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The arachidonic acid cascade is a key player in inflammation, and numerous well-established drugs interfere with this pathway. Previous studies have suggested that simultaneous inhibition of 5-lipoxygenase (5-LO) and soluble epoxide hydrolase (sEH) results in synergistic anti-inflammatory effects. In this study, a novel prototype of a dual 5-LO/sEH inhibitor KM55 was rationally designed and synthesized. KM55 was evaluated in enzyme activity assays with recombinant enzymes. Furthermore, activity of KM55 in human whole blood and endothelial cells was investigated. KM55 potently inhibited both enzymes in vitro and attenuated the formation of leukotrienes in human whole blood. KM55 was also tested in a cell function-based assay. The compound significantly inhibited the LPS-induced adhesion of leukocytes to endothelial cells by blocking leukocyte activation.
Der Name Histamin hat seinen Ursprung aus dem griechischen Wort "histos" (Gewebe) und spielt auf sein breites Spektrum an Aktivitäten, sowohl unter physiologischen als auch unter pathophysiologischen Bedingungen an. Histamin ist eines der Moleküle mit welchem man sich im letzten Jahrhundert am intensivsten beschäftigt hat.
Im Jahr 1907 wurde das Histamin erstmals synthetisiert. Drei Jahre später gelang es, dieses Monoamin erstmals aus dem Mutterkornpilz Claviceps purpurea zu isolieren. Weitere 17 Jahre vergingen, ehe Best et al. Histamin aus der humanen Leber und der humanen Lunge isolieren konnten. Best konnte somit beweisen, dass dieses biogene Amin einen natürlichen Bestandteil des menschlichen Körpers darstellt. Nach der Entdeckung wurden dem Histamin mehrere Effekte zugeschrieben. Dale et al. beobachteten, dass Histamin einen stimulierenden Effekt auf die glatte Muskulatur des Darms und des Respirationstraktes hat, stimulierend auf die Herzkontraktion wirkt, Vasodepression und ein schockähnliches Syndrom verursacht.
Popielski demonstrierte, dass Histamin dosisabhängig einen stimulierenden Effekt auf die Magensäuresekretion von Hunden hat. Lewis wiederum beschrieb erstmals, dass Histamin einen Effekt auf der Haut hervorruft. Dies zeigte sich durch verschiedene Merkmale, wie geröteter Bereich aufgrund der Vasodilatation und Quaddeln aufgrund der erhöhten Gefäßpermeabilität. Des Weiteren wurde Histamin eine mediatorische Eigenschaft bei anaphylaktischen und allergischen Reaktionen zugeschrieben. Zusätzlich spielt das biogene Amin eine entscheidende Rolle im zentralen Nervensystem (ZNS), unter anderem beim Lernen, bei der Erinnerung, beim Appetit und beim Schlaf-Wach-Rhythmus. Von den zahlreichen physiologischen Effekten des Histamins ist seine Rolle bei Entzündungsprozessen, der Magensäuresekretion und als Neurotransmitter am besten verstanden.
The interaction of fibroblast growth factors (FGFs) with their fibroblast growth factor receptors (FGFRs) are important in the signaling network of cell growth and development. SSR128129E (SSR),[1, 2] a ligand of small molecular weight with potential anti-cancer properties, acts allosterically on the extracellular domains of FGFRs. Up to now, the structural basis of SSR binding to the D3 domain of FGFR remained elusive. This work reports the structural characterization of the interaction of SSR with one specific receptor, FGFR3, by NMR spectroscopy. This information provides a basis for rational drug design for allosteric FGFR inhibitors.
The access to information on the dynamic behaviour of large proteins is usually hindered as spectroscopic methods require the site-specific attachment of biophysical probes. A powerful emerging tool to tackle this issue is amber codon suppression. Till date, its application on large and complex multidomain proteins of MDa size has not been reported. Herein, we systematically investigate the feasibility to introduce different non-canonical amino acids into a 540 kDa homodimeric fatty acid synthase type I by genetic code expansion with subsequent fluorescent labelling. Our approach relies on a microplate-based reporter assay of low complexity using a GFP fusion protein to quickly screen for sufficient suppression conditions. Once identified, these findings were successfully utilized to upscale both the expression scale and the protein size to full-length constructs. These fluorescently labelled samples of fatty acid synthase were subjected to initial biophysical experiments, including HPLC analysis, activity assays and fluorescence spectroscopy. Successful introduction of such probes into a molecular machine such as fatty acid synthases may pave the way to understand the conformational variability, which is a primary intrinsic property required for efficient interplay of all catalytic functionalities, and to engineer them.
The bile acid activated transcription factor farnesoid X receptor (FXR) regulates numerous metabolic processes and is a rising target for the treatment of hepatic and metabolic disorders. FXR agonists have revealed efficacy in treating non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), diabetes and dyslipidemia. Here we characterize imatinib as first-in-class allosteric FXR modulator and report the development of an optimized descendant that markedly promotes agonist induced FXR activation in a reporter gene assay and FXR target gene expression in HepG2 cells. Differential effects of imatinib on agonist-induced bile salt export protein and small heterodimer partner expression suggest that allosteric FXR modulation could open a new avenue to gene-selective FXR modulators.
Amorphous formulation technologies to improve oral absorption of poorly soluble active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) have become increasingly prevalent. Currently, polymer-based amorphous formulations manufactured by spray drying, hot melt extrusion (HME), or co-precipitation are most common. However, these technologies have challenges in terms of the successful stabilization of poor glass former compounds in the amorphous form. An alternative approach is mesoporous silica, which stabilizes APIs in non-crystalline form via molecular adsorption inside nano-scale pores. In line with these considerations, two poor glass formers, haloperidol and carbamazepine, were formulated as polymer-based solid dispersion via HME and with mesoporous silica, and their stability was compared under accelerated conditions. Changes were monitored over three months with respect to solid-state form and dissolution. The results were supported by solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (SS-NMR) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). It was demonstrated that mesoporous silica was more successful than HME in the stabilization of the selected poor glass formers. While both drugs remained non-crystalline during the study using mesoporous silica, polymer-based HME formulations showed recrystallization after one week. Thus, mesoporous silica represents an attractive technology to extend the formulation toolbox to poorly soluble poor glass formers.