Institut für Ökologie, Evolution und Diversität
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Highlights
• Linking ecological and ecotoxicological data from 30 river sites.
• Bioassays indicate complex mixture of chemicals with different modes of action.
• Macroinvertebrate community deteriorates along a toxicity gradient.
• Macroinvertebrate response has low potential for toxicity-specific bioindicators.
• Effect-based methods could isolate toxicity effects from multiple stressors.
Abstract
Chemical pollution is one of the most important threats to freshwater ecosystems. The plethora of potentially occurring chemicals and their effects in complex mixtures challenge standard monitoring methods. Effect-based methods (EBMs) are proposed as complementary tools for the assessment of chemical pollution and toxic effects. To investigate the effects of chemical pollution, the ecological relevance of EBMs and the potential of macroinvertebrates as toxicity-specific bioindicators, ecological and ecotoxicological data were linked. Baseline toxicity, mutagenicity, dioxin-like and estrogenic activity of water and sediment samples from 30 river sites in central Germany were quantified with four in vitro bioassays. The responses of macroinvertebrate communities at these sites were assessed by calculating 16 taxonomic and functional metrics and by investigating changes in the taxonomic and trait composition. Principal component analysis revealed an increase in toxicity along a joint gradient of chemicals with different modes of action. This toxicity gradient was associated with a decrease in biodiversity and ecological quality, as well as significant changes in taxonomic and functional composition. The strength of the effects suggested a strong impact of chemical pollution and underlined the suitability of EBMs in detecting ecological relevant effects. However, the metrics, taxa, and traits associated with vulnerability or tolerance to toxicity were found to also respond to other stressors in previous studies and thus may have only a low potential as toxicity-specific bioindicators. Because macroinvertebrates respond integratively to all present stressors, linking both ecological and environmental monitoring is necessary to investigate the overall effects but also isolate individual stressors. EBMs have a high potential to separate the toxicity of chemical mixtures from other stressors in a multiple stressor scenario, as well as identifying the presence of chemical groups with specific modes of action.
Vampire bats are the only mammals that feed exclusively on blood. To uncover genomic changes associated with this dietary adaptation, we generated a haplotype-resolved genome of the common vampire bat and screened 27 bat species for genes that were specifically lost in the vampire bat lineage. We found previously unknown gene losses that relate to reduced insulin secretion (FFAR1 and SLC30A8), limited glycogen stores (PPP1R3E), and a unique gastric physiology (CTSE). Other gene losses likely reflect the biased nutrient composition (ERN2 and CTRL) and distinct pathogen diversity of blood (RNASE7) and predict the complete lack of cone-based vision in these strictly nocturnal bats (PDE6H and PDE6C). Notably, REP15 loss likely helped vampire bats adapt to high dietary iron levels by enhancing iron excretion, and the loss of CYP39A1 could have contributed to their exceptional cognitive abilities. These findings enhance our understanding of vampire bat biology and the genomic underpinnings of adaptations to blood feeding.
The basidiomycete smut fungi are predominantly plant parasitic, causing severe losses in some crops. Most species feature a saprotrophic haploid yeast stage, and several smut fungi are only known from this stage, with some isolated from habitats without suitable hosts, e.g. from Antarctica. Thus, these species are generally believed to be apathogenic, but recent findings that some of these might have a plant pathogenic sexual counterpart, casts doubts on the validity of this hypothesis. Here, four Pseudozyma genomes were re-annotated and compared to published smut pathogens and the well-characterised effector gene Pep1 from these species was checked for its ability to complement a Pep1 deletion strain of Ustilago maydis. It was found that 113 high-confidence putative effector proteins were conserved among smut and Pseudozyma genomes. Among these were several validated effector proteins, including Pep1. By genetic complementation we show that Pep1 homologs from the supposedly apathogenic yeasts restore virulence in Pep1-deficient mutants Ustilago maydis. Thus, it is concluded that Pseudozyma species have retained a suite of effectors. This hints at the possibility that Pseudozyma species have kept an unknown plant pathogenic stage for sexual recombination or that these effectors have positive effects when colonising plant surfaces.
Molluscs are the second most species-rich phylum in the animal kingdom, yet only 11 genomes of this group have been published so far. Here, we present the draft genome sequence of the pulmonate freshwater snail Radix auricularia. Six whole genome shotgun libraries with different layouts were sequenced. The resulting assembly comprises 4,823 scaffolds with a cumulative length of 910 Mb and an overall read coverage of 72×. The assembly contains 94.6% of a metazoan core gene collection, indicating an almost complete coverage of the coding fraction. The discrepancy of ∼690 Mb compared with the estimated genome size of R. auricularia (1.6 Gb) results from a high repeat content of 70% mainly comprising DNA transposons. The annotation of 17,338 protein coding genes was supported by the use of publicly available transcriptome data. This draft will serve as starting point for further genomic and population genetic research in this scientifically important phylum.
Background: Understanding the processes that lead to hybridization of wolves and dogs is of scientific and management importance, particularly over large geographical scales, as wolves can disperse great distances. However, a method to efficiently detect hybrids in routine wolf monitoring is lacking. Microsatellites offer only limited resolution due to the low number of markers showing distinctive allele frequencies between wolves and dogs. Moreover, calibration across laboratories is time-consuming and costly. In this study, we selected a panel of 96 ancestry informative markers for wolves and dogs, derived from the Illumina CanineHD Whole-Genome BeadChip (174 K). We designed very short amplicons for genotyping on a microfluidic array, thus making the method suitable also for non-invasively collected samples.
Results: Genotypes based on 93 SNPs from wolves sampled throughout Europe, purebred and non-pedigree dogs, and suspected hybrids showed that the new panel accurately identifies parental individuals, first-generation hybrids and first-generation backcrosses to wolves, while second- and third-generation backcrosses to wolves were identified as advanced hybrids in almost all cases. Our results support the hybrid identity of suspect individuals and the non-hybrid status of individuals regarded as wolves. We also show the adequacy of these markers to assess hybridization at a European-wide scale and the importance of including samples from reference populations.
Conclusions: We showed that the proposed SNP panel is an efficient tool for detecting hybrids up to the third-generation backcrosses to wolves across Europe. Notably, the proposed genotyping method is suitable for a variety of samples, including non-invasive and museum samples, making this panel useful for wolf-dog hybrid assessments and wolf monitoring at both continental and different temporal scales.
Im Rahmen dieser Dissertation wurden unterschiedliche Aspekte der Verbreitung der Vertreter des Pseudoterranova decipiens Komplexes betrachtet und Fragestellungen zur Ökologie und Humanpathogenität der Parasiten bearbeitet. Sie basiert auf drei (ISI-) Fachartikeln, in denen die Nutzung von Fischparasitengemeinschaften als ökologische Indikatoren für entlegene Ökosysteme des Südpolarmeeres (I), die Modellierung geeigneter Verbreitungsgebiete für Arten mit geringen Vorkommensdaten am Beispiel des P. decipiens Komplexes (II) und das Vorkommen potentiell humanpathogener P. bulbosa in unterschiedlichen Mikrohabitaten in Atlantischem Kabeljau (III) thematisiert wurde.
Die Parasitengemeinschaften der in Studie I untersuchten, nahverwandten Antarktisdorsche (Nototheniinae) Nototheniops larseni (n=40), N. nudifrons (n=40) und Lepidonotothen squamifrons (n=49) unterschieden sich hauptsächlich hinsichtlich seltener Parasitenarten. Pseudoterranova decipiens E zählte zu den häufigsten Parasiten der drei betrachteten Wirtsarten. Die Analyse der Wirtsspektren der auf Artebene bestimmten Parasiten zeigte eine geringe Spezifität antarktischer Fischparasiten im Larven- (z.B. Pseudoterranova decipiens E) und Adultstadium (z.B. Elytrophalloides oatesi). Für eine Nutzung als Bioindikatoren ergibt sich die Empfehlung, nicht auf einzelne Parasitenarten, sondern die Zusammensetzung von Parasitenfaunen zurückzugreifen und Parameter wie Abundanz oder Intensität zu berücksichtigen. Vergleiche mit Literaturdaten legten nahe, dass ein Studiendesign, das den periodischen Vergleich der Parasitierungsmuster von Nototheniinae ermöglichen soll, Standorteffekte berücksichtigen sollte. Da es sich bei der Probennahme demersaler Fische um ein aufwändiges und einschneidendes Verfahren handelt, sollten alternative Samplingmethoden vorangetrieben und eine Datenbasis dafür geschaffen werden.
Um die Belastung von Speisefischen mit potentiell humanpathogenen Parasiten in bestimmten Fanggebieten abzuschätzen, kann anhand von Vorkommens- und Umweltdaten mittels statistischer Modelle die Habitateignung für den Parasiten bestimmt werden. Eine Voraussetzung für eine verlässliche Modellierung bilden die Wahl eines geeigneten Algorithmus und die Qualität der Eingangsdaten. Für die Modellierung geeigneter Verbreitungsgebiete für die sechs Arten des P. decipiens Komplexes wurde im Rahmen von Studie II erstmalig ein biotischer Deskriptor herangezogen. Dem Ansatz lag die Annahme zugrunde, dass das Vorkommen geeigneter Endwirte der entscheidende, limitierende Faktor für die Verbreitung eines Parasiten ist, da nur so der Lebenszyklus geschlossen werden kann. Als Hypothesentest dienten Vergleiche der ökologischen Nischen von Parasiten und ihren spezifischen Endwirten im Nischenraum. Anhand der Endwirtdistanz wurde eine Verbesserung der Modellierungsergebnisse mit MaxEnt, gegenüber der ausschließlich auf abiotischen Prädiktoren basierenden Modellierung, für alle Pseudoterranova Arten, insbesondere jene mit einer geringen Anzahl Fundpunkte, erzielt. Grundsätzlich ist der Ansatz auf marine Parasitenarten, deren spezifische Endwirte verlässliche Vorkommensdaten aufweisen, übertragbar. Die Methode stellt jedoch keinen Ersatz für die Erhebung von Vorkommensdaten dar, weshalb die genetische Bestimmung schwer zu identifizierender Taxa sowie die Angabe von Metadaten in jeder parasitologischen Studie obligatorisch sein sollten.
Die Verteilung potentiell humanpathogener Parasitenstadien in für den menschlichen Verzehr vorgesehenen Fischen kann ein entscheidender Faktor für die Übertragung sein. Im Rahmen von Studie III wurde mit dem Referenztranskriptom von P. bulbosa das erste Transkriptom für eine Art den P. decipiens Komplexes erstellt. Anhand einer differentiellen Genexpressionsanalyse wurde untersucht, was die Verteilung der Parasiten auf unterschiedliche Mikrohabitate beeinflusst haben könnte. Dabei wurden siebzig differentiell exprimierte Gene identifiziert, die in aus Leber (32 Gene) und Viscera (38 Gene) von Atlantischem Kabeljau (Gadus morhua) isolierten Proben von P. bulbosa hochreguliert waren. Eine Erklärung für diesen subtilen Unterschied könnte ein Dauerstadium der P. bulbosa Larven zum Zeitpunkt der Probennahmen sein. Ob sich bestimmte Mikrohabitate innerhalb des Wirtes begünstigend auf den Parasiten auswirken, muss mit Hilfe experimenteller Studien gezeigt werden. Erste in Studie III erhobene Daten zum allergenen Potential von P. bulbosa sollten in serologischen Studien getestet werden. Als Grundlage für die Bewertung des pathogenen Potentials von P. bulbosa, sowie der weiteren Arten des P. decipiens Komplexes, sollten in experimentellen Studien NGS-Daten erhoben werden.
Im Rahmen dieser Dissertation wurde in drei methodisch unterschiedlichen Studien ein Bedarf besserer Referenzdaten aufgezeigt. Bestreben diese Datenlücken zu schließen, um das Potential der Methoden besser ausschöpfen zu können, müssen zukünftig noch weiter verstärkt werden.
Anfang Februar veröffentlichte die Pressestelle der Goethe-Universität die Meldung „In der Stadt bauen Kaninchen dichter: Große Bauten für die ländliche Großfamilie, kleine Bauten für das städtische Pärchen.“ Die Meldung beruhte auf einem Fachartikel der Arbeitsgruppe Ökologie und Evolution im Journal of Zoology. Rasend schnell verbreitete sich die Meldung in den Medien – wir haben Madlen Ziege, Doktorandin in der Arbeitsgruppe Ökologie und Evolution einmal danach befragt, wie die Forschung mit populären oder besser: popularisierten Meldungen umgeht.
The UN 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development stresses the fundamental role science should play in implementing the 17 Sustainable Development Goals endorsed by the global community. But how can and should researchers respond to this societal demand on science? We argue that answering this question requires systematic engagement with the fundamental normative dimensions of the 2030 Agenda and those of the scientific community—and with the implications these dimensions have for research and practice. We suggest that the production of knowledge relevant to sustainable development entails analytic engagement with norms and values through four tasks. First, to unravel and critically reflect on the ethical values involved in sustainability, values should increasingly become an empirical and theoretical object of sustainability research. Second, to ensure that research on social–ecological systems is related to sustainability values, researchers should reflect on and spell out what sustainability values guide their research, taking into account possible interdependencies, synergies, and trade-offs. Third, to find common ground on what sustainability means for specific situations, scientists should engage in deliberative learning processes with societal actors, with a view to jointly reflecting on existing development visions and creating new, contextualized ones. Fourth, this implies that researchers and scientific disciplines must clarify their own ethical and epistemic values, as this defines accountability and shapes identification of problems, research questions, and results. We believe that ignoring these tasks, whether one is in favor or critical of the 2030 Agenda, will undermine the credibility and relevance of scientific contributions for sustainable development.