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Event-by-event fluctuations of the particle yield ratios in heavy-ion collisions at 20 - 158 AGeV
(2010)
Non-statistical event-by-event fluctuations are considered as an important signal for the critical endpoint of the QCD phase diagram. Event-by-event fluctuations of different observables are thus investigated in detail in current experiments but are also an important observable to be studied at the future CBM experiment at FAIR. In this work we present the energy and centrality dependence of event-by-event fluctuations of particle yield ratios measured by the NA49 experiment in Pb+Pb collisions at 20 - 158 AGeV. Systematic studies of the influence of the dE/dx resolution on the particle identification and the centrality bin size were performed. Results can be compared to event-by-event fluctuations measured by NA49 for different observables such as <pt> or the mean charged particle multiplicity. Main results of these studies are an increase of absolute value of the dynamical particle ratio fluctuations with decreasing centrality for all considered ratios, saturation of the K/Pi and K/p ratio fluctuations for peripheral Pb + Pb collisions at 158A GeV and scaling of the energy and centrality dependences of the p/Pi ratio fluctuations with NpNPi. The measured energy and centrality dependences of the K/Pi and K/p ratio fluctuations scale with NK in a different way. The saturation of the mentioned ratios fluctuations was attributed to the development of pronounced spike at zero in the eventwise ratio distributions, which, as was shown by Monte Carlo simulations, influence the measured fluctuations in the very peripheral Pb + Pb collisions at 158A GeV. In future, the CBM experiment at FAIR will investigate the intermediate region of the QCD phase diagram in great detail searching for the first order phase transition line and the expected critical endpoint. It is therefore important to closely investigate its sensitivity towards particle ratio fluctuations in Au+Au collisions at 10-45 AGeV beam energy. Detailed simulation studies will be presented. As an outcome of these feasibility studies we conclude that the CBM experiment will be able to provide high quality data on the subject of the event-by-event flucutations of particle yield ratios with sensitivity in the order of 1%.
Das Liebespaar Marcus und Alex und ihr gemeinsamer bester Freund Pierre besuchen eine ausgelassene Party, wo es, unter Einfluss von Drogen und Alkohol, zum Streit zwischen den beiden Liebenden kommt. Alex verlässt entnervt die Fete. Doch sie kommt nie zuhause an: In einer Unterführung wird sie Zeugin, wie der schwule Zuhälter El Tenia erbost eine seiner Huren attackiert, bevor sie selbst von ihm vergewaltigt und ins Koma geprügelt wird. Die grässliche Schändungs-Szene aus Gaspar Noés Film Irréversible nimmt geschlagene neun Minuten Zeit in Anspruch. Quälende, körperlich empfundene Zeit - und in ihr eine erschütternde und unerträgliche Erfahrung von Nähe, die jede 'splendid isolation' des Zuschauers zerstört. Gaspar Noé schert sich einen Dreck um die Distanzübereinkunft des Mediums Film. Das Bild schändet Auge und Psyche.
Die zentrale Figur des Films ist der Versicherungsvertreter Truman Burbank, der – ohne davon zu wissen – der Hauptdarsteller einer Fernsehserie ist, die sich zum Ziel gesetzt hat, das Leben eines Menschen von Geburt an zu dokumentieren und live im Fernsehen zu präsentieren. Zu diesem Zweck hat Christof, der Produzent der Serie, Truman als Baby von seiner Firma adoptieren lassen und eigens Seahaven, eine von Wasser umgebene Küstenstadt unter einer riesigen Kuppel – dem OmniCam-Ecosphere-Gebäude – bauen lassen, eine Art 1950er Jahre Spießer-Idylle mit simuliertem Wetter, Sternenhimmel, Sonne und Mond. Die Kuppel befindet sich auf den aufgeschütteten Hollywood Hills, oberhalb des Hollywood-Schriftzuges. Hier wächst Truman auf, umgeben von Schauspielern, täglich beobachtet von über 5.000 Kameras. Finanziert wird die Truman Show, die 24 Stunden täglich live übertragen wird, hauptsächlich durch Product Placement.
Gefängnisfilm
(2010)
Der Gefängnisfilm bildete sich als Subgenre des klassischen Gangsterfilms parallel zu dessen Entstehung zu Beginn der 1930er Jahre heraus. Die Haftanstalt nimmt in diesem Genre eine ebenso mythische wie notwendige Position ein, da der Gefängnisaufenthalt entweder das Ende einer Gangsterkarriere bedeutet oder eine Fortsetzung dieser Funktion unter veränderten Voraussetzungen. „Gefängnis und Gangster-Existenz bedingen einander so sehr, daß das eine ohne das andere kaum vorstellbar erscheint“, wie es in Kellners Gangsterfilm (1977) heißt. Der Gefängnisfilm ist letztlich ein Gangsterfilm, der seinen Haupthandlungsschauplatz in die Haftanstalt verlegt hat und dort entweder von der Läuterung des Gangsters, von dem Schicksal eines zu Unrecht Verurteilten oder einem Gefängnisaufstand erzählt.
Over the past few decades, changes in market conditions such as globalisation and deregulation of financial markets as well as product innovation and technical advancements have induced financial institutions to expand their business activities beyond their traditional boundaries and to engage in cross-sectoral operations. As combining different sectoral businesses offers opportunities for operational synergies and diversification benefits, financial groups comprising banks, insurance undertakings and/or investment firms, usually referred to as financial conglomerates, have rapidly emerged, providing a wide range of services and products in distinct financial sectors and oftentimes in different geographic locations. In the European Union (EU), financial conglomerates have become part of the biggest and most active financial market participants in recent years. Financial conglomerates generally pose new problems for financial authorities as they can raise new risks and exacerbate existing ones. In particular, their cross-sectoral business activities can involve prudentially substantial risks such as the risk of regulatory arbitrage and contagion risk arising from intra-group transactions. Moreover, the generally large size of financial conglomerates as well as the high complexity and interconnectedness of their corporate structures and risk exposures can entail substantial systemic risk and can therefore threaten the stability of the financial system as a whole. Until a few years ago, there was no supervisory framework in place which addressed a financial conglomerate in its entirety as a group. Instead, each group entity within a financial conglomerate was subject to the supervisory rules of its pertinent sector only. Such silo supervisory approach had the drawback of not taking account of risks which arise or aggravate at the group level. It also failed to consider how the risks from different business lines within the group interrelate with each other and affect the group as a whole. In order to address this lack of group-wide prudential supervision of financial conglomerates, the European legislator adopted the Financial Conglomerates Directive 2002/87/EC8 (‘FCD’) on 16 December 2002. The FCD was transposed into national law in the member states of the EU (‘Member States’) by 11 August 2004 for application to financial years beginning on 1 January 2005 and after. The FCD primarily aims at supplementing the existing sectoral directives to address the additional risks of concentration, contagion and complexity presented by financial conglomerates. It therefore provides for a supervisory framework which is applicable in addition to the sectoral supervision. Most importantly, the FCD has introduced additional capital requirements at the conglomerate level so as to prevent the multiple use of the same capital by different group entities. This paper seeks to examine to what extent the FCD provides for an adequate capital regulation of financial conglomerates in the EU while taking into account the underlying sectoral capital requirements and the inherent risks associated with financial conglomerates. In Part 1, the definition and the basic corporate models of financial conglomerates will be presented (I), followed by an illustration of the core motives behind the phenomenon of financial conglomeration (II) and an overview of the development of the supervision over financial conglomerates in the EU (III). Part 2 begins with a brief elaboration on the role of regulatory capital (I) and gives a general overview of the EU capital requirements applicable to banks and insurance undertakings respectively. A delineation of the commonalities and differences of the banking and the insurance capital requirements will be provided (II). It continues to further examine the need for a group-wide capital regulation of financial conglomerates and analyses the adequacy of the FCD capital requirements. In this context, the technical advice rendered by the Joint Committee on Financial Conglomerates (JCFC) as well as the currently ongoing legislative reforms at the EU level will be discussed (III). The paper finally closes with a conclusion and an outlook on remaining open issues (IV).
This study examines the legal environment of netting agreements covering financial contracts. It concludes that an international instrument should be developed capable of improving the effectiveness of netting agreements in mitigating systemic risk. To this end, two different aspects of the enforceability of netting agreements are considered: (i) the general enforceability of netting, and (ii) the possibility of precluding the operation of netting a mechanism by way of a regulatory moratorium for considerations of systemic stability. The first part of the study presents the use of netting and the various forms it may take before going on to explain the benefits and drawbacks of enforceable netting agreements. Benefits for individual firms consist in lower counterparty risk and more favourable capital requirements. Benefits for the financial market as a whole flow from greater financial market stability since the contagion of systemically relevant institutions by the default or insolvency of another institution is limited, thus helping to avoid systemic effects. Additionally, the use of netting arrangements can improve overall market liquidity. A potential drawback of enforceability of netting, in certain situations, is that the operation of a netting mechanism could actually work against the purpose of systemic stability where the transfer of parts of the business of an insolvent financial institution to a solvent bridge entity would enhance or maintain value to a greater extent than the operation of a netting agreement would. Regulatory authorities are considering under which conditions a moratorium to halt the netting mechanism until the situation is solved could avoid this threat to systemic stability. The second part of the study examines whether there is the potential to support the purpose of enhanced systemic stability by way of international harmonisation of private and insolvency law. As regards the issue of general enforceability, the global picture of netting legislation is heterogeneous. Given the great practical relevance of the matter, an international instrument could be very useful. As to the issue of private law consequences of regulatory moratoria, the absence of a harmonised framework appears to lead to actual cross-border inconsistency and legal uncertainty as regards financial contracts that are governed by a foreign law. Taking these to aspects into account, this paper recommends that work on developing an international instrument be undertaken. The final part of the study suggests a set of preliminary guidelines for the development of suchan instrument. In the light of the findings of the previous sections, a mixed, two-step approach is recommended. First, a non-binding instrument could be developed, serving as a benchmark and reservoir of legal solutions in respect of the relevant issues. Secondly, isolated aspects relating to both the general enforceability of netting and the accommodation of a regulatory moratorium in foreign private and insolvency law could be dealt with in an international Convention, in particular where cross-border situations involving netting require uniformity of applicable legal rules.
Das OLG Düsseldorf hat über Managerfehler im Vorfeld der Finanzmarktkrise bei der IKB Deutsche Industriebank AG zu entscheiden. Der Beschluss wird Anfangs- und Referenzpunkt der organhaftungsrechtlichen Krisenaufarbeitung sein, und führende Berater attestieren ihm ein Wirkungspotential, wie es zuletzt dem ARAG-Urteil des BGH zukam. Der Beitrag stimmt dem Beschlussergebnis zu, zeigt aber auf, wie Kernaussagen schnell in eine prinzipienlose Ausdehnung des Organhaftungsrechts münden können.
Die Möglichkeiten zum Recherchieren von botanischer Literatur über Hessen in sieben Online-Datenbanken werden vergleichend betrachtet. Unter anderem werden Testrecherchen zu Beiträgen in den Zeitschriften Hessische Floristische Briefe und Botanik und Naturschutz in Hessen ausgewertet. Es stellt sich heraus, dass im Feld der getesteten Datenbanken die Hessische Bibliographie sowie Biological Abstracts jeweils eine besondere Stellung einnehmen; mehrere weitere, überwiegend lizenzfrei nutzbare Datenbanken liefern ebenfalls substanzielle Beiträge. Die von der Universitätsbibliothek Johann Christian Senckenberg in Frankfurt am Main aufgebaute Virtuelle Fachbibliothek Biologie (vifabio) erleichtert den Zugang zu einigen wesentlichen Ressourcen; unter anderem können Hessische Bibliographie und Biological Abstracts sowie weitere Datenbanken in vifabio mit einer einzigen Suchanfrage parallel durchsucht werden.