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Namen sind seit Jahrhunderten ein wichtiger Bestandteil des Lebens der Menschen. Die Auswahl eines geeigneten Namens spielt für viele Eltern eine große Rolle für ihr Kind. Infolgedessen ist die Benennung nach der Geburt für alle Kulturen ein äußerst wichtiges Ereignis. In der vorliegenden Arbeit werden Vornamen im Deutschen und im Türkischen untersucht, die aus Blumennamen stammen. Das Ziel ist es, herauszufinden, aus welchen Sprachen die Vornamen mit Blumennamen ins Türkische und Deutsche entlehnt worden sind, und ob es Parallelen und Unterschiede bei der Frequenz der entlehnten Vornamen aus unterschiedlichen Sprachen und beim Gebrauch von bestimmten Blumenarten gibt.
Using arguments based on the data on verb agreement (pronominalization) in Tibeto-Burman, LaPolla 1989 (see also LaPolla 1992) argues that Proto-Tibeto-Burman should be reconstructed as a language with no inflectional morphology. In that paper it is argued that the Proto-Tibeto- Burman system of grammatical relations1 was closer to the typical 'role-dominated' (Van Valin & Foley 1980) Burmese-Yipho system (epitomized by Lahu—see Matisoff 1973). That is, a system where there is no definable 'subject' or 'direct object'; a system where semantic and pragmatic principles govern the organization of discourse, not syntactic functions. In this paper we look at the nature of 'objects' in Tibeto-Burman languages, and here also find support for this view of Proto-Tibeto-Burman grammatical relations. From a survey of ninety-five reliable grammars or descriptions of languages in the Tibeto-Burman family, I found eleven languages with no nominal object marking, twenty languages with nominal morphology consistently marking the patient as object, regardless of clause type, and sixty-four languages with a type of marking where the patient in monotransitve clauses is often or always marked with the same postposition as the goal or beneficiary (dative) in ditransitve clauses. This type of marking is discussed in Dryer 1986 as Primary Object marking. I argue that this type of marking in the Tibeto-Burman languages reflects the semantically based nature of grammatical relations in Proto-Tibeto-Burman.
One of the main controversial topics of German language is the definition of word types and the classification of the principles. There are different views on the definition of 'particle' and 'intensive particle'. An interesting object of study of linguistics in this context are primarily grammaticalized words that lose their actual lexical meaning, assume grammatical functions and act as lexical intensifiers. In the first part of this article, general information is given about the definition and classification of the concepts of 'particle' and 'intensive particle'. The second part of the study handles the 'intensive particle', so called by the German language linguist Hentschel (1998), which have partly metaphorical features. The use of these words as 'intensive particle' in certain areas has been examined with German and Turkish examples and the differences and similarities have been revealed in two languages.
"Gewalt und Sprache". Internationale SUNG-Tagung an der Comenius-Universität in Bratislava, 30. Juni - 2. Juli 2016
Anlässlich des 25. Jahrestages seiner Gründung veranstaltete der Verband der Deutschlehrer und Germanisten der Slowakei (SUNG) eine Konferenz, die sich thematisch auf das Verhältnis von Gewalt und Sprache konzentrierte. Veranstaltungsort war die Philosophische Fakultät der Comenius-Universität, Mitveranstalter der dortige Lehrstuhl für Germanistik, Nederlandistik und Skandinavistik. Die Konferenz stellte zugleich die zwölfte Tagung des Verbandes dar.
The mountains of the Tangale-Waja Uplands are inhabited by a number of small ethnic groups. They speak different languages which belong to two unrelated linguistic stocks. The Afroasiatic stock is represented by Chadic languages, especially Tangale, but also Pero and Kushi (further to the south along the slopes of the Muri Mountains) of the Bole-Tangale Group. But the majority of the languages belong to the Adamawa branch of the Niger-Congo stock. The study of the vocabulary, technical terms and expressions relating to farming in general and 'farming on terraces' in particular constitutes another important aspect of our multidisciplinary research project providing us with valuable information about the history of the settlements and cultures of the entire region. In this communication we will restrict ourselves to a few general observations which are mainly based on the comparison of selected items of the farming vocabularies of those communities which used to farm the slopes of the mountains in our research area. We want to focus on the various designations for "terraced farms" and "terraces" including any arrangement or setting of stones on farms to enhance and support the production of the staple food: guinea corn (sorghum) and/or millet (pennisetum).
"Zentrum und Peripherie". Internationale Konferenz des Germanistenverbandes der Tschechischen Republik an der Schlesischen Universität in Opava, 25.-27. Mai 2016
Die internationale Tagung Zentrum und Peripherie wurde vom Germanistenverband der Tschechischen Republik und der Abteilung für Germanistik am Institut für Fremdsprachen der Schlesischen Universität in Opava veranstaltet. Das Organisationsteam aus Opava bestand aus Dr. habil. Gabriela Rykalová, Dr. habil. Veronika Kotůlková und Dr. Miroslav Urbanec. Fast hundert FachteilnehmerInnen aus der Tschechischen Republik, Deutschland, Österreich, Polen, der Slowakei, Spanien, der Türkei und Ungarn konnten in Opava begrüßt werden, außerdem VertreterInnen des DAAD, der Deutschen Welle, des Österreichischen Kulturforums Prag sowie Germanistikstudierende verschiedener Universitäten. Im Rahmen der Konferenz fand auch die Mitgliederversammlung des Germanistenverbands der Tschechischen Republik statt.
Two studies investigate the production and perception of speech chunks in Estonian. A corpus study examines to what degree the boundaries of syntactic constituents and frequent collocations influence the distribution of prosodic information in spontaneously spoken utterances. A perception experiment tests to what degree prosodic information, constituent structure, and collocation frequencies interact in the perception of speech chunks. Two groups of native Estonian speakers rated spontaneously spoken utterances for the presence of disjunctures, whilst listening to these utterances (N = 47) or reading them (N = 40). The results of the corpus study reveal a rather weak correspondence between the distribution of prosodic information and boundaries of the syntactic constituents and collocations. The results of the perception experiments demonstrate a strong influence of clause boundaries on the perception of prosodic discontinuities as prosodic breaks. Thus, the results indicate that there is no direct relationship between the semantico-syntactic characteristics of utterances and the distribution of prosodic information. The percept of a prosodic break relies on the rapid recognition of constituent structure, i.e. structural information.
A sketch of Houailou grammar
(1978)
Houailou is an Oceanic language spoken by approximately 7,000 people in central New Caledonia. Haudricourt, in his classification of the New Caledonia Languages, assigns Houailou to his Southern Group (Haudricourt, 1971). The following grammatical description of Houailou is based primarily on J. de La Fontinelle's La langue de Houailou (La Fontinelle 1976). Since La Fontinellels grammar uses a Pramework that makes comparison of Houailou to other Oceanic-languages rather difficult, it was felt that it might be a worth-while undertaking to rewrite it in a more traditional framework. The main differences between La Fontinelle's treatment of Houailou and its present reinterpretation can be briefly characterized as follows: La Fontinelle begins her description by isolating minimal gramaatical categories and then determitles their cooccurrence privileges in larger constructions. ...
Zastupljenost romanizama u govorima srednjodalmatinskoga priobalja i otoka opširno je i bogato analizirana u dosadašnjim jezikoslovnim istraživanjima. Manje su, i ne baš sustavno, istraženi govori unutrašnjega dijela srednje Dalmacije. U radu se opisuju ostatci romanskoga utjecaja na prostorno velikom, a danas slabo naseljenom zabiokovskom arealu. Budući da se jezično posuđivanje najčešće ostvaruje u kategorijama imenica i glagola, posebna se pozornost posvećuje morfološkoj osobitosti pridjeva romanskoga podrijetla kao slabije proučavanoj gramatičkoj kategoriji. Promatrani korpus dobiven je ekscerpiranjem romanizama iz recentnih dijalekatnih leksikografskih djela. Nakon opisa društveno-povijesnoga okvira Zabiokovlja, koji je i doveo do različitih romanskih utjecaja, prikazuje se leksikološka i etimološka obrada pridjeva romanskoga podrijetla te se analiziraju načini adaptacije romanskih pridjevskih posuđenica u govorima Zabiokovlja.
U ovome radu autor će, na osnovu vlastitih istraživanja, pokušati dati sumaran prikaz akcenatskih svojstava govora otoka Iža, smještenog u zadarskom arhipelagu. Namjera mu je smjestiti iški govor i akcenatski sustav među drugim čakavskim otočkim govorima, dati fonetski i fonološki opis pojedinih akcenata i potkrijepiti ih primjerima koje je čuo od iških govornika i, konačno, pokušati utvrditi fonološki status čakavskog akuta u iškome govoru. Budući da su istraživanja bila ograničenoga karaktera, ovaj rad nije zamišljen kao konačan opis, već kao polažišna točka za buduća istraživanja koja je potrebno izvršiti na osnovu kojih će se moći napraviti što iscrpniji i potpuniji opis iškoga govora i akcenatskoga sustava.
U radu se promatraju akuzativne dopune uz desetak neprijelaznih glagola u hrvatskome jeziku te se razmatra njihova pripadnost kategoriji unutrašnjih objekata. Uspoređuju se sintaktička i semantička svojstva takvih dopuna: broj imenica koje se pojavljuju uz neprijelazni glagol, obvezatnost modifikacije imenice, paralelnost instrumentalnih i akuzativnih sintagmā, mogućnost parafraze instrumentalnom sintagmom te mogućnost pronominalizacije i pasivizacije. Autorice zaključuju da sve dopune istraživanih neprijelaznih glagola ne pripadaju istomu tipu dopuna te ih je potrebno gramatički i terminološki razdvojiti. Također pretpostavljaju da unutrašnji objekti u hrvatskome mogu imati argumentno i adjunktno čitanje, što je u skladu s nekim nedavno iznesenim tvrdnjama za druge jezike.
Bu çalışmanın amacı Almanya'da yaşayan Türk çocuklarının Türkçe yazma becerilerini incelemek ve yaptıkları yazım hatalarını belirlemektir. Çalışmada nitel yöntem tercih edilmiştir. Çalışmada yer alan veriler durum çalışması ile elde edilmiştir. Verilerin analizinde ise betimsel içerik analizi kullanılmıştır. Araştırmanın evrenini Almanya’da yaşayan Türk çocukları, örneklemini ise Almanya'nın Hessen Eyaletinde Türkçe dersi alan 11-15 yaş arası rastgele seçilen 20 Türk öğrenci oluşturmaktadır. Araştırmaya katılan öğrencilerin yazılı anlatım beceri düzeylerini belirlemek için uzman görüşleri de alındıktan sonra iki ayrı konudan tercih ettikleri biri hakkında kompozisyon metinleri yazdırılmıştır. Sonuç olarak Almanya'da yaşayan Türk çocuklarının yazdıkları metinlerde ağırlıklı olarak alfabe farklılığından kaynaklanan yanlışlar, büyük-küçük yazımından kaynaklanan yanlışlar, bitişik-ayrı yazımından kaynaklanan yanlışlar ile konuşulan dilin yazı diline aktarımından kaynaklanan yanlışlar belirlenmiştir. Çalışmanın sonunda elde edilen bulgulara yönelik öneriler sunulmuştur.
Almanya Federal Cumhuriyeti'nde görev yapan Türkçe ve Türk Kültürü Dersi öğretmenlerine yönelik 2020 Mayıs- Haziran aylarında toplam 69 çevrimiçi seminer düzenlenmiştir. Seminerlere Almanya Federal Cumhuriyeti’nde görev yapan MEB Türkçe ve Türk Kültürü Dersi öğretmenleri katılmış; her bir seminerden sonra öğretmen görüşleri alınmıştır. Araştırmanın evrenini 2019-2020 eğitim öğretim yılı itibarı ile Almanya'da görevli 1338 Türkçe öğretmeni, örneklem grubunu ise MEB tarafından görevlendirilen 506 Türkçe ve Türk Kültürü dersi öğretmeni oluşturmaktadır. Araştırmacı grubu tarafından geliştirilen veri toplama anketi Mayıs -Haziran 2020 aylarında (pandemi dönemi) verilen çevrimiçi seminerlere paralel olarak uygulanmıştır. Bu çalışmada öğretmenlerin yurt dışındaki öğretmenlere verilen seminerler belli bir farkındalığın oluşmasını sağlamış; yurt dışı teşkilatının öğrenen organizasyonlar olarak öğretmenlerin bu tür programlara ilgi düzeyleri, varlığı/yokluğu, katılım sayısı ve sıklığı ile ölçümlenerek değerlendirilmiştir. Elde edilen bulgular, bu tür seminer çalışmalarının gelecek dönemlerde de yapılmasının elzem olduğunu ortaya koymuştur.
U radu se analizira poglavlje Sprichwörter – Prirečja iz Kristijanovićeva Anhanga, aneksnog rječnika dodanog njegovoj Grammatik der kroatischen Mundart. Prirečja sadrže kajkavsku paremiološku građu s njemačkim ekvivalentima koja se analizira s obzirom na njezine izvore i leksikografsku obradbu. Pokazuje se da osim poslovica rječnik sadrži i frazeme i kolokvijalne izraze. Posebna se pozornost posvećuje semantičkoj analizi poslovica i naznačuje na koji se aspekt ljudskog života pouka i poruka odnose.
Nakon uvodnih napomena o gornjomeđimurskome naselju Dragoslavec Breg (s osobitim osvrtom na povijest njegova imena, neslužbeni etnik i kretanje broja stanovnika), u radu se na osnovi terenskim i arhivskim istraživanjem prikupljene građe analizira antroponimijski sustav toga naselja. Pokazuju se značajke osobnih imena (njihova službena i neslužbena uporaba te učestalost), prezimena njegovih stanovnika (učestalost, podrijetlo, značenje i tvorbena struktura) kao i njihovi obiteljski nadimci (motivacija i tvorbene značajke).
Der Beitrag präsentiert die Problematik der Possessivität in zwei typologisch diversen Sprachsystemen. Die Autoren analysieren die Ausdrucksweisen und die Spezifika der Kategorie der Possessivität in der deutschen Sprache (als einem Repräsentanten der germanischen Sprachgruppe) und in der slowakischen Sprache (als einem Repräsentanten der slawischen Sprachgruppe und zugleich der Muttersprache der Autoren). Es werden die vielseitigen semantischen und strukturellen Aspekte in beiden Sprachen beschrieben, wobei die konfrontative und kontrastive Betrachtung von Bedeutung ist. Es wurden die Konstruktionen beider Sprachen ausgewählt, die nach der von den Autoren angenommenen Begriffsbestimmung der Possessivität als possessiv zu betrachten sind. Die präsentierte Problematik kann für weitere Analysen und Untersuchungen sowohl im Bereich der Sprachwissenschaft als auch für die Erweiterung der interlingualen Kompetenz in beiden Sprachsystemen inspirierend und hilfreich sein.
V prispevku je predstavljeno slovensko narečno besedje za pomen ‘sinova žena’ v Slovenskem lingvističnem atlasu (SLA) v primerjavi s kajkavskim narečnim besedjem za ta pomen, zbranim za Hrvaški jezikovni atlas (HJA). Narečno gradivo, zbrano za ta dva temeljna nacionalna dialektološka projekta je namreč zanimivo tudi za raziskovanje slovensko-hrvaškega jezikovnega stika, saj zlasti v Pomurju in Medžimurju, v Posotelju, Beli krajini, na Kostelskem in v Gorskem kotarju ter v Istri jezika in njuna obmejna narečja bolj postopoma prehajajo eden v drugega in imajo zato mnoge skupne značilnosti tako na fonološki in morfološki kot tudi na leksikalni ravnini. Na primeru narečnega gradiva za vprašanji SLA-V614 snaha in HJA-V548 snaha, nevjesta je skupaj z morfonološko analizo in kartografskim prikazom prostorske razširjenosti narečnih leksemov predstavljen tudi način komentiranja narečnega gradiva v SLA.
Pogled u radom ispunjen život Bratoljuba Klaića pokazuje širinu njegovih interesa i pobuđuje na misao o tom što bi hrvatsko jezikoslovlje moglo napraviti da je djelovalo u povoljnijim uvjetima. Svakako je književnost i kazalište izrazito privlačilo našeg proučavatelja, osobito hrvatska književnost, grčka i rimska, pa je prirodno njegovo sudjelovanje u ediciji Pet stoljeća hrvatske književnosti. Među hrvatskim piscima davnih stoljeća osobito su ga zanimali Hanibal Lucić, Petar Hektorović, Marin Držić i Ivan Gundulić, ali se je pozabavio i komedijom Ljubovnici, kao i novijim piscima Šenoom, Matošem, Ujevićem, Krležom, Kolarom i drugima. Znatnu je pozornost posvetio i folkloru tumačeći njegove jezične značajke. Na zanimljiv način bavio se je akcentom, osobito kad je riječ o akcentu starih pisaca hrvatskih i o naglasku u njihovim suvremenim izvedbama. Bratoljub Klaić bio je jedan od znanstvenika što su hrvatsku književnost tumačili kao prirodnu cjelinu pisaca raznih stoljeća, iz raznih predjela i različitih dijalekatnih osobina.
U radu se ukratko prikazuje Klaićev opis bizovačkoga govora i podjela donjopodravskih govora na dva međusobno ponešto različita tipa: valpovački akcenatski tip govora – okolica Bizovca do Donjega Miholjca – i šaptinovački akcenatski tip – od Donjega Miholjca prema Virovitici. Obilježja bizovačkoga govora uspoređuju se s govorom Podravskih Podgajaca.
The article gives an overview of the most important linguistic publications on the Burgenland Croatian dialects so far and concludes that our picture of these dialects is still far from complete. Two examples are given of unsolved questions that illustrate why a more complete picture than we have at the moment is necessary. The author wishes to point out that good quality linguistic fieldwork in this region deserves higher priority than it is given now, especially since the dialects are dying out so fast.
The paper considers the interdependence between word order, congruence and formal cases – the means which, together with lexical meaning and formal class markers, explicate the concrete syntactic relations in a sentence. There are languages (including the Slavic ones) in whose structure congruence is very important. They may or may not possess formal cases. Even if they have no formal cases their word order is relatively free due to the compensatory role of congruence, which is often, but not always, able to eliminate potential ambiguity in the sentence, assisted to a certain extent by animacy, definiteness, pronoun duplicates of the objects and extra-linguistic knowledge (and Modern Bulgarian is good enough to illustrate this). At the same time, even in congruence languages with formal cases there are strict word order rules. In both kinds of congruence languages the violation of these rules can make a sentence utterly unintelligible (the last is exemplified by a couple of lines from Spanish and Ukrainian poetry).
This paper describes the interplay of lexical and grammatical aspect with other grammatical phenomena in the interpretation of the aspectual suffix ‑ile (which we analyse as Perfective) in isiNdebele, a Nguni Bantu language spoken in South Africa. Crucial other phenomena include constituency-related factors such as the conjoint-disjoint distinction and (related) penultimate lengthening, along with morphophonological conditions that trigger different forms of ‑ile. These factors appear to interact differently in isiNdebele than they do in closely related Zulu, suggesting two different paths of grammaticalization, which we argue can change the interpretation of markers of grammatical aspect as they interact with lexical aspectual classes.
For reasons of space, we only discussed one text in which the metaphors used seem to take their root in the context in which it has been written. One text is definitely not enough to make any definite claims on how widespread this phenomenon is. Given what we know about the two domains - Food and taste - one has reasons to believe that when speakers/conceptualisers (e.g. journalists) describe something which stands in some relation to both, they may intuitively be reaching for taste metaphors of the kind described above on the premise that this kind of ‘ornamentation’ will add some spice to what the addressee might otherwise consider a trivial (and boring) topic. At the same time, taste is only one among many properties a particular item of food or a substance (e.g. sugar) has. In consequence, one may well imagine contexts in which it is not its taste, but other properties (e.g. what Harbottle [1997:183] refers to as its 'pure white and deadly’ image) that will make the conceptualiser reach for a particular linguistic or conceptual metaphor.
U ovome se članku analiziraju poredbeni frazemi jednoga hrvatskog čakavskog govora prikupljeni na terenskome dijalektološkom istraživanju i uspoređuju s poredbenim frazemima hrvatskoga standardnog jezika. Posebna se pozornost poklanja onim čakavskim frazemima koji imaju različitu sliku u pozadini frazema unutar istoga frazemskog koncepta i onima koji nemaju ekvivalenta u standardu.
This article provides a comparative overview of phonological and phonetic differences of Mukrī Kurdish varieties and their geographical distribution. Based on the examined data, four distinct varieties can be distinguished. In each variety area, different phonological patterns are analyzed according to age, gender, and social groups in order to establish cross-regional and cross-generational developments in relation to specific phonological distributions and shifts. The variety regions which are examined in the present article include West Mukrī (representing an archaic form of Mukrī), Central Mukrī (representing a linguistically peripheral dialect), East Mukrī (representing mixed archaic and peripheral dialect features), and South Mukrī (sharing features of both Mukrī and Ardałānī). The study concludes that variation in the Mukrīyān region depends on phonological developments, which in turn are due to geographical and sociological factors. Moreover, contact-induced change and internal language development are also established as triggering factors distinguishing regional variants.
Dieser Beitrag beschäftigt sich mit einer kontrastiven Forschung im Bereich der Politolinguistik, speziell für das Wortfeld 'Nation'. Im ersten Teil des Beitrags wird die Besonderheit der Diskursanalyse (DA) hervorgehoben, da diese als ein methodisches Fundament für die Analyse von politischer Sprache (hier: Antrittsreden) unumgänglich erscheint. Gleichzeitig ist sie (DA) auch eine Brücke, die Sprache und Politik verbinden kann. In diesem Beitrag soll der Fokus auf die Antrittsreden der deutschen Kanzler und türkischen Premiers gelegt werden, in diesen wiederum speziell auf das Wortfeld 'Nation'. Der diskursanalytische Ansatz soll hier beweisen, dass die Verwendung dieses Terms in Bezug auf beide Sprachen kontrastiv verstanden werden muss und in unterschiedliche Rhetoriken eingebaut wurde. Zusätzlich wird eine Bewegung des Wortfelds 'Nation' offensichtlich, da Neologismen eintreten und andere Terme im Wortfeld der türkischen und deutschen Sprache sich auflösen.
Bu çalışmada, Türkçedeki emir kipinin bir alt ulamı olan ve Almancada Jussiv terimiyle karşılanan 3. kişilere yönelik emir-istek1 biçimleri ve bunların Almancaya nasıl aktarılabileceği konulaştırılmaktadır. Bu amaçla Yaşar Kemal’in Kuşlar da Gittiromanındaki söz konusu emir-istek biçimleri aynı kitabın Almanca çevirisi Auch die Vögel sind fort’taki çevirileriyle karşılaştırılmaktadır. Karşılaştırmanın amacı çeviri eleştirisi değildir; yalnızca durum saptaması yapılmaktadır. Saptanan çeviri olanaklarının Alman dili eğitimi öğrencilerinde nasıl yansıma bulacağını görebilmek için bir de dar kapsamlı bir çeviri anketi uygulanmıştır. Türk dilinin bu dolaylı emir-istek için somut dilbilgisel bir ulam (Ali gelsin!) geliştirmişken, Almancada bire bir karşılaştırılabilir dilbilgisel bir eşdeğerlilik saptanmamıştır. Bu ulamın işlevi Almancada özellikle 3. kişi dolaylı anlatımla (Jeder kehre vor seiner eigenen Haustür!) ve yardımcı eylemlerle (Das Feuer soll von hier mitgenommen werden) karşılanmaktadır. Anlamsal bir ulam olan kipselliğin Türkçe ifadesindeki birçok örtüşmezlik, bu konunun Almanca öğretiminde daha çok dikkate alınması gerektiğini göstermiştir. Öğrencilerle yaptığımız çeviri uygulamasındaki diğer saptamamız, çevirilerdeki yetersizliğin sözlük kullanımındaki yetersizliğe dayandığıdır.
The study presented in this paper reviews the emergence and development of Hungarian economic and legal terminology. It is based on research during which I examined over 1 000 terms from their first publication in specialized dictionaries, through changes in their meaning, all the way to their integration into technical vocabulary or their extinction. My research also focused on the reasons why the colloquial meaning of a term may cause the disappearance of its technical meaning. I conclude my study with examples.
This paper presents an overview on deverbal nominalizations from Ktunaxa, a language isolate spoken in eastern British Columbia, Canada. Deverbal nominalizations are formed uniformly with a left-peripheral nominalizing particle k (Morgan 1991). However, they do not form a single homogenous class with respect to various syntactic properties. These properties are illustrated with novel data, showing that deverbal nominalizations fall into at least two classes, which are analyzed here as nominalization taking place at either vP or VP, where vP-nominalizations include the external argument and VP-nominalizations do not. Evidence for this division comes from how possession is expressed, the interpretation of the passive (and passive-like constructions), and the licensing of verbal modifiers. As both classes of deverbal nominalizations are constructed uniformly with the nominalizing particle, these properties are derived syntactically from the size of the verbal constituent being nominalized.
The aim of this contrastive study is to examine the source domain "agriculture" as an image donor for a large number of phraseological units in German and Albanian and to address the question which agricultural terms belong to the phraseological inventory in both languages and which metaphorical target domains are linguistically structured by them. This language combination consists of two Indo-European languages whose peoples have not been in direct contact with each other in the course of history. Identifying differences and similarities in this regard would be of great interest - especially the latter, because phraseological universals could be discovered in the similarities between these not very closely related languages and peoples.
The Black Church, the largest sacral building in Transylvania, has been given a central role in the local identity narratives. As a historical place of remembrance, it mediates and mobilizes elements of historical knowledge, and at the same time constructs a myth.The article examines how the Black Church in Brasov, one of the most important symbols of the Transylvanian Saxons, is poetically constructed as a place of cultural memory in the German, Romanian and Hungarian poems of the interwar period, how the concrete place is reinterpreted as a space for creating identity, while the ethnic dimension should not be ignored. It examines the question of what symbolic value it has for the German, Romanian and Hungarian populations and how this can be seen from the lyrical texts of the time.
Die vorliegende Arbeit zielt darauf, den Einfluss der Verwendung von digitalen und gedruckten Wörterbüchern auf die Übersetzungskompetenzen der Studenten zu untersuchen und die am häufigsten verwendeten mobilen und gedruckten Wörterbücher quantitativ und qualitativ zu vergleichen. Die Forschungsgruppe besteht aus 42 Lehramtsstudenten, die in der Vorbereitungsklasse an der Hochschule für Fremdsprachen „Deutsch“ studieren. Die Ergebnisse der deskriptiven Analyse über den Wörterbuchgebrauch der Studenten haben ergeben, dass 95 % der Studenten den Gebrauch digitaler Wörterbücher bevorzugen. Es wurde auch auf die Frage eingegangen, welcher Wörterbuchtyp sich positiver auf die Übersetzungskompetenz der Studenten auswirkt. Um diese Frage zu beantworten, wurden aus der Forschungsgruppe per Zufallsprinzip 10 Studenten mit dem gleichen Sprachniveau ausgewählt und sie wurden gebeten, die ausgewählten authentischen Sätze zu übersetzen. Bei der Übersetzung der Sätze verwendete eine Gruppe ein digitales Wörterbuch (Aa Almanca - Türkçe Mobil Sözlük) während die zweite Gruppe ein gedrucktes Wörterbuch (TDK Almanca-Türkçe Sözlük) verwendete. Die Ergebnisse der Studie zeigen, dass Studenten, welche die gedruckten Wörterbücher konsultierten, akkuratere Sätze bildeten und weniger Fehler machten als Studenten, welche die digitalen Wörterbücher verwendeten. Im zweiten Teil der Studie wurden die ersten 100 Übersetzungen des gedruckten und digitalen Wörterbuches qualitativ und quantitativ verglichen. Dabei wurde festgestellt, dass das digitale Wörterbuch für die festgelegten 100 Wörter 170 Übersetzungen liefert, während das gedruckte Wörterbuch 304 Übersetzungen auflistet. Es ist deutlich erkennbar, dass das gedruckte Wörterbuch im Vergleich zum digitalen Wörterbuch viel umfassender ist. Weiterhin wurde festgestellt, dass das digitale Wörterbuch bei den 100 festgelegten Wörtern 11 falsche bzw. fehlerhafte Bedeutungen liefert, was die Vertrauenswürdigkeit des vorliegenden digitalen Wörterbuches erheblich in Frage stellt. Zugegebenermaßen sind die Geschwindigkeit der Wortübersetzung und die Benutzerfreundlichkeit erhebliche Vorteile des digitalen Wörterbuches, aber diese Arbeit zeigt, dass die Besonderheiten „Schnelligkeit“ und „Benutzerfreundlichkeit“ dieses Wörterbuches in diesem Fall nicht genügen und sich nicht positiv auf die Übersetzungskompetenz der Probanden ausgewirkt haben. Die oben aufgeführten Argumente weisen nach, dass die Bedeutungsbreite, Bedeutungsgenauigkeit sowie die Anzahl der zur Verfügung gestellten Bedeutungen des vorliegenden digitalen Wörterbuches, das momentan als digitales Wörterbuch am häufigsten verwendet wird, in deutlichem Maße unzureichend und verbesserungsbedürftig ist.
Dijalekti u Gorskom kotaru
(2010)
U Gorskome kotaru govori se svim našim narječjima, kajkavskim, štokavskim i čakavskim, ali rijetki su dijalektolozi koji ih istražuju. U radu se iznosi pregled osnovnih fonoloških i morfoloških karakteristika zabilježenih u dosadašnjim istraživanjima na tom području. Uz zabilježene potvrde promatranih osobina, radu je priložen fonološki zapis jednoga goranskoga idioma.
Although it is a generally acknowledged fact that Neo-Latin consists of a set of linguistic varieties, there is a short supply of research into its linguistic diversification, especially in non-literary texts. One of the characteristical text classes within Neo-Latin tradition are canonical visitations, a special type of ecclesiastical administrative texts, produced extensively after the Council of Trent in all parts of Europe that had Roman Catholic hierarchical structures. The present paper analyses the language of three canonical visitations written in 18th century Diocese of Senj and Modruš (Krbava) and tries to recognise linguistic peculiarities that could prove to be distinguishing properties for canonical visitations and similar texts.
Sintaksa se u ranom jezičnom razvoju povećanjem kronološke dobi mijenja i usložnjava. Različitim teorijskim modelima pokušava se opisati razvoj sintakse, ali i put kojim dijete od najranijih iskaza dolazi do kompetencije odraslog govornika. Slijedeći navedenu misao, Tomasello (2006) je ponudio opis gramatičkih struktura ranih višečlanih iskaza kojim prikazuje put usložnjavanja sintakse iskaza, od jednočlanih i višečlanih iskaza (kombinacije riječi, pivot-sheme, konstrukcije zasnovane na čestici) do apstraktnih konstrukcija. Posebno su za opis ranog razvoja sintakse važne dvije kategorije konstrukcija, pivot-sheme (engl. pivot schemes) i konstrukcije zasnovane na čestici (engl. item-based constructions). Pivot-sheme definirane su kao dvočlane konstrukcije u kojima postoji ‘stalni’ element koji se nadopunjava novim elementima. Konstrukcije zasnovane na čestici od pivot-konstrukcija razlikuje veća sloboda u leksičkom izboru te prikladna uporaba gramatičkih kategorija (uporaba morfologije i reda riječi). Ovim se istraživanjem željelo provjeriti uklapaju li se hrvatske dvočlane glagolske konstrukcije u uobičajene podjele pivot-konstrukcija i konstrukcija zasnovanih na čestici i kakav je njihov red riječi s obzirom na tipološke karakteristike, odnosno morfološku razvedenost i relativno slobodan red riječi hrvatskoga jezika. Istraživanjem su obuhvaćeni dvočlani glagolski iskazi u Hrvatskom korpusu dječjeg jezika (HKDJ – Kovačević 2002). Izdvojene su i opisane pivot-konstrukcije te njihov put prema sintaktički složenijim oblicima, konstrukcijama zasnovanima na čestici. Rezultati hrvatskih dvočlanih iskaza upućuju na vrlo ranu uporabu gramatičkih morfema što nije u skladu s istraživanjima provedenima u engleskom jeziku. Nadalje, definicija pivot-shema samo se djelomično može primijeniti na iskaze pronađene u HKDJ-u. Hrvatske pivot-konstrukcije sadrže specifične morfološke i sintaktičke veze, različite od potpunoga gramatičkog sustava odraslih govornika, ali nedvojbeno s pripadajućim značenjima. Istraživanje je pokazalo da tipološke osobine određenog jezika utječu na razvoj sintakse pri usvajanju jezika te potiču ranu pojavu složenih gramatičkih elemenata.
The article provides an insight into the Czech translations of the lecture 'Weihnachtsgeheimnis' by Edith Stein (1891-1942), which were published in 1991 and 2003. The analysis of the translations is based on Skopos theory, the ideas of Christiane Nord and hermeneutic approaches; the author points out the specific features and demands of translating religious texts.
Learning foreign languages is both necessary and difficult.There are numerous suggestions for improving the learning success in the foreign language school. They did not usually lead to the desired success.This is also because learning a foreign language at school is different from learning mother tongue, which focuses on intensive practical exercises and the principle of trial and error.That's why you do not learn much about how language works. With the proposal of a propaedeutic foreign language teaching a "detour" is to be gone with the help of a language and teaching material model, which allows it to deal with the functioning of language. For this purpose, the planned language Esperanto is suitable because it brings the necessary qualities for it and it positively influences the subsequent learning of ethnic foreign languages by transfer.
Märchenfiguren haben in allen Kulturen einen Namen, die auch Zeichen ihrer charakteristischen Eigenschaften sind. Die Namen können sowohl eine Bedeutung tragen als auch begrifflich willkürlich und ausgedacht erscheinen. In deutschen Volksmärchen werden die Märchenfiguren wie bekannt nicht unbedingt mit Eigennamen benannt. In türkischen Märchen dagegen gibt es verschiedene Varianten zur Benennungen der Figuren. Die Figuren können sowohl mit einem Eigennamen benannt werden oder können ihre Namen aus verschiedenen Wortbildungen erhalten. Auch die Beinamen haben von türkischen Märchenfiguren eine große Bedeutung, da sie kulturelle Merkmale übertragen. Es ist in diesem Zusammenhang wichtig zu betonen, dass in türkischen Erzählungen großen Wert auf die Benennungen der Figuren gelegt wird und die Namen inhaltliche Bedeutungsträger sind. Auch bei Namen, die frei ausgedacht erscheinen, fällt bei eingehender Betrachtung auf, dass diese Benennung einen bestimmten Zweck erfüllt. Die Namen bzw. morphologische Elemente besitzen verschiedene Eigenschaften; sie können erstens als einfache Namen auftreten, zweitens mit Ableitungsmorphemen gebildet werden oder es handelt sich drittens um zusammengesetzte Namen. Ziel dieser Arbeit ist es, einen kurzen Überblick zu den Eigenschaften der türkischen Märchenfiguren und zu den Motivationen bei der Namengebung zu geben und die morphologischen Besonderheiten der Namen durch Analysen und Interpretationen zu zeigen. Dafür werden Namen aus Pertev Naili Boratavs Märchensammlung "Az gittik uz gitik" (1969) ausgewählt.
Elision of /h, ?/ in the Shirazi Dialect of Persian (SHDP) : an optimality theory based analysis
(2010)
Until recently, many researchers have shown interest in studying lenitions, which are examples of the most common universal types of phonological processes. Elision of laryngeals (glottal fricative /h/ and glottal stop /?/) is one of the most common phonological alternations exhibited in the Shirazi dialect of Persian (SHDP) which to the knowledge of the researchers, has not been studied to date. This paper seeks to provide a description of the facts about this common phonological alternation in the addressed regional dialect of Persian and points out some main differences between the behavior of these processes in SHDP and Standard Persian (SP). The analysis is cast in an Optimal Theoretic (OT) framework (McCarthy and Prince 1995, 2001), which holds that linguistic forms are the outcome of interaction among violable universal constraints. The present study shows that the addressed processes of consonant deletion in SHDP are restricted by syllabic position and are conditioned by coda position, intervocalic position or consonant clusters. They are usually blocked in the onset, but there are cases where reduction is allowed in the onset of the stressed syllable. Thus, the study adds SHDP to the list of languages which permit lenition in the onset of the stressed syllable. The addressed processes of elision are always blocked in word-initial position and laryngeal elision is always followed by Compensatory lengthening (CL), even after deletion from the onset of the stressed syllable.
Key words: lenition or weakening, laryngeal elision, phonological processes, Optimality Theory
In Japanese, direct combination of verbs or adjectives by coordination (with to 'and') or juxtaposition (with its empty counterpart) can form a NP, if the conjuncts are antonymous to each other; the coordinator to 'and' can combine only NPs elsewhere. We claim that this is because there is a phonetically empty nominalizer that can nominalize each conjunct, and that the new nominal construction has been gradually developing in the history of Japanese. An acceptability-rating experiment targeting 400 participants shows that the younger speakers were likely to judge this construction more acceptable than the older ones, that this tendency is slightly weaker in the Nominative condition than in the Genitive condition, and that the coordination condition was significantly worse than the juxtaposition condition.
Die Faktoren, die das Gefüge und den Aufbau eines Satzes bestimmen, sind möglicherweise schwerer zu definieren als die die Landschaft bestimmenden Geofaktoren. Verkürzt gesagt, richten sich die verschiedenen Satztypen nach den mannigfaltigen Intentionen, die der Sprecher mit seiner Aussage verbindet. Die Mittel, die die einzelne Sprache zum Ausdruck dieser vielfältigen Intentionen beim Aufbau und bei der materiellen Ausstattung eines Satzes zur Anwendung bringt, müssen etwas mit dem je spezifischen "Geist" einer Sprache zu tun haben; sie bestimmen letztendlich den Charakter einer Sprache. Ob sie im Geiste einer großen Redundanz und Explizität auf den Plan treten und zur Wirkung kommen oder ob äußerste Sparsamkeit, Kargheit und Ökonomie das äußere Bild eines Satzes prägen, dürfte unter anderem von zwei Grundfaktoren abhängen) vom geschichtlichen Schicksal der betreffenden Sprachgemeinschaft, d.h. von ihrer kulturellen Entwicklung, den inneren Prozessen und äußeren Kontakten und Einflüssen, denen sie im Laufe der Jahrhunderte und -tausende unterworfen war, und von dem geistigen Charakter und Format der Sprechergemeinschaft. Zur praktischen Demonstration des hier Gemeinten bietet sich aus mehreren Gründen die Sprache der Tangale im Raume südlich von Gombe an.