Anteile polycyclischer, aromatischer Kohlenwasserstoffe auf, wenn diese als Suspension vorliegen. Beobachtbar ist dieser Effekt an der Erhöhung der Fluoreszenzintensität des gelösten Anteils der Aromaten bei Zugabe von Sephadex-Körnern und anschließender kräftiger Rührung. Verwertbar ist dieses Phänomen zumindest für die Ermittlung der Lage der Emissionsbanden der Kohlenwasserstoffe in Wasser, denn es bestehen nur geringe Unterschiede zwischen den Fluoreszenzsprektren in Sephadex und Wasser. Weiterhin ist beachtlich, daß die carcinogenen Kohlenwasserstoffe nach diesen ersten orientierenden Versuchen, zu einer Gruppe gehören, die eine geringe Diffusionsgeschwindigkeit in das Sephadex-Gel, bei gleichzeitigem Erreichen relativ hoher Endkonzentrationen, besitzen. Der Quotient aus beiden Größen wird daher für die Carcinogene maximal. Nach Desoxycholsäure, Detergentien, Purinen, Desoxynucleinsäuren, Adenosintriphosphat 24 und Proteinen wurde damit gefunden, daß auch Polysaccharid-artige Systeme in der Lage sind, Lösungs-vermittelnd auf Kohlenwasserstoffe in wäßriger Phase zu wirken.
Es verspricht daher, interessant zu werden, an Sephadex, als primitivem Modell von Zellbestandteilen, in der Zukunft standartisierte Kohlenwasserstoff-Suspensionen in dieser Weise zu untersuchen und gleiche Experimente mit stärker hydrophobiertem Gel durchzuführen.
Über den Einfluß der Kationen auf die Kraftkonstanten der WO-Bindung in den Hexaoxowolframaten (VI)
(1970)
The autoxidation of NaSH and Cysteine in the presence of heavy metal ions is accompanied by chemiluminescence due to the formation of O2⊖ or adequate compounds as intermediates. The observation of the luminescence intensity and its time dependence has been used as analytical indication of the occurrence of electron transfer reactions from - SH to O2.
This enabled the study of the influence of different catalytic promoters. The efficiency of different metal ions could easily be demonstrated by their enhancement of light production during the reaction of NaSH with molecular oxygen. Cu (II) as one of the most efficient catalysts was also applied in the form of different complexes. Because it would catalyse the oxidation of cysteine, glutathione and other electron donors of biological interest, the influence of the nature of the ligands of the complexes was investigated. In the case of cysteine only complexes with stability constants of medium strength and planar configuration acted as effective catalysts. Therefore it has to be assumed that for an effective electron transport to the loosely bound oxygen the cysteine molecule has to enter the inner sphere of the complex. The much longer time of luminescence of this reaction (4 -10 min) compared to the short time luminescence caused by free O2H. OH and H2O2 indicates that these intermediates are stabilized by binding to the Cu (II) -complex as in compounds (I), (II) and (III) of oxidizing enzymes.
Um den Mechanismus der Reaktion des Cysteins mit molekularem Sauerstoff in Gegenwart von Komplexen des zweiwertigen Kupfers als Katalysatoren zu ermitteln, wurden Messungen der Chemilumineszenz, der Sauerstoff- und der Cysteinkonzentration in Abhängigkeit von der Zeit vorgenommen. Variation der Konzentration der Reaktionsteilnehmer führte zu Meßergebnissen, die die Aufstellung eines Reaktionsschemas gestattete. Das hieraus abzuleitende System nichtlinearer Differentialgleichungen für die Reaktionsgeschwindigkeiten wurde in einem Analogrechner gelöst, wobei Übereinstimmung zwischen Rechnung und Meßergebnissen sowohl für die Zeitabhängigkeit als auch für die Konzentrationsabhängigkeit gefunden wurde.
Über Natriumhexaoxometallate
(1969)
Über Lithiumhexaoxometallate
(1969)
Thermal denaturation of RNA free coat proteins of tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) was studied for wildtype TMV (vulgare) and the temperature-sensitive mutant, Ni 118. The ability to form soluble aggregates as well as the optical properties (ORD, UV-difference spectra), and the sedimentation behavior were used as criteria for the native state.
At pH 7.5, I= 0.02 denaturation is reversible for both proteins. The ORD data indicate that the denatured proteins contain residual secondary structure. The “melting temperatures”, as defined by ORD measurements (cp = 0.02 mM), are 39.5 ± 1°C for vulgare and 27 ± 1°C for Ni 118 at pH 7.5, I= 0.02. By means of the aggregation test (cp = 0.05 mM) somewhat lower melting temperatures were found under the same solvent conditions. The difference between the primary structures of vulgare and Ni 118 proteins being a proline → leucine (pos. 20) replacement, the results suggest the cyclic structure of proline (20) to have a specific stabilizing function in the three dimensional protein structure. This conclusion is supported by preliminary experiments on a temperature-sensitive mutant with a threonine residue in pos. 20.
Über Li6ReO6
(1969)
Die Ergebnisse einer Selendehydrierung des Cholesterins bei 350°C werden mit Produkten verglichen, die sich aus dem Steroid im aktiviert absorbierten Zustand auf Kieselgel durch Oxydation mit Joddampf bei Raumtemperatur bilden. Alkylsubstituierte Cyclopentenophenanthrene konnten hierbei mit Sicherheit gefaßt werden. Da die äußeren Versuchsbedingungen, im Gegensatz zu allen bisherigen Dehydrierungsversuchen an Steroiden, am ehesten mit physiologischen verglichen werden können (20°C, ein dem freien Sauerstoff entsprechendes Oxydationspotential von ca. +0,4 V und eine aktivierende Grenzfläche), werfen die Ergebnisse ein neues Licht auf die alte Hypothese der endogenen Bildung carcinogener Kohlenwasserstoffe im Organismus.
Der erleichterte Reaktionsverlauf im Adsorpt wird durch Erhöhung der Adsorptionswärme im Zuge der Aromatisierung erklärt.
DNA points accumulation for imaging in nanoscale topography (DNA-PAINT) is a super-resolution technique with relatively easy-to-implement multi-target imaging. However, image acquisition is slow as sufficient statistical data has to be generated from spatio-temporally isolated single emitters. Here, we trained the neural network (NN) DeepSTORM to predict fluorophore positions from high emitter density DNA-PAINT data. This achieves image acquisition in one minute. We demonstrate multi-color super-resolution imaging of structure-conserved semi-thin neuronal tissue and imaging of large samples. This improvement can be integrated into any single-molecule microscope and enables fast single-molecule super-resolution microscopy.
Steroid initiated enzyme induction (Δ5-Ketosteroid-Isomerase, 3α-Hydroxysteroid-Dehydrogenase, and 3β.17β-Hydroxysteroid-Dehydrogenase) in Pseudomonas testosteroni was investigated with respect to the kinetics of induction, operon control of the induced enzymes, and the relative strengths of various inducers. The induction process was followed indirectly by selective inhibition of different stages in the protein synthetic pathway. Comparisons between bacterial and mammalian steroid induction are discussed.
Wir ermittelten die Geschwindigkeitskonstanten sowie die Arrhenius sehen Aktivierungsenergien und Aktionskonstanten der alkalischen Hydrolyse einer Reihe von Di- und Tripeptiden. Die zur Gewinnung der kinetischen Daten führende quantitative Analyse der Hydrolysate gelang, indem die Peptide vor ihrer Hydrolyse geeignet mit 14C markiert, die Hydrolysate mit Hilfe der Papierchromatographie bzw. der Zonenelektrophorese getrennt und die isolierten Hydrolyseprodukte auf Grund ihrer Radioaktivität quantitativ bestimmt wurden.
Der zeitliche Verlauf der alkalischen Hydrolyse von Di- und Tripeptiden wird durch ein Zeitgesetz 1. Ordnung bezüglich des Peptids und bezüglich der Hydroxylionen dargestellt. Die Abstufungen der Aktivierungsenergien, die den einzelnen Peptidbindungen in Di- und Tripeptiden zugeordnet sind, lassen sich durch die Annahme deuten, daß die Hydrolyse nach dem BAC 2-Mechanismus verläuft. Die Aktionskonstanten wachsen, wenn auch nicht regelmäßig, mit den Aktivierungsenergien.
The TOM complex is the main entry point for precursor proteins into mitochondria. Precursor proteins containing targeting sequences are recognized by the TOM complex and imported into the mitochondria. We have determined the structure of the TOM core complex from Neurospora crassa by single-particle cryoEM at 3.3 Å resolution, showing its interaction with a bound presequence at 4 Å resolution, and of the TOM holo complex including the Tom20 receptor at 6-7 Å resolution. TOM is a transmembrane complex consisting of two β-barrels, three receptor subunits and three short transmembrane subunits. Tom20 has a transmembrane helix and a receptor domain on the cytoplasmic side. We propose that Tom20 acts as a dynamic gatekeeper, guiding precursor proteins into the pores of the TOM complex. We analyze the interactions of Tom20 with other TOM subunits, present insights into the structure of the TOM holo complex, and suggest a translocation mechanism.
Interactions of eosin with three different substrates, β-lactoglobuline, bovine serum albumin and cysteine, in aqueous solutions of pH 7 under illumination with light of wavelengths 5200—5400 Å are investigated by changes in absorption spectrum characteristics, SH-group activities and phosphorescence intensities.
Only with bovine serum albumin the major part of protein conversion, as shown by spectral changes and diminution of SH-groups due to eosin-sensitized photo-oxidation. In β-lactoglobuline an oxidizing photoreaction occurs, by which eosin is vanishing to the same degree as the protein shows loss of SH-groups and spectral alterations indicating attack on aromatic amino acid residues. There is no red shift of the eosin absorption band at 5170 Å as is observed in solutions of bovine serum albumin, where the intensity of phosphorscence is about 100 fold compared with the intensity obtained by solutions of β-lactoglobulin.
The aerobic eosin photoreaction in solutions of β-lactoglobulin is faster than aerobic photobleaching of the dye. Still faster is its bleaching photoreaction with cysteine, which is nearly independent of oxygen.
In wäßrig gepufferten Mitochondrien-Suspensionen konnte ein selektives Lösungsvermögen für carcinogene Kohlenwasserstoffe mit Hilfe fluoreszenz-spektroskopischer Messungen festgestellt werden. Gleichzeitig wird eine starke Verminderung der Atmung der Mitochondrien durch die Einwirkung der gelösten, polycyclischen Aromaten beobachtet. Nicht carcinogene Kohlenwasserstoffe werden weder gelöst, noch zeigen sie einen Einfluß auf die Atmung. Sehr schwer lösliche Carcinogene und schwächer wirksame Kohlenwasserstoffe werden in den angewandten Versuchszeiten weder gelöst, noch vermindern sie die Geschwindigkeit des Sauerstoffverbrauchs.
Mitochondrien älterer, oder mit Vitamin B2-Mangel behafteter Tiere zeigen erhöhte Depression der Atmung bei Zugabe von DMBA bzw. 3.4-Benzpyren.
Es wird versucht, diese Effekte einer reinen Promotor-Aktivität der polycyclischen, aromatischen Kohlenwasserstoffe zuzuschreiben, die an den Strukturelementen der Zellatmung (Mitochondrien) einsetzt.
Glycol causes a denaturation of the DNA double helix structure in solution. As could be shown earlier, heat denaturation of DNA leads to an increased dimerization of thymine following uvirradiation. In contrast to this, thymine dimer is not increased - but is even slightly decreased - when DNA is uv-irradiated in the presence of glycol. These results are discussed with regard to the distortion of the hydration layer and the hydrophobic stacking of bases, as influenced by glycol.
In order to determine the intermolecular forces in the process of the heat aggregation of globular proteins in solution, selected proteins with different amounts of disulfide- and thiolgroups were investigated by specific inhibition experiments and by degradation analysis, using lightscattering and ultracentrifugation methods.
In accordance with the mechanism of the heat aggregation, which in general (SH —SS-proteins) may be characterized as a coupled coagulation- and exchange-reaction, auxiliary valences and covalent bonds take part in the aggregation process.
Besides the pʜ-range of lanthionine-formation, the coagulation-mechanism by weak intermolecular forces exceeds the covalent type of aggregation.
If only one of the sulphur functional groups is present in the protein molecules the aggregation is merely the result of the coagulation-mechanism, i. e. the degradation by urea, guanidine·HCl, variation of pʜ etc. leads back to the monomer.
In the case of SH —SS-proteins the degradation rate depends on the temperature and duration of aggregation: In the range of predenaturation and under isoelectric conditions the native monomer is restored while increasing net charge leads more and more to covalently bound aggregates which are due to disulfide- and lanthionine-groups. High alkalinity promotes the formation of lanthionine.
Regarding the weak intermolecular bonds the application of specific criteria in degradation and inhibition experiments proves that Η-bonds and hydrophobic interactions participate in the aggregation process while ion pair bonds may be excluded. The hydrophobic interactions do not become apparent, until partial denaturation of the aggregating protein takes place.
The proportion of the total aggregation at extreme pʜ-values which is produced by the coagulation mechanism may be explained in a tentative way by assuming specific electrostatic short range interactions between the partially dehydrated molecules, leading to fibrillar associates.
A study on the effect of UV-irradiated polyuridylic acid on the incorporation of phenylalanine into the polypeptide precipitable through trichloroacetic acid, in a cell-free system from E. coli was made. Attempts were made to reactivate the UV-inactivated polyuridylic acid through hydrogen peroxide, uranyl acetate and visible light. We could show that polyuridylic acid irradiated at a dose of 1.2 ×105 ergs/mm2 could be completely reactivated, while the one irradiated at a higher dose of 2.4 ×105 ergs/mm2 could not be completely reactivated under the conditions of our experiment. We have studied the effects of hydrogen peroxide and uranyl acetate on UV-irradiated polyuridylic acid chemically as well. Our results altogether show that the photoreactivating effect of uranyl acetate and hydrogen peroxide is due to their ability to split the uracil dimers formed during UV-irradiation.