610 Medizin und Gesundheit
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Hans Reinauer - 60 Jahre
(1993)
Die Sensitivität für den frühen Nachweis HIV-spezifischer Antikörper und die Spezifität des neuen Syva MicroTrak II Screening Enzymimmunoassays wurde anhand eines Kollektivs von 274 Serumproben evaluiert. Das Probenkollektiv bestand aus Seren von AIDS-Patienten, Kindern mit kongenitaler HIV-Infektion, Angehörigen von Hochrisikogruppen und von Patienten mit anderen Erkrankungen als AIDS. Weiterhin wurden potentiell kreuzreaktive Seren und HIV-1-Serokonversionspanels untersucht. Als Vergleichstests wurden der Wellcozyme HIV 1+2 ELISA und der Western blot (New LAV blot I) eingesetzt. Beim Serokonversionspanel K wurde die HIV-1-Infektion 7 Tage früher mit dem Syva MicroTrak II als mit dem Wellcozyme HIV 14-2 nachgewiesen. Bei den übrigen Serokonversionen und Proben HlV-Infizierter wurden keine Unterschiede in puncto Sensitivität zwischen beiden Screening ELISAs beobachtet. Mit dem Syva MicroTrak II wurde eine höhere Anzahl (n = 8) falsch positiver Ergebnisse als mit dem Vergleichs-ELISA (n = 4) erzielt. Für den Micro Trak II wurde eine Sensitivität von 100 % und eine Spezifität von 96,3 % ermittelt. Die Ergebnisse unserer Studie zeigen, daß der Syva MicroTrak II einen hoch sensitiven Test für die frühe Erkennung HIV-1-spezifischer Antikörper darstellt. Allerdings ist es schwierig, eine hohe Sensitivität mit einer optimalen Spezifität zu kombinieren, insbesondere wenn der entsprechende fest mit einem großen Kollektiv potentiell kreuzreaktiver Proben konfrontiert wird.
Acute brain injuries such as intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) and ischemic stroke have been reported in critically ill COVID-19 patients as well as in patients treated with veno-venous (VV)-ECMO independently of their COVID-19 status. The purpose of this study was to compare critically ill COVID-19 patients with and without VV-ECMO treatment with regard to acute neurological symptoms, pathological neuroimaging findings (PNIF) and long-term deficits. The single center study was conducted in critically ill COVID-19 patients between February 1, 2020 and June 30, 2021. Demographic, clinical and laboratory parameters were extracted from the hospital’s databases. Retrospective imaging modalities included head computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Follow-up MRI and neurological examinations were performed on survivors > 6 months after the primary occurrence. Of the 440 patients, 67 patients received VV-ECMO treatment (15%). Sixty-four patients (24 with VV-ECMO) developed acute neurological symptoms (pathological levels of arousal/brain stem function/motor responses) during their ICU stay and underwent neuroimaging with brain CT as the primary modality. Critically ill COVID-19 patients who received VV-ECMO treatment had a significantly lower survival during their hospital stay compared to those without (p < 0.001). Among patients treated with VV-ECMO, 10% showed acute PNIF in one of the imaging modalities during their ICU stay (vs. 4% of patients in the overall COVID-19 ICU cohort). Furthermore, 9% showed primary or secondary ICH of any severity (vs. 3% overall), 6% exhibited severe ICH (vs. 1% overall) and 1.5% were found to have non-hemorrhagic cerebral infarctions (vs. < 1% overall). There was a weak, positive correlation between patients treated with VV-ECMO and the development of acute neurological symptoms. However, the association between the VV-ECMO treatment and acute PNIF was negligible. Two survivors (one with VV-ECMO-treatment/one without) showed innumerable microhemorrhages, predominantly involving the juxtacortical white matter. None of the survivors exhibited diffuse leukoencephalopathy. Every seventh COVID-19 patient developed acute neurological symptoms during their ICU stay, but only every twenty-fifth patient had PNIF which were mostly ICH. VV-ECMO was found to be a weak risk factor for neurological complications (resulting in a higher imaging rate), but not for PNIF. Although logistically complex, repeated neuroimaging should, thus, be considered in all critically ill COVID-19 patients since ICH may have an impact on the treatment decisions and outcomes.
Sex differences in psychiatric comorbidity and clinical presentation in youths with conduct disorder
(2021)
Background: Conduct disorder (CD) rarely occurs alone but is typically accompanied by comorbid psychiatric disorders, which complicates the clinical presentation and treatment of affected youths. The aim of this study was to investigate sex differences in comorbidity pattern in CD and to systematically explore the ‘gender paradox’ and ‘delayed-onset pathway’ hypotheses of female CD.
Methods: As part of the FemNAT-CD multisite study, semistructured clinical interviews and rating scales were used to perform a comprehensive phenotypic characterization of 454 girls and 295 boys with CD (9–18 years), compared to 864 sex- and age-matched typically developing controls.
Results: Girls with CD exhibited higher rates of current major depression, anxiety disorders, post-traumatic stress disorder and borderline personality disorder, whereas boys with CD had higher rates of current attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. In line with the ‘gender paradox’ hypothesis, relative to boys, girls with CD showed significantly more lifetime psychiatric comorbidities (incl. Alcohol Use Disorder), which were accompanied by more severe CD symptoms. Female and male youths with CD also differed significantly in their CD symptom profiles and distribution of age-of-onset subtypes of CD (i.e. fewer girls with childhood-onset CD). In line with the ‘delayed-onset pathway’ hypothesis, girls with adolescent-onset CD showed similar levels of dimensional psychopathology like boys with childhood-onset CD, while boys with adolescent-onset CD had the lowest levels of internalizing psychopathology.
Conclusions: Within the largest study of CD in girls performed to date, we found compelling evidence for sex differences in comorbidity patterns and clinical presentation of CD. Our findings further support aspects of the ‘gender paradox’ and ‘delayed-onset pathway’ hypotheses by showing that girls with CD had higher rates of comorbid lifetime mental disorders and functional impairments, and they usually developed CD during adolescence. These novel data on sex-specific clinical profiles of CD will be critical in informing intervention and prevention programmes.
Hintergrund: Die NEC ist eine sehr häufige Erkrankung von Frühgeborenen und Kindern mit geringem Geburtsgewicht innerhalb der ersten zwei Lebenswochen. Mit einer Inzidenz von bis zu 11% bei Frühgeborenen7 und einer Letalität von 15-30%, stellt diese einen ernstzunehmenden Notfall auf neonatalen Intensivstationen dar. Die Pathophysiologie und Ätiologie sind bis heute nicht endgültig geklärt. Es besteht jedoch der allgemeine Konsens über eine multifaktorielle Genese. Im Vordergrund steht dabei die Unreife des Frühgeborenendarms. Hinzu kommen eine abnorme bakterielle Kolonisation des Darms und Hypoxien im Splanchnikusgebiet. In der aktuellen Literatur gibt es unterschiedliche Aussagen über einen möglichen Zusammenhang zwischen den histopathologischen Befunden der Resektionspräparate und dem postoperativen Verlauf. Teilweise wird von einem Zusammenhang zwischen dem Ausmaß der Nekrose im Resektionsrand mit einer bakteriellen Besiedlung und dem Outcome berichtet. Das Ziel unserer Studie war es, diesen Zusammenhang weiter zu untersuchen und einen möglichen Unterschied zwischen den Resektionsrändern und den zentralen Segmenten zu beschreiben.
Material und Methoden: In dieser Studie wurden die Operationspräparate von Frühgeborenen, die zwischen 2010 und 2019 in der kinderchirurgischen Abteilung des Universitätsklinikums der Goethe-Universität in Frankfurt am Main mit dem Verdacht auf eine NEC operiert wurden, retrospektiv und doppelt verblindet histologisch untersucht und befundet. Die Befundung der zentralen Segmente und Resektionsränder der Operationspräparate erfolgte von drei Untersucher:innen unabhängig. Der postoperative Verlauf wurde retrospektiv mithilfe der klinikinternen Dokumentationssoftware ermittelt und die Patient:innen wurden in drei Gruppen eingeteilt: komplikationsfrei, Komplikationen und Exitus letalis. Anschließend erfolgte sowohl eine uni- als auch eine multivariate Zusammenhangsanalyse zwischen dem Befund und dem postoperativen Verlauf. Die Durchführung der Studie wurde von dem Ethikkomitee des Universitätsklinikums der Goethe-Universität genehmigt.
Ergebnisse:
Es wurden die Präparate von insgesamt 59 Kindern mit Verdacht auf NEC untersucht. Bei 49 Kindern bestätigte sich der initiale Verdacht. Bei 10 Kindern lagen andere Darmerkrankungen wie eine FIP, ein Volvulus oder ein Mekonium-Ileus vor. 29 der 59 Kinder (49%) blieben postoperativ frei von Komplikationen, 25 (42%) zeigten im Verlauf Komplikationen im Sinne einer gravierenden Allgemeinzustandsverschlechterung, eines Ileus oder einer erneuten NEC und fünf Kinder (9%) verstarben.
Diese Studie zeigte einen signifikanten Zusammenhang zwischen dem Vorliegen einer Einblutung in das Gewebe des Resektionsrandes und dem postoperativen, klinischen Verlauf (p = 0,032). Lag eine Einblutung in die Resektionsränder vor, kam es häufiger zu Komplikationen oder einem Exitus letalis. Dem entgegen konnte kein weiterer Zusammenhang zwischen der Vitalität der Tunica Mucosa oder der Tunica Muscularis im Resektionsrand und dem klinischen Verlauf gefunden werden. Außerdem konnte kein Zusammenhang zwischen den histopathologischen Befunden in den zentralen Anteilen des resezierten Präparates und dem klinischen Verlauf nachgewiesen werden.
Schlussfolgerung: Mit dieser Studie ermittelten wir einen statistisch signifikanten Zusammenhang zwischen dem Vorliegen einer frischen Hämorrhagie in den Resektionsrand und dem postoperativen klinischen Verlauf. Vergleicht man die Ergebnisse mit der aktuellen Literatur, besteht Einigkeit darüber, dass die histologische Vitalität der Resektionsränder alleine für das Outcome nicht maßgeblich zu sein scheint.
Den Kinderchirurg:innen kann an Hand dieser Studie bei gleichbleibender Wahl der Resektionsränder eine möglichst atraumatische Operationstechnik mit Ausräumung makroskopisch sichtbarer Hämatome empfohlen werden. Die Schnellschnittuntersuchung der Resektionsränder im Hinblick auf die Vitalität des Gewebes ist nicht nötig.
The relationship between external and internal load parameters in 3 × 3 basketball tournaments
(2022)
Purpose: 3 × 3 basketball games are characterized by high-intensity accelerations and decelerations, and a high number of changes of direction and jumps. It is played in tournament form with multiple games per day. Therefore, optimal regeneration is crucial for maintaining a high performance level over the course of the tournament. To elucidate how load of a match affects the athletes' bodies (i.e., internal load), muscular responses to the load of 3 × 3 games were analyzed. We aimed to investigate changes in contractility of the m. rectus femoris (RF) and m. gastrocnemius medialis (GC) in response to the load of single 3 × 3 games and a 3 × 3 tournament.
Methods: Inertial movement analysis was conducted to capture game load in 3 × 3. Changes in contractility were measured using tensiomyography (TMG). During a two-day tournament, TMG measurements were conducted in the morning and after each game. Additionally, off-game performance analysis consisting of jump and change-of-direction (COD) tests was conducted the day before the tournament.
Results: Significant changes of the muscle contractility were found for GC with TMG values being higher in the baseline than in the post-game measurements. In contrast to athletes of the GC group, athletes of the RF group responded with either decreased or increased muscle contractility after a single 3 × 3 game. A significant correlation between external and internal load parameters could not be shown. Concerning off-game performance, significant correlations can be reported for COD test duration, CMJ height and ∆Vc as well as COD test duration and ∆Dm. No systematic changes in muscle contractility were found over the course of the tournament in RF and GC.
Conclusion: The athletes' external 3 × 3 game load and their performance level did not seem to affect muscular contractility after a single 3 × 3 game or a complete 3 × 3 tournament within this investigation. This might indicate that elite athletes can resist external load without relevant local muscular fatigue. With respect to the course of the tournament, it can therefore be concluded that the breaks between games seem to be sufficient to return to the initial level of muscle contractility.
Significant progress has been made in the management of Wilms tumor (WT) in recent years, mostly as a result of collaborative efforts and the implementation of protocol-driven, multimodal therapy. This article offers a comprehensive overview of current multidisciplinary treatment strategies for WT, whilst also addressing recent technical innovations including nephron-sparing surgery (NSS) and minimally invasive approaches. In addition, surgical concepts for the treatment of metastatic disease, advances in tumor imaging technology and potentially prognostic biomarkers will be discussed. Current evidence suggests that, in experienced hands and selected cases, laparoscopic radical nephrectomy and laparoscopic-assisted partial nephrectomy for WT may offer the same outcome as the traditional open approach. While NSS is the standard procedure for bilateral WT, NSS has evolved as an alternative technique in patients with smaller unilateral WT and in cases with imminent renal failure. Metastatic disease of the lung or liver that is associated with WT is preferably treated with a three-drug chemotherapy and local radiation therapy. However, surgical sampling of lung nodules may be advisable in persistent nodules before whole lung irradiation is commenced. Several tumor markers such as loss of heterozygosity of chromosomes 1p/16q, 11p15 and gain of function at 1q are associated with an increased risk of recurrence or a decreased risk of overall survival in patients with WT. In summary, complete resection with tumor-free margins remains the primary surgical aim in WT, while NSS and minimally invasive approaches are only suitable in a subset of patients with smaller WT and low-risk disease. In the future, advances in tumor imaging technology may assist the surgeon in defining surgical resection margins and additional biomarkers may emerge as targets for development of new diagnostic tests and potential therapies.
Objectiv:e To explore the association of physical activity (PA) with musculoskeletal pain (MSK pain).
Design: Cross-sectional study
Setting: 14 countries (Argentina, Australia, Austria, Brazil, Chile, France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, Singapore, South Africa, Spain, Switzerland and the USA).
Participants: Individuals aged 18 or older.
Primary and secondary outcome measures: PA volumes were assessed with an adapted version of the Nordic Physical Activity Questionnaire-short. Prevalence of MSK pain was captured by means of a 20-item checklist of body locations. Based on the WHO recommendation on PA, participants were classified as non-compliers (0–150 min/week), compliers (150–300 min/week), double compliers (300–450 min/week), triple compliers (450–600 min/week), quadruple compliers (600–750 min/week), quintuple compliers (750–900 min/week) and top compliers (more than 900 min/week). Multivariate logistic regression was used to obtain adjusted ORs of the association between PA and MSK pain for each body location, correcting for age, sex, employment status and depression risk.
Results: A total of 13 741 participants completed the survey. Compared with non-compliers, compliers had smaller odds of MSK pain in one location (thoracic pain, OR 0.77, 95% CI 0.64 to 0.93). Double compliance was associated with reduced pain occurrence in six locations (elbow, OR 0.70, 95% CI 0.50 to 0.98; forearm, OR 0.63, 95% CI 0.40 to 0.99; wrist, OR 0.74, 95% CI 0.57 to 0.98; hand, OR 0.57, 95% CI 0.40 to 0.79; fingers, OR 0.72, 95% CI 0.52 to 0.99; abdomen, OR 0.61, 95% CI 0.41 to 0.91). Triple to top compliance was also linked with lower odds of MSK pain (five locations in triple compliance, three in quadruple compliance, two in quintuple compliance, three in top compliance), but, at the same time, presented increased odds of MSK pain in some of the other locations.
Conclusion: A dose of 300–450 min WHO-equivalent PA/week was associated with lower odds of MSK pain in six body locations. On the other hand, excessive doses of PA were associated with higher odds of pain in certain body locations.
Seit Beginn des 20. Jahrhunderts verzeichnete das ärztliche Berufsfeld einen steten Zuwachs von Frauen. Gegenwärtig weist insbesondere die Pädiatrie einen besonders hohen Frauenanteil auf. Es ist jedoch zu beobachten, dass ungeachtet dessen, Führungspositionen weiterhin vorwiegend von Männern besetzt bleiben.
Vor diesem Hintergrund wurden in der vorliegenden Studie Geschlechterdisparitäten in der pädiatrischen Forschung anhand von wissenschaftlichen Autorenschaften für den Zeitraum von 2008 bis 2018 untersucht.
Insgesamt wurden 690 436 Autorenschaften aus 156 642 englischsprachigen Originalartikeln für die Untersuchung herangezogen. Die Analyse umfasste den Anteil weiblicher Autorenschaften (Female Authorship Proportion, FAP), die Verteilung auf Erst-, Co- und Letzt-Autorenschaften, geschlechtsspezifische Zitationsraten, eine Produktivitätsanalyse sowie Untersuchungen zu Journalen, Ländern und pädiatrischen Teildisziplinen.
Insgesamt betrug der Anteil weiblicher Autorenschaften 46,6%. Dabei fanden sich Autorinnen auf 52,0% der Erst-, 47,6% der Co- und 37,5% der Letzt-Autorenschaften. Auch die Odds Ratio weiblicher Autorenschaft (Female Authorship Odds Ratio, FAOR) war jeweils am höchsten für die Erst-Autorenschaft (1,30) und am niedrigsten für die Letzt-Autorenschaft (0,63). Auf prestigeträchtigen Erst- und Letzt-Autorenschaften waren Frauen mit einem Prestige-Index (PI) von -0,13 insgesamt unterrepräsentiert. Der zeitliche Verlauf offenbarte einen Zuwachs weiblicher Autorenschaften, mit Akzentuierung auf Erst- und Letzt-Autorenschaften.
In den Teilanalysen von einzelnen Ländern, Journalen und pädiatrischen Teildisziplinen konnte jeweils eine erhebliche Spannbreite der FAP sowie des PI festgestellt werden. Dabei wiesen beinahe alle Länder und Journale sowie sämtliche pädiatrischen Teildisziplinen eine signifikante Unterrepräsentation von Frauen auf Letztautorenschaften auf. Zwischen dem Einfluss eines Journals und dessen FAP oder PI konnte keine lineare Korrelation nachgewiesen werden.
Die Produktivitätsanalyse ergab, dass männliche Autoren im Schnitt mehr Artikel veröffentlichten als weibliche Autoren. Der Großteil der Autorinnen (64,7%) veröffentlichte während des untersuchten Zeitraums einen einzigen wissenschaftlichen Artikel. Zitationszahlen sowie die Repräsentanz in Multiautorenartikeln zeigten sich jeweils annähernd geschlechterneutral.
Die erzielten Resultate dieser Analyse ließen Rückschlüsse auf die Integration von Frauen in der pädiatrischen Forschung zu. Insgesamt war die weibliche Repräsentanz in der Pädiatrie, insbesondere in Relation zu anderen Wissenschaftsbereichen, hoch. Der sukzessive Anstieg der FAP über den untersuchten Zeitraum spiegelte den zunehmenden Anteil von Frauen in der Pädiatrie wider. In den Bereichen Zitationsraten und Prestige-Index kam eine annähernde Geschlechterparität zum Ausdruck.
Deutliche Disparitäten wurden dahingegen bei Betrachtung der Verteilungsmuster von weiblichen Erst-, Co- und Letzt-Autorenschaften aufgedeckt. Hier zeigte sich eine Karrieredichotomie: Frauen waren auf Erst-Autorenschaften überrepräsentiert, was vornehmlich dem Karrierebeginn entspricht. Männer waren dahingegen auf Letzt-Autorenschaften überrepräsentiert, was wiederum mit leitenden Positionen assoziiert ist.
Interessanterweise konnten auf globaler Ebene hohe Wachstumsraten der FAP für Letzt-Autorenschaften und eine deutlich ansteigende FAOR für eine Letzt-Autorenschaft festgestellt werden. Diese Ergebnisse implizieren, dass Wissenschaftlerinnen vermehrt, Führungspositionen besetzten. Linearen Hochrechnungen zufolge ist in den kommenden Jahren mit verbesserten Karrierechancen für Frauen in der pädiatrischen Forschung zu rechnen
The correction of valgus leg malalignment in children using implant-mediated growth guidance is widely used and effective. Despite the minimal invasive character of the procedure, a relevant number of patients sustain prolonged pain and limited mobility after temporary hemiepiphysiodesis. Our aim was to investigate implant-associated risk factors (such as implant position and screw angulation), surgical- or anesthesia-related risk factors (such as type of anesthesia, use, and duration), and pressure of tourniquet or duration of surgery for these complications. Thirty-four skeletally immature patients with idiopathic valgus deformities undergoing hemiepiphysiodesis plating from October 2018–July 2022 were enrolled in this retrospective study. Participants were divided into groups with and without prolonged complications (persistent pain, limited mobility of the operated knee between five weeks and six months) after surgery. Twenty-two patients (65%) had no notable complications, while twelve patients (35%) had prolonged complications. Both groups differed significantly in plate position relative to physis (p = 0.049). In addition, both groups showed significant differences in the distribution of implant location (p = 0.016). Group 1 had a shorter duration of surgery than group 2 (32 min vs. 38 min, p = 0.032) and a lower tourniquet pressure (250 mmHg vs. 270 mmHg, p = 0.019). In conclusion, simultaneous plate implantation at the femur and tibia and metaphyseal plate positioning resulted in prolonged pain and a delay of function. In addition, the amplitude of tourniquet pressure or duration of surgery could play a factor.
Background: Malalignments of the lower extremity are common reasons for orthopedic consultation because it may lead to osteoarthritis in adulthood. An accurate and reliable radiological assessment of lower limb alignment in children and adolescents is essential for clinical decision-making on treatment of limb deformities and for regular control after a surgical intervention.
Objective: First, does the analysis of full-length standing anteroposterior radiographs show a good intra- and interobserver reliability? Second, which parameter is most susceptible to observer-dependent errors? Third, what is the Standard Error of Measurement (SEM95%) of the absolute femoral and tibial length?
Methods: Two observers evaluated digital radiographs of 144 legs from 36 children and adolescents with pathological valgus alignment before a temporary hemiepiphysiodesis and before implant removal. Parameters included Mechanical Femorotibial Angle (MFA), Mechanical Axis Deviation (MAD), mechanical Lateral Distal Femoral Angle (mLDFA), mechanical Medial Proximal Tibial Angle (mMPTA), mechanical Lateral Proximal Femoral Angle (mLPFA), mechanical Lateral Distal Tibial Angle (mLDTA), Joint Line Convergence Angle (JLCA), femur length, tibial length. Intra- and interobserver reliability (ICC2,1), SEM95% and proportional errors were calculated.
Results: The intra- and interobserver reliability for almost all measurements was found to be good to excellent (Intra-ICC2,1: 0.849–0.999; Inter-ICC2,1: 0.864–0.996). The SEM95% of both observers was found to be ± 1.39° (MFA), ± 3.31 mm (MAD), ± 1.06° (mLDFA) and ± 1.29° (mMPTA). The proportional error of MAD and MFA is comparable (47.29% vs. 46.33%). The relevant knee joint surface angles show a lower proportional error for mLDFA (42.40%) than for mMPTA (51.60%). JLCA has a proportional error of 138%. Furthermore, the SEM95% for the absolute values of the femoral and tibial length was 4.53 mm for the femur and 3.12 mm for the tibia.
Conclusions: In conclusion, a precise malalignment measurement and the knowledge about SEM95% of the respective parameters are crucial for correct surgical or nonsurgical treatment. The susceptibility to error must be considered when interpreting malalignment analysis and must be considered when planning a surgical intervention. The results of the present study elucidate that MAD and MFA are equally susceptible to observer-dependent errors. This study shows good to excellent intra- and interobserver ICCs for all leg alignment parameters and joint surface angles, except for JLCA.
Trial registration: This study was registered with DRKS (German Clinical Trials Register) under the number DRKS00015053.
Level of evidence
I, Diagnostic Study.
Background: Lennox–Gastaut syndrome (LGS) is a severe developmental and epileptic encephalopathy characterized by drug-resistant epilepsy with multiple seizure types starting in childhood, a typical slow spike-wave pattern on electroencephalogram, and cognitive dysfunction.
Methods: We performed a systematic literature review according to the PRISMA guidelines to identify, synthesize and appraise the burden of illness in LGS (including “probable” LGS). Studies were identified by searching MEDLINE, Embase and APA PsychInfo, Cochrane’s database of systematic reviews, and Epistemonikos. The outcomes were epidemiology (incidence, prevalence or mortality), direct and indirect costs, healthcare resource utilization, and patient and caregiver health-related quality of life (HRQoL).
Results: The search identified 22 publications evaluating the epidemiology (n = 10), direct costs and resource (n = 10) and/or HRQoL (n = 5). No studies reporting on indirect costs were identified. With no specific ICD code for LGS in many regions, several studies had to rely upon indirect methods to identify their patient populations (e.g., algorithms to search insurance claims databases to identify “probable” LGS). There was heterogeneity between studies in how LGS was defined, the size of the populations, ages of the patients and length of the follow-up period. The prevalence varied from 4.2 to 60.8 per 100,000 people across studies for probable LGS and 2.9–28 per 100,000 for a confirmed/narrow definition of LGS. LGS was associated with high mortality rates compared to the general population and epilepsy population. Healthcare resource utilization and direct costs were substantial across all studies. Mean annual direct costs per person varied from $24,048 to $80,545 across studies, and home-based care and inpatient care were significant cost drivers. Studies showed that the HRQoL of patients and caregivers was adversely affected, although only a few studies were identified. In addition, studies suggested that seizure events were associated with higher costs and worse HRQoL. The risk of bias was low or moderate in most studies.
Conclusions: LGS is associated with a significant burden of illness featuring resistant seizures associated with higher costs and worse HRQoL. More research is needed, especially in evaluating indirect costs and caregiver burden, where there is a notable lack of studies.
Rationale: Attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is common in alcohol use disorder (AUD). Continuous performance tests (CPTs) allow to measure ADHD related deficits in a laboratory setting. Most studies on this topic focused on CPTs measuring inattention or impulsivity, disregarding hyperactivity as one of the core symptoms of ADHD.
Methods: We examined N = 47 in three groups (ADHD N = 19; AUD N = 16; ADHD + AUD N = 12) with questionnaires on ADHD core symptoms, executive functioning (EF), mind wandering, and quality of life (QoL). N = 46 (ADHD N = 16; AUD N = 16; ADHD + AUD N = 14) were examined with a CPT (QbTest®) that also measures motor activity objectively.
Results: Inattention and impulsivity were significantly increased in AUD vs. ADHD and in AUD vs. ADHD + AUD. Hyperactivity was significantly higher in ADHD + AUD vs. ADHD and ADHD + AUD vs. AUD, but not in ADHD vs. AUD. EF was lower in both ADHD groups vs. AUD. Mind wandering was increased in both ADHD groups vs. AUD. QoL was significantly lower in ADHD + AUD compared to AUD. In contrast, results of the QbTest were not significantly different between groups.
Conclusion: Questionnaires are more useful in assessing ADHD core symptoms than the QbTest®. Hyperactivity appears to be a relevant symptom in ADHD + AUD, suggesting a possible pathway from ADHD to AUD. The lower QoL in ADHD + AUD emphasizes the need for routine screening, diagnostic procedures and treatment strategies for this patient group.
Highlights:
• Assessment of body composition parameters in a large cohort of patients with HCC undergoing TACE.
• Fully automated artificial intelligence-based quantitative 3D volumetry of abdominal cavity tissue composition.
• Skeletal muscle volume and related parameters were independent prognostic factors in patients with HCC undergoing TACE.
Background & Aims: Body composition assessment (BCA) parameters have recently been identified as relevant prognostic factors for patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Herein, we aimed to investigate the role of BCA parameters for prognosis prediction in patients with HCC undergoing transarterial chemoembolization (TACE).
Methods: This retrospective multicenter study included a total of 754 treatment-naïve patients with HCC who underwent TACE at six tertiary care centers between 2010–2020. Fully automated artificial intelligence-based quantitative 3D volumetry of abdominal cavity tissue composition was performed to assess skeletal muscle volume (SM), total adipose tissue (TAT), intra- and intermuscular adipose tissue, visceral adipose tissue, and subcutaneous adipose tissue (SAT) on pre-intervention computed tomography scans. BCA parameters were normalized to the slice number of the abdominal cavity. We assessed the influence of BCA parameters on median overall survival and performed multivariate analysis including established estimates of survival.
Results: Univariate survival analysis revealed that impaired median overall survival was predicted by low SM (p <0.001), high TAT volume (p = 0.013), and high SAT volume (p = 0.006). In multivariate survival analysis, SM remained an independent prognostic factor (p = 0.039), while TAT and SAT volumes no longer showed predictive ability. This predictive role of SM was confirmed in a subgroup analysis of patients with BCLC stage B.
Conclusions: SM is an independent prognostic factor for survival prediction. Thus, the integration of SM into novel scoring systems could potentially improve survival prediction and clinical decision-making. Fully automated approaches are needed to foster the implementation of this imaging biomarker into daily routine.
Impact and implications: Body composition assessment parameters, especially skeletal muscle volume, have been identified as relevant prognostic factors for many diseases and treatments. In this study, skeletal muscle volume has been identified as an independent prognostic factor for patients with hepatocellular carcinoma undergoing transarterial chemoembolization. Therefore, skeletal muscle volume as a metaparameter could play a role as an opportunistic biomarker in holistic patient assessment and be integrated into decision support systems. Workflow integration with artificial intelligence is essential for automated, quantitative body composition assessment, enabling broad availability in multidisciplinary case discussions.
Introduction: Patients undergoing left atrial appendage closure (LAAC) are often severly anemic and close to the transfusion threshold. The aim was to investigate the prevalence of severe anemia in this cohort and if procedural safety is compromised compared with non-anemic patients.
Methods and results: Comparison of severly anemic patients (Hb < 80 g/l) vs. non-severly anemic patients in the prospective, multicentre observational LAARGE registry of patients undergoing LAAC. A total of 638 patients (anemia 22.3% vs non-anemic 77.7%) were included. Anemic patients were older (77.1 years ± 7.9 vs 75.6 years ± 7.9, p = 0.014), had more comorbidities, higher CHA2DS2-VASc (4.8 vs 4.4, p = 0.017) and higher HAS-BLED (4.3 vs 3.8, p < 0.001) scores. Implant success was not influenced by anemia (99.3% vs 97.2%). Severe in-hospital (0.7% vs 5.6%, p = 0.01) and overall complications (8.5% vs 13.7%, p = 0.11) were less common in patients with anemia, driven by fewer pericardial effusions. Mortality was higher in anemic patients and associated with an increased hazard ratio, albeit not significantly (16.0% vs 10.3%, HR 1.61 (95%-CI: 0.97–2.67), p = 0.06). In the one-year follow-up, composite outcome of death, stroke or systemic embolism occurred in 22/142 anemic and in 54/496 non-anemic patients with an adjusted HR of 1.04 (95%-CI 0.62–1.73, p = 0.89).
Conclusion: Severe anemia close to the transfusion threshold is common in patients undergoing LAAC. However, this does not influence in-hospital complications or implant success. One-year mortality is higher in anemic patients, mainly driven by co-morbidities.
Key Teaching Points
• Wearables such as smartwatches can monitor beyond heart rate and heart rhythm.
• Specific smartwatches provide reliable measurements of electrocardiographic intervals (eg, QT interval).
• Correct analysis and interpretation of the QT interval in an individual with previously unknown long QT syndrome facilitated the diagnosis.
Aim: The aim of this study was to evaluate the relationship between coronary artery calcification (CAC) assessed by multi-detector computed tomography (MDCT) and myocardial perfusion assessed by cardiac magnetic resonance imaging (CMR) in a group of symptomatic patients.
Method: Retrospective analysis of 120 patients (age 65.1 ± 8.9 years, 88 males) who presented with atypical chest pain to Bethanien Hospital, Frankfurt, Germany, between 2007 and 2010 and who underwent CAC scoring using MDCT, CMR, and conventional coronary angiography. Patients were divided into those with high-grade (HG) stenosis (n = 67, age 65.1 ± 9.4 years) and those with no-HG stenosis (n = 53, age 65.1 ± 8.6 years).
Results: There were more males with HG stenosis (82.1% vs. 62.3%, p = 0.015), in whom the percentage and number of abnormal perfusion segments were higher at rest (37.3% vs. 17%, p = 0.014) but not different with stress (p = 0.83) from those with no-HG stenosis. Thirty-four patients had myocardial perfusion abnormalities at rest and 26 patients developed perfusion defects with stress. Stress-induced myocardial perfusion defects were 22.4% sensitive and 79.2% specific for detecting HG stenosis. The CAC score was lower in patients with no-HG stenosis compared to those with HG stenosis (p < 0.0001). On the ROC curve, a CAC score of 293 had a sensitivity of 71.6% and specificity of 83% in predicting HG stenosis [(AUC 0.80 (p < 0.0001)]. A CAC score of 293 or the presence of at least 1 segment myocardial perfusion abnormality was 74.6% sensitive and 71.7% specific in detecting HG stenosis, the respective values for the 2 abnormalities combined being 19.4% and 90.6%. The severity of CAC correlated with the extent of myocardial perfusion in the patient group as a whole with stress (r = 0.22, p = 0.015), particularly in those with no-HG stenosis (r = 0.31, p = 0.022). A CAC score of 293 was 31.6% sensitive and 87.3% specific in detecting myocardial perfusion abnormalities.
Conclusion: In a group of patients with exertional angina, coronary calcification is more accurate in detecting high-grade luminal stenosis than myocardial perfusion defects. In addition, in patients with no stenosis, the incremental relationship between coronary calcium score and the extent of myocardial perfusion suggests coronary wall hardening as an additional mechanism for stress-induced angina other than luminal narrowing. These preliminary findings might have a clinical impact on management strategies of these patients other than conventional therapy.
Beim homogenen enzymatischen Immunoassay wird als Ausmaß des kompetitiven Proteinbindungsprozesses eine Enzymaktivität gemessen. Es wird gezeigt, daß die Enzymaktivität im Meßintervall nicht konstant ist. Die Extinktionszunahme in Abhängigkeit von der Zeit wird durch Regressionskurven der Form y = a, + b1x + b2x2 beschrieben. Bei Annahme einer linearen Beziehung zwischen und der Meßzeit t ist die Varianz um einen Faktor 10exp3 größer, als wenn ein nicht linearer Zusammenhang zugrunde gelegt wird.
Weiterhin wird gezeigt, daß bei Verwendung einer linearen Beziehung zwischen und t die Berücksichtigung einer hinreichend großen Anzahl von Meßpunkten notwendig ist, um genügend kleine Variationskoeffizienten zu erhalten. In der Praxis sollten daher bei der Bestimmung von Antiepileptika mit rechnerunterstützten Auswertverfahren Taktzeiten kleiner als ca. 5 sec. gewählt werden.
Rationale and Objectives: Lumbar disk degeneration is a common condition contributing significantly to back pain. The objective of the study was to evaluate the potential of dual-energy CT (DECT)-derived collagen maps for the assessment of lumbar disk degeneration.
Patients and Methods: We conducted a retrospective analysis of 127 patients who underwent dual-source DECT and MRI of the lumbar spine between 07/2019 and 10/2022. The level of lumbar disk degeneration was categorized by three radiologists as follows: no/mild (Pfirrmann 1&2), moderate (Pfirrmann 3&4), and severe (Pfirrmann 5). Recall (sensitivity) and accuracy of DECT collagen maps were calculated. Intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) was used to evaluate inter-reader reliability. Subjective evaluations were performed using 5-point Likert scales for diagnostic confidence and image quality.
Results: We evaluated a total of 762 intervertebral disks from 127 patients (median age, 69.7 (range, 23.0–93.7), female, 56). MRI identified 230 non/mildly degenerated disks (30.2%), 484 moderately degenerated disks (63.5%), and 48 severely degenerated disks (6.3%). DECT collagen maps yielded an overall accuracy of 85.5% (1955/2286). Recall (sensitivity) was 79.3% (547/690) for the detection of no/mild lumbar disk degeneration, 88.7% (1288/1452) for the detection of moderate disk degeneration, and 83.3% (120/144) for the detection of severe disk degeneration (ICC = 0.9). Subjective evaluations of DECT collagen maps showed high diagnostic confidence (median 4) and good image quality (median 4).
Conclusion: The use of DECT collagen maps to distinguish different stages of lumbar disk degeneration may have clinical significance in the early diagnosis of disk-related pathologies in patients with contraindications for MRI or in cases of unavailability of MRI.
Highlights
• Early reconstruction of injured cruciate ligaments improves functional outcomes.
• Modern CT imaging can be used to rapidly identify patients with injury to the cruciate ligaments and streamline therapeutic pathways.
• Dual-energy CT demonstrates superior diagnostic accuracy compared to single-energy CT.
Abstract
Background: This study aimed to evaluate the clinical utility of modern single and dual-energy computed tomography (CT) for assessing the integrity of the cruciate ligaments in patients that sustained acute trauma.
Methods: Patients who underwent single- or dual-energy CT followed by 3 Tesla magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) or knee joint arthroscopy between 01/2016 and 12/2022 were included in this retrospective, monocentric study. Three radiologists specialized in musculoskeletal imaging independently evaluated all CT images for the presence of injury to the cruciate ligaments. An MRI consensus reading of two experienced readers and arthroscopy provided the reference standard. Diagnostic accuracy parameters and area under the receiver operator characteristic curve (AUC) were the primary metrics for diagnostic performance.
Results: CT images of 204 patients (median age, 49 years; IQR 36 – 64; 113 males) were evaluated. Dual-energy CT yielded significantly higher diagnostic accuracy and AUC for the detection of injury to the anterior (94% [240/255] vs 75% [266/357] and 0.89 vs 0.66) and posterior cruciate ligaments (95% [243/255] vs 87% [311/357] and 0.90 vs 0.61) compared to single-energy CT (all parameters, p <.005). Diagnostic confidence and image quality were significantly higher in dual-energy CT compared to single-energy CT (all parameters, p <.005).
Conclusions: Modern dual-energy CT is readily available and can serve as a screening tool for detecting or excluding cruciate ligament injuries in patients with acute trauma. Accurate diagnosis of cruciate ligament injuries is crucial to prevent adverse outcomes, including delayed treatment, chronic instability, or long-term functional limitations.
Highlights
• Assessment of coronary artery plaque burden according to the CAC-DRS Score correlated well with pulmonary involvement of SARS-CoV-2 pneumonia (min. r=0.81, 95% CI 0.76 to 0.86).
• Visual and quantitative CAC-DRS Score of coronary artery plaque burden provided independent prognostic information on all-cause mortality in patients with SARS-CoV-2 pneumonia (p=0.0016 and p<0.0001, respectively).
• Incorporating CAC-DRS Score and pulmonary involvement into clinical decision making revealed great potential to discriminate patients with fatal outcomes from a mild course of disease (AUC 0.938, 95% CI 0.89 to 0.97) and the need for intensive care treatment (AUC 0.801, 95% CI 0.77 to 0.83).
Purpose: To assess and correlate pulmonary involvement and outcome of SARS-CoV-2 pneumonia with the degree of coronary plaque burden based on the CAC-DRS classification (Coronary Artery Calcium Data and Reporting System).
Methods: This retrospective study included 142 patients with confirmed SARS-CoV-2 pneumonia (58 ± 16 years; 57 women) who underwent non-contrast CT between January 2020 and August 2021 and were followed up for 129 ± 72 days. One experienced blinded radiologist analyzed CT series for the presence and extent of calcified plaque burden according to the visual and quantitative HU-based CAC-DRS Score. Pulmonary involvement was automatically evaluated with a dedicated software prototype by another two experienced radiologists and expressed as Opacity Score.
Results: CAC-DRS Scores derived from visual and quantitative image evaluation correlated well with the Opacity Score (r=0.81, 95% CI 0.76-0.86, and r=0.83, 95% CI 0.77-0.89, respectively; p<0.0001) with higher correlation in severe than in mild stage SARS-CoV-2 pneumonia (p<0.0001). Combined, CAC-DRS and Opacity Scores revealed great potential to discriminate fatal outcomes from a mild course of disease (AUC 0.938, 95% CI 0.89-0.97), and the need for intensive care treatment (AUC 0.801, 95% CI 0.77-0.83). Visual and quantitative CAC-DRS Scores provided independent prognostic information on all-cause mortality (p=0.0016 and p<0.0001, respectively), both in univariate and multivariate analysis.
Conclusions: Coronary plaque burden is strongly correlated to pulmonary involvement, adverse outcome, and death due to respiratory failure in patients with SARS-CoV-2 pneumonia, offering great potential to identify individuals at high risk.
Background: Dual-energy CT (DECT)-derived bone mineral density (BMD) of the distal radius and other CT-derived metrics related to bone health have been suggested for opportunistic osteoporosis screening and risk evaluation for sustaining distal radius fractures (DRFs).
Methods: The distal radius of patients who underwent DECT between 01/2016 and 08/2021 was retrospectively analyzed. Cortical Hounsfield Unit (HU), trabecular HU, cortical thickness, and DECT-based BMD were acquired from a non-fractured, metaphyseal area in all examinations. Receiver-operating characteristic (ROC) analysis was conducted to determine the area under the curve (AUC) values for predicting DRFs based on DECT-derived BMD, HU values, and cortical thickness. Logistic regression models were then employed to assess the associations of these parameters with the occurrence of DRFs.
Results: In this study, 263 patients (median age: 52 years; interquartile range: 36–64; 132 women; 192 fractures) were included. ROC curve analysis revealed a higher area under the curve (AUC) value for DECT-derived BMD compared to cortical HU, trabecular HU, and cortical thickness (0.91 vs. 0.61, 0.64, and 0.69, respectively; p <.001). Logistic regression models confirmed the association between lower DECT-derived BMD and the occurrence of DRFs (Odds Ratio, 0.83; p <.001); however, no influence was observed for cortical HU, trabecular HU, or cortical thickness.
Conclusions: DECT can be used to assess the BMD of the distal radius without dedicated equipment such as calibration phantoms to increase the detection rates of osteoporosis and stratify the individual risk to sustain DRFs. In contrast, assessing HU-based values and cortical thickness does not provide clinical benefit.
Rationale and Objectives: Bone non-union is a serious complication of distal radius fractures (DRF) that can result in functional limitations and persistent pain. However, no accepted method has been established to identify patients at risk of developing bone non-union yet. This study aimed to compare various CT-derived metrics for bone mineral density (BMD) assessment to identify predictive values for the development of bone non-union.
Materials and Methods: CT images of 192 patients with DRFs who underwent unenhanced dual-energy CT (DECT) of the distal radius between 03/2016 and 12/2020 were retrospectively identified. Available follow-up imaging and medical health records were evaluated to determine the occurrence of bone non-union. DECT-based BMD, trabecular Hounsfield unit (HU), cortical HU and cortical thickness ratio were measured in normalized non-fractured segments of the distal radius.
Results: Patients who developed bone non-union were significantly older (median age 72 years vs. 54 years) and had a significantly lower DECT-based BMD (median 68.1 mg/cm3 vs. 94.6 mg/cm3, p < 0.001). Other metrics (cortical thickness ratio, cortical HU, trabecular HU) showed no significant differences. ROC and PR curve analyses confirmed the highest diagnostic accuracy for DECT-based BMD with an area under the curve (AUC) of 0.83 for the ROC curve and an AUC of 0.46 for the PR curve. In logistic regression models, DECT-based BMD was the sole metric significantly associated with bone non-union.
Conclusion: DECT-derived metrics can accurately predict bone non-union in patients who sustained DRF. The diagnostic performance of DECT-based BMD is superior to that of HU-based metrics and cortical thickness ratio.
Biological drug substance (DS) is typically stored frozen to increase stability. However, freezing and thawing (F/T) of DS can impact product quality and therefore F/T processes need to be controlled. Because active F/T systems for DS bottles are lacking, freezing is often performed uncontrolled in conventional freezers, and thawing at ambient temperature or using water baths.
In this study, we evaluated a novel device for F/T of DS in bottles, which can be operated in conventional freezers, generating a directed air stream around bottles. We characterized the F/T geometry and process performance in comparison to passive F/T using temperature mapping and analysis of concentration gradients. The device was able to better control the F/T process by inducing directional bottom-up F/T. As a result, it reduced cryo-concentration during freezing as well as ice mound formation. However, freezing with the device was dependent on freezer performance, i.e. prolonged process times in a highly loaded freezer were accompanied by increased cryo-concentrations. Thawing was faster compared to without the device, but had no impact on concentration gradients and was slower compared to thawing in a water bath.
High-performance freezers might be required to fully exploit the potential of directional freezing with this device and allow F/T process harmonization and scaling across sites.
Die sekretorischen Phospholipasen A2 (sPLA2) sind eine Familie von Enzymen, die von Glycerophospholipiden spezifisch Fettsäuren abspalten. Bis zum gegenwärtigen Zeitpunkt wurden im Menschen neun verschiedene sPLA2-Subtypen identifiziert, die in zahlreiche physiologische und pathophysiologische Prozesse involviert sind. So sind sPLA2s in der humanen Epidermis maßgeblich am Aufbau der Permeabilitätsbarriere beteiligt. Darüber hinaus kontrollieren sie die Freisetzung von Arachidonsäure für die Produktion von Eicosanoiden, die sowohl für die Proliferation der Keratinozyten als auch für inflammatorische Prozesse und die Entstehung von Tumoren in der Haut von entscheidender Bedeutung sind.
Da bislang weder das detaillierte Expressionsmuster der einzelnen sPLA2-Enzyme noch deren spezifische Funktion in humaner Epidermis bekannt war, wurde in der vorliegenden Arbeit eine umfassende Analyse an Biopsien gesunder und erkrankter humaner Haut durchgeführt. Zusätzlich zum Nachweis der sPLA2-Expression in vivo wurden humane primäre Keratinozyten in vitro verwendet, um die Auswirkungen der Differenzierung der Keratinozyten auf die Expression der verschiedenen sPLA2-Enzyme zu untersuchen. Die Ergebnisse zeigen sowohl in gesunder Haut als auch in primären Keratinozyten eine starke Expression der sPLA2-IB, -IIF und -X in differenzierten Zellen, während die der sPLA2-IID und -V auf proliferierende Zellen beschränkt war. Die sPLA2-IIA hingegen wurde in gesunder Haut vor allem in der äußersten, verhornten Schicht der Epidermis nachgewiesen. Die Analyse der Haut von Patienten mit Psoriasis oder Atopischer Dermatitis, beides Erkrankungen, die mit einer Störung der Permeabilitätsbarriere assoziiert sind, zeigte im Vergleich zu gesunder Haut ein deutlich verändertes Expressionsmuster. So konnte in Biopsien kranker Haut eine verstärkte Expression der sPLA2-IIA und -IID nachgewiesen werden, während die sPLA2-V nicht detektiert werden konnte. Besonders auffallend war das Verteilungsmuster der sPLA2-X, die, im Gegensatz zu gesunder Haut, in der Epidermis erkrankter Haut nicht zu detektieren war. Dagegen konnte hier eine starke Färbung der Dermis nachgewiesen werden. Die Abwesenheit der sPLA2-X in der Epidermis unter entzündlichen Bedingungen könnte durch die Sekretion des Enzyms erklärt werden. So führte die Behandlung von HaCaT-Zellen, die als in vitro Modellsystem dienten, mit Psoriasistypischen TH-1-Zytokinen wie TNF a und IFN g zur Freisetzung der sPLA2-X ins Kulturmedium. Zudem induzierte die exogene Stimulation der Zellen mit rekombinanter sPLA2-X die Synthese des Eicosanoids Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), das zu Entzündungsreaktionen in der Haut entscheidend beiträgt. Die weitere Analyse des Signaltransduktionsweges zeigte, dass der Effekt der exogenen sPLA2-X sowohl durch den Einsatz des sPLA2-spezifischen Inhibitors Methyl-Indoxam als auch durch die Hemmung der katalytischen Aktivität der zytosolischen PLA2 a (cPLA2 a) blockiert werden konnte. Da zudem Hydrolyse-Produkte der PLA2s, wie freie Fettsäuren und deren Metabolite, endogene Aktivatoren der Transkriptionsfaktoren PeroxisomProliferator-aktivierte Rezeptoren (PPAR) darstellen, wurde auch deren Rolle bei der PGE2-Produktion untersucht. Experimente mit dem PPAR g Antagonisten GW 9662 und dem PPAR g Aktivator Ciglitazon und die Untersuchung des Bindungsverhaltens der PPARs an ihre DNA-Konsensus-Sequenz nach Stimulation mit exogener sPLA2-X zeigten, dass insbesondere PPAR g (PPAR g) an der Signalweiterleitung beteiligt ist. Zudem hatte die Herunterregulation der sPLA2-X mittels RNA-Interferenz die Suppression von differenzierungsassoziierten Proteinen wie Involucrin und PPAR g zur Folge.
Die unterschiedliche Lokalisation der untersuchten sPLA2-Enzyme in gesunder und erkrankter Haut lässt darauf schließen, dass die einzelnen Subtypen in der humanen Epidermis unterschiedliche Funktionen wahrnehmen. So ist einerseits die sPLA2-IIA mit inflammatorischen Prozessen der Haut verbunden, andererseits korreliert insbesondere der Verlust der sPLA2-X in der Epidermis mit einer Störung der epidermalen Permeabilitätsbarriere, so dass dieses Enzym offenbar zum Aufbau der Permeabilitätsbarriere beiträgt. Unter entzündlichen Bedingungen kommt es allerdings, induziert durch Zytokine, zur Sekretion der sPLA2-X. In großen, nicht-physiologischen Mengen freigesetzt, ist das Enzym in der Lage, die Synthese von Eicosanoiden wie PGE2 zu steigern, und unterstützt dadurch die Entzündungsreaktionen in der Haut.
Für diese retrospektive Studie wurden 157 Sportlerinnen in den Sportarten Fußball, Handball und Basketball über ihre Verletzungen und Fehlbelastungsfolgen in einem Erfassungszeitraum von 4 Jahren befragt. Die Sportlerinnen wurden in die Leistungsklassen Hochleistungssport und Leistungssport eingeteilt.
Die Probandinnen waren im Fußball durchschnittlich 22,2 Jahre alt, hatten im Schnitt 12,7 Trainingsjahre hinter sich und trainierten 7,9 Stunden in der Woche mit einem prozentualen Krafttrainingsanteil von 23%. Die Wettkampfanzahl pro Jahr lag bei durchschnittlich 32,7. Die relativ kleine Anzahl von 7 Hochleistungsfußballerinnen kann diese Werte als zu niedrig verfälscht haben.
Im Handball lag das Durchschnittsalter bei 25,1 Jahren, 16,3 Trainingsjahren und 8,9 Wochenstunden Training mit 16% Krafttrainingsanteil. Die Zahl der Wettkämpfe betrug durchschnittlich 33,4 pro Jahr.
Die Basketballerinnen waren durchschnittlich 23,6 Jahre alt, seit 12,7 Jahren im Training und von 9,7 Stunden Wochentraining zu 18% im Kraftraum. Sie absolvierten 41,6 Wettkämpfe im Jahr.
Im Erfassungszeitraum von 4 Jahren trat bei fast allen Sportlerinnen, bis auf 4 Leistungssportlerinnen im Fußball, mindestens einmal akut eine Verletzung auf, bei allen jedoch mindestens einmal eine Fehlbelastungsfolge. Das heißt, dass 97% der Befragten mindestens einmal akut verletzt waren, in Sportarten aufgeteilt, dass zu 100% im Handball und Basketball jede Sportlerin mindestens einmal verletzt war.
Im Fußball ergab sich eine Verletzungshäufigkeit von 2,18 akuten Verletzungen, bzw. 2,25 Fehlbelastungsfolgen pro Jahr. Auf je 100 Belastungsstunden gab es 0,47 Verletzungen bzw. 0,50 Fehlbelastungsfolgen pro Jahr. Die Handballerinnen hatten eine Verletzungshäufigkeit von 2,55 pro Jahr und 2,12 Fehlbelastungsfolgen. Auf 100 Belastungsstunden entspricht dies einer Verletzungshäufigkeit von 0,53 akuten Verletzungen pro Spielerin und 0,43 Fehlbelastungsfolgen pro Jahr.
Im Basketball lag die Verletzungshäufigkeit bei 1,89 akuten Verletzungen und bei 1,71 Fehlbelastungsfolgen, bzw. bei 0,35 akuten Verletzungen und bei 0,32 Fehlbelastungsfolgen bezogen auf 100 Belastungsstunden.
Hochleistungssportlerinnen waren aufgrund des relativ hohen Trainingsumfanges und der Wettkampfbelastung gegenüber den Leistungssportlerinnen pro Jahr absolut gesehen häufiger verletzt und mussten mit mehr Fehlbelastungsfolgen rechnen.
Pro Belastungsstunde zeigten jedoch die Leistungssportlerinnen mehr
Sportverletzungen und auch Fehlbelastungsfolgen. Ein erhöhtes Trainingspensum bzw. Wettkampfpensum bedeuten also nicht gleichviel mehr Verletzungen.
Rund 52% aller akuten Verletzungen waren leichte Verletzungen ohne notwendige Sportpause oder ärztliche Behandlung, etwa 28% waren mittelschwer, d.h. sie machten eine Sportpause von kürzer als 2 Wochen und/oder eine Behandlung durch einen Arzt notwendig und etwa 19% waren schwerer Art mit ärztlicher Behandlung und einer Sportpause von länger als 2 Wochen.
77% aller Fehlbelastungsfolgen waren leichte, rund 20% mittelschwer und lediglich ca. 3% aller Fehlbelastungsfolgen schwer. Todesfälle oder Invaliditätsfälle konnte diese Studie nicht erfassen.
Die meisten Verletzungen ereigneten sich im Wettkampf mit ca. 52% im Vergleich zu etwa 48% im Training. Da nun aber die Wettkampfzeit deutlich geringer ist als die Trainingszeit, ergab sich in den einzelnen Sportarten folgende Relation: im Fußball liegt der Faktor, der eine Aussage über die erhöhte Verletzungswahrscheinlichkeit im Wettkampf macht, bei 9, im Basketball bei 17 und im Handball ergab sich der Faktor 20. Diese Zahlen verdeutlichen die erhöhte Risikobereitschaft und damit
Verletzungsgefahr im Wettkampf.
Die häufigsten Verletzungen betrafen die Muskeln mit über 30% aller Verletzungen, insbesondere im Fußball und Handball, gefolgt von Gelenkverletzungen wie Supinationstraumata im oberen Sprunggelenk, besonders im Fußball und Basketball, und Distorsionen der Finger, besonders Handball und Basketball. Die meisten Fehlbelastungsfolgen zeigten sich an Gelenken, wie Hüftgelenk und Sprunggelenk im Fußball, Schulter-, Ellenbogen- und Kniegelenk im Handball und Sprung- und Kniegelenk im Basketball.
Die meisten der oben aufgeführten Beschwerden zogen keine weiteren
Konsequenzen wie Trainingsausfall oder Notwendigkeit einer ärztlichen Behandlung nach sich, sie sollten jedoch Anlass dafür sein, diese als erste Warnsymptome des Körpers zu erkennen, um weitere Schäden vermeiden zu können. Rund 3% aller Verletzungen oder Fehlbelastungsfolgen waren Frakturen, insbesondere im Fußball traten Zehen-, Clavicula-, Nasenbein- und Kieferfrakturen auf. 10% aller Frakturen waren Stressfrakturen.
Die meisten akuten Verletzungen ereigneten sich an der unteren Extremität mit über 50, in allen drei Sportarten, am häufigsten im Fußball (66% im Leistungssport und 59% im Hochleistungssport) und Basketball (67% im Hochleistungssport und 55% im Leistungssport). Auch die Fehlbelastungsfolgen waren an der unteren Extremität am häufigsten, im Basketball 67%, im Handball über 50% und im Fußball 48%.
Die obere Extremität war bei allen drei Sportarten (Fußball 18%, Handball und Basketball je 35%) am zweithäufigsten Ort akuter Verletzungen. Nur im Handball waren auch die Fehlbelastungsfolgen am zweithäufigsten betroffen. Dies war der Rumpf mit 36% im Fußball und 20% im Basketball.
Akute Verletzungen in der Kopfregion traten mit 14% im Fußball, mit 12% im Handball und mit knapp 5% im Basketball auf. Fehlbelastungsfolgen waren nur im Fußball mit fast 10% erwähnenswert.
Der Rumpf war in allen drei Sportraten selten akut verletzt, im Fußball mit fast 3% Anteil an allen akuten Verletzungen noch am häufigsten. Fehlbelastungsfolgen in der Rumpfregion traten bei den Handballerinnen mit fast 11% am seltensten auf.
Die meisten akuten Verletzungen pro Spielerin und Jahr zogen sich die Hochleistungsspielerinnen im Vergleich zu den Leistungssportlerinnen zu, im Fußball mit 2,68, im Handball mit 2,55 und Basketball mit 2,42 pro Spielerin und Jahr. Bei den Leistungssportlerinnen verletzten sich akut pro Jahr mit 2,54 Verletzungen die Handballerinnen, mit 2,08 die Fußballerinnen und mit 1,7 Verletzungen die Basketballerinnen.
Auf je 100 Belastungsstunden, Trainings- und Wettkampfstunden addiert, verletzten sich mit 0,58 akuten Verletzungen pro Jahr am häufigsten die Handballerinnen aus dem Leistungsbereich, gefolgt von den Fußballerinnen mit 0,48 Verletzungen im Leistungs- und 0,45 im Hochleistungsbereich. Die Handballerinnen im Spitzenbereich waren 0,34mal im Jahr akut verletzt. Mit 0,31 im Hochleistungsbereich bzw. 0,37 im Leistungsbereich verletzten sich die Basketballerinnen am seltensten.
Insgesamt gesehen verletzten sich am häufigsten pro Jahr und Spielerin die Handballerinnen mit durchschnittlich 2,55 Verletzungen, die Fußballerinnen mit 2,18 und die Basketballerinnen mit 1,89 Verletzungen.
Auf 100 Belastungsstunden ergab sich die gleiche Reihenfolge.
Die meisten Fehlbelastungsfolgen traten mit 2,54 pro Spielerin und Jahr im Hochleistungsbereich der Fußballerinnen auf und mit 2,48 im Handball des Spitzenbereichs. Mit 1,79 im Leistungsbereich bzw. 1,48 im Hochleistungsbereich waren die Basketballerinnen am seltensten verletzt.
Auf 100 Belastungsstunden zeigt sich mit 0,52 pro Spielerin und Jahr bei den Fußballleistungsspielerinnen die größte Verletzungshäufigkeit, gefolgt von den Handballerinnen im gleichen Leistungsniveau. Mit 0,19 Fehlbelastungsfolgen waren die Basketballerinnen im Hochleistungsbereich am seltensten verletzt.
Alle Sportlerinnen in der jeweiligen Sportart, zusammen betrachtet, zeigen, dass die Fußballerinnen mit 2,48 Fehlbelastungsfolgen pro Jahr zu rechnen haben, Handballerinnen mit 2,12 und Basketballerinnen mit 1,71 Fehlbelastungsfolgen.
Der überwiegende Teil aller akuten Verletzungen und Fehlbelastungsfolgen blieb für die Spielerinnen ohne Konsequenzen, d.h. sie hatten keine Sportpause und benötigten keinen Arztbesuch, in dieser Studie als leichte Verletzungen/Fehlbelastungsfolgen definiert.
Etwa jede vierte Verletzung bei den Basketballerinnen war von schwerer Art, d.h. eine Sportpause von länger als 2 Wochen und eine ärztliche Behandlung waren notwendig, darunter z. Bsp. Außenbandrupturen am oberen Sprunggelenk und Meniskusschäden. Etwa jede fünfte akute Verletzung, wie z. Bsp. Commotio cerebri, Nasenbeinfrakturen oder Distorsionen des Schultergelenkes, zwang die Fußballerinnen und Handballerinnen zu einer zweiwöchigen Sportkarenz.
Schwere Fehlbelastungsfolgen, wie z.B. Stressfrakturen der Tibia, hatten in allen drei Sportarten nur einen verschwindend geringen Anteil.
Vor Beginn eines leistungsmäßig-betriebenen Sports sollte eine sportärztliche Untersuchung durchgeführt werden, um Verletzungen und Überlastungsschäden, die aufgrund von anatomischen Varianten oder pathologischen Bewegungsmustern entstehen könnten, zu vermeiden, bzw. zu reduzieren. Pathologische Befunde bei Jugendlichen können Grund dafür sein, dass vom leistungsmäßigen Spiel abzuraten ist, um Sportschäden zu vermeiden.
Am Anfang sollte die Sportlerin für Materialbeschaffung fachkundigen Rat einholen, um mit optimalem Schutz (z. Bsp. Schienbeinschützer, hohe Basketballschuhe) einer Verletzung vorzubeugen.
Anatomische Varianten und Fehlstellungen des Bewegungsapparates sollten durch entsprechendes Material (z. Bsp. Einlagen, Sprunggelenksorthesen, Tape), aber auch durch ein gezieltes, individuelles Kraft-, Koordinations- und Techniktraining ausgeglichen werden. Besonders der Ausgleich einer muskulären Dysbalance im Bereich der Sprunggelenke (z. Bsp. Supinationstraumata) könnte das Verletzungsrisiko in dieser Region reduzieren.
Das Tapen bestimmter Gelenke (z. B. twin-taping an den Fingern) oder das sog. „physiologische Tapen“ sollte fachkundig angeleitet und ausgeführt werden.
Fehlerhafte Technik, mangelnde Kondition und mangelnder Trainingsaufbau sind ebenfalls Ursache für Verletzungen und Überlastungsschäden.
Somit ist die Zusammenarbeit von Ärzten, Trainern, Sportpsychologen und Physiotherapeuten von großer Bedeutung, um auf ausreichende Regenerationszeiten, realistische Zielsetzungen in der Rehabilitation, gesunde und richtige Ernährung sowie auf einen gutstrukturierten Trainingsaufbau achten zu können.
Im leistungsmäßig-betriebenen Sport ist die Risikobereitschaft immer hoch, so dass besonders im Auftreten von weiteren Faktoren wie Konzentrationsschwäche, Müdigkeit, mangelhaften Materials, fehlerhafter Ernährung etc. ein erhöhtes Verletztungspotential vorliegt.
Der überwiegende Anteil aller in dieser Studie erfassten Verletzungen trat während eines Wettkampfes auf, auch durch den Einfluss des Gegners. Um den Anteil an den Verletzungen, die aufgrund von Regelwidrigkeiten entstanden sind, zu reduzieren, sind von den Schiedsrichtern diese Regelverstöße konsequent zu ahnden, bzw. die Spielregeln durch die Sportverbände zu ändern.
Highlights
• Piriform cortex and amgydala can be separated based on their distinct structural connectivity.
• Similar to histological findings, the connectivity of the piriform cortex suggests posterior frontal and temporal subregions.
• Subregions of the piriform cortex have distinct connectivity profiles.
• Anterior PC extended into ventrotemporal PC posteriorly, which has not been described before, requiring further investigation.
• All parcellations were made publicly available.
Abstract
The anatomy of the human piriform cortex (PC) is poorly understood. We used a bimodal connectivity-based-parcellation approach to investigate subregions of the PC and its connectional differentiation from the amygdala.
One hundred (55 % female) genetically unrelated subjects from the Human Connectome Project were included. A region of interest (ROI) was delineated bilaterally covering PC and amygdala, and functional and structural connectivity of this ROI with the whole gray matter was computed. Spectral clustering was performed to obtain bilateral parcellations at granularities of k = 2–10 clusters and combined bimodal parcellations were computed. Validity of parcellations was assessed via their mean individual-to-group similarity per adjusted rand index (ARI).
Individual-to-group similarity was higher than chance in both modalities and in all clustering solutions. The amygdala was clearly distinguished from PC in structural parcellations, and olfactory amygdala was connectionally more similar to amygdala than to PC. At higher granularities, an anterior and ventrotemporal and a posterior frontal cluster emerged within PC, as well as an additional temporal cluster at their boundary. Functional parcellations also showed a frontal piriform cluster, and similar temporal clusters were observed with less consistency. Results from bimodal parcellations were similar to the structural parcellations. Consistent results were obtained in a validation cohort.
Distinction of the human PC from the amygdala, including its olfactory subregions, is possible based on its structural connectivity alone. The canonical fronto-temporal boundary within PC was reproduced in both modalities and with consistency. All obtained parcellations are freely available.
Purpose: To describe a novel surgical technique of a combined implantation of an artificial iris and a scleral fixated intraocular lens (IOL) using flanged IOL haptics (“Yamane” technique).
Observations: The suturelessly implanted artificial iris-IOL-sandwich was stable with good functional as well as aesthetic results. However, our case showed a postoperative intraocular pressure rise.
Conclusions: The presented case demonstrates that a visual as well as cosmetical rehabilitation seems to be possible even after severe, penetrating ocular trauma with profound iris defects.
Importance: The sutureless IOL scleral fixation technique can also be used in combination with a sutureless artificial iris implantation. Further studies are needed to evaluate the long-term safety profile and rates of postoperative complications.
Purpose: The IC-8® Apthera™ (AcuFocus Inc.™, Irvine, California, USA) is the first small aperture intraocular lens (IOL) to receive FDA approval for presbyopia correction in the summer of 2022. It is a single-piece hydrophobic acrylic monofocal lens, which is placed in the capsular bag. In its center it carries a black circular mask (FilterRing™) with a diameter of 3.23 mm consisting of polyvinylidene fluoride and carbon black nanoparticles. In the center of this mask sits a 1.36 mm wide aperture. Thanks to this pinhole effect the IC-8® serves as an extended-depth-of-focus (EDOF) IOL and can be used in presbyopia correction.
This report describes the case of a patient with an IC-8® implant who underwent Nd:YAG laser capsulotomy for posterior capsule opacification (PCO). The post laser checkup showed a dark central optical change within the IOL and the patient described optical phenomena as well as blurred central vision, which is why he received IOL exchange. The explanted IC-8® was sent to the Intermountain Ocular Research Center at the University of Utah for further analysis.
Observations: A 56-year-old male underwent cataract surgery with implantation of a non-diffractive EDOF-IOL on the right and the IC-8® small aperture IOL on the left eye. On the left eye, the patient had received penetrating keratoplasty seven years prior to the cataract operation due to posttraumatic corneal scarring. The early checkups after cataract surgery showed a corrected distance visual acuity (CDVA) in the left eye of +0.1 logMAR in the first month. About 5 months after the operation, PCO was first described on the left eye leading to a decrease in visual acuity to +0.4 logMAR (CDVA). Due to PCO, Nd:YAG laser capsulotomy was conducted 5 months after the cataract operation on the left eye. 12 shots were applied at 2.7 mJ. The following appointments showed a continuously reduced visual acuity of +1.3 logMAR (uncorrected) on the left eye and the patient described blurry and ‘swirled’ central vision. By slightly tilting his head and thus not using the center of his optic axis, he would be able to see sharper. Slit lamp examination showed a small optical change inside the IC-8® IOL not resembling a pit but believed to be a small pocket of air. Due to the ongoing symptoms as well as the reduced VA, the seemingly damaged small aperture IOL was exchanged for a three-piece hydrophobic acrylic monofocal lens, which was also placed in the posterior chamber. The explanted IC-8® was sent to the Intermountain Ocular Research Center at the University of Utah for further analysis. Results from gross and light microscopic analysis showed that the change caused by the Nd:YAG laser application consisted of a localized optical area containing carbon black nanoparticles used for the circular mask within the IOL.
Conclusions and importance: When dealing with PCO and performing Nd:YAG laser capsulotomy in eyes with an IC-8® IOL implant, the laser shots should be applied either inside the aperture or outside of the black circular mask of the IOL. Otherwise, the Nd:YAG laser can lead to bursts of carbon nanoparticles within the IOL which may cause optical phenomena as well as decreased visual acuity possibly resulting in an IOL exchange.
Ferroptosis is a regulated form of cell death which is considered an oxidative iron-dependent process. The lipid hydroperoxidase glutathione peroxidase 4 prevents the iron (Fe2+)-dependent formation of toxic lipid reactive oxygen species. While emerging evidence indicates that inhibition of glutathione peroxidase 4 as a hallmark of ferroptosis in many cancer cell lines, the involvement of this biochemical pathway in neuronal death remains largely unclear. Here, we investigate, first whether the ferroptosis key players are involved in the neuronal cell death induced by erastin. The second objective was to examine whether there is a cross talk between ferroptosis and autophagy. The third main was to address neuron response to erastin, with a special focus on ferritin and nuclear receptor coactivator 4-mediated ferritinophagy. To test this in neurons, erastin (0.5–8 µM) was applied to hippocampal HT22 neurons for 16 hours. In addition, cells were cultured with the autophagy inhibitor, 3-methyladenin (10 mM) and/or ferroptosis inhibitors, ferrostatin 1 (10–20 µM) or deferoxamine (10–200 µM) before exposure to erastin. In this study, we demonstrated by immunofluorescence and western blot analysis, that erastin downregulates dramatically the expression of glutathione peroxidase 4, the sodium-independent cystine-glutamate antiporter and nuclear receptor coactivator 4. The protein levels of ferritin and mitochondrial ferritin in HT22 hippocampal neurons did not remarkably change following erastin treatment. In addition, we demonstrated that not only the ferroptosis inhibitor, ferrostatin1/deferoxamine abrogated the ferroptotic cell death induced by erastin in hippocampal HT22 neurons, but also the potent autophagy inhibitor, 3-methyladenin. We conclude that (1) erastin-induced ferroptosis in hippocampal HT22 neurons, despite reduced nuclear receptor coactivator 4 levels, (2) that either nuclear receptor coactivator 4-mediated ferritinophagy does not occur or is of secondary importance in this model, (3) that ferroptosis seems to share some features of the autophagic cell death process.
In the basal, proliferative layer of healthy skin, the mTOR complex 1 (mTORC1) is activated, thus regulating proliferation while preventing differentiation. When cells leave the proliferative, basal compartment, mTORC1 signaling is turned off, which allows differentiation. Under inflammatory conditions, this switch is hijacked by cytokines and prevents proper differentiation. It is currently unknown how mTORC1 is regulated to mediate these effects on keratinocyte differentiation. In other tissues, mTORC1 activity is controlled through various pathways via the tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC). Thus, we investigated whether the TS complex is regulated by proinflammatory cytokines and contributes to the pathogenesis of psoriasis. TNF-α as well as IL-1β induced the phosphorylation of TSC2, especially on S939 via the PI3-K/AKT and MAPK pathway. Surprisingly, increased TSC2 phosphorylation could not be detected in psoriasis patients. Instead, TSC2 was strongly downregulated in lesional psoriatic skin compared to non-lesional skin of the same patients or healthy skin. In vitro inflammatory cytokines induced dissociation of TSC2 from the lysosome, followed by destabilization of the TS complex and degradation. Thus, we assume that in psoriasis, inflammatory cytokines induce strong TSC2 phosphorylation, which in turn leads to its degradation. Consequently, chronic mTORC1 activity impairs ordered keratinocyte differentiation and contributes to the phenotypical changes seen in the psoriatic epidermis.
The culture of primary intestinal epithelia cells is not possible in a normal culture system. In 2009 a three-dimensional culture system of intestinal stem cells was established that shows many of the physiological features of the small intestine, such as crypt-villus structure, stem cell niche and all types of differentiated intestinal epithelial cells. These enteroids can be used to analyze biology of intestinal stem cells, gut homeostasis and the development of diseases. They also give the possibility to reduce animal numbers, as enteroids can be cryo-conserved and cultivated for many passages. To investigate the influence of genes such as NADPH oxidases on the gut homeostasis, transgenic approached are the method of choice. The generation of enteroids from knockout mice allows real-time observations of knockout effects. Often conditional knockout or overexpression strategies using inducible Cre recombinase are applied to avoid effects of adaption to the knockout. However, the Cre recombinase has many known caveats from unspecific binding and its endonuclease activity. In this study, we show that although NADPH oxidases are important for in vivo differentiation and proliferation of the intestine, their expression is drastically reduced in the organoid system. Activation of Cre recombinase by 4-hydroxy tamoxifen in freshly isolated enteroids, independently of floxed genes, leads to decreased diameter of organoids. This effect is concentration-dependent and is caused by reduced cell proliferation and induction of apoptosis and DNA damage. In contrast, constitutive expression of Cre has no impact on the enteroids. Therefore, reduction of tamoxifen concentration and treatment duration should be carefully titrated, and appropriate controls are necessary.
Magnetoencephalography (MEG) and Electroencephalography (EEG) provide direct electrophysiological measures at an excellent temporal resolution, but the spatial resolution of source-reconstructed current activity is limited to several millimetres. Here we show, using simulations of MEG signals and Bayesian model comparison, that non-invasive myelin estimates from high-resolution quantitative magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) can enhance MEG/EEG source reconstruction. Our approach assumes that MEG/EEG signals primarily arise from the synchronised activity of pyramidal cells, and since most of the myelin in the cortical sheet originates from these cells, myelin density can predict the strength of cortical sources measured by MEG/EEG. Leveraging recent advances in quantitative MRI, we exploit this structure-function relationship and scale the leadfields of the forward model according to the local myelin density estimates from in vivo quantitative MRI to inform MEG/EEG source reconstruction. Using Bayesian model comparison and dipole localisation errors (DLEs), we demonstrate that adapting local forward fields to reflect increased local myelination at the site of a simulated source explains the simulated data better than models without such leadfield scaling. Our model comparison framework proves sensitive to myelin changes in simulations with exact coregistration and moderate-to-high sensor-level signal-to-noise ratios (≥10 dB) for the multiple sparse priors (MSP) and empirical Bayesian beamformer (EBB) approaches. Furthermore, we sought to infer the microstructure giving rise to specific functional activation patterns by comparing the myelin-informed model which was used to generate the activation with a set of test forward models incorporating different myelination patterns. We found that the direction of myelin changes, however not their magnitude, can be inferred by Bayesian model comparison. Finally, we apply myelin-informed forward models to MEG data from a visuo-motor experiment. We demonstrate improved source reconstruction accuracy using myelin estimates from a quantitative longitudinal relaxation (R1) map and discuss the limitations of our approach.
Highlights
We use quantitative MRI to implement myelin-informed forward models for M/EEG
Local myelin density was modelled by adapting the local leadfields
Myelin-informed forward models can improve source reconstruction accuracy
We can infer the directionality of myelination patterns, but not their strength
We apply our approach to MEG data from a visuo-motor experiment
Purpose
To assess the diagnostic value of different imaging modalities in distinguishing systemic vasculitis from other internal and immunological diseases.
Methods
This retrospective study included 134 patients with suspected vasculitis who underwent ultrasound, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), or 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography/computed tomography (18F-FDG PET/CT) between 01/2010 and 01/2019, finally consisting of 70 individuals with vasculitis. The main study parameter was the confirmation of the diagnosis using one of the three different imaging modalities, with the adjudicated clinical and histopathological diagnosis as the gold standard. A secondary parameter was the morphological appearance of the vessel affected by vasculitis.
Results
Patients with systemic vasculitis had myriad clinical manifestations with joint pain as the most common symptom. We found significant correlations between different imaging findings suggestive of vasculitis and the final adjudicated clinical diagnosis. In this context, on MRI, vessel wall thickening, edema, and diameter differed significantly between vasculitis and non-vasculitis groups (p < 0.05). Ultrasound revealed different findings that may serve as red flags in identifying patients with vasculitis, such as vascular occlusion or halo sign (p = 0.02 vs. non-vasculitis group). Interestingly, comparing maximal standardized uptake values from PET/CT examinations with vessel wall thickening or vessel diameter did not result in significant differences (p > 0.05).
Conclusions
We observed significant correlations between different imaging findings suggestive of vasculitis on ultrasound or MRI and the final adjudicated diagnosis. While ultrasound and MRI were considered suitable imaging methods for detecting and discriminating typical vascular changes, 18F-FDG PET/CT requires careful timing and patient selection given its moderate diagnostic accuracy.
Purpose:
The purpose of the study was to provide a consensus definition of the infrarenal sealing zone and develop an algorithm to determine when and if adjunctive procedure(s) or reintervention should be considered in managing patients undergoing endovascular aortic repair (EVAR) for infrarenal abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA).
Methods:
A European Advisory Board (AB), made up of 11 vascular surgeons with expertise in EVAR for AAA, was assembled to share their opinion regarding the definition of preoperative and postoperative infrarenal sealing zone. Information on their current clinical practice and level of agreement on proposed reintervention paths was used to develop an algorithm. The process included 2 virtual meetings and 2 rounds of online surveys completed by the AB (Delphi method). Consensus was defined as reached when ≥ 8 of 11 (73%) respondents agreed or were neutral.
Results:
The AB reached complete consensus on definitions and measurement of the pre-EVAR target anticipated sealing zone (TASZ) and the post-EVAR real achieved sealing zone (RASZ), namely, the shortest length between the proximal and distal reference points as defined by the AB, in case of patients with challenging anatomies. Also, agreement was achieved on a list of 4 anatomic parameters and 3 prosthesis-/procedure-related parameters, considered to have the most significant impact on preoperative and postoperative sealing zones. Furthermore, the agreement was reached that in the presence of visible neck-related complications, both adjunctive procedure(s) and reintervention should be contemplated (100% consensus). In addition, adjunctive procedure(s) or reintervention can be considered in the following cases (% consensus): insufficient sealing zone on completion imaging (91%) or on the first postoperative computed tomography (CT) scan (91%), suboptimal sealing zone on completion imaging (73%) or postoperative CT scan (82%), and negative evolution of the actual sealing zone over time (91%), even in the absence of visible complications.
Conclusions:
AB members agreed on definitions of the pre- and post-EVAR infrarenal sealing zone, as well as factors of influence. Furthermore, a clinical decision algorithm was proposed to determine the timing and necessity of adjunctive procedure(s) and reinterventions.
Background
Musclin is an activity‐stimulated and cardioprotective myokine that attenuates pathological cardiac remodeling. Musclin deficiency, in turn, results in reduced physical endurance. The aim of this study was to assess the prognostic value of circulating musclin as a novel, putative biomarker to identify patients undergoing transcatheter aortic valve implantation (TAVI) who are at a higher risk of death.
Methods and Results
In this study, we measured systemic musclin levels in 368 patients undergoing TAVI who were at low to intermediate clinical risk (median EuroSCORE [European System for Cardiac Operative Risk Evaluation] II: 3.5; quartile 1–quartile, 2.2%–5.3%), whereby 209 (56.8%) patients were at low and 159 (43.2%) were at intermediate risk. Median preprocedural musclin levels were 2.7 ng/mL (quartile 1–quartile 3, 1.5–4.6 ng/mL). Musclin levels were dichotomized in low (<2.862 ng/mL, n=199 [54.1%]) or high (≥ 2.862 ng/mL, n=169 [45.9%]) groups using cutoff values determined by classification and regression tree analysis. The primary end point was 1‐year overall survival. Patients with low circulating musclin levels exhibited a significantly higher prevalence of frailty, low albumin values, hypertension, and history of stroke as well as higher N‐terminal pro‐B‐type natriuretic peptide. Low musclin levels significantly predicted risk of death in univariable (hazard ratio, 1.81; 95% CI, 1.00–3.53 [P=0.049]) and multivariable (adjusted hazard ratio, 2.45; 95% CI, 1.06–5.69 [P=0.037]) Cox regression analyses. Additionally, low musclin levels in combination with conventional EuroSCORE II suggested improved risk stratification in patients undergoing TAVI who were at low to intermediate clinical risk into subgroups with reduced 1‐year survival rates by log‐rank test (P for trend=0.003).
Conclusions
Circulating musclin is an independent predictor of 1‐year overall survival in patients undergoing TAVI. Combined with EuroSCORE II, circulating musclin might help to improve prediction of mortality in patients undergoing TAVI who are at low to intermediate clinical risk.
Infection with the SARS (Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome)-associated coronavirus results in respiratory failure probably by immunological mechanisms in 10% of patients. Laboratory markers that predict subsequent respiratory failure would therefore be useful in patient management.
We describe the clinical course, hematologic parameters, lymphocyte subpopulations and markers of inflammation in two patients with SARS, i.e., one man with diabetes mellitus and one pregnant woman, infected by the same viral isolate.
The patient with underlying diabetes mellitus developed respiratory failure after admission in the second week of the illness while the second patient developed only a mild disease without respiratory failure. Subsequent respiratory dysfunction was associated with lown umbers of Natural Killer (NK) cells at presentation and elevated CRP levels during the illness.
NK cells and CRP levels at the end of the first week of the disease might be related to subsequent respiratory dysfunction and may link underlying conditions to disease severity.
The transcription factor hypoxia-inducible factor 1 (HIF1) is an important driver of cancer and is therefore an attractive drug target. Acriflavine (ACF) has been suggested to inhibit HIF1, but its mechanism of action is unknown. Here we investigated the interaction of ACF with DNA and long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) and its function in human endothelial cells. ACF promoted apoptosis and reduced proliferation, network formation, and angiogenic capacity. It also induced changes in gene expression, as determined by RNA sequencing (RNA-seq), which could not be attributed to specific inhibition of HIF1. A similar response was observed in murine lung endothelial cells. Although ACF increased and decreased a similar number of protein-coding genes, lncRNAs were preferentially upregulated under normoxic and hypoxic conditions. An assay for transposase accessibility with subsequent DNA sequencing (ATAC-seq) demonstrated that ACF induced strong changes in chromatin accessibility at lncRNA promoters. Immunofluorescence showed displacement of DNA:RNA hybrids. Such effects might be due to ACF-mediated topoisomerase inhibition, which was indeed the case, as reflected by DNA unwinding assays. Comparison with other acridine derivatives and topoisomerase inhibitors suggested that the specific function of ACF is an effect of acridinium-class compounds. This study demonstrates that ACF inhibits topoisomerases rather than HIF specifically and that it elicits a unique expression response of lncRNAs.
Objectives
To identify the main problem areas in the applicability of the current TNM staging system (8th ed.) for the radiological staging and reporting of rectal cancer and provide practice recommendations on how to handle them.
Methods
A global case-based online survey was conducted including 41 image-based rectal cancer cases focusing on various items included in the TNM system. Cases reaching < 80% agreement among survey respondents were identified as problem areas and discussed among an international expert panel, including 5 radiologists, 6 colorectal surgeons, 4 radiation oncologists, and 3 pathologists.
Results
Three hundred twenty-one respondents (from 32 countries) completed the survey. Sixteen problem areas were identified, related to cT staging in low-rectal cancers, definitions for cT4b and cM1a disease, definitions for mesorectal fascia (MRF) involvement, evaluation of lymph nodes versus tumor deposits, and staging of lateral lymph nodes. The expert panel recommended strategies on how to handle these, including advice on cT-stage categorization in case of involvement of different layers of the anal canal, specifications on which structures to include in the definition of cT4b disease, how to define MRF involvement by the primary tumor and other tumor-bearing structures, how to differentiate and report lymph nodes and tumor deposits on MRI, and how to anatomically localize and stage lateral lymph nodes.
Conclusions
The recommendations derived from this global survey and expert panel discussion may serve as a practice guide and support tool for radiologists (and other clinicians) involved in the staging of rectal cancer and may contribute to improved consistency in radiological staging and reporting.
Phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase type 2α (PI3KC2α) is an essential member of the structurally unresolved class II PI3K family with crucial functions in lipid signaling, endocytosis, angiogenesis, viral replication, platelet formation and a role in mitosis. The molecular basis of these activities of PI3KC2α is poorly understood. Here, we report high-resolution crystal structures as well as a 4.4-Å cryogenic-electron microscopic (cryo-EM) structure of PI3KC2α in active and inactive conformations. We unravel a coincident mechanism of lipid-induced activation of PI3KC2α at membranes that involves large-scale repositioning of its Ras-binding and lipid-binding distal Phox-homology and C-C2 domains, and can serve as a model for the entire class II PI3K family. Moreover, we describe a PI3KC2α-specific helical bundle domain that underlies its scaffolding function at the mitotic spindle. Our results advance our understanding of PI3K biology and pave the way for the development of specific inhibitors of class II PI3K function with wide applications in biomedicine.
While in large clinical laboratories the implementation of total laboratory automation is continuously proceeding, this concept is mostly not suitable for small- and middle-sized laboratories or for testing laboratories of blood donation services due to costs and required space. For these facilities, however, a rational level of automation can be achieved by the installation of stand-alone work cells for pre-analytical and selected analytical processes. In this review, the features of some automated pre-analytical sample processing systems and automated systems for the serological testing for infectious diseases are described exemplarily and compared with each other. The major advantages of automated systems, compared to a solely manual workflow, are described. Essential factors which have to be considered for making the choice for an appropriate automated system are pointed out.
Purpose: Discordance between pre-operative biopsy and final pathology for Upper Tract Urothelial Carcinoma (UTUC) is high and optimal management remains controversial. The aim of this study is to evaluate the accuracy of pre-operative biopsy, to identify prognostic factors and to evaluate the effect of adjuvant chemotherapy on survival and oncologic outcome in UTUC.
Methods: We analyzed records of patients receiving surgical treatment for UTUC. Pathology of pre-operative biopsy was compared to surgical specimen. We used Kaplan-Meier method to estimate survival probabilities and Cox's proportional hazards models to estimate the association between covariates and event times. Primary endpoint was overall survival (OS). A matched-pair analysis was performed to evaluate the effect of adjuvant chemotherapy.
Results: 151 patients underwent surgical treatment (28% open, 36% laparoscopic, 17% robotic radical nephroureterectomy; 14% segmental ureteral resections and 5% palliative nephrectomy) for UTUC and were included in the analysis. Upstaging from <pT1 in endoscopic biopsy to ≥pT1 in final pathology occurred in 61% of patients and upgrading from low-grade to high-grade occurred in 30% of patients. Five-year OS was 59.5%. In the univariate Cox-regression model pathological stage, grade, lymphovascular invasion and positive surgical margins were associated with OS. Matched pair analysis for stage (<pT3; ≥pT3; pN+) and age revealed a significant survival benefit for adjuvant chemotherapy (HR 0.40, 0.14–0.77, p < 0.018) in this cohort.
Conclusion: UTUC is often underestimated in pre-operative biopsy, and it is associated with significant mortality. Pathological stage and grade, lymphovascular invasion and lymph node metastases are predictors of oncologic outcome and survival.
Congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH) is a relatively common and life-threatening birth defect, characterized by an abnormal opening in the primordial diaphragm that interferes with normal lung development. As a result, CDH is accompanied by immature and hypoplastic lungs, being the leading cause of morbidity and mortality in patients with this condition. In recent decades, various animal models have contributed novel insights into the pathogenic mechanisms underlying CDH and associated pulmonary hypoplasia. In particular, the generation of genetically modified mouse models, which show both diaphragm and lung abnormalities, has resulted in the discovery of multiple genes and signaling pathways involved in the pathogenesis of CDH. This article aims to offer an up-to-date overview on CDH-implicated transcription factors, molecules regulating cell migration and signal transduction as well as components contributing to the formation of extracellular matrix, whilst also discussing the significance of these genetic models for studying altered lung development with regard to the human situation.
Background: Photochemical internalization (PCI) is a novel technology for light-induced enhancement of the local therapeutic effect of cancer drugs, utilizing a specially designed photosensitizing molecule (fimaporfin). The photosensitizing molecules are trapped in endosomes along with macromolecules or drugs. Photoactivation of fimaporfin disrupts the endosomal membranes so that drug molecules are released from endosomes inside cells and can reach their therapeutic target in the cell cytosol or nucleus. Compared with photodynamic therapy, the main cytotoxic effect with PCI is disruption of the endosomal membrane resulting in delivery of chemotherapy drug, and not to the photochemical reactions per se. In this study we investigated the effect of PCI with gemcitabine in patients with inoperable perihilar cholangiocarcinoma (CCA).
Methods: The in vitro cytotoxic effect of PCI with gemcitabine was studied on two CCA-derived cell lines. In a fimaporfin dose-escalation phase I clinical study, we administered PCI with gemcitabine in patients with perihilar CCA (n = 16) to establish a safe and tolerable fimaporfin dose and to get early signals of efficacy. The patients enrolled in the study had tumors in which the whole length of the tumor could be illuminated from the inside of the bile duct, using an optical fiber inserted via an endoscope (Fig. 1). Fimaporfin was administered intravenously at day 0; gemcitabine (i.v.) and intraluminal biliary endoscopic laser light application on day 4; followed by standard gemcitabine/cisplatin chemotherapy.
Results: Preclinical experiments showed that PCI enhanced the effect of gemcitabine. In patients with CCA, PCI with gemcitabine was well tolerated with no dose-limiting toxicities, and no unexpected safety signals. Disease control was achieved in 10 of 11 evaluable patients, with a clearly superior effect in the two highest dose groups. The objective response rate (ORR) was 42%, including two complete responses, while ORR at the highest dose was 60%. Progression-free survival at 6 months was 75%, and median overall survival (mOS) was 15.4 months, with 22.8 months at the highest fimaporfin dose.
Conclusion: Photochemical internalization with gemcitabine was found to be safe and resulted in encouraging response and survival rates in patients with unresectable perihilar CCA.
Microstates sind kurzzeitig andauernde, wiederkehrende elektrische Potentialfelder über dem Kortex. Ein Großteil der Signalvarianz des
Elektroenzephalogramms (EEG) wird durch vier repräsentative räumliche Potentialverteilungen (Topographien) abgedeckt, welche bereits im Wachzustand und im Schlaf identifiziert wurden und kanonisch als Karten A-D bezeichnet werden. Microstates wurden in den vergangenen Jahren vor allem im Ruhe-Wach-EEG untersucht, über andere Vigilanzzustände hingegen wissen wir bisher wenig. Klassischerweise analysieren wir verschiedene Vigilanzzustände im Elektroenzephalogramm anhand von Frequenzen und Graphoelementen, die Microstate-Analyse hingegen betrachtet in erster Linie die räumliche Verteilung des kortikalen Potentials zu einem jeweiligen Zeitpunkt.
Die vorliegende Studie hatte zum Ziel, die zeitliche Abfolge von Microstates im Wachzustand und im Schlaf zu charakterisieren. Mittels informationstheoretischer Ansätze können die dynamischen Eigenschaften der Microstate-Sequenz direkt mit den frequenzbasierten Eigenschaften des zugrundeliegenden EEG verglichen werden. Es wurden die Ruhe-Wach- und Schlafdaten von 32 gesunden Probanden analysiert. Hierbei fand sich eine Zunahme der mittleren Microstate-Dauer und der Relaxationszeit der Übergangsmatrix, was langsamere Dynamiken im Schlaf anzeigt. Erstaunlicherweise konnte im Tiefschlaf mehr als die Hälfte der Sequenzen nicht von einem simplen Markov-Modell unterschieden werden, was für eine Abnahme der Komplexität der Microstate-Sequenzen spricht. Die Entropierate der untersuchten Sequenzen nahm mit zunehmender Schlaftiefe ab, was weniger
Zufall bzw. eine größere Vorhersagbarkeit innerhalb der Sequenzen bedeutet.
Darüberhinaus konnte gezeigt werden, dass Microstates immer dann periodisch auftreten, wenn das zugrundeliegende EEG eine dominante Grundfrequenz aufweist, sodass oszillatorische Hirnaktivität auch auf der Microstate-Ebene verfolgbar ist. Hierdurch ist es möglich, physiologische Vigilanzzustände quantitativ voneinander zu unterscheiden.
Interpretiert man Microstates als Korrelate neuronaler Netzwerke, scheinen im Schlaf dieselben oder ähnliche Netzwerke aktiviert zu werden wie im Wachzustand, allerdings mit zunehmender Schlaftiefe langsamer und auf eine weniger komplexe Art und Weise.
The purpose of this study was to investigate which social groups are perceived as a threat target and which are perceived as a threat source during the COVID-19 outbreak. In a German sample (N = 1454) we examined perceptions of social groups ranging from those that are psychologically close and smaller (family, friends, neighbors) to those that are more distal and larger (people living in Germany, humankind). We hypothesized that psychologically closer groups would be perceived as less affected by COVID-19 as well as less threatening than more psychologically distal groups. Based on social identity theorizing, we also hypothesized that stronger identification with humankind would change these patterns. Furthermore, we explored how these threat perceptions relate to adherence to COVID-19 health guidelines. In line with our hypotheses, latent random-slope modelling revealed that psychologically distal and larger groups were perceived as more affected by COVID-19 and as more threatening than psychologically closer and smaller groups. Including identification with humankind as a predictor into the threat target model resulted in a steeper increase in threat target perception patterns, whereas identification with humankind did not predict differences in threat source perceptions. Additionally, an increase in threat source perceptions across social groups was associated with more adherence to health guidelines, whereas an increase in threat target perceptions was not. We fully replicated these findings in a subgroup from the original sample (N = 989) four weeks later. We argue that societal recovery from this and other crises will be supported by an inclusive approach informed by a sense of our common identity as human beings.
Spatial genome organization is tightly controlled by several regulatory mechanisms and is essential for gene expression control. Nuclear receptors are ligand-activated transcription factors that modulate physiological and pathophysiological processes and are primary pharmacological targets. DNA binding of the important loop-forming insulator protein CCCTC-binding factor (CTCF) was modulated by 1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (1,25(OH)2D3). We performed CTCF HiChIP assays to produce the first genome-wide dataset of CTCF long-range interactions in 1,25(OH)2D3-treated cells, and to determine whether dynamic changes of spatial chromatin interactions are essential for fine-tuning of nuclear receptor signaling. We detected changes in 3D chromatin organization upon vitamin D receptor (VDR) activation at 3.1% of all observed CTCF interactions. VDR binding was enriched at both differential loop anchors and within differential loops. Differential loops were observed in several putative functional roles including TAD border formation, promoter-enhancer looping, and establishment of VDR-responsive insulated neighborhoods. Vitamin D target genes were enriched in differential loops and at their anchors. Secondary vitamin D effects related to dynamic chromatin domain changes were linked to location of downstream transcription factors in differential loops. CRISPR interference and loop anchor deletion experiments confirmed the functional relevance of nuclear receptor ligand-induced adjustments of the chromatin 3D structure for gene expression regulation.
Wissenschaftsbasierte und verständliche Gesundheitsinformationen sind ein Kernelement der Evidenzbasierten Medizin und von Public Health. Ziel ist es, informierte Entscheidungen zu ermöglichen, die auf realistischen Einschätzungen von Gesundheitsrisiken sowie von Nutzen und Schaden möglicher Interventionen beruhen. In Deutschland wurden während der COVID-19-Pandemie die Standards für eine evidenzbasierte Risikokommunikation wenig beachtet. Häufig war die öffentliche Berichterstattung einseitig, unvollständig und missverständlich. Bedrohungsszenarien haben emotionalen Stress und unnötige Angst ausgelöst. Eine systematische und umfassende Aufarbeitung der Pandemiemaßnahmen ist auch in Deutschland dringlich geboten. Dabei müsste eine kritisch-konstruktive Analyse der medialen Risikokommunikation von Expert*innen, Politiker*innen und Medien ein zentrales Element der Aufarbeitung sein. Die Ergebnisse sollen helfen, aus der vergangenen Pandemie zu lernen, um für künftige Krisen besser vorbereitet zu sein.
The long-term effect of protection by two doses of SARS-CoV-2 vaccination in patients receiving chronic intermittent hemodialysis (CIHD) is an urging question. We investigated the humoral and cellular immune response of 42 CIHD patients who had received two doses of SARS-CoV-2 vaccine, and again after a booster vaccine with mRNA-1273 six months later. We measured antibody levels and SARS-CoV-2-specific surrogate neutralizing antibodies (SNA). Functional T cell immune response to vaccination was assessed by quantifying interferon-γ (IFN-γ) and IL-2 secreting T cells specific for SARS-CoV-2 using an ELISpot assay. Our data reveal a moderate immune response after the second dose of vaccination, with significantly decreasing SARS-CoV-2-specific antibody levels and less than half of the study group showed neutralizing antibodies six months afterwards. Booster vaccines increased the humoral response dramatically and led to a response rate of 89.2% for antibody levels and a response rate of 94.6% for SNA. Measurement in a no response/low response (NR/LR) subgroup of our cohort, which differed from the whole group in age and rate of immunosuppressive drugs, indicated failure of a corresponding T cell response after the booster vaccine. We strongly argue in favor of a regular testing of surrogate neutralizing antibodies and consecutive booster vaccinations for CIHD patients to provide a stronger and persistent immunity.
Abstract
The co-occurrence of insulin resistance (IR)-related metabolic conditions with neuropsychiatric disorders is a complex public health challenge. Evidence of the genetic links between these phenotypes is emerging, but little is currently known about the genomic regions and biological functions that are involved. To address this, we performed Local Analysis of [co]Variant Association (LAVA) using large-scale (N=9,725-933,970) genome-wide association studies (GWASs) results for three IR-related conditions (type 2 diabetes mellitus, obesity, and metabolic syndrome) and nine neuropsychiatric disorders. Subsequently, positional and expression quantitative trait locus (eQTL)-based gene mapping and downstream functional genomic analyses were performed on the significant loci. Patterns of negative and positive local genetic correlations (|rg|=0.21-1, pFDR<0.05) were identified at 109 unique genomic regions across all phenotype pairs. Local correlations emerged even in the absence of global genetic correlations between IR-related conditions and Alzheimer’s disease, bipolar disorder, and Tourette’s syndrome. Genes mapped to the correlated regions showed enrichment in biological pathways integral to immune-inflammatory function, vesicle trafficking, insulin signalling, oxygen transport, and lipid metabolism. Colocalisation analyses further prioritised 10 genetically correlated regions for likely harbouring shared causal variants, displaying high deleterious or regulatory potential. These variants were found within or in close proximity to genes, such as SLC39A8 and HLA-DRB1, that can be targeted by supplements and already known drugs, including omega-3/6 fatty acids, immunomodulatory, antihypertensive, and cholesterol-lowering drugs. Overall, our findings underscore the complex genetic landscape of IR-neuropsychiatric multimorbidity, advocating for an integrated disease model and offering novel insights for research and treatment strategies in this domain.
Highlights
Local genetic correlations found even in the absence of global correlations.
Both positive and negative local correlations found for IR-neuropsychiatric pairs.
Enrichment for immune, and insulin signalling pathways, among others.
Pinpointed shared likely causal variants within 10 genomic regions.
Identified therapeutic targets, e.g., SLC39A8 and HLA-DRB1, for drug repurposing.
Die Nukleinsäure-Amplifikations Testung (NAT) von Blutprodukten wurde Mitte der 90er Jahre von europäischen Plasma verarbeitenden Firmen und großen deutschen Blutspendediensten entwickelt. Primäres Ziel war eine verbesserte Sicherheit von Blutprodukten, indem das so genannte diagnostische Fenster nach einer Virusinfektion bis zum ersten Nachweis von Antikörpern so weit wie möglich geschlossen werden sollte. Bei einer qualitätsgerechten PCR kommen bereits der Probenentnahme, dem Probentransport sowie der Probenlagerung große Bedeutung zu, da vermieden werden muß, daß es durch ungeeignete Antikoagulanzien oder Entnahmetechniken zu einem Sensitivitätsverlust kommt oder daß Kontaminationen falsch positive Ergebnisse hervorrufen. Wird ein Pooling von Proben durchgeführt, ergibt sich ein Verdünnungsfaktor, weshalb darauf zu achten ist, dass gegebenenfalls nachfolgende Anreicherungsschritte für Viren, wie z.B. eine Zentrifugation, implementiert werden. Der Gesamtprozeß von Pooling und Virusanreicherung ist ebenso wie die Probenvorbereitung durch geeignete Maßnahmen zu validieren und durch Qualitätssicherungsmaßnahmen zu flankieren. Die in der Extraktion der viralen Nukleinsäuren verwendeten Reagenzien sollten im Laboralltag möglichst einfach zu handhaben sein, keine Gefährdung des Laborpersonals darstellen und die Virus-Nukleinsäure gleichzeitig mit höchster Effizienz freisetzen und in sehr hoher Reinheit für die anschließende Amplifikation bereitstellen. Qualitätssicherungmaßnahmen sollen hier sowohl die geforderte Effizienz des Prozesses sichern als auch verhindern, daß es in dieser kritischen Phase zu Kontaminationen kommt. Zur Amplifikation stehen verschiedene Methoden zur Verfügung, wobei die PCR, insbesondere bei inhouse-Systemen, die weiteste Verbreitung gefunden hat. Der Prozeß der Amplifikation sollte möglichst im geschlossenen System erfolgen, wie dies z.B. in Real-time PCR-Systemen die Regel ist, ohne daß das Reaktionsgefäß während oder nach dem Amplifikationsprozeß geöffnet werden muß. Dies gewährleistet eine hohe Sicherheit vor Kontaminationen durch freigesetzte Amplifikate. Im Blutspendewesen ist es von höchster Bedeutung, daß negative Ergebnisse tatsächlich negative Blutspenden anzeigen. Interne Kontrollen, die eine korrekte Funktionsweise jeder individuellen PCR signalisieren, sollten deshalb in jeder Reaktion mitgeführt werden. Neben internen Kontrollen sind externe Negativ- und Positiv-Kontrollen mitzuführen, um falsch positive Reaktionen nachzuweisen bzw. auch die vor der PCR liegenden Prozesse wie Virusanreicherung und Extraktion zu überwachen. Alle Prozesse sind nach den von den Behörden festgelegten Kriterien durchgängig zu validieren, und es ist routinemäßig an externen Qualitätskontrollmaßnahmen (Ringversuchen) teilzunehmen.
Background: For rheumatoid arthritis (RA), the treat-to-target concept suggests attaining remission or at least low disease activity (LDA) after 12 weeks.
Objectives: This German, prospective, multicenter, non-interventional study aimed to determine the proportion of patients with RA who achieved their treat-to-target aim after 12 and 24 weeks of etanercept (ETN) treatment in a real-life setting, as opposed to patients achieving their therapeutic target at a later timepoint (week 36 or 52).
Methods: A total of 824 adults with a confirmed diagnosis of RA without prior ETN treatment were included. Remission and LDA were defined as DAS28 < 2.6 and DAS28 ≤ 3.2, respectively.
Results: The proportion of patients achieving remission was 24% at week 12 and 31% at week 24. The proportion of patients achieving LDA was 39% at week 12 and 45% at week 24. The proportion of patients achieving remission or LDA further increased beyond week 24 up to week 52. Improvement in pain and reduction in concomitant glucocorticoid treatment were observed. Improvements in patient-reported outcomes were also seen in patients who did not reach remission or LDA. No new safety signals were detected.
Conclusions: A considerable proportion of patients with RA attained the target of remission or LDA after 12 weeks of ETN treatment. Even beyond that timepoint, the proportion of patients achieving treatment targets continued to increase up to week 52.
Trial Registration
ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT02486302.
Plain Language Summary
Physicians measure response to treatment of rheumatoid arthritis using a disease activity score (DAS28). People with a DAS28 of less than 2.6 have very few to no symptoms (also called remission). People with a DAS28 of 3.2 or less, called low disease activity, may experience mild symptoms. When people do not respond to treatment after 12 weeks, it is usually recommended to prescribe a different treatment. Researchers do not know how many people who do not respond after 12 weeks would respond if treatment were continued. A total of 824 German people with rheumatoid arthritis who received a drug called etanercept for up to 52 weeks took part in this study. Researchers wanted to know how many people had remission or low disease activity after 12 weeks and 24 weeks of treatment.
After 12 weeks, 24 in 100 people had remission; this increased to 31 in 100 people after 24 weeks. Thirty-nine in 100 people had low disease activity after 12 weeks; this increased to 45 in 100 people after 24 weeks. The number of people with remission or low disease activity increased with longer treatment (up to 52 weeks). People needed less additional treatment with a type of drug called glucocorticoids. The people in this study experienced side effects that were similar to those reported by people who took etanercept in previous studies.
The researchers concluded that a considerable proportion of people responded to treatment with etanercept after 12 weeks. This proportion increased when treatment was continued for longer than 12 weeks.
Porous tantalum trabecular metal biomaterial has a similar structure to trabecular bone, and was recently added to titanium dental implants as a surface enhancement. The purpose of this prospective pilot study was to describe 5-year survival results and crestal bone level changes around immediately-provisionalized Trabecular Metal Dental Implants. Eligible patients were adults in need of ≥1 implants in the posterior jaw. A non-occluding single acrylic provisional crown was in place for up to 14 days before final restoration. Clinical evaluations with radiographs were conducted at each follow-up visit (1 month, 3 months, 6 months, and 1 to 5 years). The primary endpoint was implant survival, characterized using the Kaplan-Meier method. The secondary endpoint was changes in crestal bone level, evaluated using a paired t-test to compare mean crestal bone levels between the baseline, 6-month, and annual follow-up values. In total, 30 patients (37 implants) were treated. Mean patient age was 45.5 years, and 63% were female. There was one implant failure; cumulative survival at 5 years was 97.2%. After the initial bone loss of 0.40 mm in the first 6 months, there were no statistically significant changes in crestal bone level over time up to 5 years of follow-up.
Objective: Liver stiffness measurement (LSM) is a tool used to screen for significant fibrosis and portal hypertension. The aim of this retrospective multicentre study was to develop an easy tool using LSM for clinical outcomes in advanced chronic liver disease (ACLD) patients.
Design: This international multicentre cohort study included a derivation ACLD patient cohort with valid two-dimensional shear wave elastography (2D-SWE) results. Clinical and laboratory parameters at baseline and during follow-up were recorded. LSM by transient elastography (TE) was also recorded if available. The primary outcome was overall mortality. The secondary outcome was the development of first/further decompensation.
Results: After screening 2148 patients (16 centres), 1827 patients (55 years, 62.4% men) were included in the 2D-SWE cohort, with median liver SWE (L-SWE) 11.8 kPa and a model for end stage liver disease (MELD) score of 8. Combination of MELD score and L-SWE predict independently of mortality (AUC 0.8). L-SWE cut-off at ≥20 kPa combined with MELD ≥10 could stratify the risk of mortality and first/further decompensation in ACLD patients. The 2-year mortality and decompensation rates were 36.9% and 61.8%, respectively, in the 305 (18.3%) high-risk patients (with L-SWE ≥20 kPa and MELD ≥10), while in the 944 (56.6%) low-risk patients, these were 1.1% and 3.5%, respectively. Importantly, this M10LS20 algorithm was validated by TE-based LSM and in an additional cohort of 119 patients with valid point shear SWE-LSM.
Conclusion: The M10LS20 algorithm allows risk stratification of patients with ACLD. Patients with L-SWE ≥20 kPa and MELD ≥10 should be followed closely and receive intensified care, while patients with low risk may be managed at longer intervals.
Rationale: Studies have suggested mental health improvements following the use of the psychotropic plant concoction ayahuasca in non-clinical and clinical samples.
Objectives: The present observational study assessed depressive symptomatology in 20 clinically depressed patients (symptom score > 13 on the Beck’s Depression Inventory) before attendance of an ayahuasca ceremony and 1 month and 1 year after. Secondary measures included ratings of altered states of consciousness and ego dissolution during the ayahuasca ceremony as well as global measures of mindfulness, satisfaction with life, depression, anxiety, and stress.
Results: Twenty participants completed baseline and 1-day follow-up, 19 completed measures at 1-month follow-up, and 17 completed measures at 1-year follow-up. BDI scores reduced from baseline (M = 22.7) to all post-ceremony measures (Ms 11.45, 12.89, and 8.88, for 1-day, 1-month, and 1-year follow-up, respectively). After 1 day, 12/20 participants were in remission (BDI < 13). Remission rates after 1 month and 1 year were 13/19 and 12/17, respectively. Three participants remained mildly depressed (BDI 14–19) at the 1-month and 1-year follow-up. Two participants did not respond and remained at a moderate/severe level of depression at 1-year follow-up. Reductions on the secondary mental health measures and increases in mindfulness and satisfaction with life were found up to 1 year post-ceremony. Improvements in clinical depression and mental health correlated with levels of experienced ego dissolution and oceanic boundlessness during the ceremony up to 1 month after the ceremony. Engagement in additional mental health treatments or use of another psychedelic during study participation may have contributed to improved mental health ratings at 1-year follow-up.
Conclusion: Ayahuasca produces long-term mental health improvements in clinically depressed patients, which highlights its therapeutic potential.
Oxytocin, welches primär als Hormon bekannt ist, beeinflusst als Neuromodulator viele kognitive Prozesse, die an sozialem Verhalten, wie Sprache, beteiligt sind. Einerseits verändert es akustische Merkmale von gesprochener Sprache, andererseits erleichtert es auf perzeptueller Ebene die Emotionserkennung in der Sprachwahrnehmung und Körpersprache. Bislang war nicht bekannt, wie Oxytocin Hirnaktivität während des Sprechens verändert. Wir hypothetisierten, dass dieser Neuromodulator ähnlich wie Dopamin kortiko-basale Schaltkreise bahnen könnte.
Wir führten eine doppelt-verblindete Verhaltens- und funktionelle Kernspintomographiestudie durch, in der 52 gesunde Probanden an zwei getrennten Untersuchungsterminen entweder intranasales Oxytocin oder ein Placebo erhielten. Die Teilnehmer lasen Sätze außerhalb des Kernspintomographen und im Scanner leise oder laut mit entweder neutraler oder fröhlicher Intonation vor.
Die Verabreichung von Oxytocin erhöhte den zweiten Formanten der produzierten Vokale. Höhere Frequenzen dieses akustischen Parameters wurden zuvor mit einer positiven Valenz gesprochener Sprache in Verbindung gebracht; jedoch konnten unabhängige Beurteiler*innen die akustischen Unterschiede in unserem experimentellen Setting nicht konsistent unterscheiden.
Als neuronales Korrelat verstärkte Oxytocin die präparatorische subkortikale Gehirnaktivität im ventralen Pallidum und Striatum. Auch kortikal erhöhte Oxytocin präparatorische Gehirnaktivität in Regionen des dorsalen wie auch des ventralen Sprachverarbeitungsstroms, in sensomotorischen Kortizes und limbischen sowie exekutiven Regionen. In einigen dieser Regionen modulierte der genetische Oxytocin- Rezeptor-Polymorphismus rs53576 die durch die Oxytocin-Verabreichung verursachte Gehirnaktivität. Ähnlich wie Dopamin modulierte Oxytocin außerdem kortiko-basale Schaltkreise, die an der Generierung von fröhlicher Prosodie beteiligt sind. Während der Vorbereitung von Sprache erhöhte der Neuromodulator die funktionelle Konnektivität zwischen dem ventralem Pallidum und dem dorsolateralen präfrontalen Kortex mit einem spiegelbildlichen Profil während des eigentlichen Sprechens, einen Effekt den wir als „gating“ (Bahnung) interpretierten.
Unsere Ergebnisse legen nahe, dass mehrere neuronale Prozesse, die der Sprachproduktion zugrundeliegen, durch Oxytocin moduliert werden. Das Muster ähnelt hierbei dem anderer Neuromodulatoren wie Dopamin. Die vorliegende Arbeit charakterisiert somit erstmals Oxytocineffekte auf die mit Sprachproduktion assoziierte Hirnaktivität und funktionelle Konnektivität.
Epigenetic regulation of inflammation by microRNAs in post-infectious bronchiolitis obliterans
(2022)
Objectives: Post-infectious bronchiolitis obliterans (PiBO) is a rare, chronic disease initiated by severe infection and followed by perpetuating inflammation and obliteration of the small airways. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) have been proposed to play a central role as epigenetic regulators, which control resolution and prevent the uncontrolled progress of inflammation. The aim of this study was to define biomarkers on the level of post-transcriptional gene regulation in order to characterise PiBO.
Methods: A total of 39 patients with well-defined PiBO and 31 controls from two centres, Barcelona, Spain, and Frankfurt, Germany, were analysed by next-generation sequencing (NGS). The evaluation of the biological targets of the miRNAs was performed by pathway enrichment analysis and protein–protein interaction network analysis respectively.
Results: Patients with PiBO had significantly lower lung function values and increased airway inflammation in induced sputum as indicated by total cell counts, neutrophils, IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8 and TGF-β compared to controls.
Next-generation sequencing analysis revealed a total of 22 dysregulated miRNAs, which passed significance threshold for Padj ≤ 0.001 with 17 being upregulated and 5 being downregulated. Of these dysregulated miRNAs, miR-335-5p, miR-186-5p, miR-30b-5p and miR-30c-5p were further validated using qRT-PCR. Interestingly, these miRNAs are functionally implicated in cytokine–cytokine receptor interaction, TGF-β signalling and FoxO signalling pathway and significantly correlated with lung function values (FEV1).
Conclusion: Our results demonstrate an aberrant miRNA expression profile in PiBO, which impacts pathways responsible for the regulation of inflammation and fibrosis. The defined miRNAs are useful biomarkers and should be assessed as potential target in the field of miRNA therapeutics.
Einleitung : Eine sinnvolle Einbindung von Pflegefachpersonen mit Hochschulabschluss in die Versorgungsabläufe wird international häufig mit besseren Behandlungsergebnissen bei den Patient*innen assoziiert. In Deutschland fehlt es derzeit noch an verlässlichen Zahlen über Absolvent*innen und deren Aufgabenfeldern. Ziel dieser Erhebung war daher, durch Wiederholung einer früheren Erhebung erneut den Anteil von Pflegefachpersonen mit Bachelor- oder Masterabschlüssen in der direkten Patient*innenversorgung zu ermitteln.
Methode: In einer Querschnittserhebung wurden die Pflegedirektor*innen der Universitätskliniken und Medizinischen Hochschulen (UK) Deutschlands mittels einer standardisierten Befragung nach der Anzahl der Pflegefachpersonen mit Hochschulabschlüssen (Bachelor, Master und Doktor) gefragt. Weitere Fragen betrafen deren Aufgabengebiete und Integrationsmaßnahmen. Die Daten wurden mittels deskriptiver Statistik ausgewertet.
Ergebnisse: Insgesamt konnten n = 29 gültige Fragebögen aus 35 UK in die Analyse eingeschlossen werden, daraus ergibt sich eine Rücklaufquote von 82,85%. Für insgesamt 18 UK konnte eine Steigerung der hochschulisch qualifizierten Pflegefachpersonen um n = 786, von 2015 (n = 593) auf 2018 (n = 1379) erreicht werden. Der Anteil an Pflegefachpersonen mit Hochschulabschluss in den teilnehmenden UK liegt bei 3,16% (SD = 1,66; Min - Max = 1,09 - 6,69; Q1 - Q3 = 1,49 - 4,04; 95% KI = 2,30 – 3,95). In der direkten Versorgung beträgt der Anteil 2,11% (SD = 1,40; Min – Max = 0,47 - 5,42; Q1 – Q3 = 0,87 – 3,16; 95% KI 1,36 - 2,76). Die Aufgabenschwerpunkte liegen im Bereich der Regelversorgung und Patient*innenedukation (Bachelorabsolvent*innen), der evidenzbasierten Pflegepraxisentwicklung (Masterabsolvent*innen) und Forschung (promovierte Absolvent*innen).
Diskussion: Im Vergleich zu 2015 ist der Anteil hochschulisch qualifizierter Pflegefachpersonen zwar angestiegen, doch er liegt immer noch auf einem sehr niedrigen Niveau. Die Hochschulabsolvent*innen nehmen versorgungs- und entwicklungsrelevante Aufgaben wahr, doch besteht hinsichtlich ihrer Aufgabengebiete Bedarf an kompetenzorientierter Differenzierung.
Glecaprevir/pibrentasvir, a pangenotypic, direct-acting antiviral combination approved for chronic hepatitis C virus treatment, has limited real-world evidence supporting 8-week therapy in compensated cirrhosis. We investigated effectiveness and safety of 187 hepatitis C virus-infected, treatment-naïve, patients with compensated cirrhosis receiving 8-week glecaprevir/pibrentasvir therapy in the German Hepatitis C-Registry between 2 August 2017 and 1 January 2020. Sustained virologic response was 98.4% (127/129) in the per-protocol analysis (excluding patients lost to follow-up or who discontinued treatment due to compliance) and was 85.8% (127/148) in patients with data available in an intention-to-treat analysis. Nineteen patients were lost to follow-up; nine genotype 3 patients, nine nongenotype 3 patients and one mixed genotype patient. One patient relapsed, and one died, unrelated to treatment. Adverse events (>5%) were fatigue and headache. Two serious adverse events occurred; no adverse events resulted in drug discontinuation. An 8-week glecaprevir/pibrentasvir therapy was effective and well-tolerated in this real-world analysis.
Hintergrund: Bei der Operation einer ATAD sind Patienten aufgrund multipler komplexer Faktoren gefährdet perioperative permanente neurologische Defizite zu erleiden. Da perioperative PND die Mortalität signifikant steigern, ist die Kenntnis über potentielle Risikofaktoren für ein PND von großem Wert, nicht zuletzt um bestmöglich auf jeden Patientenfall vorbereitet sein zu können und Therapiestrategien zu optimieren.
Diese retrospektive Studie soll prä- und intraoperative Risikofaktoren für die Entstehung eines PND nach der Operation einer ATAD herausfiltern.
Material und Methoden: Patientendaten von Patienten mit ATAD (n=305), die sich im Zeitraum von 2001 – 2017 am Universitätsklinikum Frankfurt in der Abteilung für Herz- und Gefäßchirurgie einer Operation unterzogen haben, wurden retrospektiv mittels univariater Analyse und multivariater logistischer Regression analysiert.
Ergebnisse: Die PND-Rate innerhalb der Studienpopulation betrug 13%. Mit hoher statistischer Signifikanz konnte eine Form der hämodynamischen Instabilität als präoperativer Risikofaktor für die Entstehung eines perioperativen PND identifiziert werden (OR 9,53; p<0.001). Weiterhin konnte gezeigt werden, dass das Vorhandensein einer Karotisstenose das perioperative PND-Risiko ungünstig beeinflusst (OR 2,68, p=0,04). Ein präoperativer Sinusrhythmus kann die perioperative PND-Rate günstig beeinflussen (OR 0,2, p=0,01). Die univariate Analyse konnte signifikant belegen, dass Operationszeiten > 300 Minuten und EKZ-Zeiten > 160 Minuten das PND-Risiko ungünstig beeinflussen. Andere Risikofaktoren wie z.B. die Art der Hirnperfusion oder der Grad des hypothermischen Kreislausstillstandes, die zumindest klinische Signifikanz zu haben scheinen, konnten in dieser Arbeit keine statistische Signifikanz erzielen, was ggf. Ausdruck der Limitationen retrospektiver Arbeiten ist.
Fazit: Eine hämodynamische Instabilität stellt einen präoperativen Risikofaktor für die Entstehung eines PND nach der Operation einer ATAD dar. Zu den identifizierten präoperativen Risikofaktoren, die die PND-Rate ungünstig beeinflussen gehört außerdem das Vorhandensein einer Karotisstenose, während das Vorhandensein eines Sinusrhythmus die PND-Rate günstig beeinflusst.
Das Zeitmanagement bei der Operation einer ATAD ist entscheidend, um peri-operativen PND vorbeugen zu können. Eine Operationszeit > 300 Minuten und eine EKZ-Zeit von > 160 Minuten sind mit wesentlich höheren PND-Raten assoziiert und stellen somit intraoperative Risikofaktorenfür die Entstehung eines PND bei der Operation einer ATAD dar.
Untersuchung von Arachidonsäuremetaboliten im Zusammenhang mit "Post exercixe hypotonia" (PEH)
(2023)
Post exercise hypotonia (PEH) ist das Phänomen kurzfristiger Blutdrucksenkung in der Erholungsphase nach einer Sporteinheit. Bei der Ausprägung von PEH besteht eine hohe interindividuelle Variabilität, allerdings gibt es eine Korrelation zwischen PEH und langfristigen Erfolgen von Sporttherapie bei Hypertonikern.
Die Mechanismen sind unklar und man geht davon aus, dass lokale, vasoaktive Substanzen – und unter diesen möglicherweise sogenannte bioaktive Lipide – eine Rolle spielen. Ziel dieser Arbeit war, in einer Pilot-Studie Arachidonsäure-Metabolite im Zusammenhang mit PEH zu untersuchen. Es konnte gezeigt werden, dass die untersuchten AA-Metabolite (Hydroxyeicosatetraensäuren (HE-TEs), Dihydroxyeicosatriensäuren (DHETs), Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) und Thromboxan (TXA)) mit einer schnellen Kinetik in der frühen Erholungsphase im Plasma anfluten. Konzentrationsveränderungen von 15-HETE korrelierten mit der Ausprägung von PEH, allerdings unabhängig von AA-Spiegeln. Eine direkte vasoaktive Funktion von 15-HETE wird in der Literatur kontrovers diskutiert. Das 15-HETE-produzierende Enzym 15-LOX aber wird als induzierbarer Endothelium-Derived Hyperpolarizing Factor (EDHF) diskutiert. Möglicherweise könnte 15-HETE somit eine Indikatorsubstanz für die Induktion von 15-Lipoxygenase (LOX) und somit weiteren, direkt vasoaktiven 15-LOX Produkten sein.
Ein weiteres Ziel der Arbeit war die Untersuchung eines möglichen Zusammenhangs zwischen Immunzellregulation und PEH nach Sport. Starke körperliche Aktivität führt zu komplexen immunologischen, inflammatorischen und metabolischen Prozessen. Ein Anstieg von Leukozyten im peripheren Blut nach Sport ist seit Langem bekannt. Der Neutrophilen/Lymphozyten (N/L)-Index hat in den vergangenen Jahren im Rahmen der Risikoeinschätzung kardiovaskulärer Erkrankungen zunehmend an Bedeutung gewonnen. Im Rahmen dieser Studie konnten wir zeigen, dass unter den gegebenen Bedingungen nicht der N/L-Index, sondern viel mehr der verzögerte Lymphozytenanstieg in der Erholungsphase mit der
Ausprägung von PEH korreliert. Fettsäure-metabolisierende Enzyme in Neutrophilen stiegen im Rahmen der Sportintervention signifikant. Die Expressionsanalyse verschiedener inflammatorischer Enzyme ergab eine negative Korrelation von Cyclooxygenase (COX)-2 Expression mit der Ausprägung von PEH. Somit lässt sich die Hypothese aufstellen, dass eine stärkere Ausprägung inflammatorischer Signalwege mit COX-2 Expressionssteigerung eine PEH reduzieren könnte. Peroxisom-Proliferator-aktivierte Rezeptoren (PPAR) als nukleäre Rezeptoren für bioaktive Lipide stellen ein Bindeglied für metabolische und entzündliche epigenetische Effekte im Rahmen von Sport dar. Im Rahmen der Studie konnten wir eine starke Korrelation zwischen der Induktion von PPAR-delta und der COX-2 Expressionssteigerung in Neutrophilen feststellen. Im Rahmen dieser explorativen Pilotstudie konnte gezeigt werden, dass AA und ihre Metabolie einer schnellen Kinetik nach Sport unterliegen und 15-HETE sowie im Blut zirkulierende Immunzellen möglicherweise bei der Ausprägung von PEH eine Rolle spielen und als Prädiktoren des Therapieerfolgs oder als Parameter zur Therapieindividualisierung für Sportprogramme bei Hypertonikern genutzt werden könnten.
Die akute Nierenschädigung ist ein häufiges klinisches Erscheinungsbild, das trotz der heutigen Erkenntnisse über pathophysiologische Abläufe in der Niere mit einer erhöhten Morbidität und Mortalität assoziiert ist. Die eigene Fähigkeit der Niere zur Regeneration stellt ein Potenzial dar, das durch die Unterstützung pro-regenerativer Faktoren das Patientenüberleben verbessern kann. Das Wissen, dass die akute Nierenschädigung ein reversibles Ereignis darstellt, bestärkt den Einsatz der Forschung pro-regenerative Einflussfaktoren zu bestimmen, deren Zusammenhang darzustellen und eine mögliche Strategie zur innovativen Therapie zu entwickeln. Um eine akute Nierenschädigung darzustellen und anschließend auf regenerative Prozesse zu untersuchen, wurde ein Cisplatin-induziertes in vitro-Schädigungsmodell an primären Tubulusepithelzellen (mTEZ) aus Wildtyp Mäusen etabliert. Nach Isolation und Kultivierung primärer mTEZ erfolgte die Schädigung mit Cisplatin, die anhand eines Zytotoxizitätsnachweises quantifiziert wurde. Makrophagen zeichnen sich durch ihre funktionale Vielfalt in physiologischen als auch pathophysiologischen Abläufen aus. Ihre Plastizität ermöglicht es ihnen, sich entsprechend des umgebenden Milieus mit ihrem Phänotyp anzupassen und folglich in Form eines pro-regenerativen Makrophagen Proliferation und Reparaturprozesse zu unterstützen. Für die Untersuchung einer Makrophagen-vermittelten, pro-regenerativen Wirkung auf geschädigte mTEZ wurden primäre Zellen aus dem Knochenmark von Mäusen isoliert und zu Makrophagen differenziert. Zur Ausprägung eines pro-regenerativen Makrophagen Phänotyps erfolgte die Stimulation der kultivierten Makrophagen durch Inkubation mit Interleukin-10 (IL-10) und die Herstellung eines konditionierten Mediums (KM). Lipocalin-2 (Lcn-2) ist bekannt als früher Biomarker im Rahmen der akuten Nierenschädigung, aber zeichnet sich zusätzlich durch seine pro-proliferative Wirkung und regenerative Funktion aus. Lcn-2 ist ein Protein, das Eisen mit hoher Affinität bindet und in Makrophagen als alternativer Eisen-Transportmechanismus dient. In der vorliegenden Untersuchung stellte sich bei Stimulation mit IL-10 ein pro-regenerativer Makrophagen Phänotyp dar, der sich durch eine erhöhte Eisenfreisetzung und dem erhöhten Nachweis von Eisen-beladenen Lcn-2 im KM auszeichnete (holo-Lcn-2). Um den Zusammenhang von Lcn-2 aus IL-10-stimulierten Makrophagen und die regenerativen Eigenschaften auf mTEZ zu untersuchen, wurde ein Versuchsaufbau etabliert, indem mTEZ mit Cisplatin geschädigt und anschließend ein KM von IL-10-stimulierten Wildtyp (WT) oder Lcn-2 knockout Makrophagen hinzugefügt wurde. Zusätzlich wurde ein rekombinantes holo-Lcn-2 hergestellt, das als Zugabe zu KM von Lcn-2 knockout Makrophagen der Wiederherstellung und der Untersuchung eines Lcn-2-abhängigen Mechanismus diente. Als Merkmal einer Zellregeneration wurden die epitheliale Integrität und die Reorganisation des Zytoskeletts bestimmt. Ergänzend konnte mit Hilfe der Expression von Proliferationsmarkern sowie einer Echtzeitmessung der Proliferationsrate eine zunehmende Proliferation geschädigter mTEZ nach Zugabe von KM aus Makrophagen in Abhängigkeit von Lcn-2 bewiesen werden. Anschließend wurde eine Analyse des Eisengehalts im Zelllysat von mTEZ durchgeführt. Hierbei konnte ein signifikanter Anstieg des Eisengehaltes in mTEZ nach Zugabe von KM aus WT Makrophagen als auch durch Ergänzung von rekombinanten holo-Lcn-2 zu KM aus Lcn-2 knockout Makrophagen nachgewiesen werden. In der Korrelation zwischen Eisenmenge im Zelllysat der mTEZ und der Proliferationsrate ergab sich eine zunehmende Proliferation mit Anstieg des Eisengehaltes der Zelle. Zusammenfassend ergaben unsere Untersuchungen, dass KM aus pro-regenerativen Makrophagen die Überlebensfähigkeit von mTEZ nach Cisplatin-Schädigung steigert. Es zeigte sich auch eine durch Lcn-2 geförderte epitheliale Integrität sowie ein pro-proliferativer Effekt. Die regenerativen Effekte an mTEZ wurden durch Lcn-2 aus KM von IL-10-stimulierten Makrophagen über seine Eisen-bindende Funktion vermittelt. Über die Ausschüttung von Lcn-2 vermitteln pro-regenerative Makrophagen vermutlich die Zell-Regeneration von mTEZ, indem Lcn-2 toxisches Eisen von geschädigten und apoptotischen Zellen aus der Umgebung bindet, es Zielzellen als holo-Lcn-2 zur Verfügung stellt und hierdurch die Proliferation induziert.
Understanding how epigenetic variation in non-coding regions is involved in distal gene-expression regulation is an important problem. Regulatory regions can be associated to genes using large-scale datasets of epigenetic and expression data. However, for regions of complex epigenomic signals and enhancers that regulate many genes, it is difficult to understand these associations. We present StitchIt, an approach to dissect epigenetic variation in a gene-specific manner for the detection of regulatory elements (REMs) without relying on peak calls in individual samples. StitchIt segments epigenetic signal tracks over many samples to generate the location and the target genes of a REM simultaneously. We show that this approach leads to a more accurate and refined REM detection compared to standard methods even on heterogeneous datasets, which are challenging to model. Also, StitchIt REMs are highly enriched in experimentally determined chromatin interactions and expression quantitative trait loci. We validated several newly predicted REMs using CRISPR-Cas9 experiments, thereby demonstrating the reliability of StitchIt. StitchIt is able to dissect regulation in superenhancers and predicts thousands of putative REMs that go unnoticed using peak-based approaches suggesting that a large part of the regulome might be uncharted water.
Highlights
• Single nucleotide variants (SNVs) may affect transcription factor (TF) binding
• Fast statistical approach to assess significance of differential TF binding for SNVs
• Validate new approach on in vitro and in vivo TF binding assays
• Applications on GWAS SNVs and large eQTL studies illustrate utility
Summary
Non-coding variants located within regulatory elements may alter gene expression by modifying transcription factor (TF) binding sites, thereby leading to functional consequences. Different TF models are being used to assess the effect of DNA sequence variants, such as single nucleotide variants (SNVs). Often existing methods are slow and do not assess statistical significance of results. We investigated the distribution of absolute maximal differential TF binding scores for general computational models that affect TF binding. We find that a modified Laplace distribution can adequately approximate the empirical distributions. A benchmark on in vitro and in vivo datasets showed that our approach improves upon an existing method in terms of performance and speed. Applications on eQTLs and on a genome-wide association study illustrate the usefulness of our statistics by highlighting cell type-specific regulators and target genes. An implementation of our approach is freely available on GitHub and as bioconda package.
Human 5-lipoxygenase (5-LO) is the key enzyme of leukotriene biosynthesis, mostly expressed in leukocytes and thus a crucial component of the innate immune system.
In this study, we show that 5-LO, besides its canonical function as an arachidonic acid metabolizing enzyme, is a regulator of gene expression associated with euchromatin. By Crispr-Cas9-mediated 5-LO knockout (KO) in MonoMac6 (MM6) cells and subsequent RNA-Seq analysis, we identified 5-LO regulated genes which could be clustered to immune/defense response, cell adhesion, transcription and growth/developmental processes. Analysis of differentially expressed genes identified cyclooxygenase-2 (COX2, PTGS2) and kynureninase (KYNU) as strongly regulated 5-LO target genes. 5-LO knockout affected MM6 cell adhesion and tryptophan metabolism via inhibition of the degradation of the immunoregulator kynurenine. By subsequent FAIRE-Seq and 5-LO ChIP-Seq analyses, we found an association of 5-LO with euchromatin, with prominent 5-LO binding to promoter regions in actively transcribed genes. By enrichment analysis of the ChIP-Seq results, we identified potential 5-LO interaction partners. Furthermore, 5-LO ChIP-Seq peaks resemble patterns of H3K27ac histone marks, suggesting that 5-LO recruitment mainly takes place at acetylated histones.>
In summary, we demonstrate a noncanonical function of 5-LO as transcriptional regulator in monocytic cells.
The hepatitis B virus is one of the most common causes of virus-related chronic liver disease and remains a major global health problem affecting 296 million people worldwide. Despite an available and highly effective vaccination, hepatitis B infections lead to an annual mortality rate of approximately 0.8 million people. The global prevalence is heterogeneously distributed and reflects a high infections and chronicity, particularly in low-income countries, due to a lack of vaccination strategies, underdiagnosis and low treatment rates. A complete cure remains undiscovered to this day. Based on their genetic makeup, the virus is categorized into nine genotypes with a genetic difference of more than 8% within the sequence. In addition to their geographical distribution, hepatitis B virus genotypes also differ in terms of their clinical outcome, pathogenesis and treatment response.
The viral protein HBx is known to interact with several cellular signaling pathways and is thereby accounted as the driving force in the development of hepatitis B virus-associated pathogenesis and progression of hepatocellular carcinoma. In particular, HBx interacts with mitochondria and induces profound alterations in the mitochondrial morphology and function with a severe impact on the liver’s physiology and with an emerging role in liver-related disease progression.
This study aims to investigate the genotype-related impact of HBx with regard to their interaction with cellular signaling pathways. A particular focus was placed on mitochondria-dependent interactions and signaling pathways in order to broaden the understanding of the genetic diversity of the genotypes.
Differences between genotypes of HBx were examined and compared through in vitro experiments based on a cell culture-based system. Plasmid DNA encoding the HBx protein of the different genotypes was transiently transfected into Huh7 or HepG2 cells and examined for molecular and protein-biochemical effects on the host cell, usually 72 hours after transfection. This study focused on the most common genotypes A, B, C, D, E and G worldwide.
Based on initial kinome profiling analyses, it was found that HBx differs greatly within their genetic variants and suggests different effects on overall cell function and in particular on mitochondrial kinases. Furthermore, confocal laser scanning microscopy reveals profound HBx-mediated changes in the mitochondrial network structure, however with major differences among the different genotypes. In particular, HBx of genotypes A and G causes enormous fragmentation of mitochondrial structures, accompanied by emergent changes in mitochondrial function. Due to an increased interaction with the voltage-dependent anion channel 3, a significant loss of mitochondrial membrane potential was also observed, together with an increased radial oxygen stress level and an induction of central mitochondria-dependent inflammatory mediators. In contrast, the contribution of HBx-genotype B and E reveals only moderate effects in these regards. Using a pH-sensitive reporter system, HBx genotypes which previously indicated a strong distribution in the mitochondrial morphology and function, also showed an elevated mitophagy through the PINK1/Parkin-mediated pathway. This study provides direct evidence that HBx-mediated changes in host cell signaling pathways, especially in mitochondrial-associated pathways, fundamentally dependent on the different genotypes. In addition, the results also indicate an important role of HBx in the process of genotype-dependent liver pathogenesis and provide insight into the underlying cellular mechanisms and signaling pathways.
Osteocalcin (auch Bone 6 la Protein [B G P] genannt), ein 49 Aminosäuren enthaltendes Knochenmatrixprotein, wird in den Osteoblasten synthetisiert und bei gesteigertem Knochenumsatz im Serum erhöht gefunden. Osteocalcin im Serum kann mittels eines Hadioimmunoassays gemessen werden. Die Werte steigen mit dem Lebensalter an und zeigen einen zirkadianen Rhythmus. Beim primären Hyperparathyreoidismus sind die Osteocalcinwerte erhöht. Bei Patienten mit Mammacarcinom zeigt ein Osteocalcinanstieg stets eine Metastasierung im Knochen an. Die Hyperthyreose geht mit erhöhten Osteocalcinwerten einher. Über den diagnostischen Wert einer Osteocalcinbestimmung beim Plasmozytom läßt sich zur Zeit noch keine sichere Aussage machen. Patienten mit einer histomorphometrisch gesicherten „low-turnover'"Osteoporose weisen niedrige Osteocalclnspiegel auf. Die stark erhöhten Osteocalcinwerte bei der renalen Osteopathie (sekundärer Hyperparathyreoidismus, Osteomalazie) sind z.T. auch au feine verminderte renale Elimination von Osteocalcin bei eingeschränkter glomerulärer Filtrationsrate zurückzuführen. Zusammenfassend stellt die Osteocalcinbestimmung eine Bereicherung der diagnostischen Möglichkeiten zur Beurteilung des Knochenumsatzes darf sollte vorerst jedoch noch vorwiegend wissenschaftlichen Fragestellungen vorbehalten sein.
Im Zeitraum von 1991 - 1992 wurden 2000 Stuhlproben von a) Tropenreisenden (n = 600), b) Patienten mit Durch fall (n = 500) und c) Patienten mit gastrointestinalen Symptomen, jedoch ohne Durchfall (n = 900) auf Campylobacter spp. untersucht Hierfür wurden drei Kultivierungsmethoden parallel eingesetzt: 7. eine Filtermembranmethode, 2. ein blutfreies Campylobacter-Selektivmedium und 3. ein Blutmedium mit Butzler-Supplement Zusätzlich wurde der Einfluß von Transportbedingungen untersucht mittels Vergleiches zwischen Nativ-Stuhlproben versus Stühlen, die in ein Transportnährmedium (Cary-Blair-Medium) gegeben worden waren (n = 517).
Insgesamt waren 54/2000 (2,7%) Stuhlproben positiv. Die Campylobacter-Auffindungsrate in flüssigen Stühlen (Gruppe B) lag dreifach höher im Vergleich zu nicht-durchfälligen Proben (p < 0.01). In den Gruppen b) und c) waren Patienten, die älter als 40 Jahre waren, signifikant seltener mit Campylobacter infiziert als jüngere Personen, während es bei den Tropenreisenden keinen Alterseffekt gab. Unter den drei Kultivierungsmethoden war das Filtermembranverfahren dasjenige mit der besten Campylobacter-Ausbeute (p < 0.01): Methode 1 ergab 57,5%, Methode 2 50% und Methode 3 40,7% positive Isolate. Durch den Einsatz von Cary-Blair-Transportmedium konnte die Campylobacter-Isolierungsrate um 25% gesteigert werden. Die am häufigsten isolierten Spezies waren C. jejuni und C. coli.
Das neue immunoluminometrische BeriLux® PSA - ein Test für das Routinelabor. Ein Methodenvergleich
(1993)
In dieser Studie wurde der immunoluminometrische BeriLux® PSA-Test mit zwei radio-immunologischen und einem fluorometrischen Verfahren verglichen. Für den BeriLux® PSA wurden an 150 gesunden Probanden (100 Männer und 50 Frauen) die Referenzbereiche ermittelt. Bei Männern lag die 95%-Perzentile bei 3,77 ng/ml, für Frauen lag die 95%-Perzentile bei0,1 ng/ml. Der Korrelationskoeffizient zwischen der immunoluminometrischen Methode und radioimmunologischen Methode liegt bei r = 0,99, die analytische Sensitivität von BeriLux9 PSA liegt bei 0,03 ng/ml. Die Stabilität der Serumproben bei Lagerungstemperaturen zwischen 2°C und 8°C ist über einen Tag garantiert. Über diesen Zeitraum hinaussollten Serumproben bei -20° C gelagert werden.
Purpose: To assess the diagnostic precision of three different workstations for measuring thoracic aortic aneurysms (TAAs) in vivo and ex vivo using either pre-interventional computed tomography angiography scans (CTA) or a specifically designed phantom model.
Methods: This retrospective study included 23 patients with confirmed TAA on routinely performed CTAs. In addition to phantom tube diameters, one experienced blinded radiologist evaluated the dimensions of TAAs on three different workstations in two separate rounds. Precision was assessed by calculating measurement errors. In addition, correlation analysis was performed using Pearson correlation.
Results: Measurements acquired at the Siemens workstation deviated by 3.54% (range, 2.78–4.03%; p = 0.14) from the true size, those at General Electric by 4.05% (range, 1.46–7.09%; p < 0.0001), and at TeraRecon by 4.86% (range, 3.22–6.45%; p < 0.0001). Accordingly, Siemens provided the most precise workstation at simultaneously most fluctuating values (scattering of 4.46%). TeraRecon had the smallest fluctuation (scattering of 2.83%), but the largest deviation from the true size of the phantom. The workstation from General Electric showed a scattering of 2.94%. The highest overall correlation between the 1st and 2nd rounds was observed with measurements from Siemens (r = 0.898), followed by TeraRecon (r = 0.799), and General Electric (r = 0.703). Repetition of measurements reduced processing times by 40% when using General Electric, by 20% with Siemens, and by 18% with TeraRecon.
Conclusions: In conclusion, all three workstations facilitated precise assessment of dimensions in the majority of cases at simultaneously high reproducibility, ensuring accurate pre-interventional planning of thoracic endovascular aortic repair.
Background: Opsoclonus-myoclonus syndrome (OMS) is a rare, immune-mediated neurological disorder. In adults, the pathogenesis can be idiopathic, post-infectious or paraneoplastic, the latter etiology belonging to the ever-expanding group of defined paraneoplastic neurological syndromes (PNS). In contrast to other phenotypes of PNS, OMS cannot be ascribed to a single pathogenic autoantibody. Here, we report the first detailed case of paraneoplastic, antibody-negative OMS occurring in association with a pancreatic neuroendocrine tumor (pNET).
Case presentation: A 33-year-old female presented with a two-week history of severe ataxia of stance and gait, dysarthria, head tremor, myoclonus of the extremities and opsoclonus. Her past medical history was notable for a metastatic pancreatic neuroendocrine tumor, and she was subsequently diagnosed with paraneoplastic opsoclonus-myoclonus syndrome. Further workup did not reveal a paraneoplastic autoantibody. She responded well to plasmapheresis, as she was refractory to the first-line therapy with corticosteroids.
Conclusions: This case expands current knowledge on tumors associated with paraneoplastic opsoclonus-myoclonus syndrome and the age group in which it can occur. It further adds evidence to the effectiveness of plasmapheresis in severe cases of opsoclonus-myoclonus syndrome with a lack of response to first-line therapy.
Zielsetzung: Ziel der Studie ist die Frage, ob es möglich ist, einen Kommunikationskurs für ca. 400 Studierende erfolgreich in ein Blended Learning-Format (asynchrone Theorievermittlung/digitaler synchroner Praxisteil) umzustellen. Hauptfokus war dabei die Beurteilung des subjektiven Lernzuwachses und die Frage, inwiefern die Bedeutung des Themas Kommunikation und Gesprächsführung online abgebildet werden kann. Die Betrachtung erfolgt auf Basis von Evaluationsergebnissen der Studierenden und Dozierenden dieses Kurses.
Methodik: Die Studierenden des vierten vorklinischen Semesters aus dem Jahr 2020 wurden durch einen Selbsteinschätzungsbogen zu Beginn sowie durch eine Evaluation nach Abschluss des Kurses befragt. Zusätzlich wurden die Rückmeldungen der Dozierenden zum Kurs ausgewertet. Um die Ergebnisse vergleichen und mögliche Unterschiede feststellen zu können, wurden die entsprechenden Selbsteinschätzungs- und Evaluationsergebnisse der vorangegangenen zehn Jahre (in Form von Präsenzkursen) herangezogen.
Ergebnisse: Im Onlineformat wurde ein deutlicher subjektiver Lernzuwachs angegeben, der höher ausfiel als in den Vorjahren in Präsenz. Die Eignung des Onlineformats wurde von Studierenden sowie Dozierenden eher kritisch bewertet, während die Kursatmosphäre positiv gesehen wurde. Die Relevanz ärztlicher Gesprächsführung wurde im Onlineformat insgesamt besonders gut bewertet.
Schlussfolgerung: Aufgrund der Evaluationsergebnisse werden die Erfahrungen mit dem Blended Learning-Format auch in Zukunft in das Kommunikations-Curriculum des Medizinstudiums der Goethe-Universität Frankfurt einfließen. Die Ergebnisse haben gezeigt, dass das Erlernen ärztlicher Gesprächsführung online gut möglich ist. Daher kann dieses Format für zukünftige neue Konzepte empfohlen werden.
Objectives: To assess the impact of noise-optimised virtual monoenergetic imaging (VMI+) on image quality and diagnostic evaluation in abdominal dual-energy CT scans with impaired portal-venous contrast.
Methods: We screened 11,746 patients who underwent portal-venous abdominal dual-energy CT for cancer staging between 08/2014 and 11/2019 and identified those with poor portal-venous contrast.
Standard linearly-blended image series and VMI+ image series at 40, 50, and 60 keV were reconstructed. Signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) and contrast-to-noise ratio (CNR) of abdominal organs and vascular structures were calculated. Image noise, image contrast and overall image quality were rated by three radiologists using 5-point Likert scale.
Results: 452 of 11,746 (4%) exams were poorly opacified. We excluded 190 cases due to incomplete datasets or multiple exams of the same patient with a final study group of 262. Highest CNR values in all abdominal organs (liver, 6.4 ± 3.0; kidney, 17.4 ± 7.5; spleen, 8.0 ± 3.5) and vascular structures (aorta, 16.0 ± 7.3; intrahepatic vein, 11.3 ± 4.7; portal vein, 15.5 ± 6.7) were measured at 40 keV VMI+ with significantly superior values compared to all other series. In subjective analysis, highest image contrast was seen at 40 keV VMI+ (4.8 ± 0.4), whereas overall image quality peaked at 50 keV VMI+ (4.2 ± 0.5) with significantly superior results compared to all other series (p < 0.001).
Conclusions: Image reconstruction using VMI+ algorithm at 50 keV significantly improves image contrast and image quality of originally poorly opacified abdominal CT scans and reduces the number of non-diagnostic scans.
Advances in knowledge: We validated the impact of VMI+ reconstructions in poorly attenuated DECT studies of the abdomen in a big data cohort.
Measurements of vertical velocity from vertically pointing Doppler lidars are used to derive the profiles of vertical velocity variance. Observations were taken during the FESSTVaL (Field Experiment on Submesoscale Spatio-Temporal Variability in Lindenberg) campaign during the warm seasons of 2020 and 2021. Normalized by the square of convective velocity scale, the average vertical velocity variance profile follows the universal profile of Lenschow et al. (1980), however, daily profiles still show a high day-to-day variability. We found that moisture transport and the content of moisture in the boundary layer could explain the remaining variability of the normalized vertical velocity variance. The magnitude of the normalized vertical velocity variance is highest on clear-sky days, and decreases as the relative humidity increase and surface latent heat flux decrease in cloud-topped and rainy days. This suggests that moisture content and moisture transport are limiting factors for the intensity of turbulence in the convective boundary layer. We also found that the intensity of turbulence decreases with an increase in boundary layer cloud fraction during FESSTVaL, while the latent heating in the cloud layer was not a relevant source of turbulence in this case. We conclude that a new vertical velocity scale has to be defined that would take into account the moist processes in the convective boundary layer.
Measurements of vertical velocity from vertically pointing Doppler lidars are used to derive the profiles of normalized vertical velocity variance. Observations were taken during the FESSTVaL (Field Experiment on Submesoscale Spatio-Temporal Variability in Lindenberg) campaign during the warm seasons of 2020 and 2021. Normalized by the square of the convective velocity scale, the average vertical velocity variance profile follows the universal profile of Lenschow et al. (1980). However, daily profiles still show a high day-to-day variability. We found that moisture transport and the content of moisture in the boundary layer could explain the remaining variability of the normalized vertical velocity variance. The magnitude of the normalized vertical velocity variance is highest on clear-sky days and decreases as the absolute humidity increases and surface latent heat flux decreases on cloud-topped days. This suggests that moisture content and moisture transport are limiting factors for the intensity of turbulence in the convective boundary layer. We also found that the intensity of turbulence decreases with an increase in the boundary layer cloud fraction during FESSTVaL, while the latent heating in the cloud layer was not a relevant source of turbulence in this case. We conclude that a new vertical velocity scale has to be defined that would take into account the moist processes in the convective boundary layer.
Ziel der vorliegenden Untersuchung war es, die Analytik der Neurotransmitterbestimmung im Liquor zu etablieren und in das vorhandene Leistungsspektrum des Stoffwechsellabors zu integrieren. Die klinische Ausrichtung gilt sowohl der Detektion primärer Neurotransmitterdefekte als auch der Untersuchung der Ursachen und Auswirkungen sekundärer Neurotransmitterstörungen.
Die Messung der Biogenen Amine im Liquor mittels der Hochdruck-Flüssigkeits-Chromatographie in dem hier vorgestellten Verfahren konnte standardisiert und in das vorhandene Leistungsspektrum des Stoffwechsellabors des Zentrums für Kinderheilkunde und Jugendmedizin der J.W. Goethe-Universität, Frankfurt etabliert werden. Es ist nachgewiesenermaßen sensitiv, spezifisch und erlaubt eine schnelle und reproduzierbare Analyse bei minimaler Probenmenge und Probenaufarbeitung.
Meßtechnisch konnte durch den von unserer Arbeitsgruppe verwendeten ESA CoulArray® Detektor (Modell 5600) (im Gegensatz zu den bisher beschriebenen amperometrischen Detektoren) aufgrund seiner 16 einzelnen coulometrischen Sensoren eine enorme Verbesserung der Nachweisqualität der untersuchten Neurotransmittersubstanzen erreicht werden. Aufgrund verschiedener Potentialfelder ist eine spezifische Detektion über einen weiten Einsatzbereich aufgrund der elektrochemischen Unterschiede zu erzielen. Dies ermöglicht eine wesentlich größere Anzahl zu detektierender Substanzen eindeutig zu identifizieren und erlaubt damit nicht nur die eindeutige Zuordnung der zu messenden Endabbauprodukte HVA und 5HIAA, sondern auch des gesamten Spektrums der vorgeschalteten Metabolite. Somit ließ sich mit diesem aufgebauten Analysesystem die komplexe vollständige Abbildung des Stoffwechselwegs der zentralen biogenen Amine verwirklichen.
Die sehr sensible Messung der Parameter stellt große Anforderung an
Probengewinnung, Probenverarbeitung und Meßanalyse. Aufgrund der
Durchführung interner Qualitäskontrolluntersuchungen konnte der Nachweis einer sicheren reproduzierbaren Analytik erbracht werden. Insbesondere die Notwendigkeit der ausreichenden Unterdrückung der weiter ablaufenden chemischen Prozesse durch die unmittelbare Kühlung der Liquorproben auf eine Temperatur von -80°C wurde nachgewiesen. Zusätzlich konnte gezeigt werden, dass die Verwendung von handelsüblichen EDTA-Röhrchen einen ausreichenden antioxidativen Schutz bietet und wir somit eine anwenderfreundliche Probengewinnung empfehlen können. Die strikte Einhaltung des Protokolls zur Gewinnung und weiteren Verarbeitung der Liquorproben ist elementar und stellt insbesondere bei zur Zeit noch bestehenden uneinheitlichen altersabhängigen Referenzwerten die Grundlage zur diagnostischen Bewertung der gemessenen Werte dar. Eine Standardisierung der Referenzwerte auf internationaler Ebene ist unverzichtbar zur korrekten Interpretation der gemessenen Daten und sollte vorrangiges Streben aller beteiligten Laboratorien sein. Ein entsprechender Antrag auf ein erneutes, jährlich stattfindendes externes Qualitätskontrollprogramm (Ringversuch) wurde gestellt.
Mit der Bestimmung der Biogenen Amine im Liquor steht ein potentes Instrument zur Detektion pädiatrischer Neurotransmittererkrankungen zur Verfügung. Es gibt weltweit jedoch nur eine geringe Anzahl von Laboratorien mit diesem Analyseangebot. Somit trägt die Etablierung dieser Analytik im vorhandenen Leistungsspektrum des Stoffwechsellabors des Zentrums für Kinderheilkunde und Jugendmedizin der J.W. Goethe-Universität, Frankfurt dazu bei diese Lücke zu schließen. In der Mehrzahl sind Erkrankungen der zentralen Biogenen Amine ausschließlich nur über eine Messung der Metaboliten im Liquor diagnostizierbar, nur wenige angeborene Neurotransmitterdefekte fallen durch periphere Serumparameter, wie z.B. einer Hyperphenylalaninämie auf. Es ergibt sich der Verdacht, dass diese Erkrankungsformen unterdiagnostiziert sind und auch das Wissen um diese Erkrankungen nicht allgemein vorausgesetzt werden kann.
Mit den Neurotransmittervorstufen (z.B. L-Dopa oder 5OH-Tryptophan) steht betroffenen Patienten eine adäquate Therapieoption zur Verfügung, so dass die Aufdeckung eines spezifischen Defektes in der Synthese der Biogenen Amine vorrangiges Ziel sein müsste. Exemplarisch für die beeindruckende Effektivität der Therapie mittels L-Dopa und 5OH-Tryptophan sei auf den Erfahrungsbericht des von unserer Arbeitsgruppe betreuten Patienten mit 6-PTPS-Defekt verwiesen.
Zusätzlich konnte mit dieser Arbeit gezeigt werden, dass die wiederholenden Messungen dem Therapiemonitoring dienen und eine unverzichtbare Grundlage der individuellen Therapie betroffener Patienten darstellen. Sekundäre Veränderungen der Neurotransmission sind beschrieben, jedoch fehlen weitergehende Untersuchungen zur Einordnung ihrer klinischen Relevanz. Gerade diese große inhomogene Patientengruppe stellt eine zukünftige Herausforderung für weitere wissenschaftliche Anstrengungen in diesem Bereich dar. Wie anhand des Beispiels der Patienten mit mitochondrialer Enzephalopathie dargestellt, kann die vorhandene Analysemethode dazu beitragen das Wissen um die Pathophysiologie bekannter Erkrankungen zu erweitern. Da analog zu den primären Erkrankungen auch hier Therapieoptionen zur Verfügung stehen würden, ist es dringend notwendig die übliche Liquordiagnostik diesbezüglich auszudehnen. Aufgrund der auch im Rahmen dieser Arbeit erhobenen Daten kann gefolgert werden bei ungeklärten neuropädiatrischen Erkrankungen, besonders jenen, welche in der Neonatal- oder frühen Säuglingszeit beginnen und progredient verlaufen, und sich klinisch durch Dyskinesien, Krampfanfälle und Enzephalopathien äußern, eine Liquoruntersuchung auf Biogene Amine zu veranlassen.
Somit dient die erbrachte Arbeit zur Etablierung der Analytik der Neurotransmitterbestimmung im Liquor dem Erkenntnisgewinn neuer metabolischer Erkrankungen, erweitert das Grundlagenwissen bekannter Störungen und dient der Detektion seltener, jedoch oft schwerwiegender Erkrankungen.
In der vorliegenden Arbeit präsentieren wir die Daten von perkutanen Interventionen im Bereich der Beckenstrombahn, welche retrospektiv der Klassifikation der Transatlantic Society Consensus Gruppe (TASC) folgend als TASC C und D kategorisiert wurden. Für TASC D Läsionen wurde von der TASC Gruppe die chirurgische Therapie empfohlen. Für TASC C Läsionen konnte mangels aussagekräftiger Daten keine konkrete Empfehlung bezüglich einer chirurgischen oder interventionellen Behandlung ausgesprochen werden und man berief sich auf die nach wie vor weit verbreitete Anwendung gefäßchirurgischer operativer Therapie im Fall dieser Läsionen.
Ziel dieser Arbeit war es, herauszuarbeiten, ob bei Behandlung von Gefäßläsionen dieser beiden Klassifikationen mit perkutaner transluminaler Angioplastie akzeptable Erfolgs- und Offenheitsraten erreicht werden können und ob eine Empfehlung zu Gunsten der interventionellen Therapie ausgesprochen werden kann.
In einem Zeitraum von Januar 2000 bis Dezember 2002 wurden an unserem Institut 253 Patienten mit 294 Läsionen im Bereich der Beckenarterien interventionell behandelt. Unter ihnen befanden sich 89 Patienten mit 129 klassifizierten TASC C und D Läsionen, 110 Stenosen (65 in der AIC und 45 in der AIE) und 19 Okklusionen (12 in der AIC und 7 in der AIE). Die durchschnittliche Länge der Läsion betrug 49,2±31,2 mm. Zum Einsatz kamen 148 Stents. Der technische Erfolg der Interventionen betrug 96,9%. Komplikationen traten bei 5,6% der Patienten auf, wobei wir in keinem dieser Fälle eine periphere Embolie verzeichneten. Die Nachbehandlung erfolgte über einen Zeitraum von 12-38 Monate, durchschnittlich 25 Monate. Nachuntersuchungen umfassten eine klinische Untersuchung, die Messung des Tibial-Brachialen-Quotienten und eine Duplex-Sonographie am ersten Tag postinterventionell, nach 1, 3, 6 und 12 Monaten und anschließend einmal jährlich.
Aus den Nachuntersuchungen ergab sich gemessen an den Kriterien der AHA ein klinischer Erfolg bei 97,3% der TASC C Patienten und 88,5% der Patienten mit TASC D Läsionen. Im Verlauf der Nachbeobachtungszeit kam es zu 6 Restenosen und einer Reokklusion im behandelten Gefäßsegment, von denen 4 erfolgreich mit Hilfe einer zweiten Intervention therapiert werden konnten. Bei 3 Patienten bedurfte es operativer Eingriffe in Form zweier aortoiliakaler Bypässe und einer Unterschenkelamputation.
Es ergab sich somit nach durchschnittlich 25 Monaten eine primäre Offenheitsrate von 89,9% und eine sekundäre Offenheitsrate von 95,5%. Die von uns präsentierten Daten sind mit den nach Behandlung fokaler, kurzstreckiger (<10 cm) Stenosen publizierten Daten vergleichbar.
Die Ergebnisse dieser Studie zeigen, dass die perkutane Rekanalisation sowohl im Falle der TASC C als auch der TASC D Läsionen mit hohem technischen und hohem klinischen Erfolg, einer niedrigen Komplikationsrate und viel versprechenden Offenheitsraten durchgeführt werden kann. Interventionelle Therapie kann somit durchaus auch für die Behandlung von Läsionen der Klassifikation TASC C und D empfohlen werden.
Bei einer fortgeschrittenen oro-vestibulären Alveolarfortsatzatrophie, die durch einen länger zurückliegenden Zahnverlust, Zahntrauma oder Entzündung bedingt ist, ist die Indikation zu einer Implantation häufig ohne zusätzliche Aufbaumaßnahmen des Alveolarkammes nicht möglich. Osteoplastische Verfahren, die der transversalen Kieferkammerweiterung dienen, können in diesen anatomisch schwierigen Ausgangsbedingungen zur Anwendung kommen.
Die vorliegende Studie sollte die Ergebnisse nach Anwendung eines minimal invasiven chirurgischen Verfahrens (Bone-spreading) mit Hilfe eines speziellen Instrumentensystems bewerten.
Über einen Zeitraum von 8 Jahren wurden bei 53 Patienten (24 Männern, 29 Frauen), die ein primär unzureichendes transversales Knochenangebot aufwiesen, 129 Implantate simultan mit der Bone-spreading-Technik inseriert. Die mittlere Liegedauer der Implantate betrug 3,81 Jahre. Zum Zeitpunkt der letzten Nachuntersuchung standen die Implantate durchschnittlich 3,39 Jahre unter funktioneller Belastung. Die Verteilung der inserierten Implantate erstreckte sich sowohl auf den Oberkiefer (57,36 % der Implantate) als auch den Unterkiefer (42,64 % der Implantate). Die prothetischen Versorgungen der 129 Implantate wurden mit 71 Implantaten als Krone, mit 44 als Brücke und mit jeweils 7 Implantaten als Konus- und Resilienzteleskope zementiert.
Die klinischen Daten (modifizierter Plaque-Index, modifizierter Sulcus-Blutungs-Index, Sondierungstiefe mesial und vestibulär, periimplantäre Mucosa, Breite der Gingiva propria, klinische Mobilität, Periotestwert) und die radiologischen Befunde (horizontaler und vertikaler Knochenabbau) wurden im Rahmen von jährlichen Recalluntersuchungen erhoben und analysiert.
Die Werte der Entzündungs-Indizes waren im allgemeinem stabil. So konnte bei 88 % der Patienten bei der letzten Nachuntersuchung kein höherer Wert von Plaqueindex als 1 (= nicht sichtbar, hauchdünner Belag) beobachtet werden. Auch der Sulcus-Blutungs-Index war zufriedenstellend. Hier wiesen 91 % der Patienten bei der letzten Nachuntersuchung keine Blutung bzw. nur einen Blutungspunkt, aber keine Farbveränderung oder Schwellung der Gingiva auf. Ähnlich verhielten sich die Werte der Sondierungstiefen. Diese Ergebnisse
spiegelten sich in den stabilen periimplantären Verhältnisse wider, die bei 93,81 % der Probanden bei der letzten Nachuntersuchung vorgefunden wurden. Die gemessenen Periotestwerte entsprachen denen eines osseointegrierten Implantates. Sie lagen bei der letzten Nachuntersuchung im Schnitt bei –2,7. Der radiologisch ermittelte periimplantäre Knochenabbau war bei den hier inserierten Implantaten nicht größer als 0,2 mm pro Jahr. So konnte bei 85,27 % der unter Funktion stehenden Implantate kein bzw. nur ein minimaler horizontaler Knochenabbau vorgefunden werden, bei weiteren 13,95 % ging der horizontale Knochenabbau nicht über ein Viertel der Implantatlänge hinaus. Ähnlich verhielt sich der vertikale Knochenabbau. Kein bzw. nur ein minimaler Knochenabbau war bei 59,06 % der Patienten, ein bis zu einem Viertel bei 39,09 % vorzufinden. Ein Implantatverlust ist während der gesamten Beobachtungszeit nicht eingetreten. Das entsprach einer Überlebensrate von 100%.
Die bisherige Untersuchung über 8 Jahre zeigte, daß die orale Rehabilitation mit osseointegrierten Implantaten unter Anwendung der Bone-spreading-Methode sowohl bei einem transversalen Knochenangebot ab einer Alveolarfortsatzbreite von 3 mm als auch in den Knochenklassen D1 und D2, die vornehmlich im Unterkiefer vorzufinden sind, erfolgreich ist.
Background: In the Computer Tomography imaging, examinations for the diagnosis of lesions of the upper abdomen currently use water-soluble, iodinated, non-ionic contrast agents with low molecular weight. One possibility to reduce the time of the examination and X-ray exposure is to increase the injection rate. However, higher injections rates lead to increased hypersensitivity reactions and extravasation rates. Furthermore, cardiac pump function does not always allow for the transportation of such a large volume within one heartbeat. With a contrast agent of higher iodine concentration, the injection rate may be reduced without decreasing the iodine delivery rate while reducing the volume load of the heart.
Aim: to compare the performance and image quality of two injection protocols of contrast medium for multiphasic CT imaging of malignant hepatic lesions; one using Imeron 300 at an injection rate of 5 ml/ sec and the second using Imeron 400 at an injection rate of 3,7 ml/ sec, for multiphasic CT imaging of malignant hepatic lesions, in order to optimise the iodine concentration and injection rate of the contrast agent Imeron in the Multislice Spiral-CT of the upper abdomen.
Materials and methods: the current prospective, single centre, double-blinded, randomised and interindividual comparison study included 50 patients (29 males and 21 females) with a mean age of 63,3 years. Patients were randomised to one of the two injection protocols. Image evaluation included qualitative assessment (technical quality, presence of artefacts and overall contrast quality) and quantitative assessment (measuring the difference in HU between the lesion and the surrounding hepatic tissue). The difference between both protocols was tested for statistical significance using the Wilcoxon-Mann-Whitney test and the Two-Sample t-test.
Results: there was no statistically significant difference between both protocols regarding the technical quality of images, both in the AP (p = 0,46) and in the venous phase (p = 0,48). Additionally, no statistically significant difference was found regarding the presence of artefacts related to the contrast medium, both in the AP (p = 0,46) and in the venous phase (p = 0,46), as well as regarding the overall contrast quality of images both in the AP (p = 0,50) and in the venous phase (p = 0,48). Quantitative assessment showed no statistically significant difference regarding the difference in HU measurement between the hepatic lesion and the surrounding hepatic tissue, both in the AP (p = 0,36) and in the venous phase (p = 0,92).
Conclusion: in the multiphasic CT imaging of the liver, reducing the injection rate of the contrast medium Imeron from 5 ml/ sec to 3,7 ml/ sec while increasing the iodine strength of the agent from 300 to 400 mg/ml, respectively, and thus keeping the iodine injection flow rate constant, produces similar signal intensities and results in similar technical, image and overall contrast qualities..
Keywords: Contrast-medium, injection rate, iodine concentration, hepatic malignancy, multiphasic CT
Molecular concepts for pandemic viruses : membrane fusion assays and targeting of reservoir cells
(2024)
In den letzten Jahren haben verschiedene pandemische Viren zu beträchtlichen Krankheits- und Todesfällen geführt. Um dieser ständigen Bedrohung entgegenzuwirken, ist es wichtig diagnostische Testsysteme und Therapien anzupassen oder neu zu etablieren. Diese Arbeit konzentriert sich auf die pandemischen Viren SARS-CoV-2 und HIV.
Der Zelleintritt von SARS-CoV-2 wird durch das Spike-Protein (S) ausgelöst, welches die Fusion der Virushülle mit der zellulären Membran bewirkt. Erste Studien haben gezeigt, dass das S-Protein eine hohe Fusionsaktivität aufweist. Aus diesem Grund sollten in dieser Arbeit neue Fusionstests etabliert werden, um potenzielle Inhibitoren der Zellfusion zu evaluieren. Im ersten Teil dieser Thesis wird die Etablierung von quantitativen Tests zur Evaluierung der Zell-Zell und Partikel-Zell Fusionsaktivität, welche durch S bewirkt wird, demonstriert.
Trotz jahrelanger Forschung können HIV-Patienten nicht geheilt werden und Virusinfektionen treten weiterhin weltweit auf. Das größte Problem bei der Entwicklung eines Heilmittels ist die frühe Bildung von Reservoirzellen während einer Infektion. Um diese Reservoirzellen zu identifizieren, wurde der Oberflächenmarker CD32a vorgeschlagen. Die Nutzung von Cas9-Nukleasen zur Inaktivierung von HIV ist in vitro erfolgreich, aber der effiziente Transfer in Reservoirzellen bleibt weiterhin herausfordernd. Im zweiten Teil dieser Thesis werden Rezeptor-gerichtete Adeno-assoziierte Vektoren (AAVs) für die HIV-Gentherapie präsentiert, die CD4 und CD32a für den Zelleintritt nutzen.
Zur Charakterisierung der Fusionsaktivität von SARS-CoV-2 wurden drei quantitative Fusionstests etabliert, welche Partikel- und Zell-Zell Fusionen berücksichtigen. Für den Partikel-Zell Fusionstest wurden lentivirale Vektoren (LV) verwendet, welche das S-Protein auf ihrer Oberfläche präsentierten. Die Transduktionseffizienz von S-LV erreichte auf Zellen, die den SARS-CoV-2 Rezeptor ACE2 exprimieren, ein Signal-zu-Hintergrund Verhältnis von über 2000. Durch die Präsentation von S auf leeren LV-Partikeln konnte die Fusion von benachbarten Zellen detektiert und quantifiziert werden („fusion-from-without“ (FFWO)). Für die Quantifizierung wurde ein Reporter-Komplementationstest etabliert. Hierbei wurden die Alpha- und Omega-Fragmente der β-Galaktosidase getrennt in zwei Zielzellpopulationen exprimiert, die beide ACE2 exprimierten. Durch die Zugabe von S-Partikeln kam es zur Fusion der Zielzellen und zur Komplementation der Alpha- und Omega-Fragmente. Die resultierende β-Galaktosidase-Aktivität konnte anschließend quantifiziert werden. Unter optimalen Versuchsbedingungen erreichte dieser Assay ein Signal-zu-Hintergrund Verhältnis von 2,7 Größenordnungen. Anschließend wurde der Komplementationstest für die Messung der Zell-Zell Fusion verwendet. In diesem Test exprimierten Effektorzellen S und das Alpha-Fragment, Zielzellen ACE2 und das Omega-Fragment. Obwohl die S-Expression auf den Effektorzellen sehr gering war, konnte dennoch eine signifikante Fusion nachgewiesen werden. Auch hier konnte unter optimalen Versuchsbedingungen ein hohes Signal-zu-Hintergrund Verhältnis von 2,9 Größenordnungen festgestellt werden. Nach der Etablierung der Testsysteme wurden S-spezifische Inhibitoren verwendet. Im Gegensatz zu Partikel-Zell-Fusionen wurde die Fusionsaktivität von S auf Zellen nur mäßig inhibiert. Dies deutet daraufhin, dass das Eindringen von Partikeln in Zellen wirksamer verhindert werden kann als die Ausbreitung durch Zell-Zell Fusionen.
Um AAVs spezifisch an HIV-Reservoirzellen zu binden, wurden CD4- und CD32a-spezifische DARPins („designed ankyrin repeat proteins“) in Rezeptor-verblindete AAVs eingebaut. Ebenso wurden beide DARPins gleichzeitig auf dem Kapsid präsentiert, um eine höhere Spezifität für doppelt-positive Zellen zu erreichen. Wenn diese Partikel einer Zellmischung aus CD4-, CD32a- und CD4/CD32a-exprimierenden Zellen zugesetzt wurden, transduzierten die bispezifischen Vektoren vorzugsweise doppelt-positive Zellen. Diese Präferenz war am höchsten in Zellkulturen, die stark unterrepräsentierte CD4/CD32a-exprimierende Zellen enthielten. Unter diesen Voraussetzungen erreichten bispezifische Vektoren eine bis zu 66-fach höhere Transduktionseffizienz auf CD4/CD32a-positive Zellen im Vergleich zu CD32a-exprimierenden Zellen. Darüber hinaus zeigten bispezifische AAV eine präferentielle Bindung und Transduktion von isolierten Primärzellen und Zellen in Vollblut. Selbst nach systemischer Injektion in humanisierte Mäuse wurden doppelt-positive Zellen effizienter von bispezifischen als von monospezifischen AAVs transduziert. Schließlich zeigten die generierten Vektoren, welche die Cas9 Nuklease transferierten, eine effiziente Inhibition der HIV-Replikation.
Die E3-Ubiquitinligase TRIM25 ist in verschiedenen humanen Tumoren verstärkt exprimiert, was häufig mit einer schlechten Prognose der betroffenen Patienten sowie dem Auftreten von Therapieresistenzen korreliert. Unsere Arbeitsgruppe konnte TRIM25 zuvor als Caspase-2 und -7 mRNA-bindendes Protein und negativen Regulator beider Caspasen in humanen Kolonkarzinomzellen identifizieren. Ein transienter TRIM25 Knockdown führt in Abhängigkeit der erhöhten Expression der jeweiligen Caspasen zur Sensitivierung der Kolonkarzinomzellen gegenüber Chemotherapeutika-induzierter Apoptose. Ein Ziel dieser Arbeit war, die Übertragbarkeit dieser Erkenntnisse auf einen loss-of-function-Ansatz mit stabilen TRIM25 Knockdown Zellen zu überprüfen. Die stabilen Knockdown Zellen sollten der späteren Etablierung eines Xenograftmodells dienen. Da zahlreiche TRIM Proteine bekannterweise eine vielseitige Rolle bei der Regulation sowohl onkogener als auch tumorsuppressiver Prozesse einnehmen, wurde als weitere maßgebliche Fragestellung dieser Arbeit der Einfluss von TRIM25 auf wichtige tumorigene Eigenschaften wie Proliferation, Migration, Zellzyklus und Inflammation untersucht. TRIM25-abhängige Effekte auf das Migrationsver halten von RKO-Zellen wurden im in vitro-Wundheilungsassay mit stabilen TRIM25 Knock down Zellen analysiert. Aufgrund hoher interexperimenteller Unterschiede im Migrations verhalten derselben Zellklone konnte hinsichtlich einer TRIM25-abhängigen Regulation der Migration jedoch keine eindeutige Aussage getroffen werden. Dagegen belegten die gezeigten Proliferationsassays eine signifikant vermehrte Proliferation von RKO-Zellen nach stabilem TRIM25 Knockdown. Dies legt eine tumorsuppressive Rolle von TRIM25 nahe. Durch flusszytometrische Analysen stabiler TRIM25 Knockdown und Kontrollzellen zeigten hinge gen keinen konsistenten Einfluss von TRIM25 auf den Zellzyklus von RKO-Zellen. Eine Sensitivierung von Kolonkarzinomzellen gegenüber Chemotherapeutika-induzierter Apoptose konnte auch in stabilen TRIM25 Knockdown Zellen nachgewiesen werden, während die für transiente Ansätze bekannte, TRIM25 Knockdown-abhängige Hochregulation von Caspase 2 und -7 dagegen deutlich geringer ausgeprägt war. Dies lässt vermuten, dass die Tumorzellen einer Hochregulation Zelltod-induzierender Proteine bei einem konstitutiven TRIM25Knockdown gegenregulieren. Aufgrund der aber nach wie vor nachweisbaren Sensitivierung der TRIM25 Knockdown Zellen gegenüber Apoptose, können zusätzliche, bisher noch nicht bekannte Mechanismen postuliert werden, welche zur Sensitivierung dieser Zellen gegenüber Apoptose beitragen. Die daraus abgeleitete, TRIM25-abhängige Apoptosehemmung spricht für einen „Überlebensmechanismus“, welcher maßgeblich zur Chemotherapieresis tenz von Kolonkarzinomzellen beitragen kann. Hinsichtlich eines Einflusses von TRIM25 auf entzündliche Prozesse wurden RKO-Zellen mit klassischen Aktivatoren des NLRP3-Inflammasoms stimuliert und ausgewählte Marker mittels Western Blot-Analysen nachgewiesen. TRIM25 Knockdown-abhängig war eine verminderte Spaltung der Apoptosemarker Caspase-3, -7 und PARP-1 nachweisbar. Caspase-7 und PARP-1 spielen bekanntermaßen auch im Rahmen Inflammasom-induzierter Signalprozesse eine wichtige Rolle, während die Spaltung von Caspase-3 durch das NLRP3-Inflammasom induziert werden kann und v.a. für apoptotische oder pyroptotische Prozesse verantwortlich gemacht wird. Daher kann postuliert werden, dass der stabile TRIM25 Knockdown zur Hemmung von Inflammasom-induzierten Signalprozessen führt und darüber Kolonkarzinomzellen vor Apoptose/Pyroptose geschützt werden. Umgekehrt deutet dies auf eine Aktivierung von Inflammasom-vermittelten Signalprozessen durch TRIM25 hin.
Aufgrund der hohen Inzidenz und Mortalität, der schlechten Prognose und der Entwicklung von Therapieresistenzen besteht ein dringender Bedarf in der Entwicklung neuer, verbesserter Therapien des kolorektalen Karzinoms sowie der Resensibilisierung der Krebszellen gegenüber gängigen, bereits bestehenden Therapieoptionen. Im Rahmen dieser Arbeit konnte ein onkogener Einfluss von TRIM25 auf Kolonkarzinomzellen durch Hemmung Chemotherapeutika-induzierter Apoptose nachgewiesen werden, während eine mögliche tumorigene Rolle von TRIM25 durch zusätzliche Aktivierung Inflammasom-induzierter Signalprozesse weiterer Untersuchungen bedarf. Zusammenfassend kann TRIM25 als vielversprechender therapeutischer Angriffspunkt für die Entwicklung von sowohl neuen antientzündlichen als auch tumorsuppressiven Therapien betrachtet werden.
Die radikale Prostatektomie (RP) stellt neben der Radiatio der Prostata den Goldstandard der Lokaltherapie des lokalisierten Prostatakarzinoms (PCa) dar. Neben der Erzielung einer postoperativen Tumorfreiheit (onkologisches Ergebnis), spielen die postoperativen, funktionellen Ergebnisse (z.B. Erektionsfähigkeit, Urin-Kontinenz) nach RP für die Patienten eine zentrale Rolle. Hierbei ist vor allem die (Wieder-) Erlangung der postoperativen Kontinenz hervorzuheben, da das Ausbleiben mit einem substantiellem Verlust der Lebensqualität einhergeht und eine deutliche Einschränkung im Alltag darstellt. Verschiedene Tumor- und Patientencharakteristika (pathologisches Tumorstadium, Body Mass Index [BMI], Alter, Prostatavolumen) wurden in vorangegangenen Publikationen als Faktoren identifiziert, die Einflüsse auf die Wiedererlangung der Kontinenz nach RP haben. Interessanterweise jedoch, wurde der Einfluss von Diabetes Mellitus auf die Kontinenz-Rate zum jetzigen Stand nur unzureichend und teils mit widersprüchlichen Ergebnissen untersucht. In Anbetracht der vorbekannten protrahierten Wundheilungsverläufe sowie Mikrozirkulationsstörungen und Neuropathie bei Diabetes mellitus Patienten, hat die jetzige Studie deshalb untersucht, ob das Vorliegen von Diabetes Mellitus einen Einfluss auf die postoperative Früh-Kontinenz bei PCa-Patienten hat, die eine RP erhalten haben.
Nach Vorliegen des Ethikkomitee-Beschluss erfolgte mit Hilfe der RP-Datenbank der Klinik für Urologie, Johann Wolfgang-Goethe-Universität die Patientenidentifizierung im Zeitraum von 2018 bis 2021. Hierbei wurden Patienten in die Studienkohorte eingeschlossen bei denen Informationen bezüglich der Früh-Kontinenz (30-90 Tage postoperativ) vorlagen. Kontinenz wurde definiert als die Verwendung von keiner bzw. einer Sicherheitsvorlage innerhalb eines Zeitraums von 24 Stunden. Neben Auswertung der Kontinenz-Raten hinsichtlich des Diabetes Mellitus Status, erfolgte die Zuhilfenahme von uni- und multivariablen logistische Regressionsanalysen um den Effekt von Diabetes Mellitus auf die Kontinenz zu untersuchen. Kovariablen beinhalteten das pathologisches Tumorstadium, BMI, Alter, OP-Verfahren und Durchführung einer Nerv-Erhaltung.
Innerhalb der Studienkohorte (n=142) lag eine Diabetes Mellitus Erkrankung bei 15 Patienten (11%) vor. Mit Ausnahme eines höheren BMI (Median: 28.6 vs 26.5 m2/kg; p=0.005) bei Diabetes Mellitus Patienten, bestanden keine signifikanten Unterschiede hinsichtlich Patienten und Tumorcharakteristika zwischen den beiden Gruppen (p>0.05). Die Früh-Kontinenz Rate war bei Diabetes Mellitus Patienten geringer im Vergleich zu der restlichen Studienkohorte (33 vs 63%; p=0.03). Dieser Unterschied spiegelte sich ebenfalls in der univariablen logistischen Regressionsanalyse wider, in der Diabetes Mellitus einen signifikanten Einfluss auf die Früh-Kontinenz aufwies (Odds Ratio [OR]: 0.29, 95%-KI [95%-Konfidenz Interval]: 0.09-0.99; p=0.03). Der signifikante Einfluss von Diabetes Mellitus blieb ebenfalls in der multivariablen logistischen Regressionsanalyse fortbestehen, nachdem weitere Kovariablen berücksichtigt wurden (OR: 0.26; 95%-KI: 0.07-0.86; p=0.03). Unter Berücksichtigung der Limitationen der vorliegenden Studie (retrospektives Studiendesign, limitierte Fallzahl) lassen die Ergebnisse darauf schließen, dass das Vorliegen einer Diabetes Mellitus Erkrankung einen negativen Einfluss auf die Wiedererlangung der Kontinenz zu einem frühen Zeitpunkt nach RP hat. Die vorliegenden Ergebnisse haben für den klinischen Alltag wichtige Implikationen. Im Rahmen der Aufklärung vor RP kann der Patient bezüglich seines individuellen Risikos einer verlängerten postoperativen Inkontinenz entsprechend aufgeklärt werden, um somit die Erwartungshaltung des Patienten realitätsgetreu zu adressieren. Betrachtet man den postoperativen Verlauf, legen die vorliegenden Ergebnisse nahe, dass Diabetes mellitus Patienten aufgrund Ihrer geringeren Früh-Kontinenz Rate von einer intensivierte Beckenboden-Training zur Wiedererlangung der Kontinenz besonders profitieren könnten.
Auf der Grundlage dieser Studie sollten multizentrische Studien mit einer umfangreicheren Kohortengröße erfolgen und den Einfluss von Diabetes Mellitus nicht nur auf die Früh-Kontinenz, sondern ebenfalls auf die langfristige Kontinenz (>12 Monate) zu untersuchen
Beside mosquitoes, ticks are well-known vectors of different human pathogens. In the Northern Hemisphere, Lyme borreliosis (Eurasia, LB) or Lyme disease (North America, LD) is the most commonly occurring vector-borne infectious disease caused by bacteria of the genus Borrelia which are transmitted by hard ticks of the genus Ixodes. The reported incidence of LB in Europe is about 22.6 cases per 100,000 inhabitants annually with a broad range depending on the geographical area analyzed. However, the epidemiological data are largely incomplete, because LB is not notifiable in all European countries. Furthermore, not only differ reporting procedures between countries, there is also variation in case definitions and diagnostic procedures. Lyme borreliosis is caused by several species of the Borrelia (B.) burgdorferi sensu lato (s.l.) complex which are maintained in complex networks including ixodid ticks and different reservoir hosts. Vector and host influence each other and are affected by multiple factors including climate that have a major impact on their habitats and ecology. To classify factors that influence the risk of transmission of B. burgdorferi s.l. to their different vertebrate hosts as well as to humans, we briefly summarize the current knowledge about the pathogens including their astonishing ability to overcome various host immune responses, regarding the main vector in Europe Ixodes ricinus, and the disease caused by borreliae. The research shows, that a higher standardization of case definition, diagnostic procedures, and standardized, long-term surveillance systems across Europe is necessary to improve clinical and epidemiological data.
Zehn Jahre Mitmenschlichkeit
(2024)
The sympathetic nervous system (SNS) is a major regulatory mediator connecting the brain and the immune system that influences accordingly inflammatory processes within the entire body. In the periphery, the SNS exerts its effects mainly via its neurotransmitters norepinephrine (NE) and epinephrine (E), which are released by peripheral nerve endings in lymphatic organs and other tissues. Depending on their concentration, NE and E bind to specific α- and β-adrenergic receptor subtypes and can cause both pro- and anti-inflammatory cellular responses. The co-transmitter neuropeptide Y, adenosine triphosphate, or its metabolite adenosine are also mediators of the SNS. Local pro-inflammatory processes due to injury or pathogens lead to an activation of the SNS, which in turn induces several immunoregulatory mechanisms with either pro- or anti-inflammatory effects depending on neurotransmitter concentration or pathological context. In chronic inflammatory diseases, the activity of the SNS is persistently elevated and can trigger detrimental pathological processes. Recently, the sympathetic contribution to mild chronic inflammatory diseases like osteoarthritis (OA) has attracted growing interest. OA is a whole-joint disease and is characterized by mild chronic inflammation in the joint. In this narrative article, we summarize the underlying mechanisms behind the sympathetic influence on inflammation during OA pathogenesis. In addition, OA comorbidities also accompanied by mild chronic inflammation, such as hypertension, obesity, diabetes, and depression, will be reviewed. Finally, the potential of SNS-based therapeutic options for the treatment of OA will be discussed.