Open Access

Highlights • Mortality of caddisfly larvae increased with number of pyrethroid pulses at RAC. • Larval development was delayed with increasing number of pyrethroid pulses at RAC. • Less sensitive species benefited from the toxicity-induced mortality of the larvae. • Higher tier approaches are important in order to obtain more realistic effect data. Abstract Based on effect data, regulatory acceptable concentrations (RACs) are derived for surface waters to avoid unacceptable effects on the environment. RACs often relay on acute tests with single species, which may underestimate the effects under field conditions. Therefore, we applied a higher tier approach with artificial indoor streams (AIS). We exposed representatives of the benthic community in lotic surface waters to varying numbers (one to four times) of 12-hour deltamethrin pulses over a 35-day period with intervening recovery phases, to simulate multiple pesticide peak exposures caused by rain events or spray drift. The deltamethrin concentration of each pulse was equivalent to its RAC value of 0.64 ng/L and consequently should have no unacceptable effects on the tested species. In contrast, we observed that the mortality of caddisfly larvae increased significantly with the number of pulses at the RAC. In addition, larval development was significantly delayed after four deltamethrin pulses, while the gammarids apparently benefited from the toxicity-induced mortality of the larvae. This study underlines the importance of considering higher tier approaches that include species interactions and additional stressors in order to obtain more realistic effect data and optimise regulatory risk assessment. These are not considered in acute tests with single species, which usually leads to an underestimation of the effects. Based on the results of this study, we propose to lower the RAC value for aquatic environments due to the uncertainties mentioned above.

The family Pyrgodesmidae, one of the most diverse polydesmidan families, is distributed throughout much of the tropics. While the subtropical southeastern United States has relatively low pyrgodesmid diversity compared to the tropics, several native and adventive species have managed to establish. Cryptocorypha Attems, 1907, despite being nearly pantropical—with an established range that covers tropical Africa, Asia, and many Pacific islands—has never before been documented in the Americas. Representatives matching Cryptocorypha ornata (Attems, 1938) have been collected from coastal Georgia, USA. These were originally identified as being unusual through the community science platform iNaturalist. Cryptocorypha ornata is the ninth pyrgodesmid documented in the continental United States. This new record demonstrates the efficacy of community science platforms such as iNaturalist for surveillance for undocumented taxa. ZooBank registration. urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:C50809AB-A8A6-408E-9E01-AF13C8BBD80E

There is no host or nesting information for Aporus (Aporus) niger (Cresson) (Hymenoptera: Pompilidae: Pompilinae: Aporini). Wasps in the tribe Aporini and, specifically, the genus Aporus Spinola capture only mygalomorph spiders (Araneae: Mygalomorphae). Purse-web spiders of the genus Sphodros Walckenaer (Araneae: Mygalomorphae: Atypidae) are the most likely host spiders of A. (A.) niger based on Aporus-Mygalomorphae parasitoid-host relationship, Aporus comparative morphology, geographic and habitat sympatry, seasonal synchrony, abundance, and retreat confinement. Aporus niger is the only aporine wasp in Wisconsin, lower Michigan, and southern Ontario. Sphodros niger is the only mygalomorph spider in Wisconsin, lower Michigan, and southern Ontario, except for the Antrodiaetus unicolor complex (Antrodiaetidae) in the vicinity of Ann Arbor, MI. Sphodros niger must, therefore, be the host spider species of Aporus niger in Wisconsin, lower Michigan, and southern Ontario. ZooBank registration. urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:AC7181FC-1EB3-4E59-A811-D1F1F192539E

The Attagenus bifasciatus species complex (Coleoptera: Dermestidae: Attageninae) surrounds the Mediterranean and extends into Asia. Several species are recognised but all of them are very similar to each other, and brief, old descriptions do not help to distinguish among them. Here the holotype A. tigrinus (Fabricius) and a syntype series of A. bifasciatus rossii Ganglbauer (subsequently raised to A. rossii) all collected from Italy were dissected to facilitate genital examination. From this genitalic study, Attagenus rossii is placed as a new synonym of A. tigrinus. ZooBank registration. urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:2A2AE7B0-AEC4-4626-A3CA-D13129EAB99E

The genera Ochrogramma Gardner and Shelley, 1989 and Vasingtona Chamberlin, 1941 (Diplopoda: Chordeumatida: Striariidea: Caseyidae) are assigned to the Ochrogrammatinae Shear and Marek, new subfamily. The new subfamily is diagnosed by the broad ventral lamina of the mandibular stipes and extremely long gonapophyses (found in males), the peculiar, elaborately branched processes of the gonopods, and other characters. New records and new SEM illustrations are provided for the species Vasingtona irritans (Chamberlin, 1910), Ochrogramma bentona (Chamberlin, 1952) and Ochrogramma haigi Gardner and Shelley, 1989. The range of O. bentona is extended north from the Columbia River to the Puget Sound region. We describe Ochrogramma skamania Shear and Marek, new species, which is the second species of its genus from north of the Columbia River. We also document for the first time spermatophore material on the coxae of legpair 10, the gonopods and the female vulvae, and thus provide evidence that a spermatophore is formed in the coxal glands of legpair 10, picked up by the gonopods and thence transferred to the female receptacles. The spermatozoa of Nematophora, heretofore undescribed, appear to be subglobular, about 14.0–14.5 µm in diameter, nonmotile and embedded in a secretion. ZooBank registration. urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:1F9254BA-4B88-4FAC-B417-072BF29F76F8