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Institute
Quantification of circulating endothelial progenitor cells using the modified ISHAGE protocol
(2010)
Aims: Circulating endothelial progenitor cells (EPC), involved in endothelial regeneration, neovascularisation, and determination of prognosis in cardiovascular disease can be characterised with functional assays or using immunofluorescence and flow cytometry. Combinations of markers, including CD34+KDR+ or CD133+KDR+, are used. This approach, however may not consider all characteristics of EPC. The lack of a standardised protocol with regards to reagents and gating strategies may account for the widespread inter-laboratory variations in quantification of EPC. We, therefore developed a novel protocol adapted from the standardised so-called ISHAGE protocol for enumeration of haematopoietic stem cells to enable comparison of clinical and laboratory data. Methods and Results: In 25 control subjects, 65 patients with coronary artery disease (CAD; 40 stable CAD, 25 acute coronary syndrome/acute myocardial infarction (ACS)), EPC were quantified using the following approach: Whole blood was incubated with CD45, KDR, and CD34. The ISHAGE sequential strategy was used, and finally, CD45dimCD34+ cells were quantified for KDR. A minimum of 100 CD34+ events were collected. For comparison, CD45+CD34+ and CD45-CD34+ were analysed simultaneously. The number of CD45dimCD34+KDR+ cells only were significantly higher in healthy controls compared to patients with CAD or ACS (p = 0.005 each, p<0.001 for trend). An inverse correlation of CD45dimCD34+KDR+ with disease activity (r = -0.475, p<0.001) was confirmed. Only CD45dimCD34+KDR+ correlated inversely with the number of diseased coronaries (r = -0.344; p<0.005). In a second study, a 4-week de-novo treatment of atorvastatin in stable CAD evoked an increase only of CD45dimCD34+KDR+ EPC (p<0.05). CD45+CD34+KDR+ and CD45-CD34+KDR+ were indifferent between the three groups. Conclusion: Our newly established protocol adopted from the standardised ISHAGE protocol achieved higher accuracy in EPC enumeration confirming previous findings with respect to the correlation of EPC with disease activity and the increase of EPC during statin therapy. The data of this study show the CD45dim fraction to harbour EPC.
Background: Clock genes and their protein products regulate circadian rhythms in mammals but have also been implicated in various physiological processes, including bone formation. Osteoblasts build new mineralized bone whereas osteoclasts degrade it thereby balancing bone formation. To evaluate the contribution of clock components in this process, we investigated mice mutant in clock genes for a bone volume phenotype. Methodology/Principal Findings: We found that Per2Brdm1 mutant mice as well as mice lacking Cry2-/- displayed significantly increased bone volume at 12 weeks of age, when bone turnover is high. Per2Brdm1 mutant mice showed alterations in parameters specific for osteoblasts whereas mice lacking Cry2-/- displayed changes in osteoclast specific parameters. Interestingly, inactivation of both Per2 and Cry2 genes leads to normal bone volume as observed in wild type animals. Importantly, osteoclast parameters affected due to the lack of Cry2, remained at the level seen in the Cry2-/- mutants despite the simultaneous inactivation of Per2. Conclusions/Significance: This indicates that Cry2 and Per2 affect distinct pathways in the regulation of bone volume with Cry2 influencing mostly the osteoclastic cellular component of bone and Per2 acting on osteoblast parameters.
Background: An inducible release of soluble junctional adhesion molecule-A (sJAM-A) under pro-inflammatory conditions was described in cultured non-CNS endothelial cells (EC) and increased sJAM-A serum levels were found to indicate inflammation in non-CNS vascular beds. Here we studied the regulation of JAM-A expression in cultured brain EC and evaluated sJAM-A as a serum biomarker of blood-brain barrier (BBB) function. Methodology/Principal Findings: As previously reported in non-CNS EC types, pro-inflammatory stimulation of primary or immortalized (hCMEC/D3) human brain microvascular EC (HBMEC) induced a redistribution of cell-bound JAM-A on the cell surface away from tight junctions, along with a dissociation from the cytoskeleton. This was paralleled by reduced immunocytochemical staining of occludin and zonula occludens-1 as well as by increased paracellular permeability for dextran 3000. Both a self-developed ELISA test and Western blot analysis detected a constitutive sJAM-A release by HBMEC into culture supernatants, which importantly was unaffected by pro-inflammatory or hypoxia/reoxygenation challenge. Accordingly, serum levels of sJAM-A were unaltered in 14 patients with clinically active multiple sclerosis compared to 45 stable patients and remained unchanged in 13 patients with acute ischemic non-small vessel stroke over time. Conclusion: Soluble JAM-A was not suited as a biomarker of BBB breakdown in our hands. The unexpected non-inducibility of sJAM-A release at the human BBB might contribute to a particular resistance of brain EC to inflammatory stimuli, protecting the CNS compartment.
Respiratory chain complexes in dynamic mitochondria display a patchy distribution in life cells
(2010)
Background: Mitochondria, the main suppliers of cellular energy, are dynamic organelles that fuse and divide frequently. Constraining these processes impairs mitochondrial is closely linked to certain neurodegenerative diseases. It is proposed that functional mitochondrial dynamics allows the exchange of compounds thereby providing a rescue mechanism. Methodology/Principal Findings: The question discussed in this paper is whether fusion and fission of mitochondria in different cell lines result in re-localization of respiratory chain (RC) complexes and of the ATP synthase. This was addressed by fusing cells containing mitochondria with respiratory complexes labelled with different fluorescent proteins and resolving their time dependent re-localization in living cells. We found a complete reshuffling of RC complexes throughout the entire chondriome in single HeLa cells within 2–3 h by organelle fusion and fission. Polykaryons of fused cells completely re-mixed their RC complexes in 10–24 h in a progressive way. In contrast to the recently described homogeneous mixing of matrix-targeted proteins or outer membrane proteins, the distribution of RC complexes and ATP synthase in fused hybrid mitochondria, however, was not homogeneous but patterned. Thus, complete equilibration of respiratory chain complexes as integral inner mitochondrial membrane complexes is a slow process compared with matrix proteins probably limited by complete fusion. In co-expressing cells, complex II is more homogenously distributed than complex I and V, resp. Indeed, this result argues for higher mobility and less integration in supercomplexes. Conclusion/Significance: Our results clearly demonstrate that mitochondrial fusion and fission dynamics favours the re-mixing of all RC complexes within the chondriome. This permanent mixing avoids a static situation with a fixed composition of RC complexes per mitochondrion.
Background: Decoding of frequency-modulated (FM) sounds is essential for phoneme identification. This study investigates selectivity to FM direction in the human auditory system. Methodology/Principal Findings: Magnetoencephalography was recorded in 10 adults during a two-tone adaptation paradigm with a 200-ms interstimulus-interval. Stimuli were pairs of either same or different frequency modulation direction. To control that FM repetition effects cannot be accounted for by their on- and offset properties, we additionally assessed responses to pairs of unmodulated tones with either same or different frequency composition. For the FM sweeps, N1m event-related magnetic field components were found at 103 and 130 ms after onset of the first (S1) and second stimulus (S2), respectively. This was followed by a sustained component starting at about 200 ms after S2. The sustained response was significantly stronger for stimulation with the same compared to different FM direction. This effect was not observed for the non-modulated control stimuli. Conclusions/Significance: Low-level processing of FM sounds was characterized by repetition enhancement to stimulus pairs with same versus different FM directions. This effect was FM-specific; it did not occur for unmodulated tones. The present findings may reflect specific interactions between frequency separation and temporal distance in the processing of consecutive FM sweeps.
Variants resistant to compounds specifically targeting HCV are observed in clinical trials. A multi-variant viral dynamic model was developed to quantify the evolution and in vivo fitness of variants in subjects dosed with monotherapy of an HCV protease inhibitor, telaprevir. Variant fitness was estimated using a model in which variants were selected by competition for shared limited replication space. Fitness was represented in the absence of telaprevir by different variant production rate constants and in the presence of telaprevir by additional antiviral blockage by telaprevir. Model parameters, including rate constants for viral production, clearance, and effective telaprevir concentration, were estimated from 1) plasma HCV RNA levels of subjects before, during, and after dosing, 2) post-dosing prevalence of plasma variants from subjects, and 3) sensitivity of variants to telaprevir in the HCV replicon. The model provided a good fit to plasma HCV RNA levels observed both during and after telaprevir dosing, as well as to variant prevalence observed after telaprevir dosing. After an initial sharp decline in HCV RNA levels during dosing with telaprevir, HCV RNA levels increased in some subjects. The model predicted this increase to be caused by pre-existing variants with sufficient fitness to expand once available replication space increased due to rapid clearance of wild-type (WT) virus. The average replicative fitness estimates in the absence of telaprevir ranged from 1% to 68% of WT fitness. Compared to the relative fitness method, the in vivo estimates from the viral dynamic model corresponded more closely to in vitro replicon data, as well as to qualitative behaviors observed in both on-dosing and long-term post-dosing clinical data. The modeling fitness estimates were robust in sensitivity analyses in which the restoration dynamics of replication space and assumptions of HCV mutation rates were varied.
Background: A delta and C fibers are the major pain-conducting nerve fibers, activate only partly the same brain areas, and are differently involved in pain syndromes. Whether a stimulus excites predominantly A delta or C fibers is a commonly asked question in basic pain research but a quick test was lacking so far. Methodology/Principal Findings: Of 77 verbal descriptors of pain sensations, "pricking", "dull" and "pressing" distinguished best (95% cases correctly) between A delta fiber mediated (punctate pressure produced by means of von Frey hairs) and C fiber mediated (blunt pressure) pain, applied to healthy volunteers in experiment 1. The sensation was assigned to A delta fibers when "pricking" but neither "dull" nor "pressing" were chosen, and to C fibers when the sum of the selections of "dull" or "pressing" was greater than that of the selection of "pricking". In experiment 2, with an independent cohort, the three-descriptor questionnaire achieved sensitivity and specificity above 0.95 for distinguishing fiber preferential non-mechanical induced pain (laser heat, exciting A delta fibers, and 5-Hz electric stimulation, exciting C fibers). Conclusion: A three-item verbal rating test using the words "pricking", "dull", and "pressing" may provide sufficient information to characterize a pain sensation evoked by a physical stimulus as transmitted via A delta or via C fibers. It meets the criteria of a screening test by being easy to administer, taking little time, being comfortable in handling, and inexpensive while providing high specificity for relevant information.
Activation of hypoxia inducible factor 1 is a general phenomenon in infections with human pathogens
(2010)
Background: Hypoxia inducible factor (HIF)-1 is the key transcriptional factor involved in the adaptation process of cells and organisms to hypoxia. Recent findings suggest that HIF-1 plays also a crucial role in inflammatory and infectious diseases. Methodology/Principal Findings: Using patient skin biopsies, cell culture and murine infection models, HIF-1 activation was determined by immunohistochemistry, immunoblotting and reporter gene assays and was linked to cellular oxygen consumption. The course of a S. aureus peritonitis was determined upon pharmacological HIF-1 inhibition. Activation of HIF-1 was detectable (i) in all ex vivo in biopsies of patients suffering from skin infections, (ii) in vitro using cell culture infection models and (iii) in vivo using murine intravenous and peritoneal S. aureus infection models. HIF-1 activation by human pathogens was induced by oxygen-dependent mechanisms. Small colony variants (SCVs) of S. aureus known to cause chronic infections did not result in cellular hypoxia nor in HIF-1 activation. Pharmaceutical inhibition of HIF-1 activation resulted in increased survival rates of mice suffering from a S. aureus peritonitis. Conclusions/Significance: Activation of HIF-1 is a general phenomenon in infections with human pathogenic bacteria, viruses, fungi and protozoa. HIF-1-regulated pathways might be an attractive target to modulate the course of life-threatening infections.
Background: R-flurbiprofen, one of the enantiomers of flurbiprofen racemate, is inactive with respect to cyclooxygenase inhibition, but shows analgesic properties without relevant toxicity. Its mode of action is still unclear. Methodology/Principal Findings: We show that R-flurbiprofen reduces glutamate release in the dorsal horn of the spinal cord evoked by sciatic nerve injury and thereby alleviates pain in sciatic nerve injury models of neuropathic pain in rats and mice. This is mediated by restoring the balance of endocannabinoids (eCB), which is disturbed following peripheral nerve injury in the DRGs, spinal cord and forebrain. The imbalance results from transcriptional adaptations of fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH) and NAPE-phospholipase D, i.e. the major enzymes involved in anandamide metabolism and synthesis, respectively. R-flurbiprofen inhibits FAAH activity and normalizes NAPE-PLD expression. As a consequence, R-Flurbiprofen improves endogenous cannabinoid mediated effects, indicated by the reduction of glutamate release, increased activity of the anti-inflammatory transcription factor PPAR gamma and attenuation of microglia activation. Antinociceptive effects are lost by combined inhibition of CB1 and CB2 receptors and partially abolished in CB1 receptor deficient mice. R-flurbiprofen does however not cause changes of core body temperature which is a typical indicator of central effects of cannabinoid-1 receptor agonists. Conclusion: Our results suggest that R-flurbiprofen improves the endogenous mechanisms to regain stability after axonal injury and to fend off chronic neuropathic pain by modulating the endocannabinoid system and thus constitutes an attractive, novel therapeutic agent in the treatment of chronic, intractable pain.
Die vorliegende Promotionsarbeit fokussiert auf das transfusionsbedingte Infektionsrisiko bezüglich Hepatitis B-Virus Infektionen. Da das Restinfektionsrisiko bezüglich Hepatitis B deutlich höher als das Restinfektionsrisiko bezüglich Hepatitis C oder HIV-Virus Infektionen anzusehen ist, konzentriert sich die vorliegende Arbeit auf den Stellenwert von Anti-HBc Antikörper für das Blutspenderscreening. In der vorliegenden Arbeit wurden zunächst unterschiedliche Anti-HBs Screening Assays synoptisch bezüglich der Sensitivität und Spezifität sowie anderer Test-Parameter miteinander verglichen und die Prävalenz und Infektiosität Anti-HBc-Ak positiver Blutspenden des Blutspendedienstes Hessen / Baden-Württemberg untersucht. Anschließend erfolgte eine Screening an fünf unterschiedlichen Standorten in Deutschland zur Prävalenz von Anti-HBc sowie zum Prozentsatz von chronisch infizierten Hepatitis B positiven Spendern. Anhand von Lookback Untersuchungen von chronisch infizierten Anti-HBc positiven und HBV DNA positiven Spendern konnte untersucht werden, inwieweit die Transfusion dieser niedrig virämischen Spender zu einer Übertragung von Hepatitis B in der Vergangenheit geführt hat. Darüber hinaus wurde eine Fall-Kontroll-Studie durchgeführt, mit der Fragestellung, inwieweit allein das Vorhandensein von Hepatitis B Antikörper (Anti-HBc Antikörper und Anti-HBe Antikörper) ohne Nachweis von HBV DNA, bereits ein erhöhtes Transfusionsrisiko darstellt. Zusätzlich wurden Daten bezüglich der heutigen Relevanz der HBs-Ag Testung im Blutspendewesen erhoben. Anschließend wurden alle drei für die Doktorarbeit relevanten Screeningparameter bezüglich Hepatitis B für das Blutspenderscreening (HBV Minipool PCR, HBs-Ag Test und Anti-HBc Test) bezüglich der Kosten pro gewonnenen QALY (Quality Adjusted Life Years) berechnet und wieder synoptisch miteinander verglichen. In der abschließenden Diskussion wurden unterschiedliche Screening Szenarien auf ihre Wertigkeit bezüglich der Sicherheit der Blutprodukte sowie auf ihre Kosten-Nutzen-Analyse hin betrachtet. Festgestellt wurde, dass durch die Anti-HBc-Ak Diagnostik im Blutspendewesen eine erhöhte Sicherheit bezüglich einer transfusionsbedingten HBV Transmission erzielt werden kann. Unter ca. 1,4 Millionen untersuchten Spendern konnten 21 HBV DNA positive Spender (alle niedrige HBV DNA Konzentrationen) ermittelt werden. Bei keinem der jeweiligen Empfänger konnte eine Infektion bestätigt werden, bei einem wäre sie möglich gewesen. Dabei konnte gezeigt werden, dass sich das PRISM® HBcore™ Testsystem wegen guter Sensitivität aber auch gleichzeitig guter Spezifität (signifikant besser als PRISM® HBc™) am besten zur Anti-HBc-Ak Routinetestung im Blutspendedienst eignet und selbst bei sehr hohem Probenaufkommen bewährt hat. Im Vergleich unterschiedlicher Testsysteme hatte der AxSym® CORE™ die höchste analytische Sensitivität, im weiteren Vergleich schnitten die untersuchten Assays annähernd gleich ab, zwischen dem PRISM® HBcore™ und PRISM® HBc™ konnte kein weiterer signifikanter Unterschied festgestellt werden. Des weiteren konnte gezeigt werden, dass Anti-HBc-Ak einen guten und sinnvollen Parameter zur HBV Diagnostik darstellt, der, in Verbindung mit der Pool-PCR, eventuell sogar die HBs-Ag Testung abzulösen in der Lage ist. Anhand der im Rahmen dieser Studie erhobenen Daten wären alle HBs-Ag positiven Blutprodukte auch mittels der Pool-PCR und Anti-HBc-Ak Diagnostik identifiziert worden. Darüber hinaus wurden einige HBV positive Blutprodukte mit diesen Verfahren erkannt, die mittels der klassischen HBs-Ag Testung übersehen worden wären. Bestätigt Anti-HBc-Ak positive Spender lassen sich anhand zusätzlicher serologischer Parameter (Anti-HBe-Ak und Anti-HBs-Ak) und wiederholter Testung bestimmen und so auch bestätigen; Die gemessenen S/CO-Werte der einzelnen untersuchten Testsysteme sind in der Lage einen Hinweis auf eine mögliche unspezifische Anti-HBc-Ak Reaktivität geben, so dass in Verbindung mit zusätzlichen HBV Parametern (z.B. Anti-HBe-Ak), die Richtigkeit des Ergebnisses besser eingeschätzt werden kann. Mittels Testung auf weitere HBV Marker (Einzelproben-PCR, Anti-HBs-Ak) können, wie es bereits gesetzlich geregelt wurde, Anti-HBc-Ak positive Blutprodukte durch ein „Re-Entry“ Verfahren wieder der Patientenverwendung zugeführt werden, ohne das HBV Transmissionsrisiko zu erhöhen. Die vorliegende Studie bestätigt diese Annnahme: Es konnte keine einzige HBV Transmission durch Anti-HBc-Ak positives Blut bewiesen werden, welches HBV PCR negativ (Sens. < 5,6 IU/ml) war. Die Prävalenz der Anti-HBc-Ak positiven Blutspender betrug vor Einführung der Anti-HBc-Ak Testung ca. 1,61%, im Spenderkollektiv wird sie aber wegen Selektionierung in den nächsten Jahren stark rückläufig sein.