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Purpose: The design of biorelevant conditions for in vitro evaluation of orally administered drug products is contingent on obtaining accurate values for physiologically relevant parameters such as pH, buffer capacity and bile salt concentrations in upper gastrointestinal fluids.
Methods: The impact of sample handling on the measurement of pH and buffer capacity of aspirates from the upper gastrointestinal tract was evaluated, with a focus on centrifugation and freeze-thaw cycling as factors that can influence results. Since bicarbonate is a key buffer system in the fasted state and is used to represent conditions in the upper intestine in vitro, variations on sample handling were also investigated for bicarbonate-based buffers prepared in the laboratory.
Results: Centrifugation and freezing significantly increase pH and decrease buffer capacity in samples obtained by aspiration from the upper gastrointestinal tract in the fasted state and in bicarbonate buffers prepared in vitro. Comparison of data suggested that the buffer system in the small intestine does not derive exclusively from bicarbonates.
Conclusions: Measurement of both pH and buffer capacity immediately after aspiration are strongly recommended as “best practice” and should be adopted as the standard procedure for measuring pH and buffer capacity in aspirates from the gastrointestinal tract. Only data obtained in this way provide a valid basis for setting the physiological parameters in physiologically based pharmacokinetic models.
Changes in vitamin D serum levels have been associated with inflammatory diseases, such as inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, multiple sclerosis (MS), atherosclerosis, or asthma. Genome- and transcriptome-wide studies indicate that vitamin D signaling modulates many inflammatory responses on several levels. This includes (i) the regulation of the expression of genes which generate pro-inflammatory mediators, such as cyclooxygenases or 5-lipoxygenase, (ii) the interference with transcription factors, such as NF-κB, which regulate the expression of inflammatory genes and (iii) the activation of signaling cascades, such as MAP kinases which mediate inflammatory responses. Vitamin D targets various tissues and cell types, a number of which belong to the immune system, such as monocytes/macrophages, dendritic cells (DCs) as well as B- and T cells, leading to individual responses of each cell type. One hallmark of these specific vitamin D effects is the cell-type specific regulation of genes involved in the regulation of inflammatory processes and the interplay between vitamin D signaling and other signaling cascades involved in inflammation. An important task in the near future will be the elucidation of the regulatory mechanisms that are involved in the regulation of inflammatory responses by vitamin D on the molecular level by the use of techniques such as chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP), ChIP-seq, and FAIRE-seq.
Therapy of acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is unsatisfactory. Histone deacetylase inhibitors (HDACi) are active against leukemic cells in vitro and in vivo. Clinical data suggest further testing of such epigenetic drugs and to identify mechanisms and markers for their efficacy. Primary and permanent AML cells were screened for viability, replication stress/DNA damage, and regrowth capacities after single exposures to the clinically used pan-HDACi panobinostat (LBH589), the class I HDACi entinostat/romidepsin (MS-275/FK228), the HDAC3 inhibitor RGFP966, the HDAC6 inhibitor marbostat-100, the non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) indomethacin, and the replication stress inducer hydroxyurea (HU). Immunoblotting was used to test if HDACi modulate the leukemia-associated transcription factors β-catenin, Wilms tumor (WT1), and myelocytomatosis oncogene (MYC). RNAi was used to delineate how these factors interact. We show that LBH589, MS-275, FK228, RGFP966, and HU induce apoptosis, replication stress/DNA damage, and apoptotic fragmentation of β-catenin. Indomethacin destabilizes β-catenin and potentiates anti-proliferative effects of HDACi. HDACi attenuate WT1 and MYC caspase-dependently and -independently. Genetic experiments reveal a cross-regulation between MYC and WT1 and a regulation of β-catenin by WT1. In conclusion, reduced levels of β-catenin, MYC, and WT1 are molecular markers for the efficacy of HDACi. HDAC3 inhibition induces apoptosis and disrupts tumor-associated protein expression.
Comprehensive landscape of active deubiquitinating enzymes profiled by advanced chemoproteomics
(2019)
Enzymes that bind and process ubiquitin, a small 76-amino-acid protein, have been recognized as pharmacological targets in oncology, immunological disorders, and neurodegeneration. Mass spectrometry technology has now reached the capacity to cover the proteome with enough depth to interrogate entire biochemical pathways including those that contain DUBs and E3 ligase substrates. We have recently characterized the breast cancer cell (MCF7) deep proteome by detecting and quantifying ~10,000 proteins, and within this data set, we can detect endogenous expression of 65 deubiquitylating enzymes (DUBs), whereas matching transcriptomics detected 78 DUB mRNAs. Since enzyme activity provides another meaningful layer of information in addition to the expression levels, we have combined advanced mass spectrometry technology, pre-fractionation, and more potent/selective ubiquitin active-site probes with propargylic-based electrophiles to profile 74 DUBs including distinguishable isoforms for 5 DUBs in MCF7 crude extract material. Competition experiments with cysteine alkylating agents and pan-DUB inhibitors combined with probe labeling revealed the proportion of active cellular DUBs directly engaged with probes by label-free quantitative (LFQ) mass spectrometry. This demonstrated that USP13, 39, and 40 are non-reactive to probe, indicating restricted enzymatic activity under these cellular conditions. Our extended chemoproteomics workflow increases depth of covering the active DUBome, including isoform-specific resolution, and provides the framework for more comprehensive cell-based small-molecule DUB selectivity profiling.
Nukleäre Rezeptoren sind ligandenaktivierte Transkriptionsfaktoren, die das pharmazeutische Interesse als Zielstrukturen für antientzündliche Wirkstoffe und andere Indikationen erwecken. Entzündungen werden durch Noxen physikalischer, chemischer oder mikrobiologischer Art hervorgerufen. Dabei reagiert das geschädigte Gewebe mit zahlreichen Vorgängen, die vaskuläre und zelluläre Reaktionen mit Immunantworten verknüpfen und nach der Wiederherstellung des ursprünglichen Zustands streben. Bei andauernder Wirkung können Entzündungen jedoch in einen schädlichen Prozess umschlagen, sodass in solchen Fällen eine therapeutische Intervention Notwendigkeit erlangt. Ziel dieser Arbeit war es deshalb, neue Liganden nukleärer Rezeptoren als Kandidaten für antientzündliche Wirkstoffe zu identifizieren.
Leber X Rezeptoren (LXRs) sind Zielstrukturen für entzündliche und neurodegenerative Erkrankungen mit antiphlogistischem Potenzial. Zur Identifikation neuer LXR-Liganden wurde eine Datenbank mit zugelassenen Wirkstoffen mithilfe einer selbstorganisierenden Karte (SOM) auf Interaktion mit LXR gescreent. Die Retinoid X Rezeptor (RXR)-Agonisten Alitretinoin (37) und Bexaroten (38) konnten in der anschließenden in vitro Charakterisierung als potente duale LXRalpha/LXRbeta-Partialagonisten mit moderater Aktivierungseffizienz bestätigt werden. Während 37 und 38 synthetische LXR-Vollagonisten partiell antagonisierten, führten sie mit dem endogenen Partialagonisten 22(R)-Hydroxycholesterol (4) zur additiven Aktivierung von LXR. Die Charakterisierung von Alitretinoin (37) und Bexaroten (38) als duale LXR/RXR-Agonisten liefert nicht nur eine weitere Erklärung für in klinischen Studien beobachtete Nebenwirkungen, sondern könnte auch den Startpunkt zur Entwicklung neuer antientzündlicher LXR- und dualer LXR/RXR-Liganden bieten.
Der Peroxisomen Proliferator-aktivierte Rezeptor (PPAR) gamma ist ein nukleärer Rezeptor, der neben der Steigerung der Insulinsensitivität auch antientzündliche Effekte aufweist. Auf Grundlage seiner Y-förmigen und fettsäuremimetischen Struktur konnte das Urikosurikum Lesinurad (47) als PPARgamma-Partialagonist in vitro charakterisiert werden. Im Gegensatz zu PPARgamma-Vollagonisten wie Pioglitazon (31) oder Rosiglitazon (32) induzierte 47 nicht die Differenzierung muriner 3T3-L1 Zellen in reife Adipozyten, aber erhöhte in der humanen Leberzellkarzinomzelllinie HepG2 die Expression von Genen, welche die Insulinsensitivität und den Fettsäureabbau steigern könnten. Folglich erwies sich Lesinurad (47), das bei der Pharmakotherapie von Gicht Anwendung findet, als selektiver PPARgamma-Modulator (sPPARgammaM) ohne adipogene Nebenwirkungen. Insbesondere Patienten mit Komorbiditäten wie Diabetes mellitus Typ 2 oder anderen Erkrankungen des metabolischen Syndroms könnten von einer Behandlung mit 47 profitieren. Inwiefern PPARgamma an der Auflösung von Entzündungen bei Gicht beteiligt ist, bleibt in zukünftigen Studien zu klären.
Synthetische RXR-Agonisten haben ein vielversprechendes Potenzial zur Behandlung entzündlicher neurodegenerativer Erkrankungen, das jedoch von nachteiligen Eigenschaften dieser Rexinoide beeinträchtigt wird. Durch ein pharmakophorbasiertes Screening einer fokussierten Substanzbibliothek aus Fettsäuremimetika konnte ein fortschrittliches RXR-Ligandgerüst identifiziert werden. Eine geeignete Synthesestrategie wurde etabliert und die Leitstrukturen durch systematisches Studium der Struktur-Wirkungsbeziehung (SAR) optimiert. In vitro Experimente wie Reportergenassays und die Quantifizierung der Zielgenexpression bestätigten die RXR-partialagonistische Aktivität der dabei entwickelten nanomolaren Verbindung 89. Mit seiner hohen Selektivität, gesteigerten wässrigen Löslichkeit sowie reduzierter Lipophilie und Toxizität könnte 89 die Probleme bisheriger synthetischer RXR-Agonisten überwinden. Seine Präferenz von RXRgamma hinsichtlich der Aktivierungseffizienz könnte richtungsweisend für die Entwicklung subtypselektiver Liganden sein.
Die nichtalkoholische Steatohepatitis (NASH) ist eine Leberentzündung, die aus einer Steatose hervorgehen kann und deren multifaktorielle Natur eine hohe therapeutische Effizienz erfordert. Diese könnte durch duale Modulation der nukleären Rezeptoren Farnesoid X Rezeptor (FXR) und PPARdelta mit antientzündlichen Eigenschaften und unterschiedlichem Wirkprinzip erreicht werden. Zur Validierung dieses Ansatzes mit synergistischem Potenzial sollten duale PPARdelta/FXR-Agonisten ausgehend von einer in früheren Studien des Arbeitskreises identifizierten Leitstruktur mit moderater Potenz entwickelt werden. Dazu wurde ein fünfstufiges Verfahren zur Synthese von Derivaten der Leitstruktur erarbeitet und die Derivate hinsichtlich ihrer Aktivität auf den Zielstrukturen in vitro evaluiert. In systematischen SAR-Studien wurden dabei Strukturmotive charakterisiert, welche die Wirksamkeit und Maximalaktivierung auf PPARdelta und FXR steigerten. Darüber hinaus konnten Modifikationen identifiziert werden, welche eine Selektivität über PPARalpha und PPARgamma gewährten. Die Kombination dieser vorteilhaften Gruppen und Substituenten könnte neue Wirkstoffkandidaten zur Behandlung von NASH hervorbringen.
Insgesamt wurden in dieser Arbeit zahlreiche Wirkstoffe und Wirkstoffkandidaten erfolgreich als Liganden nukleärer Rezeptoren mit antientzündlichem Potenzial identifiziert. Alitretinoin (37) und Bexaroten (38) können als Leitstruktur zur Entwicklung neuer selektiver LXR- oder dualer LXR/RXR-Agonisten dienen. Die PPARgamma-partialagonistische Aktivität von Lesinurad (47) könnte einen Fortschritt in der Therapie von Gicht mit metabolischen Begleiterkrankungen bewirken. Zudem könnten im Zuge dieser Arbeit synthetisierte Serien von RXR- und dualen PPARdelta/FXR-Partialagonisten neue Therapieoptionen bei neurodegenerativen Erkrankungen oder NASH ermöglichen.
The interaction of fibroblast growth factors (FGFs) with their fibroblast growth factor receptors (FGFRs) are important in the signaling network of cell growth and development. SSR128129E (SSR),[1, 2] a ligand of small molecular weight with potential anti-cancer properties, acts allosterically on the extracellular domains of FGFRs. Up to now, the structural basis of SSR binding to the D3 domain of FGFR remained elusive. This work reports the structural characterization of the interaction of SSR with one specific receptor, FGFR3, by NMR spectroscopy. This information provides a basis for rational drug design for allosteric FGFR inhibitors.
Neuropathic pain is a debilitating and commonly treatment-refractory condition requiring novel therapeutic options. Accumulating preclinical studies indicate that the potassium channel Slack (KNa1.1) contributes to the processing of neuropathic pain, and that Slack activators, when injected into mice, ameliorate pain-related hypersensitivity. However, whether Slack activation might reduce neuropathic pain in humans remains elusive. Here, we evaluated the tolerability and analgesic efficacy of loxapine, a first-generation antipsychotic drug and Slack activator, in neuropathic pain patients. We aimed to treat 12 patients with chronic chemotherapy-induced, treatment-refractory neuropathic pain (pain severity ≥ 4 units on an 11-point numerical rating scale) in a monocentric, open label, proof-of-principle study. Patients received loxapine orally as add-on analgesic in a dose-escalating manner (four treatment episodes for 14 days, daily dose: 20, 30, 40, or 60 mg loxapine) depending on tolerability and analgesic efficacy. Patient-reported outcomes of pain intensity and/or relief were recorded daily. After enrolling four patients, this study was prematurely terminated due to adverse events typically occurring with first-generation antipsychotic drugs that were reported by all patients. In two patients receiving loxapine for at least two treatment episodes, a clinically relevant analgesic effect was found at a daily dose of 20–30 mg of loxapine. Another two patients tolerated loxapine only for a few days. Together, our data further support the hypothesis that Slack activation might be a novel strategy for neuropathic pain therapy. However, loxapine is no valid treatment option for painful polyneuropathy due to profound dopamine and histamine receptor-related side effects.
Clinical Trial Registration: www.ClinicalTrials.gov, identifier NCT02820519.
Introduction: When developing bio-enabling formulations, innovative tools are required to understand and predict in vivo performance and may facilitate approval by regulatory authorities. EMEND® is an example of such a formulation, in which the active pharmaceutical ingredient, aprepitant, is nano-sized. The aims of this study were 1) to characterize the 80 mg and 125 mg EMEND® capsules in vitro using biorelevant tools, 2) to develop and parameterize a physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) model to simulate and better understand the in vivo performance of EMEND® capsules and 3) to assess which parameters primarily influence the in vivo performance of this formulation across the therapeutic dose range.
Methods: Solubility, dissolution and transfer experiments were performed in various biorelevant media simulating the fasted and fed state environment in the gastrointestinal tract. An in silico PBPK model for healthy volunteers was developed in the Simcyp Simulator, informed by the in vitro results and data available from the literature.
Results: In vitro experiments indicated a large effect of native surfactants on the solubility of aprepitant. Coupling the in vitro results with the PBPK model led to an appropriate simulation of aprepitant plasma concentrations after administration of 80 mg and 125 mg EMEND® capsules in both the fasted and fed states. Parameter Sensitivity Analysis (PSA) was conducted to investigate the effect of several parameters on the in vivo performance of EMEND®. While nano-sizing aprepitant improves its in vivo performance, intestinal solubility remains a barrier to its bioavailability and thus aprepitant should be classified as DCS IIb.
Conclusions: The present study underlines the importance of combining in vitro and in silico biopharmaceutical tools to understand and predict the absorption of this poorly soluble compound from an enabling formulation. The approach can be applied to other poorly soluble compounds to support rational formulation design and to facilitate regulatory assessment of the bio-performance of enabling formulations.
Pharmacology: the pharmacodynamics of nutrients and nutrient interactions in biological functions
(2015)
Epidemiological studies and randomized controlled trials (RCTs) have shown that nutrition and nutritional habits may play a critical role in the optimal functioning of biological systems from conception to old age. Epidemiological studies, due to their methodology, can only provide correlations between consumption of nutrient(s) and biological outcomes, whereas RCTs normally study just one dose of a certain nutrient. Both study types are therefore ill-suited to study the mechanisms by which nutrients exert their benefits. Moreover, the nutrients’ functions may depend on each other. For example, B-vitamins’ functions are known to be interdependent. While the exact mechanisms are unclear, the course and severity of conditions such as obesity, cellular aging, cancer, and neurological disorders can be affected by nutritional approaches. Thus, food and nutrition play an intimate and inextricable role in human health. Despite growing interest in adequate nutrition, the effects of nutrient interaction, the possible varying effects on different organs, and the dependency of such effects on age or health status are complicated topics that deserve careful examination. ...
Mitochondria are involved in the aging processes that ultimately lead to neurodegeneration and the development of Alzheimer’s disease (AD). A healthy lifestyle, including a diet rich in antioxidants and polyphenols, represents one strategy to protect the brain and to prevent neurodegeneration. We recently reported that a stabilized hexanic rice bran extract (RBE) rich in vitamin E and polyphenols (but unsuitable for human consumption) has beneficial effects on mitochondrial function in vitro and in vivo (doi:10.1016/j.phrs.2013.06.008, 10.3233/JAD-132084). To enable the use of RBE as food additive, a stabilized ethanolic extract has been produced. Here, we compare the vitamin E profiles of both extracts and their effects on mitochondrial function (ATP concentrations, mitochondrial membrane potential, mitochondrial respiration and mitochondrial biogenesis) in PC12 cells. We found that vitamin E contents and the effects of both RBE on mitochondrial function were similar. Furthermore, we aimed to identify components responsible for the mitochondria-protective effects of RBE, but could not achieve a conclusive result. α-Tocotrienol and possibly also γ-tocotrienol, α-tocopherol and δ-tocopherol might be involved, but hitherto unknown components of RBE or a synergistic effect of various components might also play a role in mediating RBE’s beneficial effects on mitochondrial function.