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Global seasonal distribution of CH₂Br₂ and CHBr₃ in the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere
(2022)
Bromine released from the decomposition of short-lived brominated source gases contributes as a sink of ozone in the lower stratosphere. The two major contributors are CH2Br2 and CHBr3. In this study, we investigate the global seasonal distribution of these two substances, based on four High Altitude and Long Range Research Aircraft (HALO) missions, the HIAPER Pole-to-Pole Observations (HIPPO) mission, and the Atmospheric Tomography (ATom) mission. Observations of CH2Br2 in the free and upper troposphere indicate a pronounced seasonality in both hemispheres, with slightly larger mixing ratios in the Northern Hemisphere (NH). Compared to CH2Br2, CHBr3 in these regions shows larger variability and less clear seasonality, presenting larger mixing ratios in winter and autumn in NH midlatitudes to high latitudes. The lowermost stratosphere of SH and NH shows a very similar distribution of CH2Br2 in hemispheric spring with differences well below 0.1 ppt, while the differences in hemispheric autumn are much larger with substantially smaller values in the SH than in the NH. This suggests that transport processes may be different in both hemispheric autumn seasons, which implies that the influx of tropospheric air (“flushing”) into the NH lowermost stratosphere is more efficient than in the SH. The observations of CHBr3 support the suggestion, with a steeper vertical gradient in the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere in SH autumn than in NH autumn. However, the SH database is insufficient to quantify this difference. We further compare the observations to model estimates of TOMCAT (Toulouse Off-line Model of Chemistry And Transport) and CAM-Chem (Community Atmosphere Model with Chemistry, version 4), both using the same emission inventory of Ordóñez et al. (2012). The pronounced tropospheric seasonality of CH2Br2 in the SH is not reproduced by the models, presumably due to erroneous seasonal emissions or atmospheric photochemical decomposition efficiencies. In contrast, model simulations of CHBr3 show a pronounced seasonality in both hemispheres, which is not confirmed by observations. The distributions of both species in the lowermost stratosphere of the Northern and Southern hemispheres are overall well captured by the models with the exception of southern hemispheric autumn, where both models present a bias that maximizes in the lowest 40 K above the tropopause, with considerably lower mixing ratios in the observations. Thus, both models reproduce equivalent flushing in both hemispheres, which is not confirmed by the limited available observations. Our study emphasizes the need for more extensive observations in the SH to fully understand the impact of CH2Br2 and CHBr3 on lowermost-stratospheric ozone loss and to help constrain emissions.
Der Beitrag skizziert die Perspektive einer angewandt-kritischen Wohnungsforschung, welche auf (1) die kooperative Entwicklung von Fragestellungen mit außeruniversitären Akteuren, (2) partizipative Forschungsprozesse mit zivilgesellschaftlichen Initiativen, (3) die Verbindung von wissenschaftlichem Erkenntnisstreben und politischer Praxis im Sinne einer Aktions- beziehungsweise Transformationsforschung sowie (4) breit aufgestellte Publikationsstrategien abzielt. Argumentiert wird dabei, dass ein solcher Zugriff eine gegenstandsangemessene Forschung insbesondere in Hinblick auf prekäre Wohnverhältnisse und wohnungspolitische Kämpfe erlaubt, die praxisorientierte und gesellschaftspolitisch relevante Ergebnisse zu liefern verspricht. Zudem kann ein solcher Ansatz spezifische forschungsethische Probleme vermeiden und in methodischer Hinsicht die Qualität der Datenerhebung verbessern. Die Überwindung der Distanz zwischen Theorie und Praxis sowie die transparente normativ-politische Positionierung ermöglichen es darüber hinaus, Forschungsprozesse stärker auf die Transformation bestehender Machtverhältnisse auszurichten.
Even though the relational turn within Island Studies has long revoked the equation of islands with insularity, disconnectedness and backwardness, these ascriptions are still often deterministically attributed to islands, mainly by non-island scholars. Thereby these designations are not only reproduced, but connections, dynamics, different forms of embeddedness and entanglements remain overlooked. This paper has two main goals: (1) Adding to the relational turn in Island Studies by not only arguing for more inductive approaches to seriously engage with these situated and changing manifestations and meaningmakings of islands, and (2) by drawing on ethnographic fieldwork conducted in Malta, we introduce the concept of ‘islandscape’ (Broodbank 2000) to the Island Studies literature. Through the lens of islandscape, islands can be researched as nodal points of the local, national and global without reproducing ‘islandism’ while still acknowledging the importance of the island. The combination of -scape and assemblage-thinking which is already present within Island Studies makes it possible to address the tension between global and local and, rather, to look at which concrete, situated assemblages emerge within islandscape. In this sense, we propose to think of the island as islandscape from the very beginning of research, then to show how this islandscape is actually constituted and then to describe partial moments of stabilisation in terms of assemblages.
Diese erste wissenschaftliche Interzonentagung war von Fachgenossen aus allen vier Besatzungszonen besucht. Sie wurde von der „Deutschen Gesellschaft für Völkerkunde" zusammengerufen und trotz der großen Schwierigkeiten vom Frankfurter Kulturmorphologischen Institut vorbildlich, unter außerordentlich entgegenkommender Unterstützung der amerikanischen Militärregierung und der städtischen Verwaltung von Frankfurt betreut...
Using examples taken from the Rhine-Main area, this paper shows that the regional differentiation of the highly developed cultural landscapes of Middle Europe is very largely due to social causes. Even degree and extent of these differences appear to depend on social factors, although physical factors are of varying importance in the shaping of the landscape. Physiognomically uniform phenomena are often the result of different sets of underlying factors, particularly in areas which are experiencing social and economic change. In order to evaluate correctly statistical data which superficially appear to be the same it is necessary to map the single units making up the Landschaftsgefüge (regional structure) according to the status and social class of the owners of land. Statistical data on a parish basis are insufficient for this purpose; mapping of the social conditions as suggested enables evolution series to be established for each sub-unit of the region, and assists the discovery of signs of crisis in the landscape, such as the „Sozialbrache (land undeveloped because of social factors). These evolution series can serve as a basis for planning. The simple land-use survey which does not take into account the relationship of each unit of a region to certain social groups is not suitable for that purpose.
The author reviews some theoretical aspects of social geography that have arisen from the work done in his departments at the Universities of Frankfurt and Munich. The most important contributions are analysed to point out the possibilities of finding, limiting, and typifying regions of equal socio-geographical behaviour. Most examples are taken from rural geography, but urban geography is re presented, too. The fundamental idea is that physical and cultural geofactors, which both have objective, quasi-stable qualities, do not characterize regions of equal socio-geo graphical behaviour. These are, in fact, determined by attitude and valuation of social groups in rather limited areas. They govern the working process in its regional differentiation. This working process is partly reflected by the landscapial differentiation, which offers some explanation of the socio-geographical dynamics of a region. This is useful for many purposes, especially for applied geography and regional planning.