610 Medizin und Gesundheit
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Institute
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Neuropathic pain, a form of chronic pain, is a steadily rising health problem due to health costs and increasing numbers of patients. Neuropathic pain conditions arise upon metabolic disorders, infections, chemotherapeutic treatment, trauma or nerve injury. Especially nerve injury induced neuropathic pain is characterized by spontaneous or ongoing pain due to neuroimmune interactions. Thereby, inflammatory mediators, released by the injured nerve, recruit to and activate immune cells at the site of injury. Those mediators further activate transient receptor potential vanilloid 1 (TRPV1), a known channel involved in pain perception, or bind to G-protein coupled receptors (GPCR) in peripheral nerve endings. The following activated second messenger signaling pathways lead to sensitization of TRPV1. One of those GPCRs is G2A.
The overall aim of this thesis was to investigate the role of G2A in nerve-injury induced neuropathic pain. For this, the common mouse model of nerve-injury induced neuropathic pain, the spared-nerve injury, was used. As measurements with dynamic plantar aesthesiometer showed, G2A-deficiency leads to reduced mechanical hypersensitivity. Upon analysis with FACS, ELISA and Luminex a reduced number of macrophages and neutrophils at the injured nerve, as well as less inflammatory mediators (TNFα, IL-6, VEGF) in G2A-deficient animals was observed. In dorsal root ganglia (DRGs) there was only a reduced number of macrophages and less IL-12 observed in G2A-deficient animals. Additionally, in wild-type mice, G2A agonist 9-HODE was elevated at the injured nerve, as a LC-MS/MS analysis showed.
To investigate the underlying pathways of G2A-9-HODE signaling, a proteom screen was performed. This screen revealed upregulation of multiple proteins involved in migration in wild-type macrophages. Additionally, Ca-Imaging and transwell migration assays showed that the G2A antagonist G2A11, had desensitizing effects on DRG neurons and inhibited macrophage migration.
Overall, the results suggest that loss of G2A has dual effects. On the one hand loss of G2A is antinociceptive. On the other hand, G2A-deficiency leads to reduced inflammation, suggesting G2A as promising target in treatment of neuropathic pain. Here, an antagonist had inhibitory effects on the migration and the sensitization.
Hintergrund: Patienten, die präoperativ an einer eisendefizitären Erythropoese (IDE) oder Anämie leiden, haben unabhängig von anderen Erkrankungen ein erhöhtes Risiko für postoperative Morbidität. Ein Eisenmangel ist der häufigste Grund für eine Anämie und kann, wenn er frühzeitig diagnostiziert wird, effizient mittels Eisensubstitution behandelt werden. Zink-Protoporphyrin (ZnPP) ist im Vergleich zu klassischen Parametern wie Ferritin ein vielversprechender Parameter, um eine IDE zu diagnostizieren. Bisher wurde der Parameter im Blut gemessen. Nun soll geprüft werden, ob eine nicht-invasive Messung valide Ergebnisse liefert.
Methoden: Von März 2017 bis April 2018 wurden am Universitätsklinikum Frankfurt Patienten, die für eine Operation mit einem erwarteten Blutverlust von >10% geplant waren, auf eine IDE untersucht. Die Messung von nicht-invasivem ZnPP (ZnPP-NI) wurde mit der ZnPP-Referenz-Messung des ZnPP/Häm-Verhältnisses mittels Hochleistungsflüssigchromatographie (ZnPP-HPLC) verglichen. Die analytische Performance beim Nachweis einer IDE wurde mit im Blut gemessenen klassischen Eisenstatusparameter (Ferritin, Transferrinsättigung [TSAT], löslicher Transferrinrezeptor [sTfR] und sTfR-Index [sTfR-F]) verglichen.
Ergebnis: In dieser prospektiven Studie konnten 285 chirurgische Patienten präoperativ untersucht werden. Die Limits of Agreement zwischen ZnPP-NI und ZnPP-HPLC betrugen 20,3 μmol/mol Häm (95% -Konfidenzintervall 18,0-21,3; Akzeptanzkriterien 24,4 μmol/mol Häm; absolute Bias -0,3 μmol/mol Häm). Die analytische Performance zum Nachweis einer IDE der im Blut gemessenen Parameter war: ZnPP-HPLC (0,95), sTfR (0,90), sTfR-F (0,89), ZnPP-NI (0,88), TSAT (0,87) und Ferritin (0,65).
Fazit: Beim Nachweis einer IDE ist ZnPP-NI besser geeignet als Ferritin und vergleichbar valide wie TSAT. Der Vergleich mit einem Multiparameter-Index-Test ergab, dass ZnPP-NI von ≤40 μmol/mol Häm den Ausschluss einer IDE ermöglicht und ein Wert von ≥65 μmol/mol Häm eine IDE wahrscheinlich macht. ZnPP-NI kann daher für eine schnelle Erstbewertung in der IDE-Diagnostik und im Anämie Management ohne Blutentnahme verwendet werden.
Cancer cells, including leukemic cells, can react to therapeutic treatment by altering their metabolic phenotype (“metabolic reprogramming”) to keep their accelerated proliferative state, eventually becoming resistant to the treatment. There is an increasing amount of evidence indicating that metabolic reprogramming is one of the key mechanisms of acquisition of drug resistance by cancer cells. In agreement, several metabolic studies targeting leukaemia and specifically acute myeloid leukaemia (AML) and chronic myeloid leukaemia (CML), have been conducted over the last decades. However, there is still a lack of understanding the metabolic features of both AML and CML leukaemia specially in the acquisition of drug resistance, that is needed for unveiling novel and effective treatments for resistant and non-resistant patients. Therefore, the main objective of this thesis was to investigate the rewiring of cell metabolism occurring in the process of acquisition of resistance to conventional therapeutic treatments in AML and CML malignancies. Next, by revealing this metabolic rewiring, we intended to highlight potential metabolic and non-metabolic targets that could be exploited to overcome resistance to treatments. To this end, we have performed a comprehensive and comparative multi-OMIC study to analyse the links between the metabolic reprogramming and the resistance acquisition of THP-1 and HL-60 AML cell models sensitive or resistant to cytarabine (AraC) and doxorubicin (Dox), and of KU812 CML cell model sensitive or resistant to imatinib, all under normoxic (21% O2) and hypoxic (1% O2) conditions. The results of this thesis are divided into two chapters. On the one hand, in Chapter 1, the multi-OMIC study performed in AML parental and resistant cells unveiled that the acquisition of AraC resistance causes the reprogramming of the glucose metabolism of THP-1 and HL-60 cells by increasing the glycolytic flux whereas it is not associated with an alteration in the mitochondrial respiration. Moreover, our results also exhibited a possible disfunction of ETC complex I as well as alterations in glutamine and serine-glycine-1C metabolism in AML cells that display a more active mitochondrial metabolism. Moreover, we have also identified that the acquisition of Dox resistance causes alterations in the glucose and amino acid metabolism. Importantly, we have observed an important loss of mitochondrial respiration capacity of AML cells resistant to Dox chemotherapeutic drug, which constitutes a potential metabolic vulnerability that can be exploited for the treatment of AML patients resistant to Dox. On the other hand, in Chapter 2 is shown that the acquisition of imatinib resistance causes the reprogramming of glucose metabolism by enhancing the glycolytic flux, PPP, and glycogen metabolism, thus highlighting these metabolic pathways as potential metabolic weaknesses of KU812 cells resistant to imatinib. Moreover, we have observed a high metabolic plasticity of KU812 cells resistant to imatinib which includes the orchestration of many metabolic routes associated with the amino acid metabolism. Importantly, the CML multi-OMIC study has also unveiled an enhanced mitochondrial respiration capacity, which constitutes another potential vulnerability that can be exploited to overcome imatinib resistance. Finally, both AML and CML multi-OMIC studies have allowed us to propose and/or validate different metabolic and non-metabolic targets. In this regard, in this thesis we have identified and validated a battery of single-hit inhibitions that were able to reduce the cell viability of both parental and resistant AML and CML cells. Finally, we have confirmed that the repurposing of Dox chemotherapeutic drug counteracts the imatinib resistance in the KU812 cells resistant to imatinib.
Das PCOS ist die häufigste Endokrinopathie fertiler Frauen, die mit Infertilität und Metabolischem Syndrom ernst zu nehmende und belastende Konsequenzen haben kann. Vor dem Hintergrund einer bis heute teilweise unklaren Ätiopathogenese hat das PCOS umfassende Auswirkungen auf den Metabolismus und die Reproduktion. Aufgrund der phänotypischen Variabilität ist die Festlegung einheitlicher diagnostischer Kriterien ständiges Thema in der PCOS-Forschung. Die Rotterdam-Kriterien gelten aktuell als angemessenste Definition. Die Einführung einer aktuali- sierten Nomenklatur zur Optimierung der Diagnosefindung wird diskutiert. Die Therapie beläuft sich bisher auf symptomatische Ansätze.
Ziel dieser Arbeit war es, erstmals eine Analyse der weltweiten Forschung zum PCOS mittels szientometrischer Parameter durchzuführen. Die Erfassung der Daten aus dem WoS belief sich auf die Jahre 1900 – 2015 und ergab 6.262 Artikel zum Thema PCOS.
Die meisten Publikationen kamen aus den USA an erster, Großbritannien an zweiter und Italien an dritter Stelle. Diese drei Länder erhielten in gleicher Platzierung die meisten Zitierungen und erreichten die höchsten modifizierten h-Indizes. Bei Betrachtung der Zr standen jedoch die Niederlande aufgrund der dort veröffentlichten Rotterdam-Kriterien an erster Stelle. Im Verhältnis zur Einwohnerzahl publizierte Griechenland die meisten Artikel, gefolgt von Finnland und Slowenien. Bei Erstellung eines Quotienten aus Artikelanzahl und BIP lag Serbien vor Griechenland und Slowenien. Bezüglich der Artikel pro BIP p.c. fiel China auf den ersten Rang, danach die Türkei und die USA.
Bei den Fachzeitschriften rangierte das Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism bezüglich des IF, der Zr und der Anzahl der Zitierungen an erster Stelle. Fertility & Sterility publizierte über die Zeit die meisten Artikel zum Thema PCOS und erlangte die zweithöchste Zahl an Zitierungen.
Die chronologische Analyse zeigt eine Abnahme der Zuteilung von Artikeln zum Fachgebiet Obstetrics & Gynecology und eine Zunahme von Reproductive Biology, während Endocrinology & Metabolism einen gleichbleibenden Anteil hat. Der Anteil kleinerer Fächer wie Research & Experimental, Nutrition & Dietetics und Pharmacy nimmt über die letzten zehn Jahre zu.
Bezüglich der Anzahl an Institutionen liegen die Türkei und Großbritannien auf Platz zwei und drei hinter den USA. Die produktivsten Forschungseinrichtungen sind die University of London, die Pennsylvania State University und die University of Athens. In der italienischen Forschungsgemeinde finden sich die meisten interinstitutionellen Kooperationen.
Die meisten Artikel, auch in Erst- und Koautorenschaft, hat R.S.Legro publiziert. S. Franks führt die Liste der Seniorautoren an. A. Dunaif erreicht bei Zitierungen, Zitationsrate und modifiziertem h-Index herausragende Werte. Wie schon bei den Institutionen liegen italienische Autoren bei der Kooperationsanalyse vorne. Unter den zehn produktionsstärksten Institutions- kooperationen finden sich mit einer griechischen und einer US-amerikanischen Liaison nur zwei nicht italienischen Ursprungs. Zum Zitierverhalten ist zu sagen, dass fast 50 % der Zitierungen Selbstzitierungen sind.
Generell dominieren Männer noch die Welt der Wissenschaft. Dies ist, in Bezug auf die PCOS-Forschung, zu jedem Zeitpunkt so gewesen und spiegelt sich bis heute in den Analysen wider. Seit 2008 ist allerdings eine Annäherung der Werte zu beobachten.
Es kristallisiert sich die Notwendigkeit einer klaren Definition und aktualisierter Nomenklatur des PCOS heraus, um die leicht stagnierende Forschung des komplexen Krankheitsbildes, dessen Ätiopathogenese nicht zur Gänze erklärt ist, anzustoßen. Überraschenderweise treten Nationen wie die Türkei, Griechenland und der Iran bei den Analysen hervor und reichen mit Produktivität und Resonanz an Staaten wie die USA und Großbritannien heran, übertreffen sie mitunter. Dies ist möglicherweise nationalen Besonderheiten, wie erhöhter Prävalenz des Syndroms bzw. erhöhtem sozialen Druck durch das Kardinalsymptom der Infertilität in diesen Ländern, geschuldet. Eine Dominanz an weiblichen Forscherinnen zeigt sich überdies im Iran und ist sonst in nur wenigen Ländern, darunter die USA, zu finden. Männliche Vorherrschaft ist also weniger an bestimmte Regionen, als vielmehr an nationale Strukturen gebunden.
Covid stories from East Africa and beyond : lived experiences and forward-looking reflections
(2020)
The coronavirus has rattled humanity, tested resolve and determination, and redefined normalcy. This compelling collection of 29 short stories and essays brings together the lived experiences of covid19 through a diversity of voices from across the African continent. The stories highlight challenges, new opportunities, and ultimately the deep resilience of Africans and their communities. Bringing into conversation the perspectives of laypeople, academics, professionals, domestic workers, youth, and children, the volume is a window into the myriad ways in which people have confronted, adapted to, and sought to tackle the coronavirus and its trail of problems. The experiences of the most vulnerable are specifically explored, and systemic changes and preliminary shifts towards a new global order are addressed. Laughter as a coping mechanism is a thread throughout.
Das Mammakarzinom ist die häufigste Krebserkrankung der Frau. Aufgrund der zu ver-zeichnenden steigenden Erkrankungs- als auch Überlebensraten werden stetig mehr Frauen mit der Diagnose Brustkrebs und ihren Folgen konfrontiert. Seit den 1990er Jah-ren wird eine kognitive Dysfunktion von Patientinnen nach Krebstherapie in der For-schung diskutiert, wobei die Hintergründe und Zusammenhänge dieses Phänomens bis heute strittig sind. Ziel dieser Arbeit ist die Untersuchung der kognitiven Leistungsfä-higkeit mit einem Fokus auf Aufmerksamkeitsleistungen vor und nach einer adjuvanten Krebstherapie. In diesem Zusammenhang soll besonders der Einfluss von psychischem Stress auf die Aufmerksamkeit und ferner auch die subjektive kognitive Leistungsfähig-keit von Brustkrebspatientinnen beleuchtet werden.
Dazu wurde die Aufmerksamkeitsfähigkeit von 20 Patientinnen, die in der Klinik für Frauenheilkunde und Geburtshilfe des Universitätsklinikums Frankfurt am Main ange-bunden waren, zu jeweils zwei Messzeitpunkten anhand einer neuropsychologischen Testbatterie (Trail-Making Test, NeuroCogFX) untersucht. Die erste Messung erfolgte vor Therapieeinleitung, eine zweite Messung nach Beendigung einer adjuvanten Krebs-therapie. Gleichzeitig wurden Werte zu Depressivität, Angst, krankheitsbezogener Le-bensqualität und der kognitiven Funktionsfähigkeit mittels verschiedener Fragebögen (HADS, EORTC-QLQ C30, EORTC-QLQ BR23) erhoben. Eine Kontrollgruppe von gesunden Probandinnen (N=13) wurde nach den gleichen Vorgaben untersucht.
30% der Patientinnen hatten eine kombinierte Chemotherapie erhalten, eine Radiatio war bei 70% und eine antihormonelle Therapie bei 75% erfolgt. Die Testungen der Pati-entinnen fanden im Mittel 12 (SD 15,4) Tage nach OP statt. Die T2-Messungen erfolg-ten im Mittel 10,3 (SD: 3,2) Monate nach den T1-Messungen für Patientinnen und 7,3 (SD: 1,8) Monate für Kontrollprobandinnen. Alter, IQ und Bildungsniveau waren zwi-schen beiden Gruppen gleich, Unterschiede zeigten sich hinsichtlich der BMI- Werte und der sportlichen Aktivität. Es zeigten sich weder zum ersten noch zum zweiten Messzeitpunkt signifikante Unterschiede der Aufmerksamkeitsleistungen zwischen Pati-entinnen und der Kontrollgruppe. Unterschiede fanden sich lediglich zwischen beiden Zeitpunkten in der einfachen Reaktionszeit mit schlechteren Testleistungen während T2 sowie im TMT Teil B mit besseren Ergebnissen während T2 für beide Gruppen. Hoch-signifikant unterschieden sich dagegen Patientinnen von der Kontrollgruppe mit schlechteren Werten hinsichtlich Angst und Depression, der Lebensqualität sowie der empfundenen kognitiven Funktionen. Dabei war keine signifikante Veränderung der Werte zwischen T1 und T2 messbar. Eine Korrelation zwischen aufmerksamkeitsbezo-genen Testleistungen und psychischem Stress bestand nicht, weiterhin fand sich kein Zusammenhang zwischen subjektiver kognitiver Leistungsfähigkeit und objektiven Testergebnissen. Hochsignifikant korrelierten dagegen schlechtere Werte der subjektiven kognitiven Fähigkeiten mit erhöhten Werten für Angst und Depression.
Auf Grundlage dieser Arbeit lässt sich kein relevanter Einfluss einer adjuvanten Krebs-therapie auf die Aufmerksamkeitsleistungen ableiten. Die Ergebnisse belegen aber signi-fikant erhöhte Werte für Depression und Angst von Brustkrebspatientinnen und den Einfluss von erhöhtem psychischem Stress auf die subjektive kognitive Funktionsfähig-keit. Diesbezüglich sollten zukünftige Behandlungsstrategien auch die subjektive kogni-tive Funktionsfähigkeit und in diesem Zusammenhang auch die spezifische Therapie von psychischem Stress in den Fokus rücken.
Die afrikanische Schlafkrankheit (HAT), übertragen durch die Tsetse Fliege und ausgelöst durch den einzelligen Parasit Trypanosoma brucei, wird vor über 100 Jahren entdeckt. Diese unbehandelt immer tödlich verlaufende Erkrankung zählt zu den Neglected Tropical Diseases. Es existiert keine Impfung und die Behandlung ist nebenwirkungsreich. Das weltweite Forschungsaufkommen zu diesem Thema wird von 1900 bis 2016 anhand von Metadaten untersucht, die aus dem Web of Science Core Collection (Clarivate Analytics) extrahiert wurden. Die 5079 Publikationen werden mittels bibliometrischer Parameter ausgewertet. Diese umfassen chronologische Publikationsparameter, Analysen der Länder, Institutionen, Autoren, Fachzeitschriften, Fachbereiche, Kooperationen und Geschlechterparität. Die Analyse zeigt ein aufkommendes Forschungsinteresse der Kolonialmächte Anfang des 20. Jahrhunderts in den okkupierten Koloniegebieten Afrikas. Zu dem Zeitpunkt als der Erreger entdeckt wird, grassiert eine Epidemie der Ost-und Westafrikanischen Schlafkrankheit. Mit Beginn des Ersten Weltkrieges brechen die Publikationszahlen ein. Erst ab den 1970ern steigen die Artikelzahlen kontinuierlich. Die Vernachlässigung der Erkrankung resultiert in einer Epidemie mit geschätzt 300.000 Fällen (1998). In den letzten Jahren verringerte sich die Anzahl der Neuinfektionen erheblich, im Jahr 2016 werden 2184 Fälle gemeldet. Zwischen 1964 und 2013 kommt es zu einer mehr als 11-fachen Steigerung der Publikationen. Ab 1980 nehmen die Zitierungen sprunghaft zu, wahrscheinlich konnten viele neue Erkenntnisse aufgrund der hohen Prävalenz gewonnen werden. Der meistzitierte und produktivste Fachbereich ist die Biochemistry and Molecular Biology. Der Anteil Pharmacology and Pharmacy nimmt kontinuierlich zu. Die Popularität könnte auf 2 Faktoren zurückgeführt werden, den steigenden Bedarf an neuen Medikamenten und den Einfluss der WHO. 2009 wird NECT als Kombinationstherapie zugelassen, 2018 folgt Fexinidazole. Das durchschnittliche Literaturverzeichnis vergrößert sich, ebenso die Forschungsgruppen, denn die durchschnittliche Autorenzahl steigt von 2,5 (1975) auf 8,03 (2014). Die Zahl der internationalen Kooperationsartikel wird innerhalb der letzten 30 Jahre versechsfacht. Die publikationsstärkste Nation ist die USA, gefolgt von
Großbritannien, weiteren westeuropäischen Staaten sowie Kenia und Nigeria. 36% der 25 produktivsten Länder sind afrikanische. Gemessen an ihren ökonomischen Daten ist die Forschungsleistung extrem hoch. Unter den 15 produktivsten Institutionen ist als einziges afrikanisches das International Livestock Research Institut (Nairobi) vertreten. Diese Forschungseinrichtung wird durch Stiftungen wie Wellcome Trust finanziell unterstützt, welche bei mehreren hundert Publikationen als Funding Agency dient. Zwei weitere außeruniversitäre Institutionen zählen zu den produktivsten: Das Center of Infectious Disease Research (USA) sowie das Institute of Tropical Medicine Antwerp (Belgien). Die zehn produktivsten Länderkooperationen finden innereuropäisch oder mit den USA statt, darunter existiert eine europäisch-afrikanische Kollaboration (ITM Antwerp, Ministry for für Public Health (DR Kongo)). Bei Analyse der europäisch-afrikanischen Kooperationen fällt auf, dass diese mit der ehemaligen Kolonialpolitik korrelieren könnten. Die meisten afrikanischen Nationen publizieren in Kooperationen, eine Ausnahme bildet Nigeria. Sie veröffentlichen nur 18,7% der Artikel in Zusammenarbeit. Sie sind das Land mit dem höchsten BIP der ausgewerteten afrikanischen Nationen. Der produktivste Autor ist E. Pays der an der Université Libre de Bruxelles forscht. Der meistzitierte Autor G.A.M. Cross von der Rockefeller University ist Verfasser von zwei der meistzitierten Artikel. Die erfolgreichsten Wissenschaftler stehen eher am Ende ihrer Karriere und fungieren meist als Letztautoren und als Leiter einer Einrichtung. Obwohl in den letzten Jahren eine zunehmende Geschlechterparität auf dem Forschungsgebiet identifiziert werden konnte, ist die Chancengleichheit für Frauen abhängig vom Land. In Brasilien überwiegt als einzige Nation der Anteil weiblicher Autoren, während Japan den geringsten Frauenanteil besitzt. 11,2% der Artikel erscheinen in der Fachzeitschrift Molecular and Biochemical Parasitology und deckt somit die beiden meistzugewiesenen Themenfelder ab. Infektiöse Erkrankungen, die vor allem Drittweltländer mit geringen finanziellen Möglichkeiten betreffen, müssen im Interesse der Weltgemeinschaft weiter intensiv erforscht werden. Um dies zu ermöglichen ist eine Finanzierung und Stärkung der Wissenschaft in den betroffenen Ländern vor Ort nötig.
Background: In clinical practice range of motion (RoM) is usually assessed with low-cost devices such as a tape measure (TM) or a digital inclinometer (DI). However, the intra- and inter-rater reliability of typical RoM tests differ, which impairs the evaluation of therapy progress. More objective and reliable kinematic data can be obtained with the inertial motion capture system (IMC) by Xsens. The aim of this study was to obtain the intra- and inter-rater reliability of the TM, DI and IMC methods in five RoM tests: modified Thomas test (DI), shoulder test modified after Janda (DI), retroflexion of the trunk modified after Janda (DI), lateral inclination (TM) and fingertip-to-floor test (TM).
Methods: Two raters executed the RoM tests (TM or DI) in a randomized order on 22 healthy individuals while, simultaneously, the IMC data (Xsens MVN) was collected. After 15 warm-up repetitions, each rater recorded five measurements.
Findings: Intra-rater reliabilities were (almost) perfect for tests in all three devices (ICCs 0.886–0.996). Inter-rater reliability was substantial to (almost) perfect in the DI (ICCs 0.71–0.87) and the IMC methods (ICCs 0.61–0.993) and (almost) perfect in the TM methods (ICCs 0.923–0.961). The measurement error (ME) for the tests measured in degree (°) was 0.9–3.3° for the DI methods and 0.5–1.2° for the IMC approaches. In the tests measured in centimeters the ME was 0.5–1.3cm for the TM methods and 0.6–2.7cm for the IMC methods. Pearson correlations between the results of the DI or the TM respectively with the IMC results were significant in all tests except for the shoulder test on the right body side (r = 0.41–0.81).
Interpretation: Measurement repetitions of either one or multiple trained raters can be considered reliable in all three devices.
Three AKT serine/threonine kinase isoforms (AKT1/AKT2/AKT3) mediate proliferation, metabolism, differentiation and anti-apoptotic signals. AKT isoforms are activated down- stream of PI3-kinase and also by PI3-kinase independent mechanisms. Mutations in the lipid phosphatase PTEN and PI3-kinase that increase PIP3 levels increase AKT signaling in a large proportion of human cancers. AKT and other AGC kinases possess a regulatory mechanism that relies on a conserved hydrophobic motif (HM) C-terminal to the catalytic core. In AKT, the HM is contiguous to the serine 473 and two other newly discovered (serine 477 and tyrosine 479) regulatory phosphorylation sites. In AKT genes, this regulatory HM region is encoded in the final exon. We identified a splice variant of AKT2 (AKT2-13a), which contains an alternative final exon and lacks the HM regulatory site. We validated the presence of mRNA for this AKT2-13a splice variant in different tissues, and the presence of AKT2-13a protein in extracts from HEK293 cells. When overexpressed in HEK293 cells, AKT2-13a is phosphorylated at the activation loop and at the zipper/turn motif phosphoryla- tion sites but has reduced specific activity. Analysis of the human transcriptome correspond- ing to other AGC kinases revealed that all three AKT isoforms express alternative transcripts lacking the HM regulatory motif, which was not the case for SGK1-3, S6K1-2, and classical, novel and atypical PKC isoforms. The transcripts of splice variants of Akt1-3 excluding the HM regulatory region could lead to expression of deregulated forms of AKT.
Objectives: Multidrug-resistant organisms (MDRO) are considered an emerging threat worldwide. Data covering the clinical impact of MDRO colonization in patients with solid malignancies, however, is widely missing. We sought to determine the impact of MDRO colonization in patients who have been diagnosed with Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) who are at known high-risk for invasive infections.
Materials and methods: Patients who were screened for MDRO colonization within a 90-day period after NSCLC diagnosis of all stages were included in this single-center retrospective study.
Results: Two hundred and ninety-five patients were included of whom 24 patients (8.1%) were screened positive for MDRO colonization (MDROpos) at first diagnosis. Enterobacterales were by far the most frequent MDRO detected with a proportion of 79.2% (19/24). MDRO colonization was present across all disease stages and more present in patients with concomitant diabetes mellitus. Median overall survival was significantly inferior in the MDROpos study group with a median OS of 7.8 months (95% CI, 0.0–19.9 months) compared to a median OS of 23.9 months (95% CI, 17.6–30.1 months) in the MDROneg group in univariate (p = 0.036) and multivariate analysis (P = 0.02). Exploratory analyses suggest a higher rate of non-cancer-related-mortality in MDROpos patients compared to MDROneg patients (p = 0.002) with an increased rate of fatal infections in MDROpos patients (p = 0.0002).
Conclusions: MDRO colonization is an independent risk factor for inferior OS in patients diagnosed with NSCLC due to a higher rate of fatal infections. Empirical antibiotic treatment approaches should cover formerly detected MDR commensals in cases of (suspected) invasive infections.