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The title compound N,N-bis(trimethylstannyl)trifluoromethanesulfonamide (1) reacts with S2Cl2, SOCl2 and SO2Cl2 in a molar ratio 2:1 to yield the compounds S2Cl2 a twelve-membered ring 6. These are the largest neutral sulfur-nitrogen rings of coordination number two at the sulfur atoms known to date. 3 reacts with SOCI2 under migration of a methyl group from the tin to a sulfur atom to yield CF3SO2(R3Sn)NS(CH3)NSO2CF3 (7). 2,2,4,4-Tetramethyl-1,3-bis(trifluormethylsulfonyl)cyclodisilazan and 7 are formed by the reaction of 3 with R2SiCl2- The analogous four-membered germanium compound 8 is obtained from 1 and R2GeCl2. While the pyrolysis of 1 yields only the six-membered cyclotristannazan 9, the six-membered germanium analog is only formed in minor amounts. By treating 9 with R3SiCl the ring is decomposed to give 10. A six-membered ring is formed from the reaction of 1 with ClR2SiOSiR2Cl 11. The structure of 6 is discussed in detail. 6 crystallizes in the monoclinic space group C2/c with a = 24.408(5), b = 7.377(2), c = 16.715(3) Å, β = 117.16(3)° and Z = 4. It has a chair conformation which is different from the isoelectronic S12-structure.
The kinetically stable triazatriphosphorinyl and tetraazatetra-phosphorocinyl azides 3 and 4 are prepared from the corresponding chlorides 1, 2 with sodium azide. 3 and 4 react with phosphanes to yield the λ5 -diphosphazenes 5a-d. By the reaction of 1 or 2 with KCN the nitriles 6 and 7 are formed. -The new compounds are characterized on the basis of IR and mass spectra.
N-Sulfonylsulfimide
(1978)
(CF3SO2NSO2)2 (1), a compound with a four-membered ring, was prepared from CF3SO2NSO and SO3. 1 as well as (FSO2NSO2)2 form 1:1 adducts with S4N4 , pyridine and pyridine carbonitrile-4 (2a-2f). By comparison with FSO2NCOS4N4 it was shown that a dipolar type of addition had occured. In contrast the reaction of 1 and (FSO2NSO2)2 with aromatic nitriles yields 1:2 cycloaddition products (3a-3g) which were characterized on the basis of mass spectra. The six-membered rings of 4a-4b which contain carbon, nitrogen and sulfur atoms were obtained from the reaction of isocyanates with (FSO2NSO2)2 or (CF3SO2NSO2)2. 4-BrC6H4NCO and SO3 react in a similar way to yield 5. The starting materials are extremely sensitive to moisture while most of the adducts can be handled in open air without decomposition.
Über Reaktionen von 3-trifluormethylphenylsubstituierten silicium-und zinnorganischen Verbindungen
(1978)
Several routes were investigated for the preparation of 3-CF3C6H4N[Si(CH3)3]2 2 and 3-CF3C6H4N[Sn(CH3)3]2 3. The latter compound reacts with 3-CF3C6H4NCO to yield [3-CF3C6H4(CH3)3SnN]2CO 4. A substituted urea 5 is also formed from [(CH3)3Si]2NCH3 and 3-CF3C6H4NCO. 5 is used for the preparation of cyclic compounds, with S2Cl2 the ten-membered ring (3-CF3C6H4NCONCH3S2)2 6 is formed. 5 and HN(SO2Cl)2 yield the six-membered ring 3-CF3C6H4NCONCH3(SO2)2NH 7. SeOCl2 and 5 react under formation of a spiro compound (S-CF3C6H4NCONCH3)2Se 8. The compounds were characterized on the basis of mass and 19F NMR spectra.
Two routes for the preparation of (CH3)2SnS2N2 are given, which are kinetically controlled reactions. The molecule (CH3)2SnS2N2 was characterized by X-ray analysis. It is an interesting starting material for the preparation of S2N2CO and S3N2O. The latter reacts with iminosulfur oxides and isocyanates under the formation of S3N3SO2F and S3N3SO2CF3. The structure of S3N3SO2F was established by X-ray analysis. The bonding properties are discussed.
The cleavage of thin-nitrogen derivatives with S3N2Cl2 yields also five membered sulfurnitrogen rings. The structure and properties of P3N3F5NS3N2 and C3N3F2NS3N2 are reported. Six, eight and ten membered rings are formed by the reactions of (CH3)3Si–N = S = N–Si (CH3)3 with FSO2–N=S=O, these are S4N4O2 and S5N5+S3N3O4, respectively. The cation S5N5+ is a planar molecule, while the oxygen containing species are puckered. In S4N4O2 the oxygens are attached to one sulfur atom, which has a tetrahedral configuration.
The structure of the silicon containing cyclic and bicyclic rings (CH3)2Si(NSN)2Si(CH3)2 and CH3Si(NSN)3SiCH3 were determined.
The asymmetric unit of the title compound, C16H23ClN2O, comtains two independent molecules in which the fused-ring systems are essentially planar, the largest deviation from the mean plane of each molecule being 0.011 (2) Å and 0.016 (2) Å. The benzimidazole rings of the two molecules make a dihedral angle of 66.65 (7)°. The nonyl substituents are almost perpendicular to the benzimidazole planes [C—N—C—C tosrsion angles = 96.0 (3) and 81.0 (2)°]. In the crystal, each independent molecule forms an inversion dimer via a pair of N—H[cdots, three dots, centered]O hydrogen bonds. In one of the independent molecules, the terminal –CH2–CH3 group of the alkyl chain is disordered over two sets of sites with a refined occupancy ratio of 0.746 (7):0.254 (7).
In the molecular structure of the title compound, C21H18N2O, the fused-ring system is essentially planar, the largest deviation from the mean plane being 0.0121 (9) Å. The O atom and adjacent C atom are located in Wyckoff position 4e on a twofold axis (0, y, 1/4). The two benzyl groups are almost perpendicular to the benzimidazole plane, but point in opposite directions. The dihedral angle between the benzimidazole mean plane and the phenyl ring is 81.95 (5)°, whereas that between the two benzyl groups is 60.96 (7)°.
Structural and vibrational studies have been carried out for the most stable conformer of 3,3′-ethane-1,2-diyl-bis-1,3,5-triazabicyclo[3.2.1]octane (ETABOC) at the DFT/B3LYP/6-31G(dp) level using the Gaussian 03 software. In light of the computed vibrational parameters, the observed IR Bolhmann bands for the C2V, C2, and Ci symmetrical structures of ETABOC have been analyzed. Hyperconjugative interaction was done by Natural Bond Orbital Analysis. Interpretation of hyperconjugative interaction involving the lone pairs on the bridgehead nitrogen atoms with the neighboring C–N and C–C bonds defines the conformational preference of the title compound. The recorded X-ray diffraction bond parameters were compared with theoretical values calculated at B3LYP/6-31G(d,p) and HF/6-31G(d,p) level of theory showed that ETABOC adopts a chair conformation and possesses an inversion center.
The structure of the 1:2 co-crystalline adduct C8H16N4·2C6H5BrO, (I), from the solid-state reaction of 1,3,6,8-tetraazatricyclo[4.4.1.13,8]dodecane (TATD) and 4-bromophenol, has been determined. The asymmetric unit of the title co-crystalline adduct comprises a half molecule of aminal cage polyamine plus a 4-bromophenol molecule. A twofold rotation axis generates the other half of the adduct. The primary inter-species association in the title compound is through two intermolecular O—H⋯N hydrogen bonds. In the crystal, the adducts are linked by weak non-conventional C—H⋯O and C—H⋯Br hydrogen bonds, giving a two-dimensional supramolecular structure parallel to the bc plane.
The title co-crystal, 1,3,5,7-tetraazatricyclo[3.3.1.13,7]decane (HMTA, 1)–4-fluorophenol (4-FP) (1/1), C6H12N4·C6H5FO, shows an unusual asymmetric unit that comprises eight independent molecules (Z′′ = 8), four for each component, with four formula units per asymmetric unit (Z′ = 4). In the molecular packing, each HMTA molecule bridges one 4-FP molecule via an O−H···N hydrogen bond to form a two-molecule aggregate. Differences can be observed between the bond lengths and angles of the independent HMTA and 4-FP molecules and those of the molecules in the aggregate. The C−N bonds exhibit different bond lengths in the tetrahedral cage-like structure of the HMTA molecules, but the largest differences between the molecular aggregates are in the bond lengths in the 4-fluorophenol ring. In the crystal, the HMTA and 4-FP molecules form two hydrogen-bonded (O−H···N, C−H···F and C−H···O) dimers of HMTA and 4-FP molecules, A···D and B···C inversion dimers, which generate enlarged R88(34) ring motifs in both supramolecular structures. In both structures, the crystal packing also features additional C−H···F and C−H···O interactions. The A···D and B···C dimers are linked by additional C−H···F and C−H···O hydrogen bonds, forming columns along the a and b axes, respectively. The importance of the C−H···F interaction to the structure and crystal packing has been demonstrated.
Synthesis and crystal structure of 2-(2-hydroxyphenyl)-1,3-bis(4-methoxybenzyl)-1,3-diazinan-5-ol
(2022)
The redetermined structure of 2-(2-hydroxyphenyl)-1,3-bis(4-methoxybenzyl)-1,3-diazinan-5-ol, C26H30N2O4, at 173 K has orthorhombic (Pbca) symmetry. It was previously described by Bolte et al. [ Private Communication (refcode EWICEV). CCDC, Cambridge, England]. The title compound resulted from the condensation reaction between 1,3-bis{[(4-methoxyphenyl)methyl]amino}propan-2-ol and 2-hydroxybenzaldehyde in CH3OH. The structure exhibits disorder. One of the 4-methoxybenzyl groups, the hydroxy group bonded to the 1,3-diazinan ring, and the methyl group of the methoxy residue are disordered over two orientations, with occupancies of 0.807 (3)/0.193 (3), 0.642 (5)/0.358 (5), and 0.82 (4)/0.18 (4), respectively. The dihedral angles between the mean planes of the central 1,3-diazinan-5-ol and the 4-methoxyphenyl rings (both occupancy components of the disordered ring) are 88.65 (13), 85.79 (14) and 83.4 (7)°. The crystal packing is sustained by C—H...O and O—H...π interactions, giving rise to infinite chains running along the b-axis direction.
The title compound, C8H16N4·2C11H16O, was synthesized from the corresponding sterically crowded phenol by treatment with the aminal cage polyamine. Single-crystal X-ray diffraction structural analysis revealed the three-molecule aggregate to crystallize in the monoclinic space group P2/c with one half of a 1,3,6,8-tetraaztricyclo[4.4.1.13,8]dodecane (TATD) molecule and one 2-tert-butyl-4-methylphenol molecule per asymmetric unit. The crystal structure features intermolecular O—H...N and C—H...O hydrogen bonds, as well as intermolecular C—H...π interactions.
The structure of the title compound, C8H16N4, which consists of four fused seven-membered rings, has been redetermined at 173 K. This redetermination corrects the orientation of two H atoms, which were located at unrealistic positions in the original room-temperature study [Murray-Rust (1974[Murray-Rust, P. (1974). J. Chem. Soc. Perkin Trans. 2, pp. 1136-1141.]). J. Chem. Soc. Perkin Trans. 2, pp. 1136–1141]. The complete molecule is generated by -42m symmetry, with one quarter of a molecule [one N atom (site symmetry m), two C atoms (one with site symmetry m and the other with site symmetry 2) and two H atoms] in the asymmetric unit. No directional interactions beyond van der Waals contacts are apparent in the crystal structure.
Solvent-free treatment of 1,3,6,8-tetraazatricyclo[4.3.1.13,8]undecano (TATU) with 4-chloro-3,5-dimethylphenol led to the formation of the title co-crystal, C7H14N4·2C8H9ClO. The asymmetric unit contains one aminal cage molecule and two phenol molecules linked via two O-H...N hydrogen bonds. In the aminal cage, the N-CH2-CH2-N unit is slightly distorted from a syn periplanar geometry. Aromatic [pi]-[pi] stacking between the benzene rings from two different neighbouring phenol molecules [centroid-centroid distance = 4.0570 (11) Å] consolidates the crystal packing.
In the title compound, C23H19NO2, an oxazine Mannich base derivative, the oxazine ring has a half-chair conformation. The 2-hydroxynaphthalen-1-yl substituent is placed in an axial position. There is an intramolecular O-H...N hydrogen bond, forming an S(6) graph-set motif. In the crystal, molecules are connected by a pair of C-H...[pi] interactions into an inversion dimer, which is reinforced by another pair of weak C-H...[pi] interactions. The dimers are linked by a [pi]-[pi] interaction [centroid-centroid distance = 3.6268 (17) Å], consolidating a column along the a axis. Furthermore, the columns interact with each other by a weak C-H...[pi] interaction, generating a three-dimensional network.
In the crystal of the title co-crystalline adduct, C8H16N4·C8H9ClO, (I), prepared by solid-state reaction, the molecules are linked by intermolecular O—H⋯N hydrogen bonds, forming a D motif. The azaadamantane structure in (I) is slightly distorted, with N—CH2—CH2—N torsion angles of 10.4 (3) and −9.0 (3)°. These values differ slightly from the corresponding torsion angles in the free aminal cage (0.0°) and in related co-crystalline adducts, which are not far from a planar geometry and consistent with a D2d molecular symmetry in the tetraazatricyclo structure. The structures also differ in that there is a slight elongation of the N—C bond lengths about the N atom that accepts the hydrogen bond in (I) compared with the other N—C bond lengths. In the crystal, the two molecules are not only linked by a classical O—H⋯N hydrogen bond but are further connected by weak C—H⋯π interactions, forming a two-dimensional supramolecular network parallel to the bc plane.
The asymmetric unit of the title co-crystalline adduct, 1,3,6,8-tetraazatricyclo[4.4.1.13,8]dodecane (TATD)–4-iodophenol (1/2), C8H16N4·2C6H5IO, comprises a half molecule of the aminal cage polyamine plus a 4-iodophenol molecule. A twofold rotation axis generates the other half of the adduct. The components are linked by two intermolecular O—H⋯N hydrogen bonds. The adducts are further linked into a three-dimensional framework structure by a combination of N⋯I halogen bonds and weak non-conventional C—H⋯O and C—H⋯I hydrogen bonds.
The synthesis and single crystal structure of a new cocrystal, which is composed of OHphenolic∙∙∙OHphenolic∙∙∙Naminalic supramolecular heterosynthons assembled from 4-tert-butylphenol and the macrocyclic aminal TATU, is presented. This cocrystal was prepared by solvent-free assisted grinding, which is a commonly used mechanochemical method. Crystal structure, supramolecular assembly through hydrogen bonding interactions as well as the physical and spectroscopic properties of the title cocrystal are presented in this paper.
The title benzoxazine molecule, C18H18Br2N2O2, was prepared by a Mannich-type reaction of 4-bromophenol with ethane-1,2-diamine and formaldehyde. The title compound crystallizes in the monoclinic space group C2/c with a centre of inversion located at the mid-point of the C-C bond of the central CH2CH2 spacer. The oxazinic ring adopts a half-chair conformation. The structure is compared to those of other functionalized benzoxazines synthesized in our laboratory. In the crystal, weak C-H...Br and C-H...O hydrogen bonds stack the molecules along the b-axis direction.
The title fluorinated bisbenzoxazine, C18H18F2N2O2, crystallizes with one half-molecule in the asymmetric unit, which is completed by inversion symmetry. The fused oxazine ring adopts an approximately half-chair conformation. The two benzoxazine rings are oriented anti to one another around the central C-C bond. The dominant intermolecular interaction in the crystal structure is a C-H...F hydrogen bond between the F atoms and the axial H atoms of the OCH2N methylene group in the oxazine rings of neighbouring molecules. C-H...[pi] contacts further stabilize the crystal packing.
The crystal structure of the title compound, C25H24N2O2, at 173 K has monoclinic (C2/c) symmetry. The molecule is located on a crystallographic twofold rotation axis with only half a molecule in the asymmetric unit. The imidazolidine ring adopts a twist conformation, with a twist about the ring C—C bond. The crystal structure shows the anticlinal disposition of the two (2-hydroxynaphthalen-1-yl)methyl substituents of the imidazolidine ring. The structure displays two intramolecular O—H⋯N hydrogen bonds, each forming an S(6) ring motif.
The asymmetric unit of the title compound, C18H18I2N2O2, consists of one half-molecule, completed by the application of inversion symmetry. The molecule adopts the typical structure for this class of bis-benxozazines, characterized by an anti orientation of the two benzoxazine rings around the central C—C bond. The oxazinic ring adopts a half-chair conformation. In the crystal, molecules are linked by C—I⋯N short contacts [I⋯N = 3.378 (2) Å], generating layers lying parallel to the bc plane.
In the title compound, C7H14N4·2C6H5ClO, which crystallized with two crystallographically independent 4-chlorophenol molecules and one 1,3,6,8-tetraazatricyclo[4.3.1.13,8]undecane (TATU) molecule in the asymmetric unit, the independent components are linked by two O-H...N hydrogen bonds. The hydrogen-bond acceptor sites are two non-equivalent N atoms from the aminal cage structure, and the tricyclic system distorts by changing the C-N bond lengths. In the crystal, these hydrogen-bonded aggregates are linked into chains along the c axis by C-H...N hydrogen bonds. The crystal structure also features C-H...[pi] contacts.
The title compound, C23H32Cl2N2O2, a potential chiral ligand for coordination chemistry, was prepared by a two-step reaction. The molecule is located on a crystallographic centre of inversion. As a result, the methyl group bonded to the methylene group is disordered over two equally occupied positions, sharing the same site as the H atom of the chiral C atom. As a further consequence of the crystallographic centrosymmetry, the 1,2-diaminopropane unit adopts an antiperiplanar conformation and the two benzene rings are coplanar. The central chain is in an all-trans arrangement. An intramolecular O-H...N hydrogen bond makes an S(6) ring motif. A C-H...[pi] interaction links the molecules into one-dimensional chains along the [001] direction.
In the title ternary co-crystalline adduct, C7H14N4·2C6H5NO3, molecules are linked by two intermolecular O—H⋯N hydrogen bonds, forming a tricomponent aggregates in the asymmetric unit. The hydrogen-bond formation to one of the N atoms is enough to induce structural stereoelectronic effects in the normal donor→acceptor direction. In the title adduct, the two independent nitrophenol molecules are essentially planar, with maximum deviations of 0.0157 (13) and 0.0039 (13) Å. The dihedral angles between the planes of the nitro group and the attached benzene rings are 4.04 (17) and 5.79 (17)°. In the crystal, aggregates are connected by C—H⋯O hydrogen bonds, forming a supramolecular dimer enclosing an R66(32) ring motif. Additional C—H⋯O intermolecular hydrogen-bonding interactions form a second supramolecular inversion dimer with an R22(10) motif. These units are linked via C—H⋯O and C—H⋯N hydrogen bonds, forming a three-dimensional network.
The asymmetric unit of the title compound, C23H30N2O2, contains one half-mol-ecule, with a twofold axis splitting the mol-ecule in two identical halves. The structure of the racemic mixture has been reported previously [Rivera et al. (2009>) J. Chem. Crystallogr. 39, 827-830] but the enanti-omer reported here crystallized in the ortho-rhom-bic space group P21212 (Z = 2), whereas the racemate occurs in the triclinic space group P-1 (Z = 2). The observed mol-ecular conformation is stabilized by two intra-molecular O-H⋯N hydrogen bonds, which generate rings with graph-set motif S(6). In the crystal, mol-ecules are linked via non-classical C-H⋯O inter-actions, which stack the mol-ecules along the b axis.
In the title compound, C25H36N2O2, the two tert-butyl-substituted benzene rings are inclined at an angle of 53.5 (3)° to one another. The imidazolidine ring has an envelope conformation with with one of the C atoms of the ethylene fragment as the flap. The structure displays two intra-molecular O-H⋯N hydrogen bonds that generate S(6) ring motifs. The crystal studied was a non-merohedral twin with a fractional contribution of 0.281(6) for the minor domain.
The title compound, C21H26Cl2N2O2, was prepared in a solvent-free microwave-assisted synthesis, and crystallizes in the orthorhombic space group Pna21. The imidazolidine ring adopts an envelope conformation and its mean plane is almost perpendicular to the two pendant aromatic rings [dihedral angles = 84.61 (9) and 86.54 (9)°]. The molecular structure shows the presence of two intramolecular O—H⋯N hydrogen bonds between the phenolic hydroxy groups and imidazolidine N atoms. The two 3-chloro-6-hydroxy-2,4-dimethylbenzyl groups are located in a cis orientation with respect to the imidazolidine fragment. As a result, the lone pairs of electrons on the N atoms are presumed to be disposed in a syn conformation. This is therefore the first example of an exception to the `rabbit-ears' effect in such 2,2′-[imidazolidine-1,3-diylbis(methylene)]diphenol derivatives.
In the title compound, C19H24N2O2, a di-Mannich base derived from 2-methylphenol and 1,3,6,8-tetraazatricyclo[4.4.1.13,8]dodecane, the imidazolidine ring adopts a twist conformation, with a twist about the ring N—C bond [C—N—C—C torsion angle = −44.34 (14)°]. The two 2-hydroxy-3-methylbenzyl groups are located in trans positions with respect to the imidazolidine fragment. The structure displays two intramolecular O—H⋯N hydrogen bonds, which each form an S(6) ring motif. In the crystal, the molecules are linked by weak C—H⋯O interactions with a bifurcated acceptor, forming a three-dimensional network.
In the title compound, C17H18N2O, the central carbon atom with the OH substituent and one of the (E)-benzylideneamino substituents are disordered over two sets of sites with occupancies of 0.851 (4) and 0.149 (4). The relative positions of the two disorder components is equivalent to a rotation of approximately 60° about the C—N single bond. In the crystal, the molecules are held together by O—H...N hydrogen bonds, forming simple C(5) chains along the b-axis direction. In addition, pairs of the chains are further aggregated by weak C—H...π interactions.
The asymmetric unit of the title compound, C21H28N4O, consists of two unique molecules linked by an O—H⋯N hydrogen bond. The conformation of both C=N bonds is E and the azomethine functional groups lie close to the plane of their associated benzene rings in each of the independent molecules. The dihedral angles between the two benzene rings are 83.14 (4) and 75.45 (4)°. The plane of the one of the N(CH3)2 units is twisted away from the benzene ring by 18.8 (2)°, indicating loss of conjugation between the lone electron pair and the benzene ring. In the crystal structure, O—H⋯N hydrogen bonds together with C—H⋯O hydrogen bonds link neighbouring supramolecular dimers into a three-dimensional network.
Crystal structure of 1,3-bis(3-tert-butyl-2-hydroxy-5-methylbenzyl)-1,3-diazinan-5-ol monohydrate
(2016)
In the title hydrate, C28H42N2O3·H2O, the central 1,3-diazinan-5-ol ring adopts a chair conformation with the two benzyl substituents equatorial and the lone pairs of the N atoms axial. The dihedral angle between the aromatic rings is 19.68 (38)°. There are two intramolecular O-H...N hydrogen bonds, each generating an S(6) ring motif. In the crystal, classical O-H...O hydrogen bonds connect the 1,3-diazinane and water molecules into columns extending along the b axis. The crystal structure was refined as a two-component twin with a fractional contribution to the minor domain of 0.0922 (18).
The title Schiff base, C19H22N2O3, was synthesized via the condensation reaction of 1,3-diaminopropan-2-ol with 4-methoxybenzaldehyde using water as solvent. The molecule exists in an E,E conformation with respect to the C=N imine bonds and the dihedral angle between the aromatic rings is 37.25 (15)°. In the crystal, O-H...N hydrogen bonds link the molecules into infinite C(5) chains propagating along the a-axis direction. The packing of these chains is consolidated by C-H...O interactions and C-H...[pi] short contacts, forming a three-dimensional network.
The asymmetric unit of the title compound, C28H42N2O5·H2O, consists of one half of the organic molecule and one half-molecule of water, both of which are located on a mirror plane which passes through the central C atoms and the hydroxyl group of the heterocyclic system. The hydroxyl group at the central ring is disordered over two equally occupied positions. The six-membered ring adopts a chair conformation, and the 2-hydroxybenzyl substituents occupy the sterically preferred equatorial positions. The aromatic rings make dihedral angles of 75.57 (9)° with the mean plane of the heterocyclic ring. The dihedral angle between the two aromatic rings is 19.18 (10)°. The molecular structure features two intramolecular phenolic O-H...N hydrogen bonds with graph-set motif S(6). In the crystal, molecules are connected via O-H...O hydrogen bonds into zigzag chains running along the a-axis direction.
In the title solvate, C14H12N2O·0.5C6H6, the complete benzene molecule is generated by a crystallographic inversion centre. The dihedral angle between the planes of the benzimidazole moiety and the phenol substituent is 75.28 (3)°. In the crystal, O—H⋯N hydrogen bonds link the molecules into parallel chains propagating along [100]. The molecules are further connected by C—H⋯π interactions.
In the title compound, C26H24N2O2, the oxazine moiety is fused to a naphthalene ring system. The asymmetric unit consists of one half of the molecule, which lies about an inversion centre. The C atoms of the ethylene spacer group adopt an antiperiplanar arrangement. The oxazine ring adopts a half-chair conformation. In the crystal, supramolecular chains running along the b axis are formed via short C—H⋯π contacts. The crystal studied was a non-merohedral twin with a fractional contribution of 0.168 (2) of the minor twin component.
De novo fatty acid biosynthesis in humans is accomplished by a multidomain protein, the Type I fatty acid synthase (FAS). Although ubiquitously expressed in all tissues, fatty acid synthesis is not essential in normal healthy cells due to sufficient supply with fatty acids by the diet. However, FAS is overexpressed in cancer cells and correlates with tumor malignancy, which makes FAS an attractive selective therapeutic target in tumorigenesis. Herein, we present a crystal structure of the condensing part of murine FAS, highly homologous to human FAS, with octanoyl moieties covalently bound to the transferase (MAT—malonyl‐/acetyltransferase) and the condensation (KS—β‐ketoacyl synthase) domain. The MAT domain binds the octanoyl moiety in a novel (unique) conformation, which reflects the pronounced conformational dynamics of the substrate‐binding site responsible for the MAT substrate promiscuity. In contrast, the KS binding pocket just subtly adapts to the octanoyl moiety upon substrate binding. Besides the rigid domain structure, we found a positive cooperative effect in the substrate binding of the KS domain by a comprehensive enzyme kinetic study. These structural and mechanistic findings contribute significantly to our understanding of the mode of action of FAS and may guide future rational inhibitor designs.
Modularity is an aspect of a decomposable system with a coordinating authority that acts as a glue which holds the loosely held components. These multi-component entities (“modules”) facilitate rewiring into different designs allowing for change. Such modular character is a fundamental property of many biological entities, especially the family of megasynthases such as polyketide synthases (PKSs). The ability of these PKSs to produce diverse product spectra is strongly coupled to their broad architectural modularity. Decoding the molecular basis of modularity, i.e. identifying the folds and domains that comprise the modules as well as understanding constrains of the assembly of modules, is of utmost importance for harnessing megasynthases for the synthesis of designer compounds. In this study, we exploit the close semblance between PKSs and animal FAS to re-engineer animal FAS to probe the modularity of the FAS/PKS family. Guided by structural and sequence information, we truncate and dissect animal FAS into its components, and reassemble them to generate new PKS-like modules as well as bimodular constructs. The novel engineered modules resemble all four common module types of PKSs and demonstrate that this approach can be a powerful tool to create higher catalytic efficiency. Our data exemplify the inherent plasticity and robustness of the overall FAS/PKS fold, and open new avenues to explore FAS-based biosynthetic pathways for custom compound design.
In prokaryotes, RNA thermometers regulate a number of heat shock and virulence genes. These temperature sensitive RNA elements are usually located in the 5'-untranslated regions of the regulated genes. They repress translation initiation by base pairing to the Shine–Dalgarno sequence at low temperatures. We investigated the thermodynamic stability of the temperature labile hairpin 2 of the Salmonella fourU RNA thermometer over a broad temperature range and determined free energy, enthalpy and entropy values for the base-pair opening of individual nucleobases by measuring the temperature dependence of the imino proton exchange rates via NMR spectroscopy. Exchange rates were analyzed for the wild-type (wt) RNA and the A8C mutant. The wt RNA was found to be stabilized by the extraordinarily stable G14–C25 base pair. The mismatch base pair in the wt RNA thermometer (A8–G31) is responsible for the smaller cooperativity of the unfolding transition in the wt RNA. Enthalpy and entropy values for the base-pair opening events exhibit linear correlation for both RNAs. The slopes of these correlations coincide with the melting points of the RNAs determined by CD spectroscopy. RNA unfolding occurs at a temperature where all nucleobases have equal thermodynamic stabilities. Our results are in agreement with a consecutive zipper-type unfolding mechanism in which the stacking interaction is responsible for the observed cooperativity. Furthermore, remote effects of the A8C mutation affecting the stability of nucleobase G14 could be identified. According to our analysis we deduce that this effect is most probably transduced via the hydration shell of the RNA.
Die Genexpression in prokaryotischen Organismen unterliegt einer Vielzahl von Regulationsmechanismen, deren Aufgabe darin besteht, die Zelle an sich ändernde Umweltbedingungen anzupassen, um so das Überleben des prokaryotischen Organismus zu gewährleisten. Eine Reihe von Hitzeschock- und Virulenzgenen unterliegen temperaturabhängiger Regulation, mit dem Ziel, die Zelle an die sich ändernde Umgebung anzupassen. Die Messung der Temperatur erfolgt dabei über temperatursensitive RNA-Elemente, sogenannte RNA-Thermometer, die sich üblicherweise in der 5’-untranslatierten Region der Gene befinden, die sie regulieren. Sie unterdrücken die Translationsinitiation, indem sie die Shine-Dalgarno (SD)-Sequenz bei niedrigen Temperaturen über Basenpaarung blockieren und dadurch die Bindung des Ribosoms verhindern. In Kapitel 2 der vorliegenden Arbeit wurde die thermodynamische Stabilität der temperatursensitiven Haarnadelschleife 2 des Salmonella FourU RNA-Thermometers über einen breiten Temperaturbereich analysiert. Freie Enthalpie-, Enthalpie- und Entropie-Werte für die Basenpaaröffnung der einzelnen Nukleobasen innerhalb der RNA wurden über die temperaturabhängige Messung von Iminoprotonen-Austauschraten mittels NMR-Spektroskopie bestimmt. Die Austauschraten wurden für die Wildtyp-RNA und die A8C-Mutante bestimmt und miteinander verglichen. Es zeigte sich, dass die Wildtyp-RNA durch das außergewöhnlich stabile Basenpaar G14-C25 stabilisiert wird. Dies konnte durch die Untersuchung der Entfaltung der destabilisierenden G14A-C25U-Doppelmutante verifiziert werden. Über CD-spektroskopsiche Untersuchungen konnte der globale Entfaltungsübergang der jeweiligen RNA analysiert werden. Das Mismatch-Basenpaar innerhalb des Wildtyp-RNA-Thermometers (A8-G31) erwies sich als Ursache für die geringere Kooperativität des Entfaltungsübergangs der Wildtyp-RNA im Vergleich zur A8C-Mutante. Enthalpie- und Entropie-Werte für die Basenpaaröffnung einzelner Nukleotide sind für beide RNAs linear korreliert. Die Steigungen dieser Korrelationen stimmen mit den Schmelzpunkten der RNAs überein, die über CD-Spektroskopie bestimmt wurden. Entfaltung der RNA tritt also genau dann auf, wenn alle Nukleotide gleiche thermodynamische Stabilitäten besitzen. Die Resultate sind mit einem Reißverschluss-Mechanismus für die RNA-Helix Entfaltung konsistent und erklärbar, in dem die Stapelinteraktionen der benachbarten Nukleobasen innerhalb der RNA-Helix verantwortlich für die beobachtete Kooperativität sind. Die Ergebnisse weisen auch auf die Wichtigkeit der RNA-Lösungsmittel-Interaktion für die Stabilität der RNA-Struktur hin. So konnten langreichweitige Wechselwirkungen der A8C-Mutation auf die Stabilität der G14-Nukleobase identifiziert werden, die möglicherweise über die Hydrathülle der RNA vermittelt werden. Schließlich konnte für das FourU-Motiv eine Mg2+-Bindestelle identifiziert werden, die die temperaturabhängige Stabilität des RNA-Thermometers beeinflusst. Es besteht also die Möglichkeit, dass Änderungen der intrazellulären Mg2+-Konzentration die Expression des agsA-Gens in vivo modulierend beeinflussen. In Kapitel 3 dieser Arbeit wurden die dynamischen Eigenschaften des Phosphodiesterrückgrats einer perdeuterierten cUUCGg-Tetraloop-14mer-RNA untersucht. Dazu wurden die Relaxationseigenschaften aller 31P-Kerne dieser RNA bei magnetischen Feldstärken von 300, 600 und 900 MHz untersucht. Dipolare Relaxationsbeiträge konnten unterdrückt werden, indem eine perdeuterierte RNA-Probe in einem D2O-Puffer verwendet wurde. Um die 31P-Relaxationsdaten (R1, R2) interpretieren zu können, wurde zusätzlich mittels Festkörper-NMR die Chemische Verschiebungsanisotropie (CSA) der 31P-Kerne des Phosphodiesterrückgrats bestimmt. Die Messungen wurden bei verschiedenen Salzkonzentrationen und unter unterschiedlichen Hydratationsbedingungen durchgeführt. Aus den Daten konnte ein 31P-CSA-Wert von 178.5 ppm im statischen Zustand (S2 = 1) bestimmt werden. Auf der Grundlage der durchgeführten R1- und R2-Messungen wurde eine Modelfree-Analyse durchgeführt, um Informationen über die schnellen Dynamiken des Phosphodiesterrückgrats zu erhalten. Die Resultate zeigen, dass die Dynamiken des Phosphodiesterrückgrats auf der Subnanosekundenzeitskala stärker ausgeprägt sind als die Dynamiken der Ribofuranosylreste und der Nukleobasen. Des Weiteren konnte gezeigt werden, dass die Dynamik einer individuellen Phosphatgruppe zu der jeweiligen 5’-benachbarten Nukleobase korreliert ist. In Kapitel 4 dieser Arbeit wird die Entwicklung neuer Methoden beschrieben, mit denen Torsionswinkelinformation aus der Analyse kreuzkorrelierter Relaxationsraten gewonnen werden können. Im ersten Teil des Kapitels wird die Entwicklung einer neuen NMR-Pulssequenz beschrieben, über die der glykosidische Torsionswinkel Chi in 13C,15N-markierten Oligonukleotiden bestimmt werden kann. Mit dem neuen quantitativen Gamma-HCNCH-Experiment ist es möglich, die dipolaren kreuzkorrelierten Relaxationsraten Gamma-C6H6-C1´H1´ (Pyrimidine) und Gamma-C6H6-C1´H1´ (Purine) zu messen. Die kreuzkorrelierten Relaxationsraten wurden an einer 13C,15N-markierten cUUCGg-Tetraloop-14mer-RNA bestimmt. Die aus den Raten extrahierten Chi-Winkel wurden mit bereits vorhandener Strukturinformation verglichen. Sie stimmen bemerkenswert gut mit den Winkeln der Kristallstruktur des Tetraloops überein. Zusätzlich wurde die neue Methode an einer größeren 30mer-RNA, dem „Stemloop D“ (SLD) aus dem Coxsackievirus-B3-Kleeblatt, getestet. Für die SLD-RNA wurde der Effekt von anisotroper Rotationsdiffusion auf die Relaxationsraten untersucht. Es konnte gezeigt werden, dass die Chi-Winkelbestimmung besonders für Nukleotide in der anti-Konformation sehr genau ist und die Methode eine eindeutige Unterscheidung von syn- und anti-Konformation zulässt. Im zweiten Teil von Kapitel 4 wird die Entwicklung des Gamma-HCCCH-Experiments beschrieben. Hierbei handelt es sich um eine neue NMR-Pulssequenz zur Messung der Gamma-C1´H1´-C3´H3´-Rate in 13C-markierten RNAs. Die Funktionsfähigkeit der neuen Methode wurde an einer cUUCGg-Tetraloop-14mer-RNA demonstriert. Zusätzlich dazu wurden die analytischen Gamma-C1´H1´-C3´H3´(P,nü_max)-, Gamma-C1´H1´-C4´H4´(P,nü_max)- und Gamma-C2´H2´-C4´H4´(P,nü_max)-Abhängigkeiten mathematisch hergeleitet. Die an der 14mer-RNA gemessenen Gamma-C1´H1´-C3´H3´-Raten wurden mit Hilfe der Gamma-C1´H1´-C3´H3´(P,nü_max)-Beziehung analysiert. Die Ergebnisse für die Pseudorotationsphase P sind konsistent mit Referenzwinkeln aus der 14mer-NMR-Struktur und den bereits bekannten (Gamma-C1´H1´-C2´H2´)/(Gamma-C3´H3´-C4´H4´)-Ratenverhältnissen. Die neue Methode liefert zusätzliche Informationen, um Konformation (P, nü_max) und Dynamik S2(C1´H1´-C3´H3´) der Ribosereste in RNA-Molekülen genauer beschreiben zu können. In Kapitel 5 dieser Arbeit wird die Entwicklung des 3D-HNHC-Experiments, einer neuen NMR-Pulssequenz, beschrieben. Dieses Experiment ermöglicht es, die H2-, C2- und N1-Resonanzen in Adenin-Nukleobasen 13C, 15N-markierter RNA-Oligonukleotide miteinander zu korrelieren. Die Funktionsfähigkeit der neuen Methode wurde an einer mittelgroßen, entsprechend markierten 36mer-RNA demonstriert. Die neue Methode vereinfacht die Zuordnung der Kerne der Adenin-Nukleobasen, da Zuordnungsmehrdeutigkeiten aufgrund überlappender Resonanzen in der 1H-Dimension aufgelöst werden können. In Kombination mit dem TROSY-relayed-HCCH-COSY-Experiment liefert das neue 3D-HNHC-Experiment das fehlende Glied für die Zuordnung der Imino-H3-Resonanzen der Uracil-Nukleobasen über das AU-Basenpaar hinweg zu den H8-Resonanzen der Adenin-Nukleobasen.
We present here a set of 13C-direct detected NMR experiments to facilitate the resonance assignment of RNA oligonucleotides. Three experiments have been developed: (1) the (H)CC-TOCSY-experiment utilizing a virtual decoupling scheme to assign the intraresidual ribose 13C-spins, (2) the (H)CPC-experiment that correlates each phosphorus with the C40 nuclei of adjacent nucleotides via J(C,P) couplings and (3) the (H)CPC-CCH-TOCSY-experiment that correlates the phosphorus nuclei with the respective C10,H10 ribose signals. The experiments were applied to two RNA hairpin structures. The current set of 13C-direct detected experiments allows direct and unambiguous assignment of the majority of the hetero nuclei and the identification of the individual ribose moieties following their sequential assignment. Thus, 13C-direct detected NMR methods constitute useful complements to the conventional 1H-detected approach for the resonance assignment of oligonucleotides that is often hindered by the limited chemical shift dispersion. The developed methods can also be applied to large deuterated RNAs. Keywords: NMR spectroscopy , Direct carbon , detection , RNA
The respiratory chain is composed of protein complexes residing in the inner mitochondrial membrane of eukaryotes or in the cytoplasmic membrane of prokaryotes. This cellular energy converter transforms a redox potential stored in low potential substrates into an electrochemical potential across the respective membrane. Typical respiratory chains contain the complexes I, II, III and IV named according to their sequence in the respiratory chain reaction. Electrons of low potential substrates enter at complex I or II and are passed via complex III to complex IV where they are transferred to oxygen. The transport of electrons between the complexes is mediated by small electron shuttles like quinol or cytochrome c. Two different models describe their exchange either by (1) random collision of freely diffusible electron shuttles and membrane protein complexes or (2) arrangement of the complexes in supercomplexes enabling direct channeling of electron shuttles. In the Gram positive bacterium Corynebacterium glutamicum, the complex III to complex IV electron shuttle cytochrome c is not diffusible but a covalently bound part of the diheme cytochrome subunit QcrC of complex III. Therefore, the complexes III and IV have to form a supercomplex for electron transduction. The aim of this thesis was to purify and characterise this obligatory supercomplex III/IV of C. glutamicum. To gain sufficient biomass of C. glutamicum as starting material for purification, a phosphate buffered minimal medium was developed that enabled yield of total 120 g wet cell mass (38 g dry mass) in 12 L (6×2 L) shaking cultures. The determined conversion factor of glucose into biomass was 0.46 g/g indicating an intact respiratory chain. The yield was increased by bioreactor cultivation to ~690 g wet cell mass (~220 g dry mass) in ~10 L culture volume. A previously described homologous expression system was applied that produces the complex IV subunit CtaD with a fused Strep-tag II to facilitate purification. Affinity purifications using the Strep-tag II affinity to Strep-Tactin resin yielded a mixture of complexes and supercomplexes. Two supercomplex III/IV versions named supercomplex A and B and free complex IV were identified in this mixture by size exclusion chromatography, redox difference spectroscopy and two dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis including blue native polyacrylamide electrophoresis. The here presented downscaled blue native polyacrylamide electrophoresis method with analysis times of ~1 h enabled efficient screening of factors influencing the stability of supercomplex III/IV. The screening resulted that the integrity of supercomplex III/IV is preserved by using neutral detergents at minimal detergent to protein ratios for solubilisation and low detergent concentrations for purification and storage slightly above the required critical micellar concentration. Furthermore, pH <=7.5 is required for stability of supercomplex III/IV. Large biomass yields enabled upscaling of supercomplex III/IV affinity purification. Application of the identified stability conditions resulted in affinity purified samples free of supercomplex B. The major component supercomplex A was efficiently separated from residual free complex IV by preparative size exclusion chromatography. Concentration of purified supercomplex A by ultracentrifugation resulted in integrity of the supercomplex for several days at 4 °C. Purified supercomplex A contains ten different previously described subunits. The heme content of supercomplex A relative to the protein mass is heme A: 6.0 μmol/g, heme B: 6.5 μmol/g, and heme C: 5.8 μmol/g determined by redox difference spectroscopy and biochemical protein quantification. This indicates an equimolar ratio of complex III and complex IV in supercomplex A. Supercomplex A has quinol oxidase activity that is inhibited by stigmatellin or sodium azide. The turnover number of transferred electrons per complex III monomer is 148 s−1 at 25° C. The homogeneity and stability of the prepared supercomplex A enabled the growth of threedimensional crystals of up to 0.1 mm in length. Their composition of supercomplex A was verified by redox difference spectroscopy of intact crystals and blue native polyacrylamide electrophoresis of dissolved crystals. The crystals diffracted X-rays corresponding to a resolution of ~10 Å. Electron microscopy of negative stained samples revealed the uniform shape of purified supercomplex A particles with dimensions of 22 × 9 nm in the view plane. Combined heme quantification, size determination, determined activity, symmetry considerations, and particle shape indicate that supercomplex A has a central dimer of complex III and two monomers of complex IV on opposite sides. This conformation is functionally reasonable because it provides each complex III monomer with one complex IV monomer as electron acceptor. Therefore, the stoichiometry of supercomplex A is most likely III2IV2. The sensitivity of supercomplex A to detergents indicated a role of phospholipids in its stability. Therefore, a method for phospholipid identification and quantification was developed that is suitable for detergent solubilised crude and purified membrane protein samples. The analysis combines separation of phospholipid classes according to their head group by normal phase high performance liquid chromatography with evaporative light scattering detection. Calibration with external standard allows quantification of phospholipid amount in the range of 0.25-12 μg. The method is verified by analysing the phospholipid content of the well characterised complex III of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The reduction of its phospholipid content during its purification steps is monitored. The complex III sample purified to crystallisation quality contains the phospholipid content that was also observed in previously reported structures determined by X-ray crystallography. Purified stable supercomplex A from C. glutamicum revealed a large content of bound phospholipids. The main differences between intact supercomplex A and a mixture of potentially disintegrated smaller complexes is that intact supercomplex A has a doubled phosphatidic acid content and an increased phosphatidyl glycerol content. The importance of the small anionic phosphatidic acid for mediation of contacts between complexes in a supercomplex is discussed. The total phospholipid content of stable supercomplex A is sufficient for a complete belt surrounding the supercomplex in the membrane plane. This indicates that also all essential internal phospholipid binding positions are occupied and potentially stabilise supercomplex A.
The conditionally-lethal pso4-1 mutant allele of the spliceosomal-associated PRP19 gene allowed us to study this gene’s influence on pre-mRNA processing, DNA repair and sporulation. Phenotypes related to intron-containing genes were correlated to temperature. Splicing reporter systems and RT–PCR showed splicing efficiency in pso4-1 to be inversely correlated to growth temperature. A single amino acid substitution, replacing leucine with serine, was identified within the N-terminal region of the pso4-1 allele and was shown to affect the interacting properties of Pso4-1p. Amongst 24 interacting clones isolated in a two-hybrid screening, seven could be identified as parts of the RAD2, RLF2 and DBR1 genes. RAD2 encodes an endonuclease indispensable for nucleotide excision repair (NER), RLF2 encodes the major subunit of the chromatin assembly factor I, whose deletion results in sensitivity to UVC radiation, while DBR1 encodes the lariat RNA splicing debranching enzyme, which degrades intron lariat structures during splicing. Characterization of mutagen-sensitive phenotypes of rad2{Delta}, rlf2{Delta} and pso4-1 single and double mutant strains showed enhanced sensitivity for the rad2{Delta} pso4-1 and rlf2{Delta} pso4-1 double mutants, suggesting a functional interference of these proteins in DNA repair processes in Saccharomyces cerevisiae.
Functional dynamics of ribonucleic acids : development and application of spectroscopic tools
(2016)
Im Rahmen der vorliegenden Dissertation wird der Aufbau eines zeitaufgelösten Fluorimeters, die photophysikalische Grundcharakterisierung der drei 2-(Pyrenylethinyl)-Adenosine (PyAs) und das Wechselwirkungsgeflecht des tetracyclinbindenden Aptamers (TC-Aptamer) mit seinem Liganden Tetracycyclin (TC) und Mg2+ dargestellt.
Das zeitaufgelöste Fluorimeter basiert auf der experimentellen Technik des zeitkorrelierten Einzelphotonenzählens. Es verfügt über zwei Anregungsquellen: gepulste UV-LEDs und einen frequenzverdoppelten titandotierten Saphirlaser. Diese Quellen Decken einen Wellenlängenbereich von (310 - 550) nm ab. Das Spektrometer kann unter günstigen Umständen eine Zeitauflösung von 50 ps erreichen bei einer zeitlichen Messungenauigkeit von weniger als 0,02 %.
Die Leistungsfähigkeit des Aufbaus wird anhand einer umfangreichen Studie an den drei PyAs demonstriert.
Die drei PyAs 2-(1-Pyrenylethinyl)-Adenosine (1PyA), 2-(2-Pyrenylethinyl)-Adenosine (2PyA) und 2-(4-Pyrenylethinyl)-Adenosine (4PyA) sind eine Gruppe fluoreszierender RNA-Nukleosidanaloga, welche die Gesamtheit aller möglichen Konfigurations-isomere der Grundverbindung PyA umfassen. Ihre zeitabhängigen Fluoreszenzzerfallseigenschaften werden ergänzt von stationären Absorptions- und Fluoreszenzspektren, ultraschneller transienter Absorptionsspektroskopie und quantenchemischen Rechnungen. Die Fluoreszenz von 1PyA und 4PyA gehorchen der Regel von Kasha, wohingegen 2PyA einen triexponentiellen Zerfall mit ausgeprägter Abhängigkeit von der Anregungswellenlänge zeigt. Die transienten Absorptionsspektren aller drei Isomere weisen im gesamten Spektrum dominante, wenig strukturierte Absorptionsbanden des ersten angeregten Zustands auf, welche im nahen UV in unterschiedlichem Maße vom Grundzustandsbleichen und stimulierter Emission überlagert werden. 2PyA zeigt eine deutlich ausgeprägte Signatur für eine interne Umwandlung hin zum S1, wenn es in höhere angeregte Zustände angeregt wird.
Das Fluoreszenzverhalten von 2PyA wird mithilfe eines lokal angeregten (LE) und zweier intramolekularer Ladungstransferzustände, von denen einer der koplanaren Orientierung von Pyren und Adenin (MICT) und der andere einer um 90 ° verdrehten Orientierung (TICT) entspricht. Der LE-Zustand ist hierbei verknüpft mit dem S2 von 2PyA, welcher einer rein pyrenlokalisierten Anregung entspricht. Dieser Zustand existiert so in 1PyA und 4PyA nicht. Der verdrehte TICT-Zustand ist nur in 2PyA bevölkerbar, weil für 2PyA die Barriere zur Bildung von Rotameren am niedrigsten ist und das Molekül nach Anregung daher in diese Geometrie kommen kann und dann durch die stärkere elektrostatische Anziehung stabilisiert wird. 1PyA und 4PyA emittieren hingegen nur aus dem MICT-Zustand.
Die Komplexbildung des TC-Aptamers mit seinem Liganden TC in Lösung wird empfindlich beeinflusst durch die-Konzentration von Magnesiumkationen. Dies wird untersucht durch Bindungs- und Faltungs- und Denaturierungsstudien mit verschiedenen Mg- und Harnstoffkonzentrationen. Als experimentelle Observable dienen hierbei die konformationsabhängige Nukleobasenabsorption und ihr Zirkulardichroismus im fernen UV, die Fluoreszenz des Liganden TC und die freiwerdende Wärme der exothermen Bindungsreaktion des Aptamers mit Mg in An- und Abwesenheit von TC.
Ohne Mg ist eine Interaktion des TC-Aptamers mit TC nicht nachweisbar. Dies liegt daran, dass Mg die notwendige elektrostatische Abschirmung der negativen elektrischen Ladung am RNA-Rückgrat zur Verfügung stellt. Die Abschirmung erlaubt es dem Aptamer kompakte Strukturen mit tertiären Kontakten auszubilden. Wenn die Mg-Konzentration die Faltung des Aptamers vollständig unterstützt (> 1 mM), so befindet sich das Aptamer weitgehend in einer vorgefalteten Konformation, welche der bindungskompetenten stark ähnelt. In diesem Zustand kann das Aptamer seinen Liganden extrem schnell, nämlich annähernd diffusionslimitiert binden. Unter diesen Bedingungen hat TC kaum Einfluss auf die Konformation seines Aptamers.
Bei physiologischen Mg-Konzentrationen (0,2 - 0,8 mM) kann das Aptamer kompakte Konformationen mit tertiären Strukturen einnehmen. Diejenige Konformation, welche der bindenden sehr stark ähnelt, dominiert das konformationelle Gleichgewicht jedoch noch nicht vollständig, es ist lediglich eine Konformation von vielen möglichen. Daher eröffnen physiologische Mg-Konzentrationen dem TC-Aptamer Teile des Konformationsraumes, welche andernfalls nicht zugänglich wären und TC stabilisiert selektiv die native Konformation. Diese konformationelle Verschiebung liefert kann hierbei zur robusten Signalgebung für die Funktion als Riboschalter dienen.
Introduction: Despite the excellent anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive action of glucocorticoids (GCs), their use for the treatment of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) still carries significant risks in terms of frequently occurring severe side effects, such as the impairment of intestinal tissue repair. The recently-introduced selective glucocorticoid receptor (GR) agonists (SEGRAs) offer anti-inflammatory action comparable to that of common GCs, but with a reduced side effect profile.
Methods: The in vitro effects of the non-steroidal SEGRAs Compound A (CpdA) and ZK216348, were investigated in intestinal epithelial cells and compared to those of Dexamethasone (Dex). GR translocation was shown by immunfluorescence and Western blot analysis. Trans-repressive effects were studied by means of NF-κB/p65 activity and IL-8 levels, trans-activation potency by reporter gene assay. Flow cytometry was used to assess apoptosis of cells exposed to SEGRAs. The effects on IEC-6 and HaCaT cell restitution were determined using an in vitro wound healing model, cell proliferation by BrdU assay. In addition, influences on the TGF-β- or EGF/ERK1/2/MAPK-pathway were evaluated by reporter gene assay, Western blot and qPCR analysis.
Results: Dex, CpdA and ZK216348 were found to be functional GR agonists. In terms of trans-repression, CpdA and ZK216348 effectively inhibited NF-κB activity and IL-8 secretion, but showed less trans-activation potency. Furthermore, unlike SEGRAs, Dex caused a dose-dependent inhibition of cell restitution with no effect on cell proliferation. These differences in epithelial restitution were TGF-β-independent but Dex inhibited the EGF/ERK1/2/MAPK-pathway important for intestinal epithelial wound healing by induction of MKP-1 and Annexin-1 which was not affected by CpdA or ZK216348.
Conclusion: Collectively, our results indicate that, while their anti-inflammatory activity is comparable to Dex, SEGRAs show fewer side effects with respect to wound healing. The fact that SEGRAs did not have a similar effect on cell restitution might be due to a different modulation of EGF/ERK1/2 MAPK signalling.
β-barrel proteins mediate nutrient uptake in bacteria and serve vital functions in cell signaling and adhesion. For the 14-strand outer membrane protein G of Escherichia coli, opening and closing is pH-dependent. Different roles of the extracellular loops in this process were proposed, and X-ray and solution NMR studies were divergent. Here, we report the structure of outer membrane protein G investigated in bilayers of E. coli lipid extracts by magic-angle-spinning NMR. In total, 1847 inter-residue 1H–1H and 13C–13C distance restraints, 256 torsion angles, but no hydrogen bond restraints are used to calculate the structure. The length of β-strands is found to vary beyond the membrane boundary, with strands 6–8 being the longest and the extracellular loops 3 and 4 well ordered. The site of barrel closure at strands 1 and 14 is more disordered than most remaining strands, with the flexibility decreasing toward loops 3 and 4. Loop 4 presents a well-defined helix.
X-ray structure of the Na+-coupled Glycine-Betaine symporter BetP from Corynebacterium glutamicum
(2009)
Cellular membranes are important sites of interaction between cells and their environment. Among the multitude of macromolecular complexes embedded in these membranes, transporters play a particularly important role. These integral membrane proteins perform a number of vital functions that enable cell adaptation to changing environmental conditions. Osmotic stress is a major external stimulus for cells. Bacteria are frequently exposed to either hyperosmotic or hypoosmotic stress. Typical conditions for soil bacteria, such as Corynebacterium glutamicum, vary between dryness and sudden rainfall. Physical stimuli caused by osmotic stress have to be sensed and used to activate appropriate response mechanisms. Hypoosmotic stress causes immediate and uncontrolled influx of water. Cells counteract by instantly opening mechanosensitive channels, which act as emergency valves leading to fast efflux of small solutes out of the cell, therebydiminishing the osmotic gradient across the cell membrane. Hyperosmotic stress, on the other hand, results in water efflux. This is counterbalanced by an accumulation of small, osmotically active solutes in the cytoplasm, the so-called compatible solutes. They comprise a large variety of substances, including amino acids (proline), amino acid derivatives (betaine, ectoine), oligosaccharides (trehalose), and heterosides (glucosylglycerol). Osmoregulated transporters sense intracellular osmotic pressure and respond to hyperosmotic stress by facilitating the inward translocation of compatible solutes across the cell membrane, to restore normal hydration levels. This work presents the first X-ray structure of a member of the Betaine-Choline-Carnitine-Transporter (BCCT) family, BetP. This Na+-coupled symporter from Corynebacterium glutamicum is a highly effective osmoregulated and specific uptake system for glycine-betaine. X-ray structure determination was achieved using single wavelength anomalous dispersion (SAD) of selenium atoms. Selenium was incorporated into the protein during its expression in methione auxotrophic E. coli cells, grown in media supplemented with selenomethionine. SAD data with anomalous signal up to 5 Å led to the detection of 39 selenium sites, which were used to calculate the initial electron density map of the protein. Medium resolution and high data anisotropy made the structure determination of BetP a challenging task. A specific strategy for data anisotropy correction and a combination of various crystallographic programs were necessary to obtain an interpretable electron density map suitable for model building. The crystal structure of BetP shows a trimer with glycine-betaine bound in a three-fold cation-pi interaction built by conserved tryptophan residues. The bound substrate is occluded from both sides of the membrane and aromatic side chains line its transport pathway. Very interestingly, the structure reveals that the alpha-helical C-terminal domain, for which a chemo- and osmosensory function was elucidated by biochemical methods, interacts with cytoplasmic loops of an adjacent monomer. These unexpected monomer-monomer interactions are thought to be crucial for the activation mechanism of BetP, and a new atomic model combing biochemical results with the crystal structure is proposed. BetP is shown to have the same overall fold as three unrelated Na+-coupled symporters. While these were crystallised in either the outward- or inward-facing conformation, BetP reveals a unique intermediate state, opening new perspectives on the alternating access mechanism of transport.