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Humorgebilde der Übertragung : die schöpferischen Akte des Symptoms, die Träume und das Lachen
(2018)
Weit entfernt von einer Klassifikation "psychischer Erkrankungen" mittels objektivierter Zeichen begreift die analytische Konzeption das Symptom als eine singuläre "Kompromissbildung", die für das Subjekt den Wert eines Rätsels hat. Diese Singularität sowie ein In-Perspektive-Setzen des Rätsels wecken die Kreativität des Symptoms in der analytischen Kur, sobald das Symptom hier auf einen "Traumapparat" trifft und es möglich wird, die fundamentalen Fragen des Subjekts in der Übertragung in Bewegung zu setzen. Daher kann der Vorwand des Symptoms die Realisierung aufkeimender Übertragungsbildungen auslösen, bis diese häufig ein lautes Lachen verursachen: Zeichen der Bewältigung innerer Konflikte und der Enthüllung der Wahrheit des Begehrens. Von der Klage zum Humor, vom Leiden zum Lachen - die fruchtbaren Bewegungen, die durch die Sprache des Symptoms initiiert werden, durchlaufen den komplexen und beweglichen Überschwang der Träume, die die interpretierbaren Beziehungen durch die sprachliche Modifikation des Körpers und der Affekte liefern. Wäre die subversive Kraft des durch die Deutung hervorgerufenen Lachens dann eine Art der Heilung der zuvor im Symptom eingekapselten Figuren?
Extrakt
(2018)
Der Beitrag besteht aus Cassins Zitatsammlung, die ihrem Versuch zugrunde liegt, die Psychoanalyse, ausgehend von der antiken, von Aristoteles und Platon gleichermaßen bekämpften Sophistik, zu denken. Dabei werden vor allem die Spuren herausgearbeitet, die die Sophistik im Werk Jacques Lacans hinterlassen hat. In spielerischer Weise wird die Sophistik aus dem Schatten der aristotelischen Metaphysik hervorgeholt und die Psychoanalyse, insbesondere diejenige Lacan'scher Prägung, als radikale Setzung auf die Wirkung des Buchstabens in neuem Licht dargestellt.
Der Beitrag erkundet die besondere Zeitlichkeit der Psychoanalyse ausgehend von Muße und Müßiggang, Konzepten, die in Nietzsches "Fröhlicher Wissenschaft" eine wichtige Rolle spielen, in Freuds Werk, in dem bekanntlich zahlreiche Arbeitsbegriffe dominieren, jedoch kaum vorkommen. Dennoch lässt sich im Briefwechsel zwischen Freud und Arnold Zweig eine wichtige Spur des Müßiggangs für Freuds eigenes Schreiben aufzeigen. Freud spricht in einer signifikanten Passage, in der es um die existenzielle Bedrohung durch den Nationalsozialismus geht, von einem "Überschuss an Muße". Aus dieser Suspension heraus entsteht sein letztes großes Schreibprojekt: "Der Mann Moses". Muße erweist sich zunehmend als ein Begriff, in dem sich eine andere Zeitlichkeit eröffnet, die etwas mit der Arbeit des Unbewussten in der Psychoanalyse zu tun hat. Der Beitrag schließt, indem die Autorin ihre persönliche Erfahrung dieser anderen Zeitlichkeit schildert. Dabei gerät der Warteraum des Psychoanalytikers als Schwellenraum zwischen der alltäglichen Arbeit und der Arbeit in der Psychoanalyse in den Blick.
Der Begriff und das Thema einer "Fröhlichen Wissenschaft" sind bei Nietzsche paradox, kämpft der Philosoph doch in vielen seiner Texte gegen die Wissenschaft. Denn dem Begehren nach Wissen haftet etwas Reaktives und somit Trauriges an. Wie wird nun eine Leserin Freuds diese Ambiguität verstehen, wenn sie sie ins Verhältnis mit der doppelseitigen und komplexen Verbindung von Todestrieb und sexuellem Trieb setzt?
The article reports three simulation studies conducted to find out whether the effect of a time limit for testing impairs model fit in investigations of structural validity, whether the representation of the assumed source of the effect prevents impairment of model fit and whether it is possible to identify and discriminate this method effect from another method effect. Omissions due to the time limit for testing were not considered as missing data but as information on the participants’ processing speed. In simulated data the presence of a time-limit effect impaired comparative fit index and nonnormed fit index whereas normed chi-square, root mean square error of approximation, and standardized root mean square residual indicated good model fit. The explicit consideration of the effect due to the time limit by an additional component of the model improved model fit. Effect-specific assumptions included in the model of measurement enabled the discrimination of the effect due to the time limit from another possible method effect.
Anfang April 1884 entdeckte Freud im "Centralblatt für die medicinischen Wissenschaften" eine Rezension zu einem kurzen Aufsatz Theodor Aschenbrandts. Aschenbrandts Artikel war vier Monate zuvor in der "Deutschen Medicinischen Wochenschrift" erschienen und stellte einen in Europa noch weitgehend unbekannten Wirkstoff vor, an dessen Erforschung nun Sigmund Freud erhebliche Zukunftshoffnungen knüpfte.
Aschenbrandt hatte in seiner Studie vom 12. Dezember 1883 in der "Medicinischen Wochenschrift" während einer Waffenübung eines bayerischen Armeekorps den Soldaten Kokain verabreicht und dabei eine beträchtliche Erhöhung der Leistungsfähigkeit, insbesondere der Marschfähigkeit unter erschwerten Bedingungen, sowie länger ausbleibende Erschöpfung durch Nahrungs- und Schlafentzug festgestellt. Das weckte das Interesse Freuds, der 1884 als schlecht bezahlter Assistenzarzt des Wiener Allgemeinen Krankenhauses ein verstärktes Interesse daran hatte, sich durch wissenschaftliche Forschungen einen Namen zu machen
Cognitive modeling studies in adults have established that visual working memory (WM) capacity depends on the representational precision, as well as its variability from moment to moment. By contrast, visuospatial WM performance in children has been typically indexed by response accuracy—a binary measure that provides less information about precision with which items are stored. Here, we aimed at identifying whether and how children’s WM performance depends on the spatial precision and its variability over time in real-world contexts. Using smartphones, 110 Grade 3 and Grade 4 students performed a spatial WM updating task three times a day in school and at home for four weeks. Measures of spatial precision (i.e., Euclidean distance between presented and reported location) were used for hierarchical modeling to estimate variability of spatial precision across different time scales. Results demonstrated considerable within-person variability in spatial precision across items within trials, from trial to trial and from occasion to occasion within days and from day to day. In particular, item-to-item variability was systematically increased with memory load and lowered with higher grade. Further, children with higher precision variability across items scored lower in measures of fluid intelligence. These findings emphasize the important role of transient changes in spatial precision for the development of WM.
How does social class affect people’s goals in social interactions? A rank-based perspective suggests actors from higher social classes (compared to lower social classes) have more agentic and less communal goals when interacting with same class or unspecified others. Focusing on targets’ social class, an identity-based perspective suggests the reverse: Actors should more strongly endorse communal (agentic) goals toward illegitimately lower class (higher class) compared to illegitimately higher class (lower class) targets, regardless of actors’ own social class. Three preregistered experiments (N = 2,023) manipulated actor’s social class and the nature of the target (illegitimately higher/lower class, same class, unspecified) and measured participants’ goals in imagined interactions using the Circumplex Scales of Intergroup Goals. The identity-based perspective received strong support: Across studies, actors expressed stronger agentic (communal) goals toward higher class (lower class) targets. The rank-based perspective received limited support, with relatively low-class (vs. relatively high-class) actors expressing stronger communal goals toward same-class targets.
Object recognition is such an everyday task it seems almost mundane. We look at the spaces around us and name things seemingly effortlessly. Yet understanding how the process of object recognition unfolds is a great challenge to vision science. Models derived from abstract stimuli have little predictive power for the way people explore "naturalistic" scenes and the objects in them. Naturalistic here refers to unaltered photographs of real scenes. This thesis therefore focusses on the process of recognition of the objects in such naturalistic scenes. People can, for instance, find objects in scenes much more efficiently than models derived from abstract stimuli would predict. To explain this kind of behavior, we describe scenes not solely in terms of physical characteristics (colors, contrasts, lines, orientations, etc.) but by the meaning of the whole scene (kitchen, street, bathroom, etc.) and of the objects within the scene (oven, fire hydrant, soap, etc.). Object recognition now refers to the process of the visual system assigning meaning to the object.
The relationship between objects in a naturalistic scene is far from random. Objects do not typically float in mid-air and cannot take up the same physical space. Moreover, certain scenes typically contain certain objects. A fire hydrant in the kitchen would seem like an anomaly to the average observer. These "rules" can be described as the "grammar" of the scene. Scene grammar is involved in multiple aspects of scene- and object perception. There is, for instance, evidence that overall scene category influences identification of individual objects. Typically, experiments that directly target object recognition do not involve eye movements and studies that involve eye movements are not directly aimed at object recognition, but at gaze allocation. But eye movements are abundant in everyday life, they happen roughly 4 times per second. Here we therefore present two studies that use eye movements to investigate when object recognition takes place while people move their eyes from object to object in a scene. The third study is aimed at the application of novel methods for analyzing data from combined eye movement and neurophysiology (EEG) measurements.
One way to study object perception is to violate the grammar of a scene by placing an object in a scene it does not typically occur in and measuring how long people look at the so-called semantic inconsistency, compared to an object that one would expect in the given scene. Typically, people look at semantic inconsistencies longer and more often, signaling that it requires extra processing. In Study 1 we make use of this behavior to ask whether object recognition still happens when it is not necessary for the task. We designed a search task that made it unnecessary to register object identities. Still, participants looked at the inconsistent objects longer than consistent objects, signaling they did indeed process object and scene identities. Interestingly, the inconsistent objects were not remembered better than the consistent ones. We conclude that object and scene identities (their semantics) are processed in an obligatory fashion; when people are involved in a task that does not require it. In Study 2, we investigate more closely when the first signs of object semantic processing are visible while people make eye movements.
Although the finding that semantic inconsistencies are looked at longer and more often has been replicated often, many of these replications look at gaze duration over a whole trial. The question when during a trial differences between consistencies occur, has yielded mixed results. Some studies only report effects of semantic consistency that accumulate over whole trials, whereas others report influences already on the duration of the very first fixations on inconsistent objects. In study 2 we argue that prior studies reporting first fixation duration may have suffered from methodological shortcomings, such as low trial- and sample sizes, in addition to the use of non-robust statistics and data descriptions. We show that a subset of fixations may be influenced more than others (as is indicated by more skewed fixation duration distributions). Further analyses show that the relationship between the effect of object semantics on fixation durations and its effect on oft replicated cumulative measures is not straightforward (fixation duration distributions do not predict dwell effects) but the effect on both measures may be related in a different way. Possibly, the processing of object meaning unfolds over multiple fixations, only when one fixation does not suffice. However, it would be very valuable to be able to study how processing continues, after a fixation ends.
Study 3 aims to make such a measure possible by combining EEG recordings with eye tracking measurements. Difficulties in analyzing eye tracking–EEG data exist because neural responses vary with different eye movements characteristics. Moreover, fixations follow one another in short succession, causing neural responses to each fixation to overlap in time. These issues make the well-established approach of averaging single trial EEG data into ERPs problematic. As an alternative, we propose the use of multiple regression, explicitly modelling both temporal overlap and eye movement parameters. In Study 3 we show that such a method successfully estimates the influence of covariates it is meant to control for. Moreover, we discuss and explore what additional covariates may be modeled and in what way, in order to obtain confound-free estimates of EEG differences between conditions. One important finding is that stimulus properties of physically variable stimuli such as complex scenes, can influence EEG signals and deserve close consideration during experimental design or modelling efforts. Overall, the method compares favorably to averaging methods.
From the studies in this thesis, we directly learn that object recognition is a process that happens in an obligatory fashion, when the task does not require it. We also learn that only a subset of first fixations to objects are affected by the processing of object meaning and its fit to its surroundings. Comparison between first fixation and first dwell effects suggest that, in active vision, object semantics processing sometimes unfolds over multiple fixations. And finally, we learn that regression-based methods for combined eye tracking-EEG analysis provide a plausible way forward for investigating how object recognition unfolds in active vision.