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Duale Thrombozytenaggregationshemmung (‚dual antiplatelet therapy‘: DAPT) erhöht das Risiko für eine hämorrhagische Transformation (HT) von ischämischen Schlaganfällen nach Thrombolyse mit gewebespezifischem Plasminogenaktivator (‚tissue plasminogen activator‘: tPA). Bisherige klinische Studien waren jedoch nicht vollends eindeutig, ob diese erhöhte Blutungswahrscheinlichkeit tatsächlich zu einer schlechteren Ausgangssituation für Patienten führt. Viele sehen die initiale klinische Verschlechterung im Rahmen einer potenziellen HT durch den Nutzen der wiederhergestellten Rekanalisation verschlossener Gefäße aufgewogen. Aus diesem Grunde sollte tPA auch in Patienten angewendet werden, die einen Schlaganfall unter DAPT erleiden. Bisher sind der Pathomechanismus und die beteiligten Mediatoren der HT unverstanden. Allerdings könnte die Reduktion der tPA-assoziierten HT zu einer sichereren Anwendung der Thrombolyse beitragen und ihren Nutzen insgesamt weiter steigern. Daher war es Ziel dieser Studie, ein Schlaganfallmodell mit tPA-assoziierter HT in Mäusen unter DAPT zu etablieren, um damit erste Bewertungen therapeutischer Ansätze zur Begrenzung der HT zu ermöglichen.
Ein entscheidender Aspekt vorab war die Bestimmung der Thrombozytenfunktion in den behandelten Mäusen, um damit die Wirksamkeit der DAPT zu messen. Dies war besonders vor dem Hintergrund wichtig, dass DAPT bei Patienten unterschiedlich wirksam ist. So gibt es einen gewissen Anteil Patienten, der resistent gegenüber Aspirin und/oder anderen Thrombozytenaggregationshemmern wie Clopidogrel zu sein scheint. Daher galt es, dieses Phänomen in unserem Modell zu kontrollieren und etwaige Non-Responder zu identifizieren und gegebenenfalls auszuschließen. Dies ist bei herkömmlichen Methoden der Aggregometrie (dem Standardverfahren zur Messung der Thrombozytenfunktion und Therapieüberwachung von Thrombozytenaggregationshemmern) eine Herausforderung, da im Handel erhältliche Aggregometer Blutvolumina erfordern, die für eine Maus tödlich wären. Auch Schwanzblutungstests (sog. „tail bleeding tests“) versagen häufig, wenn sie nach einer experimentellen Schlaganfalloperation durchgeführt werden. Wir haben daher einen Durchflusszytometrie-basierten Ansatz zur Messung der in vitro Thrombozytenfunktion modifiziert, der nur geringe Blutvolumina erfordert und von uns erstmals in einem experimentellen Schlaganfallprotokoll eingesetzt wurde. Dieser zeigte eine signifikant reduzierte Thrombozytenfunktion nach DAPT mit Aspirin und Clopidogrel (ASA+CPG) an. Die Methode korrelierte gut mit Ergebnissen von zusätzlich durchgeführten Schwanzblutungstests und wird künftige präklinische Studien zur DAPT in Mäusen erleichtern. Obwohl es eine gewisse Variabilität in der Thrombozytenfunktion der behandelten Mäuse gab, identifizierten wir letztendlich keine Non-Responder.
Als nächstes zeigten wir erfolgreich, dass DAPT mit ASA+CPG in Mäusen beim experimentellen Schlaganfall zu vermehrter HT beiträgt. Wurde die DAPT mit einer tPA-Thrombolyse verbunden, erhöhte sich die HT-Rate sogar signifikant im Vergleich zu unbehandelten Mäusen mit und ohne tPA-Thrombolyse. Unser Modell kann nun genutzt werden, um die Mechanismen der HT weiter zu untersuchen. Noch wichtiger ist, dass die Einrichtung eines solchen Modells es Forschern ermöglicht, mögliche Strategien zur Minderung des Blutungsrisikos bei Patienten mit DAPT zu testen.
Zur Verringerung der HT wählten wir zwei verschiedene pharmakologische Strategien. Zunächst untersuchten wir die Reduktion der tPA Dosis, welche allerdings nicht erfolgreich vor hämorrhagischen Komplikationen schützen konnte. Danach fokussierten wir uns auf die Rolle der 12/15-Lipoxygenase (12/15-LOX) in unserem Modell. Verschiedene Vorarbeiten hatten gezeigt, dass die 12/15-LOX zum Untergang von Endothelzellen im ischämischen Gehirn beiträgt und damit wahrscheinlich eine ursächliche oder zumindest unterstützende Rolle in der Entstehung der HT hat. So wiederholten wir unsere Versuche der tPA-assoziierten HT unter DAPT in LOX-knockout Mäusen und inhibierten die 12/15-LOX pharmakologisch mit ML351. Wir zeigten erfolgreich, dass die Hemmung von 12/15-LOX in Wildtyp-Mäusen die Blutungsrate signifikant reduzierte und identifizierten die 12/15-LOX damit als geeigneten Kandidaten für weiterführende Studien zur Eindämmung sekundärer Schäden nach ischämischen Schlaganfall. Zudem wäre neben der therapeutischen, auch die prophylaktische Gabe von 12/15-LOX Inhibitoren in Hochrisikopatienten additiv zur Thrombolyse denkbar. Eine solche Blutungsprophylaxe könnte zu einer Indikationserweiterung der Lysetherapie beitragen und das funktionelle Langzeit-Ergebnis der Patienten verbessern.
Background: Current literature is inconsistent regarding the risk of severe side effects using accelerated induction protocols in Hymenoptera venom immunotherapy (VIT). In addition, several data indicate the influence of purity grade of venom preparation on tolerability. We evaluated the safety and tolerability of ultra-rush and rush build-up protocols using purified and non-purified venom preparations. Methods: Retrospective single-center study of 581 VIT inductions (325 ultra-rush and 256 rush protocols) from 2005 to 2018 in 559 patients with bee and vespid venom allergy using aqueous purified (ALK SQ®) for ultra-rush protocol and aqueous non-purified (ALK Reless®) venom preparations for rush protocol. Results: Urticaria (8% vs. 3.1%, p = 0,013) and dose reductions (4.3% vs. 1.2%, p = 0,026) were significantly more frequent in the ultra-rush group. Overall rate of moderate-to-severe side effects (anaphylaxis ≥grade 2 according to Ring and Meβmer) was low and did not differ significantly between protocols (p = 0.105). Severe events (grade 4 anaphylaxis) were not reported. Discontinuation rate was very low in both cohorts (0.6% vs 1.2%). The higher purity grade of venom preparations in the ultra-rush cohort did not improve tolerability. The bee venom group showed a non-significant trend towards higher incidence of mild reactions (urticaria), resulting in more frequent dose reductions and antiallergic therapy. Conclusion: Rush and ultra-rush protocols show an excellent safety profile with only infrequent and mild anaphylactic reactions in bee and vespid venom allergy. Ultra-rush immunotherapy reduces the duration of the inpatient build-up phase setting and thus is viewed by the authors as preferred treatment in Hymenoptera venom allergic patients.
Background: Dental professionals are subjected to higher risks for musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs) than other professional groups, especially the hand region. This study aims to investigate the prevalence of hand complaints among dentists (Ds) and dental assistants (DAs) and examines applied therapies. Methods: For this purpose, an online questionnaire analysed 389 Ds (240female/149male) and 406 DAs (401female/5male) working in Germany. The self-reported data of the two occupational groups were compared with regard to the topics examined. The questionnaire was based on the Nordic Questionnaire (self-reported lifetime, 12-month and 7-day MSDs prevalence of the hand, the conducted therapy and its success), additional occupational and sociodemographic questions as well as questions about specific medical conditions. Results: 30.8% of Ds affirmed MSDs in the hand at any time in their lives, 20.3% in the last twelve months and 9.5% in the last seven days. Among DAs, 42.6% reported a prevalence of MSDs in the hand at any time in their lives, 31.8% in the last 12 months and 15.3% in the last seven days. 37.5% of the Ds and 28.3% of the DAs stated that they had certain treatments. For both, Ds and DAs, physiotherapy was the most frequently chosen form of therapy. 89.7% of Ds and 63.3% of DAs who received therapy reported an improvement of MSDs. Conclusion: Although the prevalence of MSDs on the hand is higher among DAs than among Ds, the use of therapeutic options and the success of therapy is lower for DAs compared to Ds.
This study deals with 3D laser investigation on the border between the human lymph node T-zone and germinal centre. Only a few T-cells specific for antigen selected B-cells are allowed to enter germinal centres. This selection process is guided by sinus structures, chemokine gradients and inherent motility of the lymphoid cells. We measured gaps and wall-like structures manually, using IMARIS, a 3D image software for analysis and interpretation of microscopy datasets. In this paper, we describe alpha-actin positive and semipermeable walls and wall-like structures that may hinder T-cells and other cell types from entering germinal centres. Some clearly defined holes or gaps probably regulate lymphoid traffic between T- and B-cell areas. In lymphadenitis, the morphology of this border structure is clearly defined. However, in case of malignant lymphoma, the wall-like structure is disrupted. This has been demonstrated exemplarily in case of angioimmunoblastic T-cell lymphoma. We revealed significant differences of lengths of the wall-like structures in angioimmunoblastic T-cell lymphoma in comparison with wall-like structures in reactive tissue slices. The alterations of morphological structures lead to abnormal and less controlled T- and B-cell distributions probably preventing the immune defence against tumour cells and infectious agents by dysregulating immune homeostasis.
Background: The intraoperative blood loss is estimated daily in the operating room and is mainly done by visual techniques. Due to local standards, the surgical sponge colours can vary (e.g. white in US, green in Germany). The influence of sponge colour on accuracy of estimation has not been in the focus of research yet. Material and methods: A blood loss simulation study containing four “bleeding” scenarios each per sponge colour were created by using expired whole blood donation samples. The blood donations were applied to white and green surgical sponges after dilution with full electrolyte solution. Study participants had to estimate the absorbed blood loss in sponges in all scenarios. The difference to the reference blood loss was analysed. Multivariate linear regression analysis was performed to investigate other influence factors such as staff experience and sponge colour. Results: A total of 53 anaesthesists participated in the study. Visual estimation correlated moderately with reference blood loss in white (Spearman's rho: 0.521; p = 3.748*10−16) and green sponges (Spearman's rho: 0.452; p = 4.683*10−12). The median visually estimated blood loss was higher in white sponges (250ml IRQ 150–412.5ml) than in green sponges (150ml IQR 100-300ml), compared to reference blood loss (103ml IQR 86–162.8). For both colour types of sponges, major under- and overestimation was observed. The multivariate statistics demonstrates that fabric colours have a significant influence on estimation (p = 3.04*10−10), as well as clinician’s qualification level (p = 2.20*10−10, p = 1.54*10−08) and amount of RBL to be estimated (p < 2*10−16). Conclusion: The deviation of correct blood loss estimation was smaller with white surgical sponges compared to green sponges. In general, deviations were so severe for both types of sponges, that it appears to be advisable to refrain from visually estimating blood loss whenever possible and instead to use other techniques such as e.g. colorimetric estimation.
Objectives: In this study, localization accuracy and sensitivity to acoustic interaural time differences (ITDs) in subjects using cochlear implants with combined electric-acoustic stimulation (EAS) were assessed and compared with the results of a normal hearing control group. Methods: Eight CI users with EAS (2 bilaterally implanted, 6 unilaterally implanted) and symmetric binaural acoustic hearing and 24 normal hearing subjects participated in the study. The first experiment determined mean localization error (MLE) for different angles of sound incidence between ± 60° (frontal and dorsal presentation). The stimuli were either low-pass, high-pass or broadband noise bursts. In a second experiment, just noticeable differences (JND) of ITDs were measured for pure tones of 125 Hz, 250 Hz and 500 Hz (headphone presentation). Results: Experiment 1: MLE of EAS subjects was 8.5°, 14.3° and 14.7°, (low-, high-pass and broadband stimuli respectively). In the control group, MLE was 1.8° (broadband stimuli). In the differentiation between sound incidence from front and back, EAS subjects performed on chance level. Experiment 2: The JND-ITDs were 88.7 μs for 125 Hz, 48.8 μs for 250 Hz and 52.9 μs for 500 Hz (EAS subjects). Compared to the control group, JND-ITD for 125 Hz was on the same level of performance. No statistically significant correlation was found between MLE and JND-ITD in the EAS cohort. Conclusions: Near to normal ITD sensitivity in the lower frequency acoustic hearing was demonstrated in a cohort of EAS users. However, in an acoustic localization task, the majority of the subjects did not reached the level of accuracy of normal hearing. Presumably, signal processing time delay differences between devices used on both sides are deteriorating the transfer of precise binaural timing cues.
Background: Anemia is the most important complication during major surgery and transfusion of red blood cells is the mainstay to compensate for life threating blood loss. Therefore, accurate measurement of hemoglobin (Hb) concentration should be provided in real-time. Blood Gas Analysis (BGA) provides rapid point-of-care assessment using smaller sampling tubes compared to central laboratory (CL) services. Objective: This study aimed to investigate the accuracy of BGA hemoglobin testing as compared to CL services. Methods: Data of the ongoing LIBERAL-Trial (Liberal transfusion strategy to prevent mortality and anemia-associated ischemic events in elderly non-cardiac surgical patients, LIBERAL) was used to assess the bias for Hb level measured by BGA devices (ABL800 Flex analyzer®, GEM series® and RapidPoint 500®) and CL as the reference method. For that, we analyzed pairs of Hb level measured by CL and BGA within two hours. Furthermore, the impact of various confounding factors including age, gender, BMI, smoker status, transfusion of RBC, intraoperative hemodilution, and co-medication was elucidated. In order to ensure adequate statistical analysis, only data of participating centers providing more than 200 Hb pairs were used. Results: In total, three centers including 963 patients with 1,814 pairs of Hb measurements were analyzed. Mean bias was comparable between ABL800 Flex analyzer® and GEM series®: - 0.38 ± 0.15 g/dl whereas RapidPoint 500® showed a smaller bias (-0.09 g/dl) but greater median absolute deviation (± 0.45 g/dl). In order to avoid interference with different standard deviations caused by the different analytic devices, we focused on two centers using the same BGA technique (309 patients and 1,570 Hb pairs). A Bland-Altman analysis and LOWESS curve showed that bias decreased with smaller Hb values in absolute numbers but increased relatively. The smoker status showed the greatest reduction in bias (0.1 g/dl, p<0.001) whereas BMI (0.07 g/dl, p = 0.0178), RBC transfusion (0.06 g/dl, p<0.001), statins (0.04 g/dl, p<0.05) and beta blocker (0.03 g/dl, p = 0.02) showed a slight effect on bias. Intraoperative substitution of volume and other co-medications did not influence the bias significantly. Conclusion: Many interventions like substitution of fluids, coagulating factors or RBC units rely on the accuracy of laboratory measurement devices. Although BGA Hb testing showed a consistently stable difference to CL, our data confirm that BGA devices are associated with different bias. Therefore, we suggest that hospitals assess their individual bias before implementing BGA as valid and stable supplement to CL. However, based on the finding that bias decreased with smaller Hb values, which in turn are used for transfusion decision, we expect no unnecessary or delayed RBC transfusion, and no major impact on the LIBERAL trial performance.
Objectives: To review systematically the past 10 years of research activity into the healthcare experiences (HCX) of patients with chronic heart failure (CHF) in Germany, in order to identify research foci and gaps and make recommendations for future research. Design: In this scoping review, six databases and grey literature sources were systematically searched for articles reporting HCX of patients with CHF in Germany that were published between 2008 and 2018. Extracted results were summarised using quantitative and qualitative descriptive analysis. Results: Of the 18 studies (100%) that met the inclusion criteria, most were observational studies (60%) that evaluated findings quantitatively (60%). HCX were often concerned with patient information, global satisfaction as well as relationships and communication between patients and providers and generally covered ambulatory care, hospital care and rehabilitation services. Overall, the considerable heterogeneity of the included studies’ outcomes only permitted relatively trivial levels of synthesis. Conclusion: In Germany, research on HCX of patients with CHF is characterised by missing, inadequate and insufficient information. Future research would benefit from qualitative analyses, evidence syntheses, longitudinal analyses that investigate HCX throughout the disease trajectory, and better reporting of sociodemographic data. Furthermore, research should include studies that are based on digital data, reports of experiences gained in under-investigated yet patient-relevant healthcare settings and include more female subjects.
Hintergrund/Zielsetzung: Die Studentische Poliklinik Frankfurt (SP) ist die erste sogenannte Student-run Free Clinic in Deutschland. In ihr versorgen Studenten der Humanmedizin unter ärztlicher Aufsicht nicht-krankenversicherte Patienten. Vor der Tätigkeit in der SP müssen die Studenten ein intensives Vorbereitungsprogramm absolvieren. Dieses Programm ist seit Sommer 2013 als Wahlpflichtfach an der Medizinischen Fakultät der Goethe-Universität Frankfurt curricular verankert. Im Wintersemester 2016/2017 wurde zusätzlich zum bestehenden Peer-assisted Learning Kurs ein web-basierter Virtual Patient Learning Kurs eingeführt.
Ziel dieser Studie war es, die Wirksamkeit von Peer-assisted Learning mit Virtual Patient Learning im Erwerb allgemeinmedizinischer Grundkenntnisse und -fertigkeiten zu vergleichen. Betrachtet wurden hierbei unterschiedliche Ebenen des Kompetenzerwerbs: theoretisches Wissen, praktisches Wissen und Selbstevaluation standen im Fokus der Studie.
Methoden: 51 Studenten des fünften Fachsemesters wurden randomisiert in eine Peer-assisted Learning Gruppe (PAL Gruppe; n = 20), eine Virtual Patient Learning Gruppe (VPL Gruppe; n = 20) und eine Kontrollgruppe (KG, n = 11). Alle Gruppen absolvierten den curricularen Unterricht des ersten klinischen Semesters. Zusätzlich durchlief die PAL Gruppe das Wahlfach der SP im Peer-assisted Learning Format. Die VPL Gruppe durchlief das Wahlfach der SP im web-basierten Format mit sogenannten virtuellen Patienten auf der e-Learning Plattform Lernbar der Goethe Universität Frankfurt.
Die Messung des Wissenserwerbs beinhaltete einen theoretischen Vortest und Nachtest (Langzeit-Test) mit je 24 Single-Choice Fragen und theoretische Kurzzeit-Tests nach jedem der Kasuistikseminare mit je fünf Single-Choice Fragen. Der praktische Kompetenzerwerb wurde durch eine curriculare und eine zum Wahlfach gehörende Objective Structured Clinical Examination (OSCE) nach Abschluss der Intervention gemessen. Außerdem schätzten die Studienteilnehmer ihren Wissens- und Kompetenzerwerb vor und nach Teilnahme am Wahlfach der SP mit Hilfe eines Fragebogens ein. Hierfür beantworteten sie 34 Fragen anhand einer sechsstufigen Likert-Skala (1 = sehr sicher; 6 = überhaupt nicht sicher).
Nach jedem Kasuistikseminar evaluierten die Studenten die jeweilige Kasuistik mit je fünf Fragen anhand einer sechsstufigen Likert-Skala (1 = ich stimme voll zu; 6 = ich stimme überhaupt nicht zu).
Das Signifikanzniveau wurde auf 0.05 festgelegt.
Ergebnisse: Im gesamten theoretischen Nachtest erwarben alle Gruppen (PAL, VPL und KG) einen signifikanten Wissenszuwachs (PAL p < 0.0001; VPL p < 0.0001; KG p = 0.0156) verglichen mit dem theoretischen Vortest. In allen theoretischen Kurzzeit-Tests wies die VPL Gruppe ein signifikant besseres Ergebnis auf als die PAL Gruppe (Mittelwert PAL = 85.75 %; Mittelwert VPL = 90.57 %; p = 0.0047).
Im Wahlfach OSCE zeigte sich kein signifikanter Unterschied zwischen der PAL und VPL Gruppe (p = 0.5395). Im curricularen OSCE zeigte sich kein signifikanter Unterschied zwischen beiden Testgruppen und der KG (p = 0.4263).
In der Selbsteinschätzung nach Intervention schätzte sich die PAL Gruppe in 31 von 34 Items signifikant besser ein als zuvor. Die VPL Gruppe schätzte sich in 25 Items und die KG in 16 der 34 Items signifikant besser ein als zuvor.
Die Kasuistikseminare wurden von der PAL und VPL Gruppe ähnlich bewertet. Die Mediane für die einzelnen Kasuistiken lagen bei 1 oder 2.
Allgemeinmedizinische Grundkenntnisse und Fertigkeiten können mit VPL genauso effektiv vermittelt werden wie mit PAL. Aufgrund der Kosteneffizienz, einer hohen Reproduzierbarkeit und des frei wählbaren Umfangs bezüglich Bearbeitungsort-und Zeit, sollte VPL häufiger in der allgemeinmedizinischen Lehre im Rahmen von Student-run Free Clinics durchgeführt werden. Letztendlich kann dies zu einer verbesserten Behandlungsqualität und Patientenzufriedenheit führen.
Die VPL Seminare sollten dennoch weiterentwickelt werden und besonders im Hinblick auf Feedback an die Studenten moduliert und individualisierter gestaltet werden.
Functional roles of COMP and TSP-4 in articular cartilage and their relevance in osteoarthritis
(2020)
Osteoarthritis (OA) is a slowly progressing disease, resulting in the degradation of cartilage and the loss of joint functionality. The cartilage extracellular matrix (ECM) is degraded and undergoes remodelling in OA progression. Chondrocytes start to express degrading proteases but are also reactivated and synthesise ECM proteins. The spectrum of these newly synthesised proteins and their involvement in OA specific processes and cartilage repair is hardly investigated.
Human articular cartilage obtained from OA patients undergoing knee replacement surgery was evaluated according to the OARSI histopathology grading system. Healthy, non-OA cartilage samples were used as controls. The expression and distribution of thrombospondin-4 (TSP-4) and the closely related COMP were analysed on the gene level by PCR and on the protein level by immunohistology and immunoblot assays. The potential of TSP-4 as a diagnostic marker was evaluated by immunoblot assays, using serum samples from OA patients and healthy individuals. The functional role of both proteins was further investigated in in vitro studies using chondrocytes isolated from femoral condyles of healthy pigs. The effect of COMP and TSP-4 on chondrocyte migration and attachment was investigated via transwell and attachment assays, respectively. Moreover, the potential of COMP and TSP-4 to modulate the chondrocyte phenotype by inducing gene expression, ECM protein synthesis and matrix formation was investigated by immunofluorescence staining and qPCR. The activation of cartilage relevant signalling pathways was investigated by immunoblot assays.
These results showed for the first time the presence of TSP-4 in articular cartilage. Its amount dramatically increased in OA compared to healthy cartilage and correlated positively with OA severity. In healthy cartilage TSP-4 was primarily found in the superficial zone while it was wider distributed in the middle and deeper zones of OA cartilage. The amount of specific TSP-4 fragments was increased in sera of OA patients compared to healthy controls, indicating a potential to serve as an OA biomarker. COMP was ubiquitously expressed in healthy cartilage but degraded in early as well as re-expressed in late-stage OA. The overall protein levels between OA severity grades were comparable. Contrary to TSP-4, COMP was localised primarily in the upper zone of OA cartilage, in particular in areas with severe damage. COMP could attract chondrocytes and facilitated their attachment, while TSP-4 did not affect these processes. COMP and TSP 4 were generally weak inducers of gene expression, although both could induce COL2A1 and TSP-4 additionally COL12A1 and ACAN after 6 h. Correlating data were obtained on the protein level: COMP and TSP-4 promoted the synthesis and matrix formation of collagen II, collagen IX, collagen XII and proteoglycans. In parallel, both proteins suppressed chondrocyte hypertrophy and dedifferentiation by reducing collagen X and collagen I. By analysing the effect of COMP and TSP-4 on intracellular signalling, both proteins induced Erk1/2 phosphorylation and TSP-4 could further promote Smad2/3 signalling induced by TGF-β1. None of the two proteins had a direct or modulatory effect on Smad1/5/9 dependent signalling.
In summary, COMP and TSP-4 contribute to ECM maintenance and repair by inducing the expression of essential ECM proteins and suppressing chondrocyte dedifferentiation. These effects might be mediated by Erk1/2 phosphorylation. The presented data demonstrate an important functional role of COMP and TSP-4 in both healthy and OA cartilage and provide a basis for further studies on their potential in clinical applications for OA diagnosis and treatment.
Mesenchymale Knochenmarksstammzellen (engl. Bone Marrow-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells (BMSCs)) sind hochproliferative multipotente Progenitorzellen mit einem hohen Regenerationspotential. Sie können aus dem Knochenmark in geschädigte Knorpelareale migrieren und dort zu Chondrozyten differenzieren. Somit können sie zur Reparatur traumatisch oder osteoarthrotisch bedingter Knorpelschäden beitragen. In verschiedenen Bereichen des Gelenks konnten zudem sympathische Nervenfasern sowie der sympathische Neurotransmitter Noradrenalin (NE) nachgewiesen werden. NE inhibiert die chondrogene Differenzierungskapazität von BMSCs und kann so zur Pathogenese der Osteoarthrose (OA) beitragen. Unbekannt ist zum derzeitigen Zeitpunkt, inwiefern NE die Proliferation von humanen BMSCs beeinflusst. Ziel unserer Studie war, den Einfluss von NE auf die Proliferationskapazität humaner BMSCs zu untersuchen und beteiligte intrazelluläre Signalwege zu identifizieren.
Zu diesem Zweck wurden BMSCs von Patienten nach stattgehabtem Gelenktrauma (Trauma BMSCs) und von Patienten mit diagnostizierter OA (OA BMSCs) untersucht. Zunächst erfolgte eine Analyse des Genexpressionsmusters der verschiedenen Adrenorezeptoren (ARs). Anschließend wurden sowohl Trauma als auch OA BMSCs mit NE in unterschiedlichen Konzentrationen sowie mit NE in Kombination mit verschiedenen AR-Antagonisten (Doxazosin (α1), Yohimbin (α2) oder Propranolol (β2)) behandelt. Die Aktivierung der AR-gekoppelten Signalwege wurde anhand der Phosphorylierung der beiden Hauptsignalwege der extrazellulären signalregulierten Kinasen 1/2 (ERK1/2) und der Proteinkinase A (PKA) via Western Blot untersucht.
Die Genexpression diverser AR-Subtypen konnte in Trauma (α2B-, α2C- und β2-AR) und OA BMSCs (α2A-, α2B- und β2-AR) nachgewiesen werden. Die Behandlung mit NE in hohen Konzentrationen führte zu einer statistisch signifikanten Inhibition der Proliferation von Trauma und OA BMSCs. Die Behandlung mit NE in niedrigen Konzentrationen hatte hingegen keinen Einfluss auf die Proliferation von Trauma und OA BMSCs. Sowohl ERK1/2 als auch PKA wurden in Trauma und OA BMSCs nach Behandlung mit NE aktiviert. Lediglich der β2-Antagonist Propranolol konnte sowohl die Effekte auf die Proliferation als auch auf die Aktivierung von ERK1/2 und PKA aufheben. Doxazosin und Yohimbin hatten hingegen keinen signifikanten Einfluss auf die Proliferation sowie die ERK1/2- und PKA-Phosphorylierung.
Unsere Untersuchungen zeigen, dass NE die Proliferation von Trauma und OA BMSCs konzentrationsabhängig inhibiert. Dieser Effekt wird vornehmlich über eine β2-AR-gekoppelte ERK1/2- und PKA-Aktivierung vermittelt. Über diesen Mechanismus kann NE das regenerative Potential von humanen BMSCs verringern und somit zur Pathogenese der OA beitragen. Über eine zielgerichtete Beeinflussung des β2-Signalweges könnten sich zukünftig neue therapeutische Optionen bei der Behandlung osteoarthrotisch oder traumatisch bedingter Knorpelschäden ergeben.
The intestinal epithelium acts as a selective barrier for the absorption of water, nutrients and orally administered drugs. To evaluate the gastrointestinal permeability of a candidate molecule, scientists and drug developers have a multitude of cell culture models at their disposal. Static transwell cultures constitute the most extensively characterized intestinal in vitro system and can accurately categorize molecules into low, intermediate and high permeability compounds. However, they lack key aspects of intestinal physiology, including the cellular complexity of the intestinal epithelium, flow, mechanical strain, or interactions with intestinal mucus and microbes. To emulate these features, a variety of different culture paradigms, including microfluidic chips, organoids and intestinal slice cultures have been developed. Here, we provide an updated overview of intestinal in vitro cell culture systems and critically review their suitability for drug absorption studies. The available data show that these advanced culture models offer impressive possibilities for emulating intestinal complexity. However, there is a paucity of systematic absorption studies and benchmarking data and it remains unclear whether the increase in model complexity and costs translates into improved drug permeability predictions. In the absence of such data, conventional static transwell cultures remain the current gold-standard paradigm for drug absorption studies.
Background: Dentists are at a higher risk of suffering from musculoskeletal disorders (MSD) than the general population. However, the latest study investigating MSD in the dental profession in Germany was published about 20 years ago. Therefore, the aim of this study was to reveal the current prevalence of MSD in dentists and dental students in Germany. Methods: The final study size contained 450 (287 f/163 m) subjects of different areas of specialization. The age of the participants ranged from 23 to 75 years. The questionnaire consisted of a modified version of the Nordic Questionnaire, work-related questions from the latest questionnaire of German dentists, typical medical conditions and self-developed questions. Results: The overall prevalence showed that dentists suffered frequently from MSD (seven days: 65.6%, twelve months: 92%, lifetime: 95.8%). The most affected body regions included the neck (42.7%–70.9%–78.4%), shoulders (29.8%–55.6%–66.2%) and lower back (22.9%–45.8%–58.7%). Overall, female participants stated that they suffered from pain significantly more frequently, especially in the neck, shoulders and upper back. Conclusion: The prevalence of MSD among dentists, especially in the neck, shoulder and back area, was significantly higher than in the general population. In addition, women suffered more frequently from MSD than men in almost all body regions.
Large spines are stable and important for memory trace formation. The majority of large spines also contains synaptopodin (SP), an actin-modulating and plasticity-related protein. Since SP stabilizes F-actin, we speculated that the presence of SP within large spines could explain their long lifetime. Indeed, using 2-photon time-lapse imaging of SP-transgenic granule cells in mouse organotypic tissue cultures we found that spines containing SP survived considerably longer than spines of equal size without SP. Of note, SP-positive (SP+) spines that underwent pruning first lost SP before disappearing. Whereas the survival time courses of SP+ spines followed conditional two-stage decay functions, SP-negative (SP-) spines and all spines of SP-deficient animals showed single-phase exponential decays. This was also the case following afferent denervation. These results implicate SP as a major regulator of long-term spine stability: SP clusters stabilize spines, and the presence of SP indicates spines of high stability.
Prostate cancer patients whose tumors develop resistance to conventional treatment often turn to natural, plant-derived products, one of which is sulforaphane (SFN). This study was designed to determine whether anti-tumor properties of SFN, identified in other tumor entities, are also evident in cultivated DU145 and PC3 prostate cancer cells. The cells were incubated with SFN (1–20 µM) and tumor cell growth and proliferative activity were evaluated. Having found a considerable anti-growth, anti-proliferative, and anti-clonogenic influence of SFN on both prostate cancer cell lines, further investigation into possible mechanisms of action were performed by evaluating the cell cycle phases and cell-cycle-regulating proteins. SFN induced a cell cycle arrest at the S- and G2/M-phase in both DU145 and PC3 cells. Elevation of histone H3 and H4 acetylation was also evident in both cell lines following SFN exposure. However, alterations occurring in the Cdk-cyclin axis, modification of the p19 and p27 proteins and changes in CD44v4, v5, and v7 expression because of SFN exposure differed in the two cell lines. SFN, therefore, does exert anti-tumor properties on these two prostate cancer cell lines by histone acetylation and altering the intracellular signaling cascade, but not through the same molecular mechanisms.
Human placentation is a highly invasive process. Deficiency in the invasiveness of trophoblasts is associated with a spectrum of gestational diseases, such as preeclampsia (PE). The oncogene B-cell lymphoma 6 (BCL6) is involved in the migration and invasion of various malignant cells. Intriguingly, its expression is deregulated in preeclamptic placentas. We have reported that BCL6 is required for the proliferation, survival, fusion, and syncytialization of trophoblasts. In the present work, we show that the inhibition of BCL6, either by its gene silencing or by using specific small molecule inhibitors, impairs the migration and invasion of trophoblastic cells, by reducing cell adhesion and compromising the dynamics of the actin cytoskeleton. Moreover, the suppression of BCL6 weakens the signals of the phosphorylated focal adhesion kinase, Akt/protein kinase B, and extracellular regulated kinase 1/2, accompanied by more stationary, but less migratory, cells. Interestingly, transcriptomic analyses reveal that a small interfering RNA-induced reduction of BCL6 decreases the levels of numerous genes, such as p21 activated kinase 1, myosin light chain kinase, and gamma actin related to cell adhesion, actin dynamics, and cell migration. These data suggest BCL6 as a crucial player in the migration and invasion of trophoblasts in the early stages of placental development through the regulation of various genes associated with the migratory machinery.
Background: paediatric patients are vulnerable to blood loss and even a small loss of blood can be associated with severe shock. In emergency situations, a red blood cell (RBC) transfusion may become unavoidable, although it is associated with various risks. The aim of this trial was to identify independent risk factors for perioperative RBC transfusion in children undergoing surgery. Methods: to identify independent risk factors for perioperative RBC transfusion in children undergoing surgery and to access RBC transfusion rates and in-hospital outcomes (e.g., length of stay, mortality, and typical postoperative complication rates), a monocentric, retrospective, and observational study was conducted. Descriptive, univariate, and multivariate analyses were performed. Results: between 1 January 2010 and 31 December 2019, data from n = 14,248 cases were identified at the centre. Analysis revealed an RBC transfusion rate of 10.1% (n = 1439) in the entire cohort. The independent predictors of RBC transfusion were the presence of preoperative anaemia (p < 0.001; OR = 15.10 with preoperative anaemia and OR = 2.40 without preoperative anaemia), younger age (p < 0.001; ORs between 0.14 and 0.28 for children older than 0 years), female gender (p = 0.036; OR = 1.19 compared to male gender), certain types of surgery (e.g., neuro surgery (p < 0.001; OR = 10.14), vascular surgery (p < 0.001; OR = 9.93), cardiac surgery (p < 0.001; OR = 4.79), gynaecology (p = 0.014; OR = 3.64), visceral surgery (p < 0.001; OR = 2.48), and the presence of postoperative complications (e.g., sepsis (p < 0.001; OR = 10.16), respiratory dysfunction (p < 0.001; OR = 7.56), cardiovascular dysfunction (p < 0.001; OR = 4.68), neurological dysfunction (p = 0.029; OR = 1.77), and renal dysfunction (p < 0.001; OR = 16.17)). Conclusion: preoperative anaemia, younger age, female gender, certain types of surgery, and postoperative complications are independent predictors for RBC transfusion in children undergoing surgery. Future prospective studies are urgently required to identify, in detail, the potential risk factors and impact of RBC transfusion in children.
Background: Abnormalities of heart rate (HR) and its variability are characteristic of major depressive disorder (MDD). However, circadian rhythm is rarely taken into account when statistically exploring state or trait markers for depression. Methods: A 4-day electrocardiogram was recorded for 16 treatment-resistant patients with MDD and 16 age- and sex-matched controls before, and for the patient group only, after a single treatment with the rapid-acting antidepressant ketamine or placebo (clinical trial registration available on https://www.clinicaltrialsregister.eu/ with EUDRACT number 2016-001715-21). Circadian rhythm differences of HR and the root mean square of successive differences (RMSSD) were compared between groups and were explored for classification purposes. Baseline HR/RMSSD were tested as predictors for treatment response, and physiological measures were assessed as state markers. Results: Patients showed higher HR and lower RMSSD alongside marked reductions in HR amplitude and RMSSD variation throughout the day. Excellent classification accuracy was achieved using HR during the night, particularly between 2 and 3 a.m. (90.6%). A positive association between baseline HR and treatment response (r = 0.55, p = 0.046) pointed toward better treatment outcome in patients with higher HR. Heart rate also decreased significantly following treatment but was not associated with improved mood after a single infusion of ketamine. Limitations: Our study had a limited sample size, and patients were treated with concomitant antidepressant medication. Conclusion: Patients with depression show a markedly reduced amplitude for HR and dysregulated RMSSD fluctuation. Higher HR and lower RMSSD in depression remain intact throughout a 24-h day, with the highest classification accuracy during the night. Baseline HR levels show potential for treatment response prediction but did not show potential as state markers in this study.
Transfusion of red blood cells (RBC) in patients undergoing major elective cranial surgery is associated with increased morbidity, mortality and prolonged hospital length of stay (LOS). This retrospective single center study aims to identify the clinical outcome of RBC transfusions on skull base and non-skull base meningioma patients including the identification of risk factors for RBC transfusion. Between October 2009 and October 2016, 423 patients underwent primary meningioma resection. Of these, 68 (16.1%) received RBC transfusion and 355 (83.9%) did not receive RBC units. Preoperative anaemia rate was significantly higher in transfused patients (17.7%) compared to patients without RBC transfusion (6.2%; p = 0.0015). In transfused patients, postoperative complications as well as hospital LOS was significantly higher (p < 0.0001) compared to non-transfused patients. After multivariate analyses, risk factors for RBC transfusion were preoperative American Society of Anaesthesiologists (ASA) physical status score (p = 0.0247), tumor size (p = 0.0006), surgical time (p = 0.0018) and intraoperative blood loss (p < 0.0001). Kaplan-Meier curves revealed significant influence on overall survival by preoperative anaemia, RBC transfusion, smoking, cardiovascular disease, preoperative KPS ≤ 60% and age (elderly ≥ 75 years). We concluded that blood loss due to large tumors or localization near large vessels are the main triggers for RBC transfusion in meningioma patients paired with a potential preselection that masks the effect of preoperative anaemia in multivariate analysis. Further studies evaluating the impact of preoperative anaemia management for reduction of RBC transfusion are needed to improve the clinical outcome of meningioma patients.
Background: MitraClip ® (MC) is an established procedure for severe mitral regurgitation (MR) in patients deemed unsuitable for surgery. Right ventricular dysfunction (RVD) is associated with a higher mortality risk. The prognostic accuracy of heart failure risk scores like the Seattle heart failure model (SHFM) and Meta-Analysis Global Group in Chronic Heart Failure (MAGGIC) score in pts undergoing MC with or without RVD has not been investigated so far. Methods: SHFM and MAGGIC score were calculated retrospectively. RVD was determined as tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion (TAPSE) ≤15 mm. Area under receiver operating curves (AUROC) of SHFM and MAGGIC were performed for one-year all-cause mortality after MC. Results: N = 103 pts with MR III° (73 ± 11 years, LVEF 37 ± 17%) underwent MC with a reduction of at least I° MR. One-year mortality was 28.2%. In Kaplan-Meier analysis, one- year mortality was significantly higher in RVD-pts (34.8% vs 2.8%, p = 0.009). Area under the Receiver Operating Characteristic (AUROC) for SHFM and MAGGIC were comparable for both scores (SHFM: 0.704, MAGGIC: 0.692). In pts without RVD, SHFM displayed a higher AUROC and therefore better diagnostic accuracy (SHFM: 0.776; MAGGIC: 0.551, p < 0.05). In pts with RVD, MAGGIC and SHFM displayed comparable AUROCs. Conclusion: RVD is an important prognostic marker in pts undergoing MC. SHFM and MAGGIC displayed adequate over-all prognostic power in these pts. Accuracy differed in pts with and without RVD, indicating higher predictive power of the SHFM score in pts without RVD.
The NADPH oxidase Nox4 is a hydrogen peroxide (H2O2)-producing enzyme, with the highest expression in the kidney. As the kidney is involved in volume and blood pressure control through sodium handling, we set out to determine the impact of a low sodium diet on these parameters in WT and Nox4-/- mice. Nox4 expression in the murine kidney was restricted to the proximal tubule. Nevertheless, low-sodium-induced weight loss and sodium sparing function was similar in WT and Nox4-/- mice, disputing an important function of renal Nox4 in sodium handling. In contrast, a low sodium diet resulted in a reduction in systolic blood pressure in Nox4-/- as compared to WT mice. This was associated with a selectively lower pressure to heart-rate ratio, as well as heart to body weight ratio. In general, a low sodium diet leads to activation of sympathetic tone and the renin angiotensin system, which subsequently increases peripheral resistance. Our observations suggest that the control by this system is attenuated in Nox4-/- mice, resulting in lower blood pressure in response to low sodium.
Triathletes often experience incoordination at the start of a transition run (TR); this is possibly reflected by altered joint kinematics. In this study, the first 20 steps of a run after a warm-up run (WR) and TR (following a 90 min cycling session) of 16 elite, male, long-distance triathletes (31.3 ± 5.4 years old) were compared. Measurements were executed on the competition course of the Ironman Frankfurt in Germany. Pacing and slipstream were provided by a cyclist in front of the runner. Kinematic data of the trunk and leg joints, step length, and step rate were obtained using the MVN Link inertial motion capture system by Xsens. Statistical parametric mapping was used to compare the active leg (AL) and passive leg (PL) phases of the WR and TR. In the TR, more spinal extension (~0.5–1°; p = 0.001) and rotation (~0.2–0.5°; p = 0.001–0.004), increases in hip flexion (~3°; ~65% AL−~55% PL; p = 0.001–0.004), internal hip rotation (~2.5°; AL + ~0–30% PL; p = 0.001–0.024), more knee adduction (~1°; ~80–95% AL; p = 0.001), and complex altered knee flexion patterns (~2–4°; AL + PL; p = 0.001–0.01) occurred. Complex kinematic differences between a WR and a TR were detected. This contributes to a better understanding of the incoordination in transition running.
During the course of sepsis in critically ill patients, kidney dysfunction and damage are among the first events of a complex scenario toward multi-organ failure and patient death. Acute kidney injury triggers the release of lipocalin-2 (Lcn-2), which is involved in both renal injury and recovery. Taking into account that Lcn-2 binds and transports iron with high affinity, we aimed at clarifying if Lcn-2 fulfills different biological functions according to its iron-loading status and its cellular source during sepsis-induced kidney failure. We assessed Lcn-2 levels both in serum and in the supernatant of short-term cultured renal macrophages (MΦ) as well as renal tubular epithelial cells (TEC) isolated from either Sham-operated or cecal ligation and puncture (CLP)-treated septic mice. Total kidney iron content was analyzed by Perls’ staining, while Lcn-2-bound iron in the supernatants of short-term cultured cells was determined by atomic absorption spectroscopy. Lcn-2 protein in serum was rapidly up-regulated at 6 h after sepsis induction and subsequently increased up to 48 h. Lcn-2-levels in the supernatant of TEC peaked at 24 h and were low at 48 h with no change in its iron-loading. In contrast, in renal MΦ Lcn-2 was low at 24 h, but increased at 48 h, where it mainly appeared in its iron-bound form. Whereas TEC-secreted, iron-free Lcn-2 was associated with renal injury, increased MΦ-released iron-bound Lcn-2 was linked to renal recovery. Therefore, we hypothesized that both the cellular source of Lcn-2 as well as its iron-load crucially adds to its biological function during sepsis-induced renal injury.
Background Polypharmacy interventions are resource-intensive and should be targeted to those at risk of negative health outcomes. Our aim was to develop and internally validate prognostic models to predict health-related quality of life (HRQoL) and the combined outcome of falls, hospitalisation, institutionalisation and nursing care needs, in older patients with multimorbidity and polypharmacy in general practices.
Methods Design: two independent data sets, one comprising health insurance claims data (n=592 456), the other data from the PRIoritising MUltimedication in Multimorbidity (PRIMUM) cluster randomised controlled trial (n=502). Population: ≥60 years, ≥5 drugs, ≥3 chronic diseases, excluding dementia. Outcomes: combined outcome of falls, hospitalisation, institutionalisation and nursing care needs (after 6, 9 and 24 months) (claims data); and HRQoL (after 6 and 9 months) (trial data). Predictor variables in both data sets: age, sex, morbidity-related variables (disease count), medication-related variables (European Union-Potentially Inappropriate Medication list (EU-PIM list)) and health service utilisation. Predictor variables exclusively in trial data: additional socio-demographics, morbidity-related variables (Cumulative Illness Rating Scale, depression), Medication Appropriateness Index (MAI), lifestyle, functional status and HRQoL (EuroQol EQ-5D-3L). Analysis: mixed regression models, combined with stepwise variable selection, 10-fold cross validation and sensitivity analyses.
Results Most important predictors of EQ-5D-3L at 6 months in best model (Nagelkerke’s R² 0.507) were depressive symptoms (−2.73 (95% CI: −3.56 to −1.91)), MAI (−0.39 (95% CI: −0.7 to −0.08)), baseline EQ-5D-3L (0.55 (95% CI: 0.47 to 0.64)). Models based on claims data and those predicting long-term outcomes based on both data sets produced low R² values. In claims data-based model with highest explanatory power (R²=0.16), previous falls/fall-related injuries, previous hospitalisations, age, number of involved physicians and disease count were most important predictor variables.
Conclusions Best trial data-based model predicted HRQoL after 6 months well and included parameters of well-being not found in claims. Performance of claims data-based models and models predicting long-term outcomes was relatively weak. For generalisability, future studies should refit models by considering parameters representing well-being and functional status.
Lockdown measures during the COVID-19 pandemic have led to reductions in physical activity (PA) worldwide. Leading public health organizations have recommended the use of online exercise classes (OEC) to compensate the loss of regular exercise classes. As of now, no data are available on the uptake of OEC and on users’ attitudes. The aim of the current online survey was to assess the use of and attitudes towards OEC in Germany. Respondents indicated awareness and use of OEC, and levels of agreement with statements on OEC. Frequency of awareness and use of OEC according to PA status were calculated with contingency tables and the Χ2 test. Differences between users and non-users were tested with the Student’s t-test and the Mann–Whitney U test. Data on attitudes are presented as percentages, and Spearman correlations were calculated between attitudes and activity status, frequency of use, educational attainment, age and body mass index. A total of 979 datasets were analyzed. Of the respondents, 681 were aware of and 180, 118 and 84 used them <1 per week, 1–2 per week and ≥3 per week, respectively. Significantly more active respondents were aware of and used OEC compared to less active respondents. All in all, regular OEC use was quite limited. OEC was differentially attractive to people according to PA status, frequency of use, BMI and age. Tailoring OEC to current non-users and adding motivational support might enhance the regular use of OEC.
Introduction: Obesity is classified as a global epidemic and judged to be the greatest public health threat in Western countries. The tremendously increasing prevalence rates in children lead to morbidity and mortality in adults. In many countries, prevalence has doubled since the 1980s. Other countries show a continuous increase or stagnate at a very high level. Given these regional differences, this study aims to draw a global world map of childhood obesity research, including regional epidemiological characteristics, to comprehensively assess research influences and needs. Methods: In addition to established bibliometric parameters, this study uses epidemiological data to interpret metadata on childhood obesity research from the Web of Science in combination with state-of-the-art visualization methods, such as density equalizing map projections. Results: It was not until the 1990s that belated recognition of the dangerous effects of childhood obesity led to an increase in the number of publications worldwide. In addition, our findings show that countries’ study output does not correlate with epidemiologic rates of childhood obesity. In contrast, the primary driver of the research efforts on childhood obesity appears to be largely driven government funding structures. Discussion/Conclusion: The geographical differences in the epidemiological background of childhood obesity complicate the implementation of transnational research projects and cross-border prevention programs. Effective realization requires a sound scientific basis, which is facilitated by globally valid approaches. Hence, there is a need for information exchange between researchers, policy makers, and private initiatives worldwide.
Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) has been proposed as a promising therapeutic opportunity to improve immunity and prevent hematologic malignancies in Ataxia-telangiectasia (A-T). However, experience in the transplantation strategy for A-T patients is still scarce. The aim of this study was to investigate whether different approaches of HSCT are feasible in regard to graft versus host response and sufficient concerning functional immune reconstitution. Atm-deficient mice were treated with a clinically relevant non-myeloablative host-conditioning regimen and transplanted with CD90.2-depleted, green fluorescent protein (GFP)-expressing, and ataxia telangiectasia mutated (ATM)-competent bone marrow donor cells in a syngeneic, haploidentical or allogeneic setting. Like syngeneic HSCT, haploidentical HSCT, but not allogeneic HSCT extended the lifespan of Atm-deficient mice through the reduction of thymic tumors and normalized T-cell numbers. Donor-derived splenocytes isolated from transplanted Atm-deficient mice filled the gap of cell loss in the naïve T-cell population and raised CD4 cell functionality up to wild-type level. Interestingly, HSCT using heterozygous donor cells let to a significantly improved survival of Atm-deficient mice and increased CD4 cell numbers as well as CD4 cell functionality equivalent to HSCT using with wild-type donor cells. Our data provided evidence that haploidentical HSCT could be a feasible strategy for A-T, possibly even if the donor is heterozygous for ATM. However, this basic research cannot substitute any research in humans.
Introduction: Ischemic and hemorrhagic strokes in the brainstem and cerebellum with injury to the functional loop of the Guillain-Mollaret triangle (GMT) can trigger a series of events that result in secondary trans-synaptic neurodegeneration of the inferior olivary nucleus. In an unknown percentage of patients, this leads to a condition called hypertrophic olivary degeneration (HOD). Characteristic clinical symptoms of HOD progress slowly over months and consist of a rhythmic palatal tremor, vertical pendular nystagmus, and Holmes tremor of the upper limbs. Diffusion Tensor Imaging (DTI) with tractography is a promising method to identify functional pathway lesions along the cerebello-thalamo-cortical connectivity and to generate a deeper understanding of the HOD pathophysiology. The incidence of HOD development following stroke and the timeline of clinical symptoms have not yet been determined in prospective studies—a prerequisite for the surveillance of patients at risk. Methods and Analysis: Patients with ischemic and hemorrhagic strokes in the brainstem and cerebellum with a topo-anatomical relation to the GMT are recruited within certified stroke units of the Interdisciplinary Neurovascular Network of the Rhine-Main. Matching lesions are identified using a predefined MRI template. Eligible patients are prospectively followed up and present at 4 and 8 months after the index event. During study visits, a clinical neurological examination and brain MRI, including high-resolution T2-, proton-density-weighted imaging, and DTI tractography, are performed. Fiberoptic endoscopic evaluation of swallowing is optional if palatal tremor is encountered. Study Outcomes: The primary endpoint of this prospective clinical multicenter study is to determine the frequency of radiological HOD development in patients with a posterior fossa stroke affecting the GMT at 8 months after the index event. Secondary endpoints are identification of (1) the timeline and relevance of clinical symptoms, (2) lesion localizations more prone to HOD occurrence, and (3) the best MR-imaging regimen for HOD identification. Additionally, (4) DTI tractography data are used to analyze individual pathway lesions. The aim is to contribute to the epidemiological and pathophysiological understanding of HOD and hereby facilitate future research on therapeutic and prophylactic measures.
Background: To test the value of immunohistochemistry (IHC) staining in prostate biopsies for changes in biopsy results and its impact on treatment decision-making. Methods: Between January 2017–June 2020, all patients undergoing prostate biopsies were identified and evaluated regarding additional IHC staining for diagnostic purpose. Final pathologic results after radical prostatectomy (RP) were analyzed regarding the effect of IHC at biopsy. Results: Of 606 biopsies, 350 (58.7%) received additional IHC staining. Of those, prostate cancer (PCa) was found in 208 patients (59.4%); while in 142 patients (40.6%), PCa could be ruled out through IHC. IHC patients harbored significantly more often Gleason 6 in biopsy (p < 0.01) and less suspicious baseline characteristics than patients without IHC. Of 185 patients with positive IHC and PCa detection, IHC led to a change in biopsy results in 81 (43.8%) patients. Of these patients with changes in biopsy results due to IHC, 42 (51.9%) underwent RP with 59.5% harboring ≥pT3 and/or Gleason 7–10. Conclusions: Patients with IHC stains had less suspicious characteristics than patients without IHC. Moreover, in patients with positive IHC and PCa detection, a change in biopsy results was observed in >40%. Patients with changes in biopsy results partly underwent RP, in which 60% harbored significant PCa.
The entorhino-dentate projection, i.e., the perforant pathway, terminates in a highly ordered and laminated fashion in the rodent dentate gyrus (DG): fibers arising from the medial entorhinal cortex (MEC) terminate in the middle molecular layer, whereas fibers arising from the lateral entorhinal cortex (LEC) terminate in the outer molecular layer of the DG. In rats and rabbits, a crossed entorhino-dentate projection exists, which originates from the entorhinal cortex (EC) and terminates in the contralateral DG. In contrast, in mice, such a crossed projection is reportedly absent. Using single and double mouse organotypic entorhino-hippocampal slice cultures, we studied the ipsi- and crossed entorhino-dentate projections. Viral tracing revealed that entorhino-dentate projections terminate with a high degree of lamina-specificity in single as well as in double cultures. Furthermore, in double cultures, entorhinal axons arising from one slice freely intermingled with entorhinal axons originating from the other slice. In single as well as in double cultures, entorhinal axons exhibited a correct topographical projection to the DG: medial entorhinal axons terminated in the middle and lateral entorhinal axons terminated in the outer molecular layer. Finally, entorhinal neurons were virally transduced with Channelrhodopsin2-YFP and stimulated with light, revealing functional connections between the EC and dentate granule cells. We conclude from our findings that entorhino-dentate projections form bilaterally in the mouse hippocampus in vitro and that the mouse DG provides a permissive environment for crossed entorhinal fibers.
Invasive fungal disease (IFD) in hematopoietic stem cell transplantation is associatedwith high morbidity and mortality. As the antifungal host response determines risk and outcomeof IFD, there is growing interest in adoptive immunotherapy using T cells or natural killer (NK)cells. Although the NK-92 cell line has been tested as anticancer therapy in clinical trials, data onthe antifungal activity of NK-92 cells are lacking. Here, we show that the NK-92 cell line exhibitsconsiderable fungal damage on all medically important fungi tested, such as different species ofAspergillus,Candida, mucormycetes, andFusarium. The extent of fungal damage differs acrossvarious species of mucormycetes andFusarium, whereas it is comparable across different species ofAspergillusandCandida. Interferon (IFN)-γlevels in the supernatant were lower when NK-92 cells areco-incubated withAspergillus fumigatus,Candida albicans, orRhizopus arrhizuscompared to the levelswhen NK-92 cells are incubated alone. Different to primary human NK cells, no increase of perforinlevels in the supernatant was observed when the fungi were added to NK-92 cells. Ourin vitrodatademonstrated that the NK-92 cell line could be a feasible tool for antifungal immunotherapy, butdata of animal models are warranted prior to clinical trials.
The aim of the current study was to analyze two major pitfalls in forensic entomological casework: delayed evidence sampling and the effect of low-temperature storage of the body. For this purpose, temperature profiles of heavily infested corpses during cooling and cases in which insect evidence was collected both at the scene and during autopsy were evaluated with regard to species composition and development stages found. The results show that the temperature in the body bags remained at higher average temperatures up to 10 °C relative to the mortuary cooler, therefore, sufficient for larval development, with significant differences in temperature between larval aggregations on one and the same body. In addition, we found large differences both in species number, species composition, and the developmental stages found at the scene and during the autopsy. These data and observations underscore the importance of sampling evidence at the scene and recording temperatures throughout the cooling period of a body.
Background: We conducted a comprehensive medication review at the patients’ home, using data from electronic patient records, and with input from relevant specialists, general practitioners and pharmacists formulated and implemented recommendations to optimize medication use in patients aged 60+ years with polypharmacy. We evaluated the effect of this medication review on quality of life (QoL) and medication use. Methods: Cluster randomized controlled trial (stepped wedge), randomly assigning general practices to one of three consecutive steps. Patients received usual care until the intervention was implemented. Primary outcome was QoL (SF-36 and EQ-5D); secondary outcomes were medication changes, medication adherence and (instrumental) activities of daily living (ADL, iADL) which were measured at baseline, and around 6- and 12-months post intervention. Results: Twenty-four general practices included 360 women and 410 men with an average age of 75 years (SD 7.5). A positive effect on SF-36 mental health (estimated mean was stable in the intervention, but decreased in the control condition with −6.1, p = 0.009,) was found with a reduced number of medications at follow-up compared to the control condition. No significant effects were found on other QoL subscales, ADL, iADL or medication adherence. Conclusion: The medication review prevented decrease of mental health (SF36), with no significant effects on other outcome measures, apart from a reduction in the number of prescribed medications.
Despite recent advances in the treatment of colorectal cancer (CRC), patient’s individual response and clinical follow-up vary considerably with tumor intrinsic factors to contribute to an enhanced malignancy and therapy resistance. Among these markers, upregulation of members of the inhibitor of apoptosis protein (IAP) family effects on tumorigenesis and radiation- and chemo-resistance by multiple pathways, covering a hampered induction of apoptosis/autophagy, regulation of cell cycle progression and DNA damage response. These mechanisms are tightly controlled by the tumor suppressor p53 and thus transcriptional and post-translational regulation of IAPs by p53 is expected to occur in malignant cells. By this, cellular IAP1/2, X-linked IAP, Survivin, BRUCE and LIVIN expression/activity, as well as their intracellular localization is controlled by p53 in a direct or indirect manner via modulating a multitude of mechanisms. These cover, among others, transcriptional repression and the signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT)3 pathway. In addition, p53 mutations contribute to deregulated IAP expression and resistance to therapy. This review aims at highlighting the mechanistic and clinical importance of IAP regulation by p53 in CRC and describing potential therapeutic strategies based on this interrelationship.
The estimation of the minimum time since death is one of the main applications of forensic entomology. This can be done by calculating the age of the immature stage of necrophagous flies developing on the corpse, which is confined to approximately 2–4 weeks, depending on temperature and species of the first colonizing wave of flies. Adding the age of the adult flies developed on the dead body could extend this time frame up to several weeks when the body is in a building or closed premise. However, the techniques for accurately estimating the age of adult flies are still in their beginning stages or not sufficiently validated. Here we review the current state of the art of analysing the aging of flies by evaluating the ovarian development, the amount of pteridine in the eyes, the degree of wing damage, the modification of their cuticular hydrocarbon patterns, and the increasing number of growth layers in the cuticula. New approaches, including the use of age specific molecular profiles based on the levels of gene and protein expression and the application of near infrared spectroscopy, are introduced, and the forensic relevance of these methods is discussed.
Chronic intestinal failure (CIF) is a rare but feared complication of Crohn’s disease. Depending on the remaining length of the small intestine, the affected intestinal segment, and the residual bowel function, CIF can result in a wide spectrum of symptoms, from single micronutrient malabsorption to complete intestinal failure. Management of CIF has improved significantly in recent years. Advances in home-based parenteral nutrition, in particular, have translated into increased survival and improved quality of life. Nevertheless, 60% of patients are permanently reliant on parenteral nutrition. Encouraging results with new drugs such as teduglutide have added a new dimension to CIF therapy. The outcomes of patients with CIF could be greatly improved by more effective prevention, understanding, and treatment. In complex cases, the care of patients with CIF requires a multidisciplinary approach involving not only physicians but also dietitians and nurses to provide optimal intestinal rehabilitation, nutritional support, and an improved quality of life. Here, we summarize current literature on CIF and short bowel syndrome, encompassing epidemiology, pathophysiology, and advances in surgical and medical management, and elucidate advances in the understanding and therapy of CIF-related complications such as catheter-related bloodstream infections and intestinal failure-associated liver disease.
Das PCOS ist die häufigste Endokrinopathie fertiler Frauen, die mit Infertilität und Metabolischem Syndrom ernst zu nehmende und belastende Konsequenzen haben kann. Vor dem Hintergrund einer bis heute teilweise unklaren Ätiopathogenese hat das PCOS umfassende Auswirkungen auf den Metabolismus und die Reproduktion. Aufgrund der phänotypischen Variabilität ist die Festlegung einheitlicher diagnostischer Kriterien ständiges Thema in der PCOS-Forschung. Die Rotterdam-Kriterien gelten aktuell als angemessenste Definition. Die Einführung einer aktuali- sierten Nomenklatur zur Optimierung der Diagnosefindung wird diskutiert. Die Therapie beläuft sich bisher auf symptomatische Ansätze.
Ziel dieser Arbeit war es, erstmals eine Analyse der weltweiten Forschung zum PCOS mittels szientometrischer Parameter durchzuführen. Die Erfassung der Daten aus dem WoS belief sich auf die Jahre 1900 – 2015 und ergab 6.262 Artikel zum Thema PCOS.
Die meisten Publikationen kamen aus den USA an erster, Großbritannien an zweiter und Italien an dritter Stelle. Diese drei Länder erhielten in gleicher Platzierung die meisten Zitierungen und erreichten die höchsten modifizierten h-Indizes. Bei Betrachtung der Zr standen jedoch die Niederlande aufgrund der dort veröffentlichten Rotterdam-Kriterien an erster Stelle. Im Verhältnis zur Einwohnerzahl publizierte Griechenland die meisten Artikel, gefolgt von Finnland und Slowenien. Bei Erstellung eines Quotienten aus Artikelanzahl und BIP lag Serbien vor Griechenland und Slowenien. Bezüglich der Artikel pro BIP p.c. fiel China auf den ersten Rang, danach die Türkei und die USA.
Bei den Fachzeitschriften rangierte das Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism bezüglich des IF, der Zr und der Anzahl der Zitierungen an erster Stelle. Fertility & Sterility publizierte über die Zeit die meisten Artikel zum Thema PCOS und erlangte die zweithöchste Zahl an Zitierungen.
Die chronologische Analyse zeigt eine Abnahme der Zuteilung von Artikeln zum Fachgebiet Obstetrics & Gynecology und eine Zunahme von Reproductive Biology, während Endocrinology & Metabolism einen gleichbleibenden Anteil hat. Der Anteil kleinerer Fächer wie Research & Experimental, Nutrition & Dietetics und Pharmacy nimmt über die letzten zehn Jahre zu.
Bezüglich der Anzahl an Institutionen liegen die Türkei und Großbritannien auf Platz zwei und drei hinter den USA. Die produktivsten Forschungseinrichtungen sind die University of London, die Pennsylvania State University und die University of Athens. In der italienischen Forschungsgemeinde finden sich die meisten interinstitutionellen Kooperationen.
Die meisten Artikel, auch in Erst- und Koautorenschaft, hat R.S.Legro publiziert. S. Franks führt die Liste der Seniorautoren an. A. Dunaif erreicht bei Zitierungen, Zitationsrate und modifiziertem h-Index herausragende Werte. Wie schon bei den Institutionen liegen italienische Autoren bei der Kooperationsanalyse vorne. Unter den zehn produktionsstärksten Institutions- kooperationen finden sich mit einer griechischen und einer US-amerikanischen Liaison nur zwei nicht italienischen Ursprungs. Zum Zitierverhalten ist zu sagen, dass fast 50 % der Zitierungen Selbstzitierungen sind.
Generell dominieren Männer noch die Welt der Wissenschaft. Dies ist, in Bezug auf die PCOS-Forschung, zu jedem Zeitpunkt so gewesen und spiegelt sich bis heute in den Analysen wider. Seit 2008 ist allerdings eine Annäherung der Werte zu beobachten.
Es kristallisiert sich die Notwendigkeit einer klaren Definition und aktualisierter Nomenklatur des PCOS heraus, um die leicht stagnierende Forschung des komplexen Krankheitsbildes, dessen Ätiopathogenese nicht zur Gänze erklärt ist, anzustoßen. Überraschenderweise treten Nationen wie die Türkei, Griechenland und der Iran bei den Analysen hervor und reichen mit Produktivität und Resonanz an Staaten wie die USA und Großbritannien heran, übertreffen sie mitunter. Dies ist möglicherweise nationalen Besonderheiten, wie erhöhter Prävalenz des Syndroms bzw. erhöhtem sozialen Druck durch das Kardinalsymptom der Infertilität in diesen Ländern, geschuldet. Eine Dominanz an weiblichen Forscherinnen zeigt sich überdies im Iran und ist sonst in nur wenigen Ländern, darunter die USA, zu finden. Männliche Vorherrschaft ist also weniger an bestimmte Regionen, als vielmehr an nationale Strukturen gebunden.
kurz und kn@pp news : Nr. 51
(2021)
Introduction: Surgical practices constitute a common topic of complaint among medical students. The aim of this study is to analyze the type of surgical training that students receive in medical school and the impact of SARS-CoV-2 pandemic.
Methods: A survey based on the National Spanish Agency for the Quality of Evaluation and Accreditation (ANECA) guidelines was spread on social media between medical students and physicians waiting to start their residency. The time spent in surgical practices, the number of times that certain abilities were performed, and the desire of choosing a surgical specialty were analyzed.
Results: 1053 surveys were analyzed. Significant differences between the number of months that students rotate and the number of procedures performed as they gained seniority were found. A weak positive correlation between the number of months rotating and the number of procedures performed was found. The desire of choosing a surgical specialty was not associated with the time spent in surgical practice. SARS-CoV-2 pandemic has reduced the time spent in surgical practice and some of the surgical procedures performed.
Conclusion: The amount of surgical procedures performed by students is below the requirements of ANECA guidelines. A different level of dexterity between 6th year students’ group affected by SARS-CoV-2 pandemic and physicians’ group should not be expected because of the low number of procedures performed by both groups. Students’ role in the operating room and the need for different systems of skills learning should be reconsidered.
Onkogene RAS-Mutationen zählen mit einem Vorkommen von ca. 25% zu häufigen Genmutationen in malignen Tumoren. Auch im Rhabdomyosarkom (RMS), dem häufigsten Weichteilsarkom im Kindesalter, findet sich eine hohe Rate an wiederkehrenden RAS-Signalwegmutationen. Dabei scheint ein Zusammenhang zwischen der RMS-Risikostratifizierung und dem Vorkommen von RAS-Mutationen zu bestehen. Da Hochrisiko-RMS im Vergleich zu anderen Tumorentitäten im Kindesalter immer noch mit einer unterdurchschnittlichen Prognose einhergehen, stellen RAS-Mutationen einen interessanten Angriffspunkt für eine zielgerichtete Tumortherapie dar. Hierzu soll diese Arbeit durch eine genauere Charakterisierung der Auswirkungen onkogener RAS-Gene auf das RMS beitragen. Verwendet wurden genetisch modifizierte RMS13 Zellen mit ektoper Expression der onkogenen RAS-Mutationen HRAS12V, KRAS12V oder NRAS12V. Eine bereits gut beschriebene Eigenschaft von RAS ist die Förderung der Zellproliferation. Daneben wurde auch beschrieben, dass RAS Einfluss auf den programmierten Zelltod nehmen und in Abhängigkeit vom zellulären Kontext pro- oder auch antiapoptotisch wirken kann. Daher stellte sich die Frage, welche Auswirkungen onkogene RAS-Mutationen in diesem Kontext auf Rhabdomy-osarkomzellen haben. In dieser Arbeit wird gezeigt, dass die ektope Expression von HRAS12V, KRAS12V oder NRAS12V in RMS13 Zellen zu einer gesteigerten Zellproliferation führt, im Hinblick auf die spontane Zelltodrate jedoch keine Veränderungen bewirkt. Damit stellt die erhöhte Proliferationsrate RAS-mutierter Rhabdomyosarkome einen wichtigen Unterschied zu entsprechenden Tumoren ohne solche Mutationen dar. Chemotherapeutika wie Etoposid und Doxorubicin, die besonders effektiv gegen hochproliferierende Zellen sind, zeigen jedoch keinen signifikanten Unterschied in ihrer Wirksamkeit gegen RMS13 Zellen in Anwesenheit von onkogenem RAS. Damit scheint ein selektives Eingreifen in die proliferationsfördernden Mechanismen nötig zu sein, um RAS-mutierte Zellen gezielt in ihrem Wachstum zu hemmen. Dies verdeutlicht die Notwendigkeit, spezifischer, gezielter Tumortherapien. Neben dem Einfluss auf das Zellwachstum wurden auch Veränderungen in der Redoxhomöostase untersucht. Bisherige indirekte Hinweise auf einen erhöhten oxidativen Stress im RMS in Anwesenheit von RAS-Mutationen können in dieser Arbeit durch den direkten Nachweis erhöhter ROS-Level in RAS-mutierten RMS13 Zellen bestätigt werden. Die akzelerierte ROS-Konzentration lässt vermuten, dass das Überleben von RMS-Zellen mit konstitutiver RAS-Aktivierung in besonderem Maße von antioxidativen Zellstrukturen abhängig sein könnte. Dies könnte sie sensibler gegenüber exogenen Stimuli machen, die zu einer weiteren Erhöhung des oxidativen Stresses führen. Als hervorzuhebendes Ergebnis zeigt diese Arbeit jedoch, dass die ektope Expression von HRAS12V, KRAS12V oder NRAS12V in RMS13 Zellen vor einem oxidativen Zelltod schützt. In Anwesenheit der RAS-Mutationen zeigen RMS13 Zellen einen signifikant geringeren Zellviabilitätsverlust gegenüber einem Eingriff in verschiedene Komponenten des antioxidativen Systems wie durch RSL3 (Glutathion-Peroxidase 4 Inhibitor), Erastin (indirekter Inhibitor der Glutathion-Synthese) oder Auranofin (Thioredoxin-Reduktase-Inhibitor). Dies steht im Gegensatz zu den Erstbeschreibungen, in denen für RSL3 und Erastin eine RAS-selektive Wirkung gezeigt wurde. Als Besonderheit kann der durch RSL3 oder Erastin hervorgerufene Zelltod der RMS13 Zellen als Ferroptose identifiziert werden. Hierbei handelt es sich um eine vor kurzem neu beschriebene Form von programmiertem, oxidativem und eisenabhängigem Zelltod. Diese Arbeit verdeutlicht somit, dass onkogene RAS-Mutationen im RMS gezielt in die Redoxregulation eingreifen, jedoch nur in bestimmten zellulären Kontexten für oxidative Stressoren zu sensibilisieren scheinen. Daneben weist diese Arbeit auch einen protektiven Effekt von onkogenem RAS gegenüber dem dualen PI3K/mTOR-Inhibitor PI-103 in RMS13 Zellen nach. Zusammengenommen deutet dies darauf hin, dass RAS selektiv Einfluss auf durch zytotoxische Stimuli hervorgerufenen Zelltod nimmt. Die Ergebnisse dieser Arbeit, insbesondere der Nachweis einer erhöhten Resistenz gegenüber oxidativen Stressoren in Anwesenheit onkogener RAS-Gene, leisten einen wichtigen Beitrag zur Entwicklung neuer zielgerichteter und selektiver RMS-Therapiestrategien.
Seit der Entdeckung des HI-Virus in 1983, wurden diverse Beobachtungen zu neurologischen Komplikationen bei infizierten Patienten publiziert. Dabei standen initial lebensbedrohliche Komplikationen wie opportunistische Infektionen oder cerebrale Lymphome im Vordergrund. In Zeiten der antiretroviralen Therapie rücken jedoch vermehrt andere, chronisch verlaufende Folgen der Erkrankung in den Fokus. Neurokognitive Störungen bei HIV-infizierten wurden bereits erstmals im Jahre 1986 beschrieben. Seitdem wurden neben der manifesten HIV-assoziierten Demenz auch mildere Einbußen im kongitiven Bereich - sogenannte HIV-assoziierte neurokognitive Störungen (HAND) - klassifiziert, deren Diagnostik mittels diverser neuropsychologischer Testungen erfolgen kann. Hierfür sind geeignete Screening-Tools notwendig, die entsprechenden Anforderungen entsprechen sollten. Einheitliche Empfehlungen für einen bestimmten Test finden sich jedoch in aktuellen Leitlinien und Publikationen nicht. Die vorliegende Arbeit wurde zur Evaluation des MoCA-Tests (Montreal Cognitive Assessment) zur Detektion HIV-1-assoziierter neurokognitiver Störungen angefertigt.
Hierfür wurde der MoCA-Test an 89 HIV-infizierten Männern und Frauen zwischen 21 und 64 Jahren des HIV-Centers Frankfurt am Main durchgeführt und die Ergebnisse mit der gut validierten HIV-Demenz-Skala verglichen. Zudem wurde der Einfluss verschiedener Faktoren wie Geschlecht, Alter, CDC-Stadium, antiretrovirale Therapie, Dauer der HIV-Infektion, CD4-Zellzahl, Viruslast, HCV-Koinfektion, Bildung, Risikogruppenzugehörigkeit, Alkoholkonsum und CPE-Score untersucht.
Der Vergleich zwischen den absoluten Ergebnissen der HDS und des MoCA ergab einen hochsignifikanten statistischen Zusammenhang. Ein statistischer Zusammenhang konnte auch für die Parameter Alter, medikamentöse HIV-Therapie, Dauer der HIV-Infektion zum Untersuchungszeitpunkt sowie Bildung errechnet werden. Die relativen MoCA-Testergebnisse wurden sowohl mit einem Cut-off-Wert von 10 als auch einem Cut-off-Wert von 14 der HDS verglichen.
In Zusammenschau der Ergebnisse korreliert der MoCA-Test auf Grundlage der erhobenen Daten mit der HDS, wobei die Sensitivität in Bezug auf mildere kognitive Störungen niedriger als wünschenswert ist. Eine manifeste HIV-Demenz kann zuverlässig diagnostiziert werden, bei der Diagnostik von milderen Funktionseinschränkungen bestehen jedoch Limitationen. Auf Grund der einfachen Durchführung stellt er ein akzeptables alternatives Screening-Tool dar, wobei Personen mit auffälligen Testergebnissen einer weiteren neuropsychologischen Testung zugeführt werden sollten.
Hintergrund: Die LCPUFA der Zellmembran sind Ausgangspunkt für die Synthese von Lipidmediatoren und können je nach freigesetzter Fettsäure von der Zelle in pro- oder antientzündliche Mediatoren verstoffwechselt werden. LCPUFA können das Reaktionsprofil von Zellen beeinflussen, indem sie selbst oder die aus ihnen entstandenen Lipidmediatorderivate an Rezeptoren binden oder auf Genebene ihre Wirkung entfalten. Sowohl das antientzündliche Potenzial der Einzelfettsäuren EPA, DHA, GLA und SDA als auch die Wirkung des n-6/n-3-Verhältnisses wurden bereits in zahlreichen Studien gezeigt. Jedoch wurde noch nicht ausführlich auf den Einfluss einer Kombination verschiedener LCPUFA eingegangen, die sich im Hinblick auf die Verstoffwechselung von n-3- und n-6-Fettsäuren durch gleiche Enzyme wechselseitig beeinflussen können.
Zielsetzung: Ziel dieser Arbeit war es deshalb, den Einfluss von mehrfach ungesättigten Fettsäuren allein und in Kombination auf die COX-2-abhängige Inflammation in A549-Lungenepithelzellen zu untersuchen. Die Inkubation der Zellen mit den Einzelfettsäuren EPA, DHA, GLA und SDA wurde einem LCPUFA-Mix aus diesen vier Fettsäuren gegenübergestellt. Es wurde die IL-6-Produktion und die COX-2-Expression in CM1-stimulierten A549-Zellen als Marker einer Entzündung mittels CBA bzw. Durchflusszytometrie gemessen.
Ergebnisse: Durch die Oberflächencharakterisierung der A549-Zellen mittels Durchflusszytometrie konnte ihre Funktion im Immunsystem hervorgehoben werden. Die Inkubation mit den LCPUFA führte zur Aufnahme in die Zellmembran und zur weiteren Verstoffwechselung der Fettsäuren, wie sich gaschromatographisch nachweisen ließ. Der LCPUFA-Mix (0,02 pmol/Zelle) konnte die CM1 induzierte COX-2-Expression nur tendenziell erniedrigen. Im Gegensatz dazu ließ sich die COX-2-Expression durch eine gleiche Menge an EPA (0,02 pmol/Zelle) sehr signifikant (von 26,81% ± 2,78 auf 16,43% ± 1,45, p < 0,01) reduzieren. Die CM1-induzierte IL-6-Produktion wurde weder durch eine Einzellfettsäure EPA, DHA, GLA oder SDA noch den LCPUFA-Mix signifikant gesenkt.
Diskussion: In Übereinstimmung mit Corbière et al. wurden phänotypische Oberflächenmarker auf den A549-Zellen mittels Durchflusszytometrie gemessen, die sie zur Antigenpräsentation gegenüber T-Lymphozyten befähigen und zeigen, dass sie Teil des Immunsystems sind.[76] Im Gegensatz zum LCPUFA-Mix inhibierte EPA die COX-2-Expression. Zwar ist EPA die Hauptkomponente des LCPUFA-Mixes, dieser enthält aber zusätzlich DHA, GLA und SDA. Eine der vorgenannten drei Fettsäuren könnte den hemmenden Effekt des EPAs auf die COX-2 gemindert haben. Es ist aber auch denkbar, dass eine Interaktion der verschiedenen Fettsäuren zu einer geringeren Hemmung geführt hat. Auch andere Forschungsergebnisse bestätigen, dass die Stärke des Effektes von Fettsäuren abhängig von ihrer Kombination und Konzentration ist. Es stellt sich ein Wirkmaximum auf die Genexpression ein, das durch weitere Erhöhung der Fettsäuren nicht gesteigert werden kann und eventuell sogar ins Gegenteil umschlagen könnte. Gleissman et al. stellten erhöhte Spiegel an AA und COX-2 sowie einen geringeren Anteil an EPA und DHA in Tumorgeweben fest.[37] Für die A549-Zellen zeigten sich in der gaschromatographischen Messung ebenfalls im Vergleich zum AA-Anteil (5,72% ± 0,09) ein geringerer EPA- (0,95% ± 0,37) und DHA-Anteil (0,60% ± 0,07). Für COX-2-Inhibitoren konnten bereits antineoplastische Eigenschaften nachgewiesen werden.[94] Dies könnte ein Grund für die eingeschränkte Zellviabilität im XTT-Test bei höheren Fettsäure-Konzentrationen sein.
Fazit: Die Ergebnisse dieser Arbeit zeigen, dass im Gegensatz zu DHA, GLA, SDA und dem LCPUFA-Mix nur EPA eine signifikante antiinflammatorische Wirkung auf die COX-2 ausübte. Jedoch konnte kein signifikanter antiinflammatorischer Effekt hinsichtlich der Produktion des proinflammatorischen Cytokins IL-6 festgestellt werden. Zusammenfassend kann gesagt werden, dass weder einer alleinigen Fettsäure noch dem LCPUFA-Mix eine überlegene antiinflammatorische Wirkung auf alle hier untersuchten Parameter zugeordnet werden konnte.
Die Dissertation befasst sich mit Daten zum frühinvasiven kolorektalen Karzinom aus der Westpfalz in einem Zeitraum von 6 Jahren (2010 – 2016). In diesem Zeitraum sind 11% (n=130) frühinvasive kolorektale Karzinome aufgetreten. Davon besitzen 11% (n=14) Lymphknotenmetastasen. Beim pT1 Kolonkarzinom (n=92) treten Lymphknotenmetastasen in 13% (n=12) und beim pT1 Rektumkarzinom (n=38) in 5% (n=2) auf. Zur Risikostratifizierung werden pT1 kolorektale Karzinome in Low-Risk (sm1, G1, G2) und High-Risk (sm3, G3, G4) Karzinome eingeteilt. 84% (n=109) der pT1 kolorektalen Karzinome sind gut (G1) und mäßig differenziert (G2) und 35% (n=46) besitzen eine Submucosaeindringtiefe von sm1. 15% der G1 und G2 (n=11 von 73) pT1 Kolonkarzinome und 6% der G1 und G2 (n=2 von 36) pT1 Rektumkarzinome sind nodal positiv. Ein positiver nodaler Status ist in 12% (n=4 von 33) bei pT1sm1 Kolonkarzinomen aufgetreten. Ähnliches gilt für pT1sm1 Rektumkarzinome mit 8% (n=1 von 13). Weder im sm3 Stadium noch beim G3 pT1 Rektumkarzinom ist ein no-dal positiver Status vorgekommen. Dies zeigt, dass die Einteilung in Low- und High-Risk Karzinome nach der S3–Leitlinie zu überdenken ist. Ein positiver Lymphknoten-status tritt auch bei Low-Risk Karzinomen auf und verschlechtert das onkologische Outcome signifikant. Die Überlebensraten verdeutlichen diese Erkenntnis. Frühinvasi-ve kolorektale Karzinome besitzen eine ähnliche 5 Jahres-Überlebensrate von 81% wie fortgeschrittene neoadjuvant behandelte ypT1 kolorektale Karzinome. Das Gleiche gilt für nodal negative pT1 Karzinome (83%) im Vergleich mit fortgeschrittenen nodal negativen ypT0 und ypT1 Karzinomen (81%). Auch nodal positive pT1 Karzinome und fortgeschrittene nodal positive ypT0 und ypT1 Karzinome haben ähnliche Überle-bensraten (66% versus 67%). Auch dieser Vergleich zeigt, dass frühinvasive kolorekta-le Karzinome unterschätzt werden. Zur Optimierung des onkologischen Outcomes ist eine systemische Therapie bei frühinvasiven kolorektalen Karzinomen - auch ohne Lymphknotenmetastasen - zur Verbesserung des Überlebens nach 5 Jahren zu erwägen. Diese Thematik bietet einen Ansatzpunkt für weitere Studien um eine konkrete Aussa-ge über die Signifikanz einer neo-oder adjuvanten Therapie bei frühinvasiven kolorek-talen Karzinomen zu ermöglichen. Ein angepasstes multimodales Therapiekonzept sowie eine adäquate Nachsorge erscheinen bei frühinvasiven kolorektalen Karzinomen unabdingbar.
Background: Rates of permanent pacemaker implantation (PPI) have been low using the self‐expanding ACURATE neo device, but data regarding risk factors of PPI for this specific device are scarce.
Methods: The study cohort consisted of patients (n = 1000) with severe aortic stenosis undergoing transfemoral transcatheter aortic valve implantation (TAVI) using the ACURATE neo prosthesis in our center between May 2012 and December 2019. For the present analysis, we excluded patients with previous permanent pacemaker (n = 110), high‐grade AV block prior to TAVI (n = 3), and patients requiring conversion to surgical valve replacement (n = 4) or the implantation of a second prosthesis as valve‐in‐valve (n = 15). Preexisting conduction abnormalities were determined, and the implantation depth of the prosthesis was measured on final angiography. Differences across quartiles based on the original consecutive cohort were analyzed with respect to implantation depth and PPI rate. Predictors of PPI were identified using logistic regression.
Results: The PPI rate was 10%. Preexisting AV block I°, right bundle branch block (RBBB), and the implantation depth were independent predictors of PPI. Across quartiles, the implantation depth differed significantly with lowest values in the last quartile, whereas differences of PPI rates across quartiles were not statistically significant, but showed a notable decrease in the last quartile.
Conclusion: Preexisting RBBB, AV block I°, and low implantation depth were independent predictors of PPI following TAVI using the ACURATE neo device. Instead of deliberately aiming at a high position, avoidance of a low implantation depth may represent a reasonable compromise to reduce the rate of PPI without increasing the risk of malpositioning.
Kurt Goldstein zählt zu den herausragenden deutschen Neurologen des 20. Jahrhunderts. Bekannt wurde er u. a. durch einen eigenständigen Ansatz der ganzheitlichen Neurologie. Besondere Aufmerksamkeit schenkte er dabei den Kompensationsreaktionen des Gehirns und des ganzen Menschen. In der vorliegenden Studie wird erstmals der Lebensgang dieses jüdischen Arztes in den Jahren 1933 bis 1940 genauer betrachtet.
Ursprünglich sollte das vorliegende Buch nur eine Studie über die von der Kanzlei des Führers bzw. ihrem Umfeld nach Kriegsbeginn initiierten Entwürfe zu einem NS-„Euthanasie“-Gesetz werden. Dabei sollte vor allem der wichtige, allerdings mit zahlreichen Fehlern behaftete Beitrag von Roth/Aly(1984) revidiert werden. Da diese Fehler auch den Beginn der Debatte über die „Euthanasie“ im NS-Staat und den Beginn der Planung und Durchführung der „NS-Euthanasie“ (1939/1940) betrafen, musste weiter ausgeholt werden. Die Gesetzentwürfe aus der Zeit nach Kriegsbeginn machen unzweifelhaft deutlich, dass die am Krankenmord Beteiligten wussten, dass der auf den 1.9.1939 datierte „Euthanasie“-Erlass Hitlers in legaler Hinsicht nicht „ausreichte“.