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Von A bis Å. (Fast) alles über die Frankfurter Skandinavistik. Ausgabe 1 ; Wintersemester 2020/21
(2020)
Cross sections of the process 𝑒+𝑒−→𝜋0𝜋0𝐽/𝜓 at center-of-mass energies between 3.808 and 4.600 GeV are measured with high precision by using 12.4 fb−1 of data samples collected with the BESIII detector operating at the BEPCII collider facility. A fit to the measured energy-dependent cross sections confirms the existence of the charmoniumlike state 𝑌(4220). The mass and width of the 𝑌(4220) are determined to be (4220.4±2.4±2.3) MeV/𝑐2 and (46.2±4.7±2.1) MeV, respectively, where the first uncertainties are statistical and the second systematic. The mass and width are consistent with those measured in the process 𝑒+𝑒−→𝜋+𝜋−𝐽/𝜓. The neutral charmonium-like state 𝑍𝑐(3900)0 is observed prominently in the 𝜋0𝐽/𝜓 invariant-mass spectrum, and, for the first time, an amplitude analysis is performed to study its properties. The spin-parity of 𝑍𝑐(3900)0 is determined to be 𝐽𝑃=1+, and the pole position is (3893.1±2.2±3.0)−𝑖(22.2±2.6±7.0) MeV/𝑐2, which is consistent with previous studies of electrically charged 𝑍𝑐(3900)±. In addition, cross sections of 𝑒+𝑒− → 𝜋0𝑍𝑐(3900)0 → 𝜋0𝜋0𝐽/𝜓 are extracted, and the corresponding line shape is found to agree with that of the 𝑌(4220).
Digitale Technologien begünstigen den Einsatz einer dynamischen Preisgestaltung, also von Preisen, die für ein prinzipiell gleiches Produkt unangekündigt variieren. Dabei werden in der öffentlichen Diskussion unterschiedliche Ausgestaltungsformen dynamischer Preise oftmals vermischt, was eine sinnvolle Analyse der Vor- und Nachteile der dynamischen Preisgestaltung erschwert. Das Ziel des Beitrags ist die Darstellung der ökonomischen Grundlagen und die Diskussion sowie Klassifikation der Ausgestaltungsmöglichkeiten der dynamischen Preisgestaltung. Darüber hinaus erfolgt eine Bewertung der Vor- und Nachteile der dynamischen Preisgestaltung aus Käufer- und Verkäufersicht. Abschließend werden Implikationen für die betriebswirtschaftliche Forschung diskutiert.
Mehr Nachhaltigkeit im deutschen Leitindex DAX : Reformvorschläge im Lichte des Wirecard-Skandals
(2020)
Im Rahmen der Aufarbeitung des Wirecard-Skandals wird auch eine Änderung der Kriterien zur Aufnahme in den deutschen Leitindex DAX diskutiert. Die bislang von der Deutschen Börse vorgesehenen Maßnahmen gehen in die richtige Richtung, sind aber nicht weitreichend genug. Es bedarf eines deutlichen Zeichens, dass sich künftig nur solche Unternehmen für den DAX qualifizieren können, die ein zumindest befriedigendes Maß an Nachhaltigkeit gemessen durch einen ESG-Risk-Score (Environment, Social, Governance) in ihrer Geschäftstätigkeit erreichen. Eine Simulation verdeutlicht, dass nach ESG-Kriterien seit langem kritisch betrachtete Unternehmen dem DAX nicht mehr angehören würden. Damit könnte mehr Kapital in nachhaltig wirtschaftende Unternehmen und Sektoren fließen.
Libra — a global virtual currency project initiated by Facebook — has been the subject of many controversial discussions since its announcement in June 2019. This paper provides a differentiated view on Libra, recognising that different development scenarios of Libra are conceivable. Libra could serve purely as an alternative payment system in combination with a dedicated payment token, the Libra coin. Alternatively, the Libra project could develop into a broader financial infrastructure for advanced financial services such as savings and loan products operating on the Libra Blockchain. Based on a comparison of the Libra architecture with other cryptocurrencies, the opportunities and challenges for the development of the respective Libra ecosystems are investigated from a commercial, regulatory and monetary policy perspective.
Heavy quarks are useful probes to investigate the properties of the Quark-Gluon Plasma (QGP) produced in heavy-ion collisions at the LHC, since they are produced in initial hard scattering processes. To single out the signals that are characteristic of the QGP, it is nevertheless crucial to understand the primordial heavy-quark production in vacuum, and to disentangle hot from cold nuclear matter effects. Moreover, observations of collective effects in high-multiplicity pp and p-Pb collisions show surprising similarities with those in heavy-ion collisions. Heavy-flavour production in such collisions could give further insight into the underlying processes. The heavy-flavour production can be studied with e+e− pairs from correlated semileptonic decays of heavy-flavour hadrons. Compared to single heavy-flavour measurements, the dielectron yield contains information about the initial kinematical correlations between the charm and anti-charm quarks, which is otherwise not accessible, and is sensitive to soft heavy-flavour production. We report results on correlated e+e− pairs in pp collisions recorded by the ALICE detector at different collision energies. The production of heavy quarks is discussed by comparing the yield of dielectrons from heavy-flavour hadron decays as a function of invariant mass, pair transverse momentum and distance of closest approach to the primary vertex with different Monte Carlo event generators. The heavy-flavour production cross sections are also presented. Results from high-multiplicity pp collisions at √s=13 TeV and the status of the p-Pb analysis at √sNN=5.02 TeV are reported as well.
A comprehensive study of sillenite Bi12SiO20 single-crystal properties, including elastic stiffness and piezoelectric coefficients, dielectric permittivity, thermal expansion and molar heat capacity, is presented. Brillouin-interferometry measurements (up to 27 GPa), which were performed at high pressures for the first time, and ab initio calculations based on density functional theory (up to 50 GPa) show the stability of the sillenite structure in the investigated pressure range, in agreement with previous studies. Elastic stiffness coefficients c11 and c12 are found to increase continuously with pressure while c44 increases slightly for lower pressures and remains nearly constant above 15 GPa. Heat-capacity measurements were performed with a quasi-adiabatic calorimeter employing the relaxation method between 2 K and 395 K. No phase transition could be observed in this temperature interval. Standard molar entropy, enthalpy change and Debye temperature are extracted from the data. The results are found to be roughly half of the previous values reported in the literature. The discrepancy is attributed to the overestimation of the Debye temperature which was extracted from high-temperature data. Additionally, Debye temperatures obtained from mean sound velocities derived by Voigt-Reuss averaging are in agreement with our heat-capacity results. Finally, a complete set of electromechanical coefficients was deduced from the application of resonant ultrasound spectroscopy between 103 K and 733 K. No discontinuities in the temperature dependence of the coefficients are observed. High-temperature (up to 1100 K) resonant ultrasound spectra recorded for Bi12MO20 crystals revealed strong and reversible acoustic dissipation effects at 870 K, 960 K and 550 K for M = Si, Ge and Ti, respectively. Resonances with small contributions from the elastic shear stiffness c44 and the piezoelectric stress coefficient e123 are almost unaffected by this dissipation.
Weimarer Beiträge 66/2020
(2020)
Die Weimarer Beiträge sind eine Zeitschrift für Literaturwissenschaft, aktuelle ästhetische Theorie und Kulturwissenschaft. Zu Ihren Schwerpunkten gehören moderne Literatur im Rahmen anderer Künste und Medien, die Wechselbeziehungen von Literatur, philosophischer und ästhetischer Reflexion sowie die kritische Analyse der Gegenwartskultur.
Decades of work have demonstrated that mRNAs are localized and translated within neuronal dendrites and axons to provide proteins for remodeling and maintaining growth cones or synapses. It remains unknown, however, whether specific forms of plasticity differentially regulate the dynamics and translation of individual mRNA species. To address these issues, we targeted three individual synaptically-localized mRNAs, CamkIIa, Beta actin, Psd95, and used molecular beacons to track endogenous mRNA movements and reporters and Crispr-Cas9 gene editing to track their translation. We found widespread alterations in mRNA behavior during two forms of synaptic plasticity, long-term potentiation (LTP) and depression (LTD). Changes in mRNA dynamics following plasticity resulted in an enrichment of mRNA in the vicinity of dendritic spines. Both the reporters and tagging of endogenous proteins revealed the transcript-specific stimulation of protein synthesis following LTP or LTD. The plasticity-induced enrichment of mRNA near synapses could be uncoupled from its translational status. The enrichment of mRNA in the proximity of spines allows for localized signaling pathways to decode plasticity milieus and stimulate a specific translational profile, resulting in a customized remodeling of the synaptic proteome.
Kaum ein Text von Johannes R. Becher hat in der Weimarer Republik für so viel Furore gesorgt wie sein zweiter Roman "(CHCl=CH)3As (Levisite) oder Der einzig gerechte Krieg (1926)", stand er doch im Mittelpunkt des gegen den Autor eingeleiteten Hochverratsprozesses, der den öffentlichen Protest verschiedener Schriftsteller gegen die Unterdrückung freier Meinungsäußerung zur Folge hatte. Als Levisite 1926 erschien, ermittelten die Behörden bereits einige Zeit gegen den Kommunisten Johannes R. Becher. [...] Da die Forschungsarbeiten zu Becher schwerpunktmäßig aus der DDR-Germanistik stammen, kritisieren die vorliegenden Studien oftmals die Form, in der die ideologische Botschaft artikuliert wird. Geprägt von der Skepsis gegenüber experimenteller Sprachgestaltung, wie sie in der Formalismusdebatte am deutlichen zum Ausdruck kommt, bemerken sie im Buch einen "krasse[n] Widerspruch zwischen dem sprachexperimentellen Charakter der Dichtung und den politischen Intentionen des Dichters", der die Arbeiterklasse als Leserschaft daher eher abschrecke. Dabei ist der Roman aus dieser Perspektive nur sehr schwer zu fassen. Hierfür ist ein Ansatz vonnöten, der in der Lage ist, die ästhetische Form und den Inhalt zusammenzudenken, und der das Werk zudem im Kontext des Hochverratsprozesses gegen Becher beleuchtet. Denn "Levisite" ist als bewusster Skandalroman angelegt und in dieser Weise als performativ-politisches Statement, das im fiktionalisierten Rückbezug auf den Autor dessen Entscheidung für den Kommunismus legitimiert. Das Problem, wie man Kunst und Leben zusammenbringen soll, beschäftigt die Frühe Moderne seit den naturalistischen Manifesten. Becher selbst vertritt Zeit seines Lebens ein Konzept, nach dem beide Dimensionen unmittelbar ineinander übergehen oder sich gegenseitig befruchten. Bechers Werk wird also nur verständlich, wenn man die Selbstinszenierungsstrategien seines Autors mit in den Blick nimmt. Dies gilt auch für die einer solchen Egozentrik scheinbar eher abträgliche politisch-engagierte Literatur der 1920er Jahre, wie sich am Beispiel von "Levisite" besonders gut zeigen lässt. Im Gegensatz zum konventionellen Bild der proletarisch-revolutionären Literatur, das vom Sozialistischen Realismus und der Arbeiterliteratur geprägt ist, erinnert der Roman den heutigen Leser daran, dass es eine kommunistische Avantgarde auch außerhalb der Theaterexperimente eines Erwin Piscator oder Bertolt Brecht gab. Er zeigt eine kommunistische Bewegung, die noch auf der Suche nach dem idealen Weg ist, um die politischen Machtstrukturen durch Kunst verändern zu können. Bechers Antwort auf diese Frage hat viel mit ihm selbst zu tun, weil sich die intendierte Wirkung des Buchs nicht unbedingt dadurch entfaltet, dass sich der Leser die Protagonisten zum Vorbild nimmt. Der Roman ist vielmehr das wichtigste Instrument Bechers, die Wahrnehmung seiner eigenen Person in der Weimarer Republik zu beeinflussen und sich selbst als Exempel des politisch verfolgten Schriftstellers zu inszenieren, womit der Inhalt der Romanhandlung in der Realität Bestätigung findet.
Background Reward processing has been proposed to underpin atypical social behavior, a core feature of autism spectrum disorder (ASD). However, previous neuroimaging studies have yielded inconsistent results regarding the specificity of atypicalities for social rewards in ASD. Utilizing a large sample, we aimed to assess altered reward processing in response to reward type (social, monetary) and reward phase (anticipation, delivery) in ASD.
Methods Functional magnetic resonance imaging during social and monetary reward anticipation and delivery was performed in 212 individuals with ASD (7.6-30.5 years) and 181 typically developing (TD) participants (7.6-30.8 years).
Results Across social and monetary reward anticipation, whole-brain analyses (p<0.05, family-wise error-corrected) showed hypoactivation of the right ventral striatum (VS) in ASD. Further, region of interest (ROI) analysis across both reward types yielded hypoactivation in ASD in both the left and right VS. Across delivery of social and monetary reward, hyperactivation of the VS in individuals with ASD did not survive correction for multiple comparisons. Reward type by diagnostic group interactions, and a dimensional analysis of autism trait scores were not significant during anticipation or delivery. Levels of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) symptoms did not affect reward processing in ASD.
Conclusions Our results do not support current theories linking atypical social interaction in ASD to specific alterations in processing of social rewards. Instead, they point towards a generalized hypoactivity of VS in ASD during anticipation of both social and monetary rewards. We suggest that this indicates attenuated subjective reward value in ASD independent of social content and ADHD symptoms.
Using 2.93 fb−1 of 𝑒+𝑒− collision data taken at a center-of-mass energy of 3.773 GeV by the BESIII detector at the BEPCII, we measure the branching fractions of the singly Cabibbo-suppressed decays 𝐷→𝜔𝜋𝜋 to be ℬ(𝐷0→𝜔𝜋+𝜋−)=(1.33±0.16±0.12)×10−3 and ℬ(𝐷+→𝜔𝜋+𝜋0)=(3.87±0.83±0.25)×10−3, where the first uncertainties are statistical and the second ones systematic. The statistical significances are 12.9𝜎 and 7.7𝜎, respectively. The precision of ℬ(𝐷0→𝜔𝜋+𝜋−) is improved by a factor of 2.1 over prior measurements, and ℬ(𝐷+→𝜔𝜋+𝜋0) is measured for the first time. No significant signal for 𝐷0→𝜔𝜋0𝜋0 is observed, and the upper limit on the branching fraction is ℬ(𝐷0→𝜔𝜋0𝜋0)<1.10×10−3 at the 90% confidence level. The branching fractions of 𝐷→𝜂𝜋𝜋 are also measured and consistent with existing results.
Using 2.93 fb−1 of 𝑒+𝑒− collision data taken at a center-of-mass energy of 3.773 GeV with the BESIII detector, we report the first measurements of the absolute branching fractions of 14 hadronic 𝐷0(+) decays to exclusive final states with an 𝜂, e.g., 𝐷0→𝐾−𝜋+𝜂, 𝐾0𝑆𝜋0𝜂, 𝐾+𝐾−𝜂, 𝐾0𝑆𝐾0𝑆𝜂, 𝐾−𝜋+𝜋0𝜂, 𝐾0𝑆𝜋+𝜋−𝜂, 𝐾0𝑆𝜋0𝜋0𝜂, and 𝜋+𝜋−𝜋0𝜂; 𝐷+→𝐾0𝑆𝜋+𝜂, 𝐾0𝑆𝐾+𝜂, 𝐾−𝜋+𝜋+𝜂, 𝐾0𝑆𝜋+𝜋0𝜂, 𝜋+𝜋+𝜋−𝜂, and 𝜋+𝜋0𝜋0𝜂. Among these decays, the 𝐷0→𝐾−𝜋+𝜂 and 𝐷+→𝐾0 𝑆𝜋+𝜂 decays have the largest branching fractions, which are ℬ(𝐷0→𝐾−𝜋+𝜂) = (1.853±0.025stat±0.031syst)% and ℬ(𝐷+→𝐾0𝑆𝜋+𝜂) = (1.309±0.037stat±0.031syst)%, respectively. The charge-parity asymmetries for the six decays with highest event yields are determined, and no statistically significant charge-parity violation is found.
Surface temperature is a fundamental parameter of Earth’s climate. Its evolution through time is commonly reconstructed using the oxygen isotope and the clumped isotope compositions of carbonate archives. However, reaction kinetics involved in the precipitation of carbonates can introduce inaccuracies in the derived temperatures. Here, we show that dual clumped isotope analyses, i.e., simultaneous ∆47 and ∆48 measurements on the single carbonate phase, can identify the origin and quantify the extent of these kinetic biases. Our results verify theoretical predictions and evidence that the isotopic disequilibrium commonly observed in speleothems and scleractinian coral skeletons is inherited from the dissolved inorganic carbon pool of their parent solutions. Further, we show that dual clumped isotope thermometry can achieve reliable palaeotemperature reconstructions, devoid of kinetic bias. Analysis of a belemnite rostrum implies that it precipitated near isotopic equilibrium and confirms the warmer-than-present temperatures during the Early Cretaceous at southern high latitudes.
Digital spatial processes have been widely explored and investigated in subject-specific geographic research. So far, however, this research has not been sufficiently reflected in classrooms or teacher education, and remains unconnected to notions of geographical digital literacy. Viral constructions of space – realities shaped in everyday life that are experienced and (re-)produced by students and teachers alike through social media – present an opportunity for Geography education to adapt to the digital society. This paper attempts to connect viral constructions of space, the digital society and the knowledge teachers need to include viral constructions of space in the classroom using Mishra and Koehler’s (2006) TPACK model, a well-established means for summarizing teachers’ technological, pedagogical and content knowledge for a specific topic. The paper focuses on content knowledge, identifies five sub-types of viral constructions of space, and extracts nine descriptors of teachers’ content knowledge. By focusing on content knowledge, the paper presents a starting point for future investigations of pedagogical and technological teacher knowledge as well as their intersections. It also raises awareness of viral constructions of space as both a new essential topic in the Geography classroom and a phenomenon already shaping learning environments for spatial acquisition.
Background: Marked sex differences in autism prevalence accentuate the need to understand the role of biological sex-related factors in autism. Efforts to unravel sex differences in the brain organization of autism have, however, been challenged by the limited availability of female data.
Methods: We addressed this gap by using a large sample of males and females with autism and neurotypical (NT) control individuals (ABIDE; Autism: 362 males, 82 females; NT: 409 males, 166 females; 7-18 years). Discovery analyses examined main effects of diagnosis, sex and their interaction across five resting-state fMRI (R-fMRI) metrics (voxel-level Z > 3.1, cluster-level P < 0.01, gaussian random field corrected). Secondary analyses assessed the robustness of the results to different pre-processing approaches and their replicability in two independent samples: the EU-AIMS Longitudinal European Autism Project (LEAP) and the Gender Explorations of Neurogenetics and Development to Advance Autism Research (GENDAAR).
Results: Discovery analyses in ABIDE revealed significant main effects across the intrinsic functional connectivity (iFC) of the posterior cingulate cortex, regional homogeneity and voxel-mirrored homotopic connectivity (VMHC) in several cortical regions, largely converging in the default network midline. Sex-by-diagnosis interactions were confined to the dorsolateral occipital cortex, with reduced VMHC in females with autism. All findings were robust to different pre-processing steps. Replicability in independent samples varied by R-fMRI measures and effects with the targeted sex-by-diagnosis interaction being replicated in the larger of the two replication samples – EU-AIMS LEAP.
Limitations: Given the lack of a priori harmonization among the discovery and replication datasets available to date, sample-related variation remained and may have affected replicability.
Conclusions: Atypical cross-hemispheric interactions are neurobiologically relevant to autism. They likely result from the combination of sex-dependent and sex-independent factors with a differential effect across functional cortical networks. Systematic assessments of the factors contributing to replicability are needed and necessitate coordinated large-scale data collection across studies.
Competing Interest Statement: ADM receives royalties from the publication of the Italian version of the Social Responsiveness Scale Child Version by Organization Speciali, Italy. JKB has been a consultant to, advisory board member of, and a speaker for Takeda/Shire, Medice, Roche, and Servier. He is not an employee of any of these companies and not a stock shareholder of any of these companies. He has no other financial or material support, including expert testimony, patents, or royalties. CFB is director and shareholder in SBGneuro Ltd. TC has received consultancy from Roche and Servier and received book royalties from Guildford Press and Sage. DM has been a consultant to, and advisory board member, for Roche and Servier. He is not an employee of any of these companies, and not a stock shareholder of any of these companies. TB served in an advisory or consultancy role for Lundbeck, Medice, Neurim Pharmaceuticals, Oberberg GmbH, Shire, and Infectopharm. He received conference support or speakers fee by Lilly, Medice, and Shire. He received royalties from Hogrefe, Kohlhammer, CIP Medien, Oxford University Press; the present work is unrelated to these relationships. JT is a consultant to Roche. The remaining authors declare no competing interests.
The survivin suppressant YM155 is a drug candidate for neuroblastoma. Here, we tested YM155 in 101 neuroblastoma cell lines (19 parental cell lines, 82 drug-adapted sublines). 77 cell lines displayed YM155 IC50s in the range of clinical YM155 concentrations. ABCB1 was an important determinant of YM155 resistance. The activity of the ABCB1 inhibitor zosuquidar ranged from being similar to that of the structurally different ABCB1 inhibitor verapamil to being 65-fold higher. ABCB1 sequence variations may be responsible for this, suggesting that the design of variant-specific ABCB1 inhibitors may be possible. Further, we showed that ABCC1 confers YM155 resistance. Previously, p53 depletion had resulted in decreased YM155 sensitivity. However, TP53-mutant cells were not generally less sensitive to YM155 than TP53 wild-type cells in this study. Finally, YM155 cross-resistance profiles differed between cells adapted to drugs as similar as cisplatin and carboplatin. In conclusion, the large cell line panel was necessary to reveal an unanticipated complexity of the YM155 response in neuroblastoma cell lines with acquired drug resistance. Novel findings include that ABCC1 mediates YM155 resistance and that YM155 cross-resistance profiles differ between cell lines adapted to drugs as similar as cisplatin and carboplatin.
Background: Autism Spectrum Disorder (henceforth ‘autism’) is a highly heterogeneous neurodevelopmental condition with few effective treatments for core and associated features. To make progress we need to both identify and validate neural markers that help to parse heterogeneity to tailor therapies to specific neurobiological profiles. Atypical hemispheric lateralization is a stable feature across studies in autism, however its potential of lateralization as a neural stratification marker has not been widely examined.
Methods: In order to dissect heterogeneity in lateralization in autism, we used the large EU-AIMS Longitudinal European Autism Project dataset comprising 352 individuals with autism and 233 neurotypical (NT) controls as well as a replication dataset from ABIDE (513 autism, 691 NT) using a promising approach that moves beyond mean-group comparisons. We derived grey matter voxelwise laterality values for each subject and modelled individual deviations from the normative pattern of brain laterality across age using normative modeling.
Results: Results showed that individuals with autism had highly individualized patterns of both extreme right- and leftward deviations, particularly in language-, motor- and visuospatial regions, associated with symptom severity. Language delay (LD) explained most variance in extreme rightward patterns, whereas core autism symptom severity explained most variance in extreme leftward patterns. Follow-up analyses showed that a stepwise pattern emerged with individuals with autism with LD showing more pronounced rightward deviations than autism individuals without LD.
Conclusion: Our analyses corroborate the need for novel (dimensional) approaches to delineate the heterogeneous neuroanatomy in autism, and indicate atypical lateralization may constitute a neurophenotype for clinically meaningful stratification in autism.
Most mammals rely on the extraction of acoustic information from the environment in order to survive. However, the mechanisms that support sound representation in auditory neural networks involving sensory and association brain areas remain underexplored. In this study, we address the functional connectivity between an auditory region in frontal cortex (the frontal auditory field, FAF) and the auditory cortex (AC) in the bat Carollia perspicillata. The AC is a classic sensory area central for the processing of acoustic information. On the other hand, the FAF belongs to the frontal lobe, a brain region involved in the integration of sensory inputs, modulation of cognitive states, and in the coordination of behavioural outputs. The FAF-AC network was examined in terms of oscillatory coherence (local-field potentials, LFPs), and within an information theoretical framework linking FAF and AC spiking activity. We show that in the absence of acoustic stimulation, simultaneously recorded LFPs from FAF and AC are coherent in low frequencies (1-12 Hz). This “default” coupling was strongest in deep AC layers and was unaltered by acoustic stimulation. However, presenting auditory stimuli did trigger the emergence of coherent auditory-evoked gamma-band activity (>25 Hz) between the FAF and AC. In terms of spiking, our results suggest that FAF and AC engage in distinct coding strategies for representing artificial and natural sounds. Taken together, our findings shed light onto the neuronal coding strategies and functional coupling mechanisms that enable sound representation at the network level in the mammalian brain.
Leider erhielten wir erst im vergangenen Jahr Kenntnis davon, dass Erika Brokmann, die langjährige Geschäftsführerin des Forum Vormärz Forschung, am 24. Dezember 2017 im Alter von 90 Jahren verstorben ist. [...] Erika Brokmann war an der Gründung des Forum Vormärz Forschung maßgeblich beteiligt. Sie war Mitorganisatorin der Gründungsversammlung am 16. April 1994 und wurde dort zur ersten Geschäftsführerin des Vereins gewählt.
Der Tumormarker Sialinsäure
(2020)
Die vorliegende Übersicht zum Tumormarker Sialinsäure wird im Rahmen der Serie „Tumormarker“ des Zentralblatts für Arbeitsmedizin, Arbeitsschutz und Ergonomie publiziert, die sich mit dem immer häufigeren Gebrauch der Bestimmung von spezifischen Markern bei sog. Manager-Vorsorgen und Check-up-Untersuchungen beschäftigt. Sialinsäure eignet sich grundsätzlich nicht für solche Vorsorgen, sondern ist ein Marker zur Therapie‑, Verlaufs- und Rezidivkontrolle von Mundhöhlenkarzinomen. Hier zeigt dieser eine hohe Sensitivität und Spezifität, wobei der Marker aber auf keinen Fall als Screeningparameter zur Frühdiagnostik eingesetzt werden soll.
Selectivity remains a challenge for ATP-mimetic kinase inhibitors, an issue that may be overcome by targeting unique residues or binding pockets. However, to date only few strategies have been developed. Here we identify that bulky residues located N-terminal to the DFG motif (DFG-1) represent an opportunity for designing highly selective inhibitors with unexpected binding modes. We demonstrate that several diverse inhibitors exerted selective, noncanonical binding modes that exclusively target large hydrophobic DFG-1 residues present in many kinases including PIM, CK1, DAPK, and CLK. By use of the CLK family as a model, structural and biochemical data revealed that the DFG-1 valine controlled a noncanonical binding mode in CLK1, providing a rationale for selectivity over the closely related CLK3 which harbors a smaller DFG-1 alanine. Our data suggest that targeting the restricted back pocket in the small fraction of kinases that harbor bulky DFG-1 residues offers a versatile selectivity filter for inhibitor design.
Gegenstand des vorliegenden Aufsatzes ist es, einige Aspekte des Versuchs, den in Deutschland neu geprägten Begriff der "Ästhetik" nach Frankreich zu importieren, in der Zeit um 1850 zu beleuchten, einer Periode, in der die Ästhetik sich als philosophische Wissenschaft in Frankreich allmählich etabliert. Seit Mitte des 18. Jahrhunderts stieß der Begriff "esthétique", der als direkte Übersetzung des deutschen Wortes "Ästhetik" geprägt wurde, auf zähen Widerstand. Schon ein schneller Blick auf die Wortgeschichte zeugt von dieser Resistenz. Zwar tauchte der Terminus "esthétique" bereits 1753 auf, aber dieser erste Beleg, der im Werk des französischsprachigen Mitglieds der Berliner Akademie der Wissenschaften Louis de Beausobre erschien, blieb lange Zeit isoliert und ohne Widerhall. In der "Encyclopédie" von Diderot und d'Alembert ist bezeichnenderweise unter "esthétique" kein Eintrag zu finden. Erst in zwei Nachbildungen der "Encyclopédie" - in die "Encyclopédie d'Yverdon" von Fortunato Bartolomeo de Felice und ins "Supplément à l'Encyclopédie" von Charles-Joseph Panckoucke - wurde ein solcher Artikel eingeführt. Dieser Importversuch blieb aber bis Anfang des 19. Jahrhunderts so gut wie folgenlos. 1835 wurde das Lemma zum ersten Mal in der sechsten Ausgabe des "Dictionnaire de l'Académie Française" aufgenommen. Den ersten wichtigen Beleg für einen regelrechten Einbürgerungsversuch liefert aber erst der zweite Band des "Dictionnaire des sciences philosophiques" von 1845. Dort ist ein Eintrag zur "esthétique" zu finden, der von Charles Bénard gezeichnet ist. Damit wurde dem Wort "esthétique" in der Sprache der französischen Philosophie sozusagen sein erster Taufschein erstellt. Wer genau war der Autor dieses langen Artikels und was hat ihn veranlasst, einen solchen Eintrag zu schreiben? Wie konnte die Ästhetik als besonderes Teilgebiet der Philosophie um 1850 neue Befürworter finden? Auf welche Hindernisse stießen ihre Fürsprecher? Auf diese Fragen sollen im Folgenden einige Antworten skizziert werden.
Am Fall Husserl soll aufgezeigt werden, wie das wiederholte Von-vorn-Beginnen unweigerlich in eine bestimmte Form des Philosophierens mündet. Dies zu verfolgen erfordert aber weniger eine philosophische als eine poietologische Perspektive. Die konstante Beschäftigung mit dem Anfang führt zu besonderen Schreibformen und entwirft ganze Lebensentwürfe. Dem entspricht ein Lektüremodus, der besonderen Wert auf diejenigen "höchst artistische[n] Volten und Manöver" legt, die im Umgang mit Anfangs- und Ursprungsszenarien zu beobachten sind, und der die daraus erwachsenden praxeologischen Bestimmungen und poetologischen Entwürfe als notwendiger Bestandteil dieser Bemühungen versteht. Es geht also weder darum, die philosophischen Aporien rund um den richtigen Anfang zu lösen, noch darum, ein Theoriemodell des Anfangens zu entwerfen, das in der Literaturwissenschaft aufzunehmen und anzuwenden wäre. Im Fokus stehen soll vielmehr das Zusammenspiel von Epistemologie und Po(i)etologie, das sich über das Anfangsproblem präsentiert und für das sich die "unendliche Aufgabe" von Husserls Phänomenologie, aufgrund der Ernsthaftigkeit ihres Rückfragens und der daraus resultierenden Denk- und Schreibpraxis, besonders eignet. Um die textuellen Konsequenzen der Anfangsaufgabe herausarbeiten zu können, soll in einem zweiten, sich von Husserl lösenden Schritt auf einen Autor zurückgegangen werden, der in der literaturwissenschaftlichen Forschung bereits vielfach als ein ständig neu beginnender und nie zum Schluss kommender beschrieben wurde: Franz Kafka. [...] Im Folgenden sollen also diese beiden Sachverhalte untersucht werden: Zum einen: Welche poetologischen Perspektiven auf das Anfangsproblem schlagen sich in Husserls vielfältigen Fragestellungen und Reflexionsfiguren nieder (III)? Zum anderen: Inwiefern kann Kafkas Form des ständigen Neubeginnens als konsequente Fortführung der Husserl'schen Problemstellung verstanden werden (IV)?
Background: The current COVID-19 pandemic has led to a surge of research activity. While this research provides important insights, the multitude of studies results in an increasing fragmentation of information. To ensure comparability across projects and institutions, standard datasets are needed. Here, we introduce the “German Corona Consensus Dataset” (GECCO), a uniform dataset that uses international terminologies and health IT standards to improve interoperability of COVID-19 data, in particular for university medicine.
Methods: Based on previous work (e.g., the ISARIC-WHO COVID-19 case report form) and in coordination with experts from university hospitals, professional associations and research initiatives, data elements relevant for COVID-19 research were collected, prioritized and consolidated into a compact core dataset. The dataset was mapped to international terminologies, and the Fast Healthcare Interoperability Resources (FHIR) standard was used to define interoperable, machine-readable data formats.
Results: A core dataset consisting of 81 data elements with 281 response options was defined, including information about, for example, demography, medical history, symptoms, therapy, medications or laboratory values of COVID-19 patients. Data elements and response options were mapped to SNOMED CT, LOINC, UCUM, ICD-10-GM and ATC, and FHIR profiles for interoperable data exchange were defined.
Conclusion: GECCO provides a compact, interoperable dataset that can help to make COVID-19 research data more comparable across studies and institutions. The dataset will be further refined in the future by adding domain-specific extension modules for more specialized use cases.
Non-forest ecosystems, dominated by shrubs, grasses and herbaceous plants, provide ecosystem services including carbon sequestration and forage for grazing, yet are highly sensitive to climatic changes. Yet these ecosystems are poorly represented in remotely-sensed biomass products and are undersampled by in-situ monitoring. Current global change threats emphasise the need for new tools to capture biomass change in non-forest ecosystems at appropriate scales. Here we assess whether canopy height inferred from drone photogrammetry allows the estimation of aboveground biomass (AGB) across low-stature plant species sampled through a global site network. We found mean canopy height is strongly predictive of AGB across species, demonstrating standardised photogrammetric approaches are generalisable across growth forms and environmental settings. Biomass per-unit-of-height was similar within, but different among, plant functional types. We find drone-based photogrammetry allows for monitoring of AGB across large spatial extents and can advance understanding of understudied and vulnerable non-forested ecosystems across the globe.
Nach wie vor ist die Geschichte der ästhetischen und auch der poetologischen Debatten in der ersten Hälfte des 19. Jahrhunderts, was ihre Breite und Heterogenität angeht, ein blinder Fleck der Forschung. Das überrascht angesichts der Dynamik der Verschiebungen innerhalb der Paradigmata des Schönen nach 1800, die der erstarkenden Bedeutung des Sehens im Horizont medialer Formerweiterungen ebenso Rechnung trägt wie der philosophischen Ausrichtung der Phänomenologie, der wachsenden Bedeutung der Psychologie und auch dem steigenden Einfluss von wissenschaftlichen Ordnungen auf die Künste. Allenthalben verschaffen sich neue Konzepte des Schönen, der Kontinuität, der Brüchigkeit und der Kritik, des Verhältnisses von Idee und Realität, von Phänomen und System, von Erscheinung und Abstraktion Ausdruck und werden wiederum in Ästhetik 'betrachtet' und eingeordnet.
Wie immer man Vischers Argumentation einordnet, deutlich machen sollte man sich zunächst, dass sie nicht allein kunstphilosophisch orientiert ist, sondern den Austausch mit sich seit den 1830er Jahren zusehends pluralisierenden und von der Zeitordnung, die Hegels Geschichtsphilosophie vorgibt, emanzipierenden literatur- und kunsthistoriografischen Diskursen sucht, womöglich sogar das Ergebnis literatur- und kunstgeschichtlicher Revisionen dieses Zeitraums ist. Dies würde bedeuten, dass es nicht allein (und vielleicht nicht einmal primär) das Gebiet der philosophischen Ästhetik (Kunstphilosophie) ist, innerhalb dessen Vischers Moderne ihre Konturen gewinnt. Im Mittelpunkt stehen würde demgegenüber die empirisch orientierte, d. h. an Einzelwerk und -künstler interessierte Kunst- und Literaturforschung. Wenn wir im Weiteren diese These verfolgen, so nicht so sehr aus dem Interesse heraus, den Anteil kunstphilosophischer Konzeption im Denken Vischers tatsächlich marginalisieren zu wollen. Interessant ist vielmehr die Möglichkeit, in heuristischer Absicht die Elemente der kunst- und literaturgeschichtlichen Rede als eigenständige Diskursformationen in der Betrachtung scharfstellen zu können. Mit diesem Ziel soll es zunächst darum gehen, das Verhältnis von Romantik und Moderne im Haushalt der hegelianischen Literatur- und Kunstgeschichtsschreibung um 1840 zu bestimmen. Gefragt werden soll zudem: Wie lässt sich Vischers im Plan zu einer neuen Gliederung der Ästhetik entworfenes Moderne-Ideal in diesen Rahmen integrieren (Kap. I)? In einem zweiten Schritt wird schließlich ganz konkret jenen Spuren nachgegangen, die Vischers Argumentation im Einflussgebiet kunst- und literaturgeschichtlicher Diskursmuster seiner Zeit zu verorten erlauben (Kap. II). Abschließend wollen wir die Ergebnisse in eine Konturierung des Moderne-Begriffes einbringen (Kap. III).
Im Folgenden möchte ich Mundts Schrift in ihren Hauptmomenten vorstellen und dabei schlaglichtartig derartige Schnittstellen erhellen: die Idee einer großen, die modernen Differenzerfahrungen aufhebenden Vermittlung und deren politische Implikationen (1.); die Möglichkeiten einer politischen Artikulation im Rahmen der philosophischen Ästhetik des Vormärz (2.); die dynamische Begriffsordnung der "Aesthetik", deren Bewegungsemphase und das zugleich bemerkbare Erproben formativer Kräfte (3.); Phantasie und Idealisierung (4.) und schließlich den für Mundts Schrift wichtigen Begriff des Bildes (5.). Die Verbindungslinien, die sich zwischen Mundts "Aesthetik" und der Ästhetik des Jahrhunderts zeigen werden, sind dann zugleich Ausweis von Kontinuitäten, die sich zwischen den beiden Jahrhunderthälften, zwischen Vormärz und Nachmärz erstrecken.
Im 15. Abschnitt seiner Aesthetik kommt Theodor Mundt auf den Humor als 'burleske Philosophie' zu sprechen. Als erster deutscher Ästhetiker hatte der von dem berühmt-berüchtigten Verbotsbeschluss des Bundestags vom 10. Dezember 1835 gegenüber dem sogenannten Jungen Deutschland hart getroffene Autor 1837 in seiner Abhandlung Die Kunst der deutschen Prosa systematisch die "zeitgemäße Stellung" der deutschen Prosa und damit deren Vorrangstellung gegenüber der Poesie begründet. [...] Richtete Mundt in dieser Abhandlung den Fokus noch auf die "Emancipation der Prosa", ist es in der Aesthetik nun "das Prinzip der Unmittelbarkeit" als "Philosophie der That". Mundt selbst spricht im Vorwort selbstbewusst von dem "von mir neu aufgestellte[n] Prinzip der Aesthetik". [...]
Vischers Freiheitsbedürfnis war unersättlich, und er war ständig auf der Suche nach Trost und Orientierung in einer orientierungslosen Zeit. Vischer hoffte, dies nicht nur in der Kunstschönheit in fernen Ländern zu finden, sondern vor allem in der Literatur, der Dichtung und der Philosophie. Der erste Teil des Goethe'schen Faust und Hegels Philosophie sollten daher in der zerrissenen, stürmischen Vormärzzeit zum Rettungsanker für ihn werden. Vischer wird sich von diesen Reisebegleitern nie gänzlich befreien, sie werden mehr oder weniger ausdrücklich sein ganzes Leben an seiner Seite sein, wenn er sich auf die Suche nach einem (unmöglichen) Gleichgewicht zwischen den beiden Seelen in seiner gespaltenen Brust macht: der systematischen (mit offensichtlichen Anklängen an Hegel) und der zerrissenen (die klar auf den Faust anspielt). Wir wollen, von der ersten ausgehend, beide analysieren.
Background In the pandemic, testing for SARS-CoV-2 by RT-PCR in one of the pillars on which countermeasures are based. Factors limiting the output of laboratories interfere with the effectiveness of public health measures. Conserving reagents by pooling samples in low-probability settings is proposed, but may cause dilution and loss of sensitivity.
Methods We tested an alternate approach (FACT) by simultaneously incubating multiple respiratory swabs in a single tube. This protocol was evaluated by serial incubation of a respiratory swab in up to 10 tubes. The analytics validity of this concept was demonstrated in a five-sample mini pool set-up. It was consequently applied in the testing of 50 symptomatic patients (five-sample pools) as well as 100 asymptomatic residents of a nursing home (ten-sample pools).
Results Serial incubation of a respiratory swab in up to 10 tubes did not lead to a significant decline in viral concentration. The novel FACT-protocol did not cause a false negative result in a five-sample mini-pool setup, with non-significantly differing Ct values between single sample and mini-pool NAT. In two routine applications, all mini pools containing positive patient samples were correctly identified.
Conclusions Our proposed FACT-protocol did not cause a significant loss in analytic or diagnostic sensitivity compared to single sample testing in multiple setups. It reduced the amount of reagents needed by up to 40%, and also reduced hands-on time. This method could enhance testing efficiency, especially in groups with a low pretest-probability, such as systemically relevant professional groups.
It becomes more and more obvious that deregulation of host metabolism play an important role in SARS-CoV-2 pathogenesis with implication for increased risk of severe course of COVID-19. Furthermore, it is expected that COVID-19 patients recovered from severe disease may experience long-term metabolic disorders. Thereby understanding the consequences of SARS-CoV-2 infection on host metabolism can facilitate efforts for effective treatment option. We have previously shown that SARS-CoV-2-infected cells undergo a shift towards glycolysis and that 2-deoxy-D-glucose (2DG) inhibits SARS-CoV-2 replication. Here, we show that also pentose phosphate pathway (PPP) is remarkably deregulated. Since PPP supplies ribonucleotides for SARS-CoV-2 replication, this could represent an attractive target for an intervention. On that account, we employed the transketolase inhibitor benfooxythiamine and showed dose-dependent inhibition of SARS-CoV-2 in non-toxic concentrations. Importantly, the antiviral efficacy of benfooxythiamine was further increased in combination with 2DG.
"Berührungsfurcht" : soziale Imaginationen der Unterklassigen in der Kanon-Literatur der Moderne
(2020)
Die gutbürgerliche Literatur verwahrt sich mit allem, was ihr eigen ist - Sprache, Aisthesis, Kreativität, Imagination, Wissen und Bildung - gegen den Übergriff des Anderen und Fremden in Gestalt des sozial Niederen und Subalternen im eigenen Erfahrungsbereich, durchsetzt mit Empathie und Aggression. Aus der Sicht der noblen Literatur fällt der Blick auf die schäbigen Volkssänger, von denen sich Gustav Aschenbach, Thomas Manns Identifikationsfigur im "Tod in Venedig", auf der Hotelempore des Lido bedrängt fühlt, auf die elenden "Schalen von Menschen" in den Straßen und Krankenanstalten von Paris in Rilkes "Malte Laurids Brigge", auf die im Gerede sprachlosen Scheusale von Haushälterin und Hausbesorger in Canettis "Blendung", auf die im 'Jargon' agierende chassidische Schauspieler-Bagage, die Kafka so vehement gegen den Prager Kulturzionismus verteidigt. Die kulturelle Hybris gegenüber den Subalternen und Deklassierten folgt der Spur eines elitären Gestus, auch im politischen Handeln: Verachtung, Abscheu, Angst und Erschrecken angesichts der 'Deplorables', des bedauernswerten Elends der sozial Deklassierten und minder Kultivierten. [...] Das entsprechende Bildrepertoire an einsinnigen Klischees begegnet, ästhetisch nuanciert, in der literarischen Zeitgenossenschaft um 1900 bei Autoren unterschiedlichster Weltanschauung und Schreibweise. Und seitdem, was im Folgenden aufzuzeigen ist, in fast jedem uns vertrauten Text moderner, als bürgerlich verbürgter deutscher Literatur, der sich dem sozial Anderen außerhalb des eigenen Lebens- und Erfahrungsbereichs zuwendet, mehr oder weniger emphatisch oder verdrossen. Bei diesem kleinen Streifzug durch einige Kanon-Texte der Moderne kann es nicht um ihre sozialpsychologische und sozialhistorische Erklärbarkeit gehen. Vielmehr interessieren, als kleiner Nachtrag zur Lektüre der uns wohl bekannten Werke, gewisse Wege und Abwege der sozialen Imagination: der moralisch und ästhetisch oft verquere Umgang mit einem Fremden, das nicht nur in anderen Ländern und Kulturen zu suchen, sondern daheim, hier und jetzt, zu entdecken ist. In der Ferne so nah, voller "Berührungsfurcht", wenn nicht panischem Erschrecken vor dem Anderen.
Cancer‐associated venous thromboembolism (VTE) is a frequent, potentially life‐threatening event that complicates cancer management. Anticoagulants are the cornerstone of therapy for the treatment and prevention of cancer‐associated thrombosis (CAT); factor Xa–inhibiting direct oral anticoagulants (DOACs; apixaban, edoxaban, and rivaroxaban), which have long been recommended for the treatment of VTE in patients without cancer, have been investigated in this setting. The first randomized comparisons of DOACs against low‐molecular‐weight heparin for the treatment of CAT indicated that DOACs are efficacious in this setting, with findings reflected in recent updates to published guidance on CAT treatment. However, the higher risk of bleeding events (particularly in the gastrointestinal tract) with DOACs highlights the need for appropriate patient selection. Further insights will be gained from additional studies that are ongoing or awaiting publication. The efficacy and safety of DOAC thromboprophylaxis in ambulatory patients with cancer at a high risk of VTE have also been assessed in placebo‐controlled randomized controlled trials of apixaban and rivaroxaban. Both studies showed efficacy benefits with DOACs, but both studies also showed a nonsignificant increase in major bleeding events while on treatment. This review summarizes the evidence base for rivaroxaban use in CAT, the patient profile potentially most suited to DOAC use, and ongoing controversies under investigation. We also describe ongoing studies from the CALLISTO (Cancer Associated thrombosis—expLoring soLutions for patients through Treatment and Prevention with RivarOxaban) program, which comprises several randomized clinical trials and real‐world evidence studies, including investigator‐initiated research.
Hypoxia inhibits ferritinophagy, increases mitochondrial ferritin, and protects from ferroptosis
(2020)
Highlights
• Hypoxia decreases NCOA4 transcription in primary human macrophages.
• NCOA4 mRNA is a target of miR-6862-5p.
• Lowering NCOA4 increases FTMT abundance under hypoxia.
• FTMT and FTH protect from ferroptosis.
• Tumor cells lack the hypoxic decrease of NCOA4 and fail to stabilize FTMT.
Abstract
Cellular iron, at the physiological level, is essential to maintain several metabolic pathways, while an excess of free iron may cause oxidative damage and/or provoke cell death. Consequently, iron homeostasis has to be tightly controlled. Under hypoxia these regulatory mechanisms for human macrophages are not well understood. Hypoxic primary human macrophages reduced intracellular free iron and increased ferritin expression, including mitochondrial ferritin (FTMT), to store iron. In parallel, nuclear receptor coactivator 4 (NCOA4), a master regulator of ferritinophagy, decreased and was proven to directly regulate FTMT expression. Reduced NCOA4 expression resulted from a lower rate of hypoxic NCOA4 transcription combined with a micro RNA 6862-5p-dependent degradation of NCOA4 mRNA, the latter being regulated by c-jun N-terminal kinase (JNK). Pharmacological inhibition of JNK under hypoxia increased NCOA4 and prevented FTMT induction. FTMT and ferritin heavy chain (FTH) cooperated to protect macrophages from RSL-3-induced ferroptosis under hypoxia as this form of cell death is linked to iron metabolism. In contrast, in HT1080 fibrosarcome cells, which are sensitive to ferroptosis, NCOA4 and FTMT are not regulated. Our study helps to understand mechanisms of hypoxic FTMT regulation and to link ferritinophagy and macrophage sensitivity to ferroptosis.
Purpose: Neonatal surgery for abdominal wall defects is not performed in a centralized manner in Germany. The aim of this study was to investigate whether treatment for abdominal wall defects in Germany is equally effective compared to international results despite the decentralized care.
Methods: All newborn patients who were clients of the major statutory health insurance company in Germany between 2009 and 2013 and who had a diagnosis of gastroschisis or omphalocele were included. Mortality during the first year of life was analysed.
Results: The 316 patients with gastroschisis were classified as simple (82%) or complex (18%) cases. The main associated anomalies in the 197 patients with omphalocele were trisomy 18/21 (8%), cardiac anomalies (32%) and anomalies of the urinary tract (10%). Overall mortality was 4% for gastroschisis and 16% for omphalocele. Significant factors for non-survival were birth weight below 1500 g for both groups, complex gastroschisis, volvulus and anomalies of the blood supply to the intestine in gastroschisis, and female gender, trisomy 18/21 and lung hypoplasia in omphalocele.
Conclusions: Despite the fact that paediatric surgical care is organized in a decentralized manner in Germany, the mortality rates for gastroschisis and omphalocele are equal to those reported in international data.
Objectives: To analyze the performance of radiological assessment categories and quantitative computational analysis of apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) maps using variant machine learning algorithms to differentiate clinically significant versus insignificant prostate cancer (PCa). Methods: Retrospectively, 73 patients were included in the study. The patients (mean age, 66.3 ± 7.6 years) were examined with multiparametric MRI (mpMRI) prior to radical prostatectomy (n = 33) or targeted biopsy (n = 40). The index lesion was annotated in MRI ADC and the equivalent histologic slides according to the highest Gleason Grade Group (GrG). Volumes of interest (VOIs) were determined for each lesion and normal-appearing peripheral zone. VOIs were processed by radiomic analysis. For the classification of lesions according to their clinical significance (GrG ≥ 3), principal component (PC) analysis, univariate analysis (UA) with consecutive support vector machines, neural networks, and random forest analysis were performed. Results: PC analysis discriminated between benign and malignant prostate tissue. PC evaluation yielded no stratification of PCa lesions according to their clinical significance, but UA revealed differences in clinical assessment categories and radiomic features. We trained three classification models with fifteen feature subsets. We identified a subset of shape features which improved the diagnostic accuracy of the clinical assessment categories (maximum increase in diagnostic accuracy ΔAUC = + 0.05, p < 0.001) while also identifying combinations of features and models which reduced overall accuracy. Conclusions: The impact of radiomic features to differentiate PCa lesions according to their clinical significance remains controversial. It depends on feature selection and the employed machine learning algorithms. It can result in improvement or reduction of diagnostic performance.
Marie Holzman, 1922–1941
(2020)
Marie Holzman, geboren am 22. April 1922 in Jena, war die ältere Tochter des seit 1922/23 in Kaunas (Litauen) ansässigen Gründers und Inhabers der Verlagsbuchhandlung Pribačis Max Holzman (1889–1941) sowie der aus Jena stammenden Malerin und Kunsterzieherin Helene Czapski-Holzman (1891–1961). Nach dem deutschen Überfall auf die Sowjetunion wurde sie am 29. Oktober 1941 in Kaunas ermordet. Ihre Mutter hat zwei von ihrer Tochter aus dem Litauischen übersetzte Erzählungen bewahrt. Unlängst gelangten die beiden Manuskripte ans Exilarchiv der DNB in Frankfurt/M.
Deconfinement of Mott localized electrons into topological and spin–orbit-coupled Dirac fermions
(2020)
The interplay of electronic correlations, spin–orbit coupling and topology holds promise for the realization of exotic states of quantum matter. Models of strongly interacting electrons on honeycomb lattices have revealed rich phase diagrams featuring unconventional quantum states including chiral superconductivity and correlated quantum spin Hall insulators intertwining with complex magnetic order. Material realizations of these electronic states are, however, scarce or inexistent. In this work, we propose and show that stacking 1T-TaSe2 into bilayers can deconfine electrons from a deep Mott insulating state in the monolayer to a system of correlated Dirac fermions subject to sizable spin–orbit coupling in the bilayer. 1T-TaSe2 develops a Star-of-David charge density wave pattern in each layer. When the Star-of-David centers belonging to two adyacent layers are stacked in a honeycomb pattern, the system realizes a generalized Kane–Mele–Hubbard model in a regime where Dirac semimetallic states are subject to significant Mott–Hubbard interactions and spin–orbit coupling. At charge neutrality, the system is close to a quantum phase transition between a quantum spin Hall and an antiferromagnetic insulator. We identify a perpendicular electric field and the twisting angle as two knobs to control topology and spin–orbit coupling in the system. Their combination can drive it across hitherto unexplored grounds of correlated electron physics, including a quantum tricritical point and an exotic first-order topological phase transition.
Endogenous clocks enable organisms to adapt their physiology and behavior to daily variation in environmental conditions. Metabolic processes in cyanobacteria to humans are effected by the circadian clock, and its dysregulation causes metabolic disorders. In mouse and Drosophila were shown that the circadian clock directs translation of factors involved in ribosome biogenesis and synchronizes protein synthesis. However, the role of clocks in Drosophila neurogenesis and the potential impact of clock impairment on neural circuit formation and function is less understood. Here we demonstrate that light stimuli or circadian clock causes a defect in neural stem cell growth and proliferation accompanied by reduced nucleolar size. Further, we define that light and clock independently affect the InR/TOR growth regulatory pathway due to the effect on regulators of protein biosynthesis. Altogether, these data suggest that alterations in growth regulatory pathways induced by light and clock are associated with impaired neural development.
Radiative transition of an excited baryon to a nucleon with emission of a virtual massive photon converting to dielectron pair (Dalitz decays) provides important information about baryon-photon coupling at low q2 in timelike region. A prominent enhancement in the respective electromagnetic transition Form Factors (etFF) at q2 near vector mesons ρ/ω poles has been predicted by various calculations reflecting strong baryon-vector meson couplings. The understanding of these couplings is also of primary importance for the interpretation of the emissivity of QCD matter studied in heavy ion collisions via dilepton emission. Dedicated measurements of baryon Dalitz decays in proton-proton and pion-proton scattering with HADES detector at GSI/FAIR are presented and discussed. The relevance of these studies for the interpretation of results obtained from heavy ion reactions is elucidated on the example of the HADES results.
Identifying co-expression of lipid species is challenging, but indispensable to identify novel therapeutic targets for breast cancer treatment. Lipid metabolism is often dysregulated in cancer cells, and changes in lipid metabolism affect cellular processes such as proliferation, autophagy, and tumor development. In addition to mRNA analysis of sphingolipid metabolizing enzymes, we performed liquid chromatography time-of-flight mass spectrometry analysis in three breast cancer cell lines. These breast cancer cell lines differ in estrogen receptor and G-protein coupled estrogen receptor 1 status. Our data show that sphingolipids and non-sphingolipids are strongly increased in SKBr3 cells. SKBr3 cells are estrogen receptor negative and G-protein coupled estrogen receptor 1 positive. Treatment with G15, a G-protein coupled estrogen receptor 1 antagonist, abolishes the effect of increased sphingolipid and non-sphingolipid levels in SKBr3 cells. In particular, ether lipids are expressed at much higher levels in cancer compared to normal cells and are strongly increased in SKBr3 cells. Our analysis reveals that this is accompanied by increased sphingolipid levels such as ceramide, sphingadiene-ceramide and sphingomyelin. This shows the importance of focusing on more than one lipid class when investigating molecular mechanisms in breast cancer cells. Our analysis allows unbiased screening for different lipid classes leading to identification of co-expression patterns of lipids in the context of breast cancer. Co-expression of different lipid classes could influence tumorigenic potential of breast cancer cells. Identification of co-regulated lipid species is important to achieve improved breast cancer treatment outcome.
Landes vertritt die These, im Vormärz habe es keine kontinuierliche Entwicklung oppositioneller Kunst gegeben. Vielmehr hätten sich "die bildenden Künste im Schoß der Akademien auf der einen und die Tagespolitik auf der anderen Seite zuvor weitestgehend berührungslos entwickelt", so dass "Genre und Zeitgeschichte […] unvermittelt aufeinander[trafen]". Hübners Gemälde schreibt sie eine Schlüsselrolle zu, das als "eine Ikone für die untragbaren Zustände im Weberhandwerk des Vormärz" Eingang in die Geschichtsbücher gefunden habe. Während Landes überzeugt ist, derartige "sozialthematischen" Genrebilder seien "aus dem Moment geboren [und] entbehrten jeder ästhetischen Zielsetzung", werde ich in einer exemplarischen Fallstudie nachweisen, dass Hübners Weberbild sehr wohl in einer langjährigen ästhetischen Tradition steht, und zwar in jener der sozialkritischen Historienmalerei. Ich werde im Folgenden untersuchen, inwieweit Carl Friedrich Lessings Methode, die Ikonographie der Heiligenmalerei aufzugreifen und diese in seinen Historienbildern ironisch zu brechen, sich auch in diesem Werk findet. Im Jahr, als Hübner das Weberbild fertigte, fand zugleich die Wallfahrt zum Heiligen Rock nach Trier statt. Werden uns im Weberbild die skandalösen Produktionsverhältnisse vor Augen geführt, unter denen heilige und unheilige Röcke anno 1844 produziert wurden? Ist womöglich die Parodie auf die Kunst der "Nazarener", die in dem Bild zuweilen gesehen wird, mit einer inhaltlichen Aussage verknüpft? Ins Zentrum meiner Untersuchung stelle ich die Bildbetrachtung. Einzelne Bildaspekte setzte ich dabei in Beziehung zu zeitgenössischen Rezensionen und ästhetischen Reflexionen, insbesondere zu jenen in Hermann Püttmanns 1839 erschienener Schrift "Die Düsseldorfer Malerschule und ihre Leistungen seit der Errichtung des Kunstvereins im Jahre 1829. Ein Beitrag zur modernen Kunstgeschichte". Vorangestellt habe ich Zitate aus zeitgenössischen Reflexionen zur Ästhetik, um den Düsseldorfer Vormärzkontext, in dem das Bild entstand, auszuleuchten.
Wie lässt sich die Dramenkonstellation bewerten und einordnen? Hat man es mit der "Melodramatik bizarrer Exaltationsakte" zu tun? Oder mit einem Fortschreiben von "Büchners Radikalisierungsprogramm der Sozialkritik"? Oder mit "Anklängen ans Schicksalsdrama"? In der Tat: Das Stück bezeugt ein Katastrophenwachstum, wirkt pantragisch. Dieser Einakter lebt von einer Dramaturgie, die schnörkellos ins Ziel geht. Von vorn herein ist das Stück fünfter Akt. Die Katastrophe, die soziale Katastrophe, scheint vorprogrammiert. Dabei fließen verschiedene Traditionsstränge ineinander. Motivgeschichtlich geht es um das Hiob-Motiv, um das des Bettlers, um Verkennung und Wiedererkennung, um einen Vater-Sohn Konflikt, um den 'unbekannten Gegner', um Geschwisterliebe. Literargeschichtlich kombiniert das Stück aufklärerische Ansätze einer Ästhetik des Hässlichen mit Ideen-, Sprach- und Pathoselementen des Sturm-und-Drang. Ebenso schließt es sich mit seinen pessimistischen Zuspitzungen an die Schauerromantik und die Neuerungen der Schicksalstragödie an. Ebenso klingt ein Byron'scher wie jungdeutscher Zerrissenheits- und Rebellionsgestus an. Sozialgeschichtlich gesehen, bildet die 'soziale Frage' den inhaltlichen Kern. Was schauerdramatisch stilisiert wirkt, ist realistisch. Das Stück erweist sich bis in konkrete vermeintlich schauerdramatische Details hinein als ungeschminkte Sozialchronik und packende Sozialanklage gleichermaßen.[...] Die Tendenz des Stücks ist sozialkritisch und kirchenkritisch - und es zeigt unverkennbar Tendenzen von religiös-christlicher Weltverneinung. Diese Weltverneinung ist aber keine traditionell-pietistische, die erstens weiß, dass in jedem Fall eine schönere und bessere Welt wartet, und zweitens mit dem Verweis auf das bessere Jenseits das weniger bessere Diesseits stets noch zu meistern vermag. Sie basiert nicht auf der Intensivierung angelernter christlicher Gewissheiten, sondern auf dem Wanken dieser Gewissheiten. Es ist eine moderne, eine existentialistisch anmutende Weltverneinung. Nicht weil das Jenseits und weil das Gottesreich so verlockend wären, erscheinen sie als einziger Ausweg. Sie erscheinen als einziger Ausweg allein deshalb, weil das Irdische grundsätzlich pervertiert ist. In dieser Diagnose der Verderbtheit des Irdischen überschneiden sich, so scheint es, mindestens drei verschiedene Diskurse: erstens ein anthropologisch-geschichtstheoretischer Sündenfalldiskurs, der die menschliche Geschichte per se als Abweg vom göttlichen Schöpfungsplan ansieht, zweitens ein anti-institutioneller und staats- und kirchenkritischer, der wahre Moral und wahre Religion den pervertierten Institutionen von Staat und Kirche entgegensetzt, und drittens ein sozialkritischer, der Armut und Elend der Moderne vehement anprangert. Ob dieses soziale Elend von Wiese in gewisser Weise effektvoll funktionalisiert wird oder ob es tatsächlich Movens seines Einakters war, ist schwer auszumitteln. In jedem Fall wird sein Sozialdrama situiert in einem Geflecht religiöser Verstörung. Denn mit dem Zweifel an dem Irdischen wächst der am Überirdischen. Die Akteure, geworfen in Grenzsituationen wie Krankheit, Schuld und Tod, stellen auf ihre Weise Sinnfragen höchsten Ranges. Antworten finden sie nicht, und es bleibt bei wachsender Skepsis, gar Angst und Verzweiflung.
Der Zug der republikanischen Deutschen demokratischen Legion aus Paris im Frühjahr 1848 in das aufständische Baden und ihre Zerschlagung bei Dossenbach waren unzweifelhaft eine Gelenkstelle im Leben ihres Präsidenten, des Dichters Georg Herwegh (1817-1875). [...] Ob tatsächlich "Verrat" die zentrale Rolle bei der Niederlage der Legion spielte, wie Georg Herwegh in seinem Brief von 1870 verbittert behauptet und wie es auch Stephan Reinhardt in der jüngsten Herwegh-Biographie wieder übernimmt, das war die Frage, die sich dem Verfasser dieses Aufsatzes stellte. Daraufhin vorgenommene Recherchen führten zu gedruckten, inzwischen digitalisierten, bisher übersehenen Materialien zur Legion. Diese sind in den für das juristische Tagesgeschäft gedachten "Annalen der Großherzoglich Badischen Gerichte" zu finden. Es handelt sich um die breit unterfütterten Anklageschriften "wegen Hochverraths" gegen Adelbert von Bornstedt (1807-1851), den zentralen Aktivisten der Pariser Legion, und gegen Joseph Fickler (1808-1865), umtriebiger Demokrat und Redakteur der radikalen "Seeblätter" in Konstanz. In den Anklageschriften sind zwei konspirative Briefe - von Herwegh und Bornstedt an Fickler sowie dessen Antwort darauf - zur Planung einer republikanischen Erhebung von besonderem Interesse, und Briefe von Georg und Emma Herwegh vom Abend des Gefechts bei Dossenbach geben Einblicke in das Geschehen und verdeutlichen die Stimmung nach dem Kampf und gelungener Flucht. Während die Briefe zwischen Herwegh/Bornstedt und Fickler zur Aktions-Strategie aus dem Gerichtsverfahren heraus eine gewisse öffentliche Wahrnehmung fanden, blieben die stark von Emotionen und subjektiven Einschätzungen geprägten Briefe von Georg und Emma Herwegh unbeachtet. "Eine detaillierte Untersuchung zur Geschichte der Deutschen demokratischen Legion, die vorhandenes Aktenmaterial umfassend auswertet, existiert nicht." Das stellte Ingo Fellrath 1999 fest, und das gilt bis heute. [...] Die gegebene Forschungs-Lücke lässt sich gerade angesichts des Umfangs der vorhandenen Akten nicht auf die Schnelle füllen. Selbst eine Suche nach den Originalen der gedruckt in den Gerichts-Annalen gefundenen Briefe ist mit vertretbarem Aufwand kaum zu leisten.Dennoch sollen diese mitten aus dem Geschehen um die Legion stammenden Schreiben nach der greifbaren Quelle im Wortlaut vorgestellt und um einige weitere Materialen und Hinweise ergänzt werden. Im Rahmen einer inhaltlichen Einbettung und Kommentierung dieser Materialien werden einige Untersuchungsaspekte besonders in den Blick genommen. Dazu gehören die unterschiedlichen Republikanisierungs-Konzepte bei Herwegh und Fickler, Fragen von Gewaltanwendung und Todesbereitschaft sowie das Verhältnis des Freiheits-Dichters Herwegh zu Freunden und Gegnern und zum - manchmal recht eigenwilligen - "Volk". Letztlich geht es auch um das Verhältnis zwischen Revolution und Emotion.
Samuel Lovers Text "The curse of Kishogue" spielt für Sealsfield und die Konzeption seines Romans "Das Kajütenbuch" eine von der Forschung bislang unbeachtet einflussreiche Rolle. Daher sind die folgenden Resultate der Analyse für des Romans Verständnis zukünftig von Bedeutung: Übernahme epischer Konstituenten [...], Einfügung ins Romankonzept [...], Reduzierung des politischen Potentials [...], Textmengenerweiterung und inhaltliche Veränderung [...] Die produktionsästhetischen Voraussetzungen sind von den rezeptionsgeschichtlichen nicht zu trennen. Die Forschung hat zukünftig davon auszugehen, dass die Übernahme zahlreicher Erzählkonstituenten des Vorbildtextes "Der Fluch des Kishogue" die Romankonzeption maßgeblich geprägt hat und die Übernahme des eigentlichen Textes "Der Fluch des Kishogue" als dritte Binnenerzählung als ein unrechtmäßig vollzogenes Übersetzungsplagiat im engeren Sinne der Definition zu bezeichnen ist. Diese Einschätzung gewinnt zusätzlich an Plausibilität dadurch, dass die "Kishogue"-Erzählung aus der eigentlich umfangreicheren Gesamterzählung unter demselben Titel und dem politischen Kontext herausgenommen, in einen anderen Kontext, den des Romans, eingefügt worden ist, dadurch intertextuell eine politisch abgeschwächte Bedeutung als Unterhaltungsbeitrag gewonnen, was wiederum zum internationalen Erfolg des Romans beigetragen hat.
Rezension zu Karl Gutzkow. Maha Guru. Geschichte eines Gottes. Hg. Richard J. Kavanagh. Münster: Oktober Verlag, 2020 (Gutzkows Werke und Briefe. Kommentierte digitale Gesamtausgabe. Hg. Editionsprojekt Karl Gutzkow. Abteilung I: Erzählerische Werke, Bd. 2).
Karl Gutzkow. Ueber Göthe im Wendepunkte zweier Jahrhunderte. Mit weiteren Texten Gutzkows zur Goethe-Rezeption im 19. Jahrhundert. Hg. Madleen Podewski. Münster: Oktober Verlag,2019 (Gutzkows Werke und Briefe. Kommentierte digitale Gesamtausgabe. Hg. Editionsprojekt Karl Gutzkow. Abteilung IV: Schriften zur Literatur und zum Theater, Bd. 3).
Karl Gutzkow. Kleine autobiographische Schriften und Memorabilien. Hg. Wolfgang Rasch. Münster: Oktober Verlag, 2018 (Gutzkows Werke und Briefe. Kommentierte digitale Gesamtausgabe. Hg. Editionsprojekt Karl Gutzkow. Abteilung VII: Autobiographische Schriften, Bd. 3).
Noch bevor Begriffe wie Immanenz, Realität oder Unmittelbarkeit zu gängigen Gegenständen der Ästhetik werden konnten, entwickelt Weiße ein System, in dem er der Realität und dem Hässlichen einen Platz einräumt. So stellt sein Werk ein Zeugnis der Anfänge dieser Entwicklung dar, die bereits wenige Jahre später fester Bestandteil der Ästhetiken wurde. Dies blieb jedoch nicht ohne Folgen für die Rezeption seines eigenen Werkes, in der nur selten Weißes eigene Argumentation eine Rolle spielte, der Fokus vielmehr auf die Ergebnisse gerichtet war, die bei den Nachfolgern in der Regel konsequenter und stringenter ausgeführt worden waren. Nichtsdestotrotz stellt gerade dieses frühe umfassende Werk Weißes ein interessantes Dokument des Beginns eines Paradigmenwechsels im Nachdenken über das Schöne im Vormärz dar, dessen Tragweite sich bei Erscheinen von Weißes Abhandlung noch nicht abzeichnete. Der folgende Beitrag möchte diese initialen Weichenstellungen in ihrer Bedeutung für die Entwicklung der Ästhetik beleuchten, wobei besonderes Augenmerk auf dem Moment der Gleichzeitigkeit liegen soll, die das Potential des Neuen, bisher so noch nicht Gedachten, mit den Denkweisen der Goethezeit versöhnen soll. Und nicht zuletzt könnte die Betrachtung dieses frühen Entwicklungsstadiums auf dem Weg zu einer modernen Ästhetik auch Aufschluss geben über das Verhältnis der beiden konträren literarischen Tendenzen des politischen und des restaurativen Schreibens in der ersten Hälfte des 19. Jahrhunderts.
Ausgehend von drei Beispielen aus den 1840er Jahren - Luise Mühlbachs Erzählung "Das fluchbeladene Haar" (1845), Annette von Droste-Hülshoffs Novelle "Die Judenbuche" (1842) und August Lewalds Erzählung "Das Gespenst um Mittag" (1840) - möchte mein Beitrag den vitalen Zusammenhang herausarbeiten, den fantastische Texte im Vormärz zu poetologischen und zeitkritischen Fragen der Epoche unterhielten. Alle drei Werke erschienen in Magazinen und Sammelbänden, die sich in erster Linie an ein Lesepublikum aus dem mittleren und höheren Bürgertum richteten, das sich seinerseits über handelnde Figuren und Erzählinstanzen in den Texten repräsentiert fühlen konnte. Ihm oblag es - so die These - den ästhetischen Reiz von Schauerromantik und Horror zu genießen, oder die Texte außerdem als Angebote einer kritischen Auseinandersetzung mit Diskurs- und Machtverhältnissen ihrer Zeit zu begreifen. Während es zwischen den drei Werken auf der Plotebene keine Berührungspunkte gibt, überschneiden sie sich strukturell, insofern sie die pragmatisch-realistische Schilderung sozialer Verhältnisse mit archaischen Narrationen von rachedurstigen Untoten, schicksalhafter Vergeltung und Bestrafung aus dem Jenseits kombinieren. Dies als bloße Stilzutat im Sinne eines 'phantastischen Tons' abzutun, den die Texte bedienen, oder einen "Dualismus von Irrationalität und Realismus" an der Grenze zum Komischen zu vermuten, greift eindeutig zu kurz. Die folgenden Überlegungen werden zeigen, dass über die ästhetischen Mittel der Fantastik vielmehr eine Perspektive auf die Zeitumstände angeboten wird, die nicht anders als kritisch genannt werden kann. Gespenster, Revenants und Rachegeister werden als Ausgeburten ganz realweltlicher Missstände der Restaurationsepoche bestimmt, innerhalb derer sie für Gerechtigkeit oder zumindest für die Sichtbarmachung von Unrecht sorgen. Um es pointiert zu sagen: Der Verdacht liegt nah, dass es bei Lewald, Droste-Hülshoff und Mühlbach aufgrund von ungerechter Güterverteilung, Klassengegensätzen und sozialer Ungleichheit in der modernen Gesellschaft spukt. Ob diese Deutung trägt und was dies über den diskursiven Ort der Fantastik im Vormärz aussagt, soll im Folgenden unter Bezug auf die Texte sowie zeitgenössische Debatten um das Gespensterhafte in Kunst und Gesellschaft überprüft werden.
In der Vormärz-Forschung spielt die Beschäftigung mit Rückert keine Rolle, bezeichnend ist daher, dass er im kürzlich erschienenen Handbuch zur Epoche kaum vorkommt. [...] Geht unser Interesse jedoch über das Typische oder Repräsentative hinaus und nimmt auch allgemein Formen der Gleichzeitigkeit in den Blick, dann erscheint Rückert vielleicht sogar gerade als ein prädestiniertes Untersuchungsobjekt, insofern er als ein literarisch äußerst aktiver Zeitgenosse den gesamten Zeitraum begleitet, den wir sinnvoll als Vormärz erfassen können. Besonders gilt dies für die mittlerweile weitgehend konsensfähige Epochenschwelle im Jahr 1815: Mehr oder minder synchron mit dem - natürlich erst ex post definierten - Epochenbeginn debütiert Rückert durchaus erfolgreich im literarischen Feld, mit dem Band "Deutsche Gedichte", 1814 erschienen und auch im folgenden Jahr noch breit rezensiert. Die Literaturgeschichte erinnerte diesen Band lange (und teils bis heute) als typischen Beitrag zur Befreiungskriegslyrik, meist nach seinem prominentesten Teil geführt als "Geharnischte Sonette". Sinnvoller platziert als in diesem (literatur)politischen Kontext scheint er mir allerdings im ästhetischen Diskurs zu sein, insofern er ausgeht von der Frage nach Formen und Funktionen des Kunstschönen, nach dem Verhältnis von Autonomie und Heteronomie, und dergestalt weniger auf das politische und mehr auf das literarische Feld abzielt. Diesen Perspektivwechsel werde ich im Folgenden erläutern, indem ich zunächst knapp die gängige Funktionalisierung der Literatur im Zeichen der Befreiungskriege rekonstruiere, damit sich vor dieser Folie dann das spezifische poesiologische Profil der Zeitgedichte Rückerts abzeichnen kann. Sichtbar werden soll dabei sein Beitrag zur Ästhetik seiner Zeit, der vielleicht nicht im engen Sinne 'vormärzlich' ist, aber in seinem Schwellencharakter doch dem 'Zeitgeist' entspricht.
Die anthropologische Differenzierung zwischen dem Inneren und dem Äußeren als Korrelation von Geistigem sowie Seelischem mit dem Körperlichen sowie Sinnlichen ist eine evidente Thematik der deutschsprachigen Literatur des ausgehenden 18. Jahrhunderts. Diese Unterscheidung bricht mit dem Jahrhundertwechsel nicht ab, sondern wechselt ihr Vorzeichen. Die Dichotomie von Innerem und Äußerem wird bei Heinrich Heine in Gestalt der Gegenüberstellung von Idee und Realität aufgegriffen und politisch akzentuiert weitergeführt. In seinen Reisebildern kreist diese Kontrastierung um die Frage nach der Verwirklichung von Ideen mit politischer Brisanz und humanem Wert. Die literarische Form der Reisebeschreibung nimmt für die Thematisierung dieser Gegenüberstellung eine besondere Funktion ein, dies wird bei den Erzählwerken der "Reise von München nach Genua" und der "Ideen. Das Buch Le Grand" näher beleuchtet. Zugrunde gelegt wird die Annahme, dass eine politische Idee als ein humanes Ideal etwas Inneres darstellt, da eine solche Idee dem Geist des Menschen entspringt. Auch hier steht das Wechselverhältnis von Idee und Realität im Fokus, indem die Frage ins Zentrum gestellt wird, inwieweit eine Idee als Produkt des Geistes eine gestaltende Funktion für die sinnlich wahrnehmbare Wirklichkeit einnehmen kann. Der Schwerpunkt liegt auf dem Geistigen, und die denkmöglichen Ideen des Menschen sind das Entscheidende. Die Menge der Ideen wird auf die zeitgenössischen Humanitätsideale der Französischen Revolution beschränkt: Freiheit, Gleichheit und Brüderlichkeit. Diese politischen Ideen sind in ihrer reinen Form im menschlichen Leben im engeren Sinne nicht realisierbar. Dennoch können sie eine wirklichkeitsgestaltende Funktion einnehmen, indem der Mensch versucht, sich der Verwirklichung dieser Ideen soweit wie möglich anzunähern. Dieses Bestreben ist eine Sinnkonstitution des Menschen und diese Ideen sind für diejenigen, die sie teilen und in ihr eine Chance für ein besseres Leben sehen, eine intrinsische Motivation, das Innere in das Äußere zu projizieren. In Heines "Reisebildern" wird diese Übertragung mit dem Begriff der Emanzipation benannt. Bereits die narrativen Sprechsituationen dieser Erzählwerke zeigen an, dass die Gestaltung von menschlicher Lebenswirklichkeit im thematischen Zentrum steht. Emanzipation ist unumstritten ein politischer Begriff, bei Heines "Reisebildern" tritt er aber zusätzlich als ästhetisches Konzept auf. Emanzipation wird in den Erzählwerken der "Reise von München nach Genua" und "Ideen. Das Buch Le Grand" als ästhetisches Programm untersucht, das seine theoretische Ausformulierung in der "Romantischen Schule" findet.
Annette von Droste-Hülshoff hat neben ihren zu Lebzeiten erschienenen literarischen Hauptwerken keine explizit poetologischen Schriften hinterlassen. Dieser Befund überrascht bei einer Autorin, deren Gedichte und Prosatexte in hohem Maße selbstreflexiv sind. Eine mögliche Begründung dafür, dass diese konzeptionelle Energie nicht in eine individuelle Poetik mündete, kann sich auf kulturhistorische und biographische Argumente stützen. [...] Sich auf dem Literaturmarkt mit programmatischen Schriften oder literaturkritischen Zeitschriftenbeiträgen zu positionieren, wäre für Annette von Droste-Hülshoff undenkbar gewesen. Dem Verbot zum Trotz ließ sie sich allerdings nicht davon abhalten, alle verfügbaren Journale zu lesen und sich akribisch in Diskurs und Regularien zeitgemäßer Kritik einzuarbeiten. Daraus folgten verschiedene Strategien der Camouflage und des Versteckspiels, um die gewonnenen Fertigkeiten insgeheim und in gleichsam unverdächtigen Medien zu erproben: Poetologische Reflexionen liegen subkutan in Gedichten verborgen, die oberflächlich gelesen von der westfälischen Landschaft oder einer fragilen weiblichen Identität handeln, Spurenelemente verbotener Literaturkritik finden sich in den Briefen an Schücking und Elise Rüdiger. Wenn sich die Autorin nämlich, selten genug, in Briefen und Gedichten explizit über Poesie äußert, dann überrascht sie mit denkbar schlichten und dem eigenen Modernitätsanspruch kaum angemessenen Formulierungen. [...] Das sind Ungereimtheiten, die ich in diesem Beitrag zu erklären versuche. Sowohl die erste Beobachtung, dass Droste poetologische Äußerungen versteckt, als auch die zweite, dass die bestens und aktuell informierte Autorin mitunter zu solch anachronistisch anmutenden Formeln wie den oben zitierten greift, möchte ich vor dem Hintergrund ihrer kritischen Zeitgenossenschaft diskutieren. Meine Hypothese ist, dass das Spannungsfeld in Drostes Texten kontextuellen Spannungsfeldern korreliert und zu ihnen in ein Abbild- und Reflexionsverhältnis tritt. So, nämlich kontextbezogen und als Verhältnisbestimmung gesehen, erscheinen mir Drostes Verlautbarungen über das Dichten nicht weniger politisch als die ihrer vormärzlichen Kolleg*innen. Ein solches Vorgehen erfordert einen nochmaligen Blick in die Geschichte des 19. Jahrhunderts, und zwar unter besonderer Berücksichtigung jener ungeheuren, für das Jahrhundert charakteristischen Veränderungsdynamik, die Jürgen Osterhammel im Titel seiner Studie "Die Verwandlung der Welt" zum Ausdruck bringt. Einige der Fragen, die mich während der Suche nach Annette von Droste-Hülshoffs 'ungeschriebener Poetik' in ihren Texten und Briefen beschäftigen werden, richten sich auf die besonderen, von der Autorin selbst analysierten Modernisierungserfahrungen in Westfalen.
In diesem Beitrag möchte ich mich auf zwei Texte beschränken, an denen die Parameter einer Ästhetik des Niederen eruiert werden sollen: Georg Büchners "Woyzeck" (entstanden 1836/37) und Annette von Droste-Hülshoffs "Die Judenbuche" (1842). Bei Büchner und Droste-Hülshoff handelt es sich um Literaturschaffende, die traditionell unterschiedlichen Polen des literarischen Feldes - der sozialkritisch-engagierten und der sogenannten 'Biedermeier'-Literatur - zugeordnet werden, deren Werk sich allerdings gleichsam durch eine literaturhistorische Uneindeutigkeit auszeichnet. Wie von der Forschung zunehmend herausgestellt worden ist, weist Büchners und Droste-Hülshoffs Schaffen eine die epochalen Grenzziehungen überschreitende Modernität auf: Büchners "Abgesang auf die Illusionen des Idealismus mit seinem Glauben an die Geschichte, das historische Subjekt, die Vernunft und den Fortschritt" steht diametral zum Selbstverständnis der Vormärz-Literatur, durch Agitation und Intervention die Veränderung der Gesellschaft herbeizuführen, weshalb in dem Autor immer wieder "mentalitätsgeschichtlich, aber auch in der Prägnanz seiner sprachlichen Bilder ein Vorläufer der Moderne" gesehen wird. Gleichfalls haben neuere Forschungsansätze gegen das Klischee der konservativen Heimatdichterin für Droste-Hülshoffs Werk "Charakteristika einer Modernität [herausgearbeitet], wie sie dann vor allem mit der Klassischen Moderne in Verbindung stehen, […] Selbstreflexivität, Identitäts- und Sprachkrise, Avantgardismus in der Form, Subjektivierung, Psychologisierung, Relativierung, Differenzierung." Die Ko-Lektüre der beiden Texte vermag also zum einen ästhetische "Nähe- und Distanzverhältnisse" zwischen zwei Literaturschaffenden zutage zu fördern, die in der Forschung selten zusammengebracht werden, und so einen Raum für die Neuverhandlung der traditionellen literaturgeschichtlichen Klassifikationen ihres Werks zu schaffen; zum anderen regt der Blick auf das 'unzeitgemäße' Autorenduo zu einer Neubewertung des literaturhistorischen Orts und des Modernitätscharakters der Literatur zwischen Goethezeit und Realismus an. Dahingehend werden im Weiteren "Woyzeck" und "Die Judenbuche" im Hinblick auf unterschiedliche Merkmale, die eine Ästhetik des Niederen begründen, untersucht. Dieser Merkmalskatalog soll auf der Grundlage von Erich Auerbachs Studie "Mimesis. Dargestellte Wirklichkeit in der abendländischen Literatur" (1946) erstellt werden. Auerbachs Darlegungen zur Geschichte des Realismus in der abendländischen Literatur liefern dem Erkenntnisinteresse dieses Beitrags konzeptuelle Impulse und sollen der literaturhistorischen Verortung der Ästhetik des Niederen in der ersten Hälfte des 19. Jahrhunderts noch mehr Schärfe verleihen.
Zur Affinität des Sehens : neue Tendenzen einer visuellen Ästhetik in Adalbert Stifters "Haidedorf"
(2020)
Zum Ende des 18. Jahrhunderts setzt in der Literatur- und Kunstproduktion eine neue, visuell motivierte Tendenz ein: Die Affinität des Sehens. [...] Optische (Bild-)Effekte sind insbesondere bei Adalbert Stifter zugegen - und spiegeln seine Tätigkeit als Maler und Schriftsteller. [...] Stifter kombiniert seinen realistischen Anspruch mit wissenschaftlichen Kenntnissen und liefert zugleich ein ästhetisches Konzept der Naturschilderung. Um dieses Phänomen zu ergründen, liegt eine Untersuchung der Novelle "Das Haidedorf" nahe, die als dritte Erzählung im ersten Band der gesammelten "Studien" (1844) erschien. Da die Buchfassung von der früheren Journalfassung (1840) abweicht, ist ein vergleichender Blick angezeigt. Ferner ist das bildkünstlerische Schaffen des Schriftstellers zu beachten, das den Detailrealismus in Form von Studien, Gemälden und Zeichnungen vorgibt. In der Synopse der beiden Textvarianten soll die visuelle Ästhetik, speziell die Affinität des Sehens, neu konturiert und erarbeitet werden. Ergänzend wird eine Analyse der gemalten "Felsstudie" (1840) vorgenommen, die stilistische Parallelen zum Erzähltext hat. "Das Haidedorf" öffnet nicht nur die Sicht auf akribisch erfasste Naturphänomene und -bilder, sondern formt überdies eine Allegorie auf die Dichtung. Dichtung und (bildende) Kunst treten so in ein striktes Verhältnis: Während der Protagonist und Poet als Repräsentant für die Dichtung fungiert, nutzt der Text typische Strategien des bildenden Künstlers. In der Journalfassung tritt das "Motiv der Berufung zum Propheten und Dichter" markanter hervor. Zur "Heimat der Poesie" wird schließlich die schwäbische Heide, obschon ihr die Figur für einen längeren Aufenthalt im Orient fernbleibt. Diese Alteritätserfahrung verändert das figurale Befinden und somit auch das Verhältnis zur Landschaft. Die Novelle entwirft ein ästhetisches Paradigma, das die optische Wirkung der Handlung auf verschiedenen Ebenen darstellt. Dieser Beitrag soll die prägnanten Tendenzen der visuellen Ästhetik aufspüren, an Stifters Beispielen dokumentieren und synoptisch zusammenführen.
Measurement of inclusive J/ψ polarization in p + p collisions at √s=200 GeV by the STAR experiment
(2020)
We report on new measurements of inclusive 𝐽/𝜓 polarization at midrapidity in 𝑝+𝑝 collisions at √𝑠=200 GeV by the STAR experiment at the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider. The polarization parameters, 𝜆𝜃, 𝜆𝜙, and 𝜆𝜃𝜙, are measured as a function of transverse momentum (𝑝T) in both the helicity and Collins-Soper (CS) reference frames within 𝑝T<10 GeV/𝑐. Except for 𝜆𝜃 in the CS frame at the highest measured 𝑝T, all three polarization parameters are consistent with 0 in both reference frames without any strong 𝑝T dependence. Several model calculations are compared with data, and the one using the Color Glass Condensate effective field theory coupled with nonrelativistic QCD gives the best overall description of the experimental results, even though other models cannot be ruled out due to experimental uncertainties.
Measurement of inclusive charged-particle jet production in Au + Au collisions at √sNN=200 GeV
(2020)
The STAR Collaboration at the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider reports the first measurement of inclusive jet production in peripheral and central Au+Au collisions at √𝑠𝑁𝑁=200 GeV. Jets are reconstructed with the anti-𝑘𝑇 algorithm using charged tracks with pseudorapidity |𝜂|<1.0 and transverse momentum 0.2<𝑝ch
𝑇,jet<30 GeV/𝑐, with jet resolution parameter 𝑅=0.2, 0.3, and 0.4. The large background yield uncorrelated with the jet signal is observed to be dominated by statistical phase space, consistent with a previous coincidence measurement. This background is suppressed by requiring a high-transverse-momentum (high-𝑝𝑇) leading hadron in accepted jet candidates. The bias imposed by this requirement is assessed, and the 𝑝𝑇 region in which the bias is small is identified. Inclusive charged-particle jet distributions are reported in peripheral and central Au+Au collisions for 5<𝑝ch
𝑇,jet<25 GeV/𝑐 and 5<𝑝ch
𝑇,jet<30 GeV/𝑐, respectively. The charged-particle jet inclusive yield is suppressed for central Au+Au collisions, compared to both the peripheral Au+Au yield from this measurement and to the 𝑝𝑝 yield calculated using the PYTHIA event generator. The magnitude of the suppression is consistent with that of inclusive hadron production at high 𝑝𝑇 and that of semi-inclusive recoil jet yield when expressed in terms of energy loss due to medium-induced energy transport. Comparison of inclusive charged-particle jet yields for different values of 𝑅 exhibits no significant evidence for medium-induced broadening of the transverse jet profile for 𝑅 <0.4 in central Au+Au collisions. The measured distributions are consistent with theoretical model calculations that incorporate jet quenching.
We report on the measurement of the Central Exclusive Production of charged particle pairs h+h− (h = π, K, p) with the STAR detector at RHIC in proton-proton collisions at √s = 200 GeV. The charged particle pairs produced in the reaction pp → p′ + h+h− + p′ are reconstructed from the tracks in the central detector and identified using the specific energy loss and the time of flight method, while the forward-scattered protons are measured in the Roman Pot system. Exclusivity of the event is guaranteed by requiring the transverse momentum balance of all four final-state particles. Differential cross sections are measured as functions of observables related to the central hadronic final state and to the forward-scattered protons. They are measured in a fiducial region corresponding to the acceptance of the STAR detector and determined by the central particles’ transverse momenta and pseudorapidities as well as by the forward-scattered protons’ momenta. This fiducial region roughly corresponds to the square of the four-momentum transfers at the proton vertices in the range 0.04 GeV2 < −t1, −t2 < 0.2 GeV2, invariant masses of the charged particle pairs up to a few GeV and pseudorapidities of the centrally-produced hadrons in the range |η| < 0.7. The measured cross sections are compared to phenomenological predictions based on the Double Pomeron Exchange (DPE) model. Structures observed in the mass spectra of π+π− and K+K− pairs are consistent with the DPE model, while angular distributions of pions suggest a dominant spin-0 contribution to π+π− production. For π+π− production, the fiducial cross section is extrapolated to the Lorentz-invariant region, which allows decomposition of the invariant mass spectrum into continuum and resonant contributions. The extrapolated cross section is well described by the continuum production and at least three resonances, the f0(980), f2(1270) and f0(1500), with a possible small contribution from the f0(1370). Fits to the extrapolated differential cross section as a function of t1 and t2 enable extraction of the exponential slope parameters in several bins of the invariant mass of π+π− pairs. These parameters are sensitive to the size of the interaction region.
Disordered proteins and nucleic acids can condense into droplets that resemble the membraneless organelles observed in living cells. MD simulations offer a unique tool to characterize the molecular interactions governing the formation of these biomolecular condensates, their physico-chemical properties, and the factors controlling their composition and size. However, biopolymer condensation depends sensitively on the balance between different energetic and entropic contributions. Here, we develop a general strategy to fine-tune the potential energy function for molecular dynamics simulations of biopolymer phase separation. We rebalance protein-protein interactions against solvation and entropic contributions to match the excess free energy of transferring proteins between dilute solution and condensate. We illustrate this formalism by simulating liquid droplet formation of the FUS low complexity domain (LCD) with a rebalanced MARTINI model. By scaling the strength of the nonbonded interactions in the coarse-grained MARTINI potential energy function, we map out a phase diagram in the plane of protein concentration and interaction strength. Above a critical scaling factor of αc ≈ 0.6, FUS LCD condensation is observed, where α = 1 and 0 correspond to full and repulsive interactions in the MARTINI model, respectively. For a scaling factor α = 0.65, we recover the experimental densities of the dilute and dense phases, and thus the excess protein transfer free energy into the droplet and the saturation concentration where FUS LCD condenses. In the region of phase separation, we simulate FUS LCD droplets of four different sizes in stable equilibrium with the dilute phase and slabs of condensed FUS LCD for tens of microseconds, and over one millisecond in aggregate. We determine surface tensions in the range of 0.01 to 0.4mN/m from the fluctuations of the droplet shape and from the capillary-wave-like broadening of the interface between the two phases. From the dynamics of the protein end-to-end distance, we estimate shear viscosities from 0.001 to 0.02Pas for the FUS LCD droplets with scaling factors α in the range of 0.625 to 0.75, where we observe liquid droplets. Significant hydration of the interior of the droplets keeps the proteins mobile and the droplets fluid.
The clinical and economic value of a successful shutdown during the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic in Germany
(2020)
Background and aim A shutdown of businesses enacted during the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic can serve different goals, e.g., preventing the intensive care unit (ICU) capacity from being overwhelmed (‘flattening the curve’) or keeping the reproduction number substantially below one (‘squashing the curve’). The aim of this study was to determine the clinical and economic value of a shutdown that is successful in ‘flattening’ or ‘squashing the curve’ in Germany.
Methods In the base case, the study compared a successful shutdown to a worst-case scenario with no ICU capacity left to treat COVID-19 patients. To this end, a decision model was developed using, e.g., information on age-specific fatality rates, ICU outcomes, and the herd protection threshold. The value of an additional life year was borrowed from new, innovative oncological drugs, as cancer reflects a condition with a similar morbidity and mortality burden in the general population in the short term as COVID-19.
Results A shutdown that is successful in ‘flattening the curve’ is projected to yield an average health gain between 0.02 and 0.08 life years (0.2 to 0.9 months) per capita in the German population. The corresponding economic value ranges between €1543 and €8027 per capita or, extrapolated to the total population, 4% to 19% of the gross domestic product (GDP) in 2019. A shutdown that is successful in ‘squashing the curve’ is expected to yield a minimum health gain of 0.10 life years (1.2 months) per capita, corresponding to 24% of the GDP in 2019. Results are particularly sensitive to mortality data and the prevalence of undetected cases.
Conclusion A successful shutdown is forecasted to yield a considerable gain in life years in the German population. Nevertheless, questions around the affordability and underfunding of other parts of the healthcare system emerge.
Cryo electron tomography (cryo-ET) combined with subtomogram averaging (StA) enables structural determination of macromolecules in their native context. A few structures were reported by StA at resolution higher than 4.5 Å, however all of these are from viral structural proteins or vesicle coats. Reaching high resolution for a broader range of samples is uncommon due to beam-induced sample drift, poor signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of images, challenges in CTF correction, limited number of particles. Here we propose a strategy to address these issues, which consists of a tomographic data collection scheme and a processing workflow. Tilt series are collected with higher electron dose at zero-degree tilt in order to increase SNR. Next, after performing StA conventionally, we extract 2D projections of the particles of interest from the higher SNR images and use the single particle analysis tools to refine the particle alignment and generate a reconstruction. We benchmarked our proposed hybrid StA (hStA) workflow and improved the resolution for tobacco mosaic virus from 7.2 to 5.2 Å and the resolution for the ion channel RyR1 in crowded native membranes from 12.9 to 9.1 Å. We demonstrate that hStA can improve the resolution obtained by conventional StA and promises to be a useful tool for StA projects aiming at subnanometer resolution or higher.
Most current models assume that the perceptual and cognitive processes of visual word recognition and reading operate upon neuronally coded domain-general low-level visual representations – typically oriented line representations. We here demonstrate, consistent with neurophysiological theories of Bayesian-like predictive neural computations, that prior visual knowledge of words may be utilized to ‘explain away’ redundant and highly expected parts of the visual percept. Subsequent processing stages, accordingly, operate upon an optimized representation of the visual input, the orthographic prediction error, highlighting only the visual information relevant for word identification. We show that this optimized representation is related to orthographic word characteristics, accounts for word recognition behavior, and is processed early in the visual processing stream, i.e., in V4 and before 200 ms after word-onset. Based on these findings, we propose that prior visual-orthographic knowledge is used to optimize the representation of visually presented words, which in turn allows for highly efficient reading processes.
Most current models assume that the perceptual and cognitive processes of visual word recognition and reading operate upon neuronally coded domain-general low-level visual representations – typically oriented line representations. We here demonstrate, consistent with neurophysiological theories of Bayesian-like predictive neural computations, that prior visual knowledge of words may be utilized to ‘explain away’ redundant and highly expected parts of the visual percept. Subsequent processing stages, accordingly, operate upon an optimized representation of the visual input, the orthographic prediction error, highlighting only the visual information relevant for word identification. We show that this optimized representation is related to orthographic word characteristics, accounts for word recognition behavior, and is processed early in the visual processing stream, i.e., in V4 and before 200 ms after word-onset. Based on these findings, we propose that prior visual-orthographic knowledge is used to optimize the representation of visually presented words, which in turn allows for highly efficient reading processes.
Unc-51-like kinase 4 (ULK4) is a pseudokinase that has been linked to the development of several diseases. Even though sequence motifs required for ATP binding in kinases are lacking, ULK4 still tightly binds ATP and the presence of the cofactor is required for structural stability of ULK4. Here we present a high-resolution structure of a ULK4-ATPγS complex revealing a highly unusual ATP binding mode in which the lack of the canonical VAIK motif lysine is compensated by K39, located N-terminal to αC. Evolutionary analysis suggests that degradation of active site motifs in metazoan ULK4 has co-occurred with an ULK4 specific activation loop, which stabilizes the C-helix. In addition, cellular interaction studies using BioID and biochemical validation data revealed high confidence interactors of the pseudokinase and armadillo repeat domains. Many of the identified ULK4 interaction partners were centrosomal and tubulin associated proteins and several active kinases suggesting new roles for ULK4.
Highlights: Structure of the ULK4 ATP complex reveals a unique ATP binding mode.
Disease associated mutations modulate ATP binding and ULK4 stability
Degradation of active site motifs co-occurred in evolution with an ULK4 specific activation loop
BioID suggests a role of ULK4 regulating centrosomal and cytoskeletal functions,
The severity of the COVID-19 pandemic, caused by the SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus, calls for the urgent development of a vaccine. The primary immunological target is the SARS-CoV-2 spike (S) protein. S is exposed on the viral surface to mediate viral entry into the host cell. To identify possible antibody binding sites not shielded by glycans, we performed multi-microsecond molecular dynamics simulations of a 4.1 million atom system containing a patch of viral membrane with four full-length, fully glycosylated and palmitoylated S proteins. By mapping steric accessibility, structural rigidity, sequence conservation and generic antibody binding signatures, we recover known epitopes on S and reveal promising epitope candidates for vaccine development. We find that the extensive and inherently flexible glycan coat shields a surface area larger than expected from static structures, highlighting the importance of structural dynamics in epitope mapping.
Background: Ever decreasing costs along with advances in sequencing and library preparation technologies enable even small research groups to generate chromosome-level assemblies today. Here we report the generation of an improved chromosome-level assembly for the Siamese fighting fish (Betta splendens) that was carried out during a practical university Master’s course. The Siamese fighting fish is a popular aquarium fish and an emerging model species for research on aggressive behaviour. We updated the current genome assembly by generating a new long-read nanopore-based assembly with subsequent scaffolding to chromosome-level using previously published HiC data.
Findings: The use of nanopore-based long-read data sequenced on a MinION platform (Oxford Nanopore Technologies) allowed us to generate a baseline assembly of only 1,276 contigs with a contig N50 of 2.1 Mbp, and a total length of 441 Mbp. Scaffolding using previously published HiC data resulted in 109 scaffolds with a scaffold N50 of 20.7 Mbp. More than 99% of the assembly is comprised in 21 scaffolds. The assembly showed the presence of 95.8% complete BUSCO genes from the Actinopterygii dataset indicating a high quality of the assembly.
Conclusion: We present an improved full chromosome-level assembly of the Siamese fighting fish generated during a university Master’s course. The use of ~35× long-read nanopore data drastically improved the baseline assembly in terms of continuity. We show that relatively in-expensive high-throughput sequencing technologies such as the long-read MinION sequencing platform can be used in educational settings allowing the students to gain practical skills in modern genomics and generate high quality results that benefit downstream research projects.
Age-related diseases pose great challenges to health care systems worldwide. During aging, endothelial senescence increases the risk for cardiovascular disease. Recently, it was described that Phosphatase 1 Nuclear Targeting Subunit (PNUTS) has a central role in cardiomyocyte aging and homeostasis. Here, we determined the role of PNUTS in endothelial cell aging. We confirmed that PNUTS is repressed in senescent endothelial cells (ECs). Moreover, PNUTS silencing elicits several of the hallmarks of endothelial aging: senescence, reduced angiogenesis and loss of barrier function. To validate our findings in vivo, we generated an endothelial-specific inducible PNUTS-deficient mouse line (Cdh5-CreERT2;PNUTSfl/fl), termed PNUTSEC-KO. Two weeks after PNUTS deletion, PNUTSEC-KO mice presented severe multiorgan failure and vascular leakage. We showed that the PNUTS binding motif for protein phosphatase 1 (PP1) is essential to maintain endothelial barrier function. Transcriptomic analysis of PNUTS-silenced HUVECs and lungs of PNUTSEC-KO mice revealed that the PNUTS-PP1 axis tightly regulates the expression of semaphorin 3B (SEMA3B). Indeed, silencing of SEMA3B completely restored barrier function after PNUTS loss-of-function. These results reveal a pivotal role for PNUTS in endothelial homeostasis through a PP1-SEMA3B downstream pathway that provides a potential target against the effects of aging in ECs.
This paper defends The Transformation of Values into Prices on the Basis of Random Systems, published in EIER, by answering to the Comments made in the same journal by Professors Mori, Morioka and Yamazaki. The clarifications mainly concern the justification of the randomness assumptions, the conditions needed to obtain the equality of total profit with total surplus value in the simplified one-industry system and the invariance of the results to changes in the units of measurement.
This article takes the renowned study "Der Akt des Lesens" (1976) by Wolfgang Iser and its translation "The Act of Reading" (1978) as its starting point. The differences between the two texts are discussed in terms of Iser's own idea of translatability as a cultural practice that was outlined in the short text "On Translatability". This theoretical frame will shed light on the decisions made in his own translations, and will help to develop a conceptualization of self-translation as a practice inherent in cultural change. [...] I will propose a combination of two concepts, Iser's 'translatability' (in II.) and the notion of 'autocommunication' by Lotman (III.), to suggest a concept of self-translation that entails three interrelated aspects: a) translation as a rewriting of the text as such, b) translation as continued work on one's argument as well as c) the re-translation back to the original source as a manifestation of a change in one's thought structure - Änderungen der eigenen Denkstruktur, as one of Werner Heisenberg's papers is entitled, and to which I will come back in my conclusion (IV.). Hence, the focus is mainly systematic and conceptual, however, I will first comment on my example of self- and re-translation and start with a comparison of different versions of Iser's "Der Akt des Lesens" and the shorter texts that led to the actual monograph.
Auf der harten Schulbank der Sprache : Leo Spitzers Bemerkungen über das Erlernen des Türkischen
(2020)
Im Folgenden werde ich mich mit einem Aufsatz von Leo Spitzer befassen, der als sonderbarer Fall von Selbstübersetzung rezipiert wurde. Dieser Text, in dem er seine persönlichen Erfahrungen mit dem Erwerb des Türkischen reflektiert und anschließend aus semantisch vergleichender Perspektive die türkische Syntax untersucht, wurde beinahe zeitgleich in einer französischen und einer türkischen Fassung veröffentlicht. Im Jahre 1935 erschien die französische Fassung des Aufsatzes über das Türkischlernen im Bulletin de la Société de linguistique de Paris: "En apprenant le turc. (Considérations psychologiques sur cette langue)" (wörtlich: "Türkisch lernend. Psychologische Betrachtungen über diese Sprache"). Im gleichen Zeitraum, sogar etwas früher, erschien auch eine türkische Fassung des Beitrags unter dem Titel "Türkçeyi Öğrenirken" ("Türkisch lernend") - ohne Untertitel -, die in drei Teilen in der literarischen Zeitschrift Varlık (Das Sein) zwischen April 1934 und Januar 1935 veröffentlicht wurde. Interessanterweise scheint Spitzer den ersten Teil der türkischen Version selbst übersetzt oder direkt auf Türkisch verfasst zu haben. Die Übersetzung der beiden weiteren Teile wurde hingegen von seinem damaligen Assistenten Sabahattin Eyüboğlu (1908−1973) vorgenommen, der an der Übersetzungspolitik der Türkei in den dreißiger Jahren aktiv mitwirkte. Mit diesem Aufsatz bekommt die Frage nach sprach- bzw. wissenschaftspolitischem Wissenstransfer in Istanbul einen sonderbaren, ja karnevalistischen Gehalt: Ein Professor, der beauftragt wurde, die abendländische Philologie und Wissenskultur in die moderne Türkei einzuführen, zeigt sich selbst in der Haltung des Lernenden, der ein sprachwissenschaftliches Selbstexperiment wagt. Dadurch wird die Wahl der Sprache als Werkzeug der Wissensvermittlung infrage gestellt: Französisch und Türkisch, beides erlernte und dadurch vergleichbare Sprachen, die in diesem Aufsatz zugleich Gegenstand und Mittel der Stilforschung sind. Meine Überlegungen zu diesem Thema gliedern sich in drei aufeinander aufbauende Teile. Nach einer knappen Hinführung zu Leo Spitzers Sprachauffassung und seinem Verständnis von Sprachwissenschaft als Stilforschung werde ich die historische Situation seines Aufenthalts in Istanbul in den Jahren von 1933 bis 1936 umreißen. In einem zweiten Schritt werde ich den besagten Aufsatz genauer in Hinblick auf Fragen der Selbstübersetzung untersuchen und fragen, was Leo Spitzer motiviert hat, diese angebliche Selbstübersetzung vorzunehmen. Weder war er Turkologe noch hat er seine romanistischen Arbeiten selbst ins Türkische übersetzt: Die philologischen Forschungen, die er während des Exils in Istanbul unternommen hat, sind entweder auf Französisch oder auf Deutsch erschienen. Die Bedeutung der Entscheidung, speziell diesen Aufsatz über die türkische Sprache selbst zu 'übersetzen', möchte ich zuletzt angesichts der wissenschaftspolitischen Rivalität von Sprachen - in diesem Fall zwischen dem Französischen und dem Türkischen - beleuchten.
Für Walter Benjamin war das Übersetzen nicht zuletzt eine Lebenserfahrung. Spätestens seit 1933, also seitdem er als Exilant in Paris lebte, war das Oszillieren zwischen dem Deutschen und dem Französischen sein täglich Brot. Von den Herausforderungen, Spannungen und Aporien dieses permanenten Changierens zeugen in seinem Werk vor allem die Selbstübersetzungen. Denn Benjamin hat - was in der Forschung erstaunlich selten beachtet wird - zahlreiche Selbstübersetzungen aus dem Deutschen ins Französische angefertigt. [...] Das Exposé zum "Passagenwerk" hat Benjamin 1935 auf Deutsch unter dem Titel "Paris, die Hauptstadt des XIX. Jahrhunderts" verfasst und 1939 unter dem Titel "Paris, Capitale du XIXème siècle: Exposé" selbst ins Französische übersetzt. Um diese Schrift in ihrer deutschen und ihrer französischen Fassung geht es in meinem folgenden Beitrag. Ich möchte eine vergleichende Lektüre der beiden Exposés vorschlagen. In der Passage vom deutschen Ausgangstext zum französischen Text der Selbstübersetzung verändert sich, wie sich zeigen wird, die Form der Darstellung wie auch die Art der Argumentation auf signifikante Weise: Wir können in Benjamins Selbstübersetzung des Passagenexposés nachvollziehen, wie das Deutsche und das Französische in eine Konstellation treten und dennoch in keiner Weise ineinander aufgehen, da Fremdheit und Differenz das Paradigma der Übersetzung darstellen, wie übrigens auch im Zusammenhang mit Benjamins früher Übersetzungstheorie deutlich werden wird. Dies ist im Fall der Selbstübersetzung umso erstaunlicher, da es sich hier um ein vermeintlich identisches Autorsubjekt handelt. Die Selbstübersetzung stellt somit einen Fall der Übersetzung dar, in dem sich die Voraussetzungen der Benjamin'schen Übersetzungstheorie auf exemplarische Weise kristallisieren. Bevor ich eingehender auf die beiden Exposés und auf die Form der Selbstübersetzung zu sprechen komme, möchte ich deshalb einige sehr kurze allgemeine Überlegungen zum Verhältnis von Übersetzungstheorie und ‑praxis bei Walter Benjamin vorausschicken und sodann die beiden Exposés - das deutsche Original von 1935 und die Selbstübersetzung ins Französische von 1939 - kurz vorstellen und (werk‑)historisch einordnen. Vor diesem Hintergrund können und sollen dann einige Beobachtungen zu den beiden Exposés en détail diskutiert werden.
Goldsteins Karriere in den USA startete mit wichtigen Publikationen in der neuen Sprache und vollzog sich nahezu vollständig in der Fremdsprache, deutsche Aufsätze verzeichnet seine Bibliographie nach seiner Emigration nur ganz vereinzelt. [...] Auf der Ebene des bibliographischen Befundes handelte es sich also um einen nahezu vollständigen Übergang in die fremde Sprache unter bruchlos fortlaufender Publikationstätigkeit, an dessen Nahtstelle die Übersetzung seines wichtigsten Buches stand. [...] Aus der "Einführung in die Biologie unter besonderer Berücksichtigung der Erfahrungen am kranken Menschen" war "A Holistic Approach to Biology Derived from Pathological Data in Man" geworden. Das amerikanische Buch war keine 'Einführung' mehr, keine 'Introduction', sondern bereits der Untertitel signalisierte eine besondere Perspektive auf die Biologie. [...] Dabei liegt Goldsteins Originalität darin - so der erste Teil der These, die in diesem Aufsatz aus dem Vergleich des deutschen Originals mit der englischen Übersetzung entwickelt werden soll -, dass er aus seinen akribischen empirischen Beobachtungen eine neue epistemologische Perspektive auf organismische Prozesse entwickelt hat, mit der er zugleich die alten ontologischen Diskussionen um eine den Lebensphänomenen und den lebenden Systemen eigene Wesenheit überwunden zu haben hoffte. Genau diese Stoßrichtung verschleiert aber der entscheidende Zusatz zur englischen Übersetzung, wenn sie diesen 'approach' als 'holistisch' charakterisiert. Denn Holismus und Ganzheitlichkeit stehen typischerweise für jene ontologische Richtung des Vitalismus, gegen die sich Goldstein wiederholt explizit gewandt und die im Buch vor allem als Kritik an Hans Drieschs Entelechie-Lehre ihre Spuren hinterlassen hatte. Goldsteins epistemologische Neuausrichtung der Biologie hatte auch hinter seiner Distanz zur Psychoanalyse gestanden - bzw. sie theoretisch legitimiert, weil er wie viele seiner neuropsychiatrischen Kollegen die Verabsolutierung sexueller Motive seitens der Psychoanalyse nicht mitvollziehen wollte. 'Triebe' oder 'Instinkte' konnten als empirische Beschreibungen biologischer Verhaltensweisen durchaus ihre Zwecke erfüllen, aber wenn daraus eigene Entitäten wurden, war damit der Schritt von der Epistemologie zur Ontologie vollzogen, den Goldstein zu vermeiden suchte, weil seine Theorie des Organismus gerade auf die Differenz zwischen beiden wissenschaftlichen Perspektiven abhob. Der zweite Teil der These lautet deshalb, dass die englische Übersetzung von Goldsteins Buch maßgeblich seine Rezeption als holistischer Biophilosoph und damit als ontologischer Vitalist gebahnt hat. Diese entscheidende Verschiebung, die eigentlich im Widerspruch zur Präzisierung von 'Einführung' durch 'approach' steht, wurde vom Haupttitel noch verstärkt, weil hier gerade umgekehrt die epistemologische Perspektive fallengelassen wurde, die dem - zugegebenermaßen unübersetzbaren - Wort 'Aufbau' eingeschrieben war, während das selbstständig gewordene Wort 'Organismus' nun in der Tat eine Erörterung seines Wesens anzukündigen schien. [...] Vor dem Hintergrund der Entwicklung von Goldsteins Anschauungen erscheint die englische Übersetzung des Organismus-Buchs als Wendepunkt von einer Vitalismus-skeptischen und epistemologischen Form der Biophilosophie zu einer affirmativ-vitalistischen, ontologischen Position.
Die maßgebliche Position des Übersetzungskonzepts ergibt nicht nur aus dem unweigerlich vielsprachigen, migrierenden und interdisziplinären Denken des Philosophen, Psychoanalytikers, Ökonomen und Aktivisten Cornelius Castoriadis. Vielmehr existiert ein konkreter Kern des Translatorischen in den zwei konstitutiven Gegenständen seiner Philosophie, im Imaginären einerseits und anderseits in der Politik, die auf die imaginäre Verfasstheit der Gesellschaft zurückgeht. Ob also Castoriadis seinen eigenen Text vom Französischen in die griechische Sprache überträgt oder ob er die Vorstellungswelt der kapitalistischen Gegenwart beschreibt - in beiden Fällen geht es um die Übersetzung als einen kreativen Prozess innerhalb der Sprache, des Denkens oder der Politik.
Anhand des wissenschaftsphilosophischen Sachbuches "Der Baum der Erkenntnis" ("El árbol del conocimiento"), das in den 1980er Jahren von den chilenischen Biologen und Neurowissenschaftlern Humberto Maturana und Francisco Varela in spanischer Sprache veröffentlich wurde und für den Soziologen Niklas Luhmann zu einem wichtigen Standbein seiner Theorie der Gesellschaft und der sozialen Systeme wurde, soll gezeigt werden, wie einerseits Selbstübersetzung von der Wissenschaft in die Öffentlichkeit und andererseits Fremdübersetzung von der einen Sprache in die andere - in diesem Fall aus dem Spanischen ins Deutsche und Englische - Interferenzen und Reibungen innerhalb des Wissenstransfers produzieren. Zunächst soll ein Überblick über die unterschiedlichen Formen des Popularisierens als interdiskursive Selbstübersetzung gegeben werden. Im zweiten Teil wird dann die interlinguale Übersetzungsleistung diskutiert, die das spanische Original durch jeweils andere Sprach- und Forschungskontexte leicht verändert und dem fremdsprachigen Begriffsrepertoire einverleibt. Zuletzt soll in einem dritten Teil mit Rückgriff auf Luhmann das Prinzip der Autopoiesis als ein Prozess ausgewiesen werden, der bereits in "El árbol del conocimiento" nicht einfach als ein Wissenstransfer zu verstehen ist, sondern als ein Transfer der Bedingungen, wie Wissen im Übersetzen vom Übersetzen entsteht.
In the first half of this article I will explore Van Helmont's philosophy of language and translation, in part by contextualizing it within the sixteenth- and seventeenth-century traditions upon which he drew. Since Van Helmont is so explicit about the philosophy of language and translation that he developed, I will investigate in this article if he turned his philosophy into practice. Therefore, the second half of this article will discuss Van Helmont's practices of using and translating between his two main languages (Dutch and Latin). The way in which he employed the languages in which he wrote raises questions about his practice of self-translation and the use of language. Did his mother tongue always figure as the first language into which his thoughts were translated, or could it also have been Latin as the first language for his profession? Van Helmont might have been switching primary languages for the different purposes of his writings. Before going into more detail about his philosophy and use of language, I will briefly introduce this relatively unknown author to the reader.
Zwar verfasste und veröffentlichte Schlegel das Gros seiner Schriften auf Deutsch, mehrere wichtige Publikationen erschienen aber auf Französisch und Latein. Schlegels berühmte Übersetzungsleistungen und seine mehrsprachige Publikationspraxis legen die Vermutung nahe, er habe sich als Selbstübersetzer betätigt, um etwa seine deutschsprachigen Schriften für ein internationales Publikum zugänglich zu machen. Dies ist jedoch nicht der Fall: Entweder wurden seine Schriften von Dritten übersetzt, mit oder ohne Mitwirkung des Autors, oder er selbst hat die jeweilige Schrift direkt in der Fremdsprache verfasst. Diese Sprachwahl ist meines Erachtens ein wesentlicher Grundzug von Schlegels Publikationsstrategie. Schlegel übersetzte seine Schriften weder selbst noch gab er sie als Selbstübersetzungen an. Und trotzdem lässt sich bei Schlegel das Phänomen der Selbstübersetzung feststellen. Denn er übernahm frühere Gedanken, Ausdrücke und Botschaften in neue, in einer anderen Sprache verfasste Schriften und passte sie dem Zielpublikum an. So tauchen äquivalente Textpassagen, seien es einzelne Sätze, seien es ganze Absätze, in Texten auf, die in unterschiedlichen Sprachen verfasst wurden. Diese Selbstübersetzungen spiegeln auf einer interlingualen Ebene die enge intertextuelle Vernetzung seines scheinbar disparaten Werks wider und sind eng mit analogen intralingualen Verfahren wie Kommentieren, Paraphrasieren, Zusammenfassen oder Zitieren verbunden, die Schlegels Schreib- und Arbeitsweise prägen. Seine Texte zeichnen sich durch eine starke Selbstreferenz aus, die über die häufig vorkommenden und selten ausgewiesenen Selbstzitate sowie die Übernahme und Weiterentwicklung bereits an anderer Stelle ausformulierter Gedanken hinausgeht. Zunächst soll Schlegels selbstreferentielle Schreibweise anhand eines kurzen zweisprachigen Textvergleichs veranschaulicht werden (I.). Anschließend wird im Hauptteil dieses Beitrags (II.) Schlegels Selbstübersetzung anhand der "Comparaison entre la Phèdre de Racine et celle d'Euripide" und der Wiener Vorlesungen "Über dramatische Kunst und Literatur" beleuchtet. In einem abschließenden Abschnitt (III.) soll die mehrsprachige Publikationspraxis hinterfragt und die Bedeutung der Sprachwahl für Schlegels Denken erläutert werden.
Leben und Werke der Brüder Wilhelm (1767−1835) und Alexander (1769−1859) von Humboldt vollzogen sich in vielfältigen Kultur- und Wissenstransfers. Beide waren, in jeweils unterschiedlichem Ausmaß, Forschungsreisende, wissenschaftliche Publizisten, Wissenschaftspolitiker, Staats- und Hofbedienstete. In der Vielfalt dieser Funktionen waren sie darauf angewiesen, zwischen fachlicher, politischer und öffentlicher Kommunkation vermitteln zu können, sich also selbst zu übersetzen - in einem zunächst einmal weiten Verständnis von Übersetzung, das neben sprachlichen Übertragungen auch die "Notwendigkeit kultureller Übersetzungsprozesse" meint und auf ein "Immer-schon-Übersetztsein" von Kulturen in ihrer Vielheit und Mannigfaltigkeit verweist. Solche kulturellen Transfers erweisen sich aber bei den Humboldts auf spezifische Weise als sprachgebunden. Daher lässt sich der im weiteren Sinne übersetzende Charakter ihres wissenschaftlichen und politischen Wirkens auf die interlingualen Selbstübersetzungen hin engführen, die untrennbar mit der mehrsprachigen Genese ihres jeweiligen Gesamtwerks verbunden sind. [...] Als besonderer Fall von kosmopolitischer Mehrsprachigkeit ist für beide Humboldts die deutsch-französische Beziehungs- und Verflechtungsgeschichte betont worden. Für beide besaß die französische Sprache einen zentralen Stellenwert: als von klein auf gesprochene Zweitsprache und als wissenschaftliche lingua franca der Zeit um 1800. Sie war immer dort mit im Spiel, wo sich Wilhelm und Alexander von Humboldt als Selbstübersetzer betätigten. Dabei ging die Übersetzungsrichtung sowohl aus dem Deutschen ins Französische als auch umgekehrt; übersetzt wurden sowohl komplette eigene Texte als auch Abschnitte aus teils publizierten, teils unpublizierten Arbeiten, die in der jeweils anderen Sprache zum Ausgangsmaterial für neue Schriften werden konnten. Auf diese Weise entstanden zweisprachige Textkorpora verschiedenen Zuschnitts, wie im Folgenden an chronologisch angeordneten Beispielen dargelegt werden soll, und zwar sowohl hinsichtlich der jeweiligen wissenschaftlichen Kontexte als auch im mikrologischen Blick auf die Texte selbst. Zwei der Beispiele stammen von Wilhelm von Humboldt: ein deutsch-französisches Konglomerat zur Ästhetik (II.) und ein französisch-deutsches über altamerikanische Sprachen (IV.); die beiden anderen von Alexander von Humboldt: die parallel auf Französisch und Deutsch veröffentlichte Abhandlung zur Geographie der Pflanzen (III.) und die französische Übersetzung der zuerst auf Deutsch publizierten Einleitung zum mehrbändigen Spätwerk, dem Kosmos (V.). Abschließend soll nochmals die pragmatische und theoretische Reichweite der Humboldt'schen Selbstübersetzungen benannt werden (VI.).
Von Alessandro Manzonis 'italienischem' Beitrag zur europäischen Romantik-Debatte, der "Lettre à M.r C*** sur l'unité de temps et de lieu dans la tragédie", gibt es keine italienische Ausgangsversion. Im strengen Sinn handelt es sich bei dem hier infrage stehenden Text also nicht um eine Selbstübersetzung, sondern um ein Schreiben in der Fremdsprache Französisch, für das sich sein Autor gegenstands- und situationsbezogen entscheidet. Gleichzeitig ist bekannt, dass Manzonis Schreiben von französischer Politik, französischer Wissenschaft und Kultur gar nicht zu trennen ist. [...] Manzoni erfindet mit den "Promessi Sposi" Sprache als Dichtung und Dichtung als Sprache, als sogenannte National- und Weltliteratur. Die "Lettre à M. Chauvet" markiert dabei, so möchte ich im Folgenden zeigen, eine Art sprachlichen Wendepunkt, an dem die Sprache zu einem metaphorischen Exil wird und als ebenso kontingent wie notwendig erscheint. Der durch die "Lettre à M. Chauvet" initiierte Wissenstransfer wird bedingt durch die spezifische sprachliche und politische Situation Italiens in der ersten Hälfte des 19. Jahrhunderts. Nur vor diesem Hintergrund wird Manzonis biographische, kulturelle und sprachliche Zwischenposition verständlich. Denn erst im Abgleich der mehrsprachigen Situation (Dialekt, Französisch, hochitalienische Schriftsprache) mit dem Medium einer kodifizierten Schriftsprache (dem Französischen) wird jene Mehrsprachigkeit zu einem Mangel (I.). Die Kluft zwischen geschriebener und gesprochener Sprache wird in der französischen Fremdsprache zu einem epistemischen Zwischenraum, der - je nach Sprecher- und Adressatenperspektive - verschiedene Wissensbereiche betrifft. Editionsphilologisch wird der einzige von Manzoni auf Französisch publizierte Text zu einem Problem von Autorschaft: Co-Autorschaft scheint noch heute (oder gerade heute) philologisch einen Stein des Anstoßes darzustellen (II.). Auf der Ebene des poetologischen Gegenstands zeigt ein Vergleich der frühen Textfassung ('Primo Sbozzo') mit der Druckfassung, dass dieser Text sich im Verlauf der Abfassung mehr und mehr von seinem Ausgangstext (Manzonis Tragödie "Il Conte di Carmagnola" und deren Rezension durch Victor Chauvet) löst und zu einer zukünftigen Poetik der "Promessi Sposi" tendiert (III.). Die kulturelle Zwischenposition des Textes führt dazu, dass der Herausgeber Fauriel auf französischer Seite Manzonis Position als Kritik eines 'Outsiders' gezielt nutzen kann - davon zeugen die textuelle Rahmung wie auch die Missverständnisse, die im Briefwechsel geklärt werden; der Dichter Manzoni wiederum wird in der Perfektionierung des Französischen immer mehr auf das Problem einer sprachlichen Unverständlichkeit des Schriftitalienischen gestoßen (IV.). In der Zusammenfassung lässt sich die "Lettre à M. Chauvet" als offener Text beschreiben, an dem sich, je nach Produktions- und Rezeptionsperspektive, poetologische, subjekttheoretische, kultur- und sprachkritische Fragestellungen kreuzen (V.).
Die komplexe und diffizile Frage, der im vorliegenden Beitrag nachgegangen werden soll, ist die nach Heines Eigenschaft als Selbstübersetzer, womit das Hauptaugenmerk auf die sprachlichen d. h. mehrsprachigen Grundlagen seiner Vermittlungstätigkeit gerichtet wird. Denn die Bezeichnung Heines als Selbstübersetzer kann im Gegensatz zur Assoziierung mit dem Begriff des Kulturtransfers durchaus überraschen. Mit Heines Sprachkompetenz im Französischen und dem auktorialen Status seiner französischen Schriften werden Forschungsfragen berührt, die in der Heine-Kritik von ihren Anfängen bis heute durchaus kontrovers diskutiert werden. In diesem Zusammenhang wäre auch nachzudenken über den für die Analyse von Heines Schreib- und Veröffentlichungspraxis relevanten Begriff von Übersetzung bzw. Selbstübersetzung. Kann man im Falle Heines wirklich von einem alleinigen deutschen Original sprechen und den französischen Fassungen seiner Schriften - wie oft geschehen - einen bloß sekundären Status zuweisen? In diesem Problemzusammenhang spielt neben den textgenetischen und sprachlich-translatorischen Aspekten auch die Perspektive der Selbstdarstellung bzw. Selbstvermarktung des Dichters eine bedeutende Rolle, insofern man bei Heine von einer regelrechten Inszenierung als zweisprachigem Autor reden kann. Die von mir im Folgenden vertretene These wird hierbei lauten, dass Heinrich Heines durchaus fragwürdiger Status als Selbstübersetzer über normative Übersetzungs- und Sprachkompetenzkriterien hinaus vor allem als doppelte - d. h. binationale und zweisprachige - 'auctoritas' aufzufassen ist. Anders gesagt: Über die komplexe Frage der Textgenese hinaus soll die von Heine bewusst eingenommene Rolle als direkter Akteur zweier nationaler Wissenssysteme betont werden. Unter diesem Blickwinkel wird nicht zuletzt ein bemerkenswerter Nexus zwischen den vermittelten Wissensinhalten und deren sprachlichem Transfer sichtbar. So soll gezeigt werden, dass Heines dezidiert antinationalistisches, kosmopolitisches und universalistisches Denken zwischen Deutschland und Frankreich seine formale Entsprechung in einer interlingualen Wissenszirkulation zwischen der deutschen und der französischen Sprache findet, in deren Medium die von ihm entwickelten und vermittelten Theorien und Thesen prozessual entwickelt und weitergeschrieben werden. Eine solche Sichtweise auf Heine als translingualen Schriftsteller wurde bisher nicht immer ausreichend von der Forschung berücksichtigt und gewürdigt. Wie allgemein im Zusammenhang mit bikulturellen und bilingualen Autoren sowie sprachlich hybriden Schreibverfahren wird man mit blinden Flecken der Forschung und nationalphilologischen Widerständen konfrontiert, die eine mehr oder weniger symbolische 'Vereinsprachigung' von Heines Werken befördern oder implizieren. Dieser Umstand betrifft nicht nur die deutsche Heine-Rezeption, sondern ist bedauerlicherweise auch in der interkulturell aufgestellten französischen Germanistik der jüngeren Zeit zu beobachten, wie ich in einem abschließenden Exkurs zeigen möchte.
The novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2), identified in China at the end of December 2019 and causing the disease COVID-19, has meanwhile led to outbreaks all over the globe, with about 571,700 confirmed cases and about 26,500 deaths as of March 28th, 2020. We present here the preliminary results of a mathematical study directed at informing on the possible application or lifting of control measures in Germany. The developed mathematical models allow to study the spread of COVID-19 among the population in Germany and to asses the impact of non-pharmaceutical interventions.
Binding of the spike protein of SARS-CoV-2 to the human angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) receptor triggers translocation of the virus into cells. Both the ACE2 receptor and the spike protein are heavily glycosylated, including at sites near their binding interface. We built fully glycosylated models of the ACE2 receptor bound to the receptor binding domain (RBD) of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein. Using atomistic molecular dynamics (MD) simulations, we found that the glycosylation of the human ACE2 receptor contributes substantially to the binding of the virus. Interestingly, the glycans at two glycosylation sites, N90 and N322, have opposite effects on spike protein binding. The glycan at the N90 site partly covers the binding interface of the spike RBD. Therefore, this glycan can interfere with the binding of the spike protein and protect against docking of the virus to the cell. By contrast, the glycan at the N322 site interacts tightly with the RBD of the ACE2-bound spike protein and strengthens the complex. Remarkably, the N322 glycan binds into a conserved region of the spike protein identified previously as a cryptic epitope for a neutralizing antibody. By mapping the glycan binding sites, our MD simulations aid in the targeted development of neutralizing antibodies and SARS-CoV-2 fusion inhibitors.
We introduce a novel approach based on elas- tic and inelastic scattering rates to extract the hyper-surface of the chemical freeze-out from a hadronic transport model in the energy range from Elab = 1.23 AGeV to √sNN = 62.4 GeV. For this study, the Ultra-relativistic Quantum Molecular Dynamics (UrQMD) model combined with a coarse-graining method is employed. The chemical freeze- out distribution is reconstructed from the pions through sev- eral decay and re-formation chains involving resonances and taking into account inelastic, pseudo-elastic and string excita- tion reactions. The extracted average temperature and baryon chemical potential are then compared to statistical model analysis. Finally we investigate various freeze-out criteria suggested in the literature. We confirm within this micro- scopic dynamical simulation, that the chemical freeze-out at all energies coincides with ⟨E⟩/⟨N⟩ ≈ 1 GeV, while other criteria, like s/T 3 = 7 and nB +nB ̄ ≈ 0.12 fm−3 are limited to higher collision energies.
SARS-CoV-2 and stroke characteristics: a report from the Multinational COVID-19 Stroke Study Group
(2020)
Background: Stroke is reported as a consequence of SARS-CoV-2 infection. However, there is a lack of regarding comprehensive stroke phenotype and characteristics
Methods: We conducted a multinational observational study on features of consecutive acute ischemic stroke (AIS), intracranial hemorrhage (ICH), and cerebral venous or sinus thrombosis (CVST) among SARS-CoV-2 infected patients. We further investigated the association of demographics, clinical data, geographical regions, and countries’ health expenditure among AIS patients with the risk of large vessel occlusion (LVO), stroke severity as measured by National Institute of Health stroke scale (NIHSS), and stroke subtype as measured by the TOAST criteria. Additionally, we applied unsupervised machine learning algorithms to uncover possible similarities among stroke patients.
Results: Among the 136 tertiary centers of 32 countries who participated in this study, 71 centers from 17 countries had at least one eligible stroke patient. Out of 432 patients included, 323(74.8%) had AIS, 91(21.1%) ICH, and 18(4.2%) CVST. Among 23 patients with subarachnoid hemorrhage, 16(69.5%) had no evidence of aneurysm. A total of 183(42.4%) patients were women, 104(24.1%) patients were younger than 55 years, and 105(24.4%) patients had no identifiable vascular risk factors. Among 380 patients who had known interval onset of the SARS-CoV-2 and stroke, 144(37.8%) presented to the hospital with chief complaints of stroke-related symptoms, with asymptomatic or undiagnosed SARS-CoV-2 infection. Among AIS patients 44.5% had LVO; 10% had small artery occlusion according to the TOAST criteria. We observed a lower median NIHSS (8[3-17], versus 11 [5-17]; p=0.02) and higher rate of mechanical thrombectomy (12.4% versus 2%; p<0.001) in countries with middle to high-health expenditure when compared to countries with lower health expenditure. The unsupervised machine learning identified 4 subgroups, with a relatively large group with no or limited comorbidities.
Conclusions: We observed a relatively high number of young, and asymptomatic SARS-CoV-2 infections among stroke patients. Traditional vascular risk factors were absent among a relatively large cohort of patients. Among hospitalized patients, the stroke severity was lower and rate of mechanical thrombectomy was higher among countries with middle to high-health expenditure.
The 𝒮-cone provides a common framework for cones of polynomials or exponen- tial sums which establish non-negativity upon the arithmetic-geometric inequality, in particular for sums of non-negative circuit polynomials (SONC) or sums of arithmetic- geometric exponentials (SAGE). In this paper, we study the S-cone and its dual from the viewpoint of second-order representability. Extending results of Averkov and of Wang and Magron on the primal SONC cone, we provide explicit generalized second- order descriptions for rational S-cones and their duals.
Learning in the eyes: specific changes in gaze patterns track explicit and implicit visual learning
(2020)
What is the link between eye movements and sensory learning? Although some theories have argued for a permanent and automatic interaction between what we know and where we look, which continuously modulates human information- gathering behavior during both implicit and explicit learning, there exist surprisingly little evidence supporting such an ongoing interaction. We used a pure form of implicit learning called visual statistical learning and manipulated the explicitness of the task to explore how learning and eye movements interact. During both implicit exploration and explicit visual learning of unknown composite visual scenes, eye movement patterns systematically changed in accordance with the underlying statistical structure of the scenes. Moreover, the degree of change was directly correlated with the amount of knowledge the observers acquired. Our results provide the first evidence for an ongoing and specific interaction between hitherto accumulated knowledge and eye movements during both implicit and explicit learning.
Selbstübersetzungen sind faszinierende Erscheinungsformen mehr- und anderssprachigen Schreibens. Sie bewegen sich an der Grenze zwischen pragmatischem Nutzen und autorschaftlicher Strategie, sie eröffnen die Lizenz zum produktiven Weiterdenken, Umstellen und Fortsetzen des Ausgangstextes, und oft werfen sie die Frage auf, welche der so entstehenden Versionen das Original und welche die Übersetzung ist. Bisherige Untersuchungen zum Thema konzentrierten sich meist auf literarische, insbesondere poetische Selbstübersetzungen. Der vorliegende Band nimmt dagegen das Moment der Übertragung von Wissen in den Blick - und damit den spannungsvollen Zusammenhang von sprachlichem Transfer und Wissenstransfer. Die Beiträge widmen sich gelehrten und intellektuellen Selbstübersetzern aus fünf Jahrhunderten: Martin Luther, Jan Baptista van Helmont, August Wilhelm Schlegel, Wilhelm und Alexander von Humboldt, Alessandro Manzoni, Heinrich Heine, Leo Spitzer, Walter Benjamin, Kurt Goldstein, Eugen Rosenstock-Huessy, Cornelius Castoriadis, Humberto Maturana und Wolfgang Iser.
Selbstübersetzung - das heißt: Autorinnen und Autoren übertragen ihre eigenen Texte aus einer Sprache in eine andere Sprache, fungieren also als ihre eigenen Übersetzerinnen und Übersetzer. In einer Selbstübersetzung sind demnach Autor und Übersetzer identisch. Aus dieser vermeintlich einfachen Definition ergibt sich eine Reihe von komplexen Forschungsfragen. Sie lassen sich anhand einiger Leitbegriffe formulieren, um das im vorliegenden Band unternommene Gespräch über die Grenzen von Philologien und Disziplinen hinweg ansatzweise zu systematisieren.
Inspired by the physiology of neuronal systems in the brain, artificial neural networks have become an invaluable tool for machine learning applications. However, their biological realism and theoretical tractability are limited, resulting in poorly understood parameters. We have recently shown that biological neuronal firing rates in response to distributed inputs are largely independent of size, meaning that neurons are typically responsive to the proportion, not the absolute number, of their inputs that are active. Here we introduce such a normalisation, where the strength of a neuron’s afferents is divided by their number, to various sparsely-connected artificial networks. The learning performance is dramatically increased, providing an improvement over other widely-used normalisations in sparse networks. The resulting machine learning tools are universally applicable and biologically inspired, rendering them better understood and more stable in our tests.
Seit Jacob Burckhardts Thesen zum Individualismus in der Renaissance gilt das 'Selbst' als eine eingehend diskutierte Größe, die ungeachtet ihrer diversen Erscheinungsformen nicht nur als das bündige Kennzeichen einer Schwellenzeit, sondern geradezu als ihr alleiniges Produkt angesehen wurde: die Epoche zwischen Spätmittelalter und Aufklärung steht schlichtweg für den 'Ursprung' der modernen Individualität. [...] Dem wohl prominentesten oratorischen Initiator, der explizit für eine 'reformatio mundi' steht, widerfuhr seitens der historiographischen Nachwelt bezeichnenderweise beides, eine ergebene Verklärung als Führergestalt sowie die Apotheose im prometheischen Schema: Martin Luther gilt bis heute nicht nur als 'Rebell' oder 'Revolutionär', sondern vor allem auch als 'Schöpfer der deutschen Schriftsprache'. Spätestens hier gilt es zu differenzieren. Gerade die Person des Wittenberger Gelehrten, Predigers und Seelsorgers gibt Anlass zur sorgsamen Klärung eines frühneuzeitlichen Selbst-Bewusstseins. Das Selbst-Verständnis des Augustinermönchs gründet zunächst ausschließlich in theologischen Traditionen und ist daher vor allem mit Komposita wie 'Selbsterforschung', 'Selbstgespräch' ('soliloquium') und 'Selbsterkenntnis' ('cognitio sui') in Verbindung zu bringen. Diese Kategorien aber sind primär und unlösbar an die Sündhaftigkeit jedes einzelnen Menschen gekoppelt [...] Und dennoch - in diesem der Moderne eher fremd anmutenden Katalog der genannten Komposita begegnet tatsächlich auch die 'SelbstÜbersetzung': als Praxis und Phänomen wie in Form erhellender Paraphrasierungen. Voraussetzung für die Praxis scheint zunächst ein Geschehen auf der machtpolitischen Ebene zu sein. Mit dem Rückgang der von Papst und Kaiser getragenen Universalherrschaft im westlichen Europa, mit dem Schwinden eines nachantiken Herrschaftsanspruchs ('translatio imperii') im Sinne des mittelalterlichen römischen Reichsgedankens ist gleichermaßen auch der rasch fortschreitende Rückgang des Lateinischen als flächendeckende Gelehrten- und Verwaltungssprache eingeleitet. Indem nun die einzelnen regionalen Teilherrschaften nach politischer Autonomie streben, erhält auch die polyphone Sprachkultur Europas einen neuen Stellenwert: weitgehend noch pränationale, also eher territoriale Interessenkollektive verlegen sich auf die Regelung ihrer Angelegenheiten im eigenen Idiom. Dieses kann damit aus dem Schattendasein eines als 'laienhaft' und 'illiterat' verachteten Ungenügens heraustreten und sich als vollgültiges Pendant der antiken Vorgaben erweisen. [...] Ein zweites Novum tritt zeitgleich hinzu. Zwecks parteigebundener Regelung der lokalen und bald auch der bi- oder multilateralen Angelegenheiten erhalten die antiken Vorgaben der Redekunst eine neue und sehr zentrale Funktion: das vor Ort im Sinne bestimmter Interessen auftretende Einzel- oder Kollektivsubjekt (Territorialgewalt) artikuliert sich sprachlich-persuasiv, vertritt einen lokalen Standpunkt ('opinio' / 'point de vue') und versucht seine Zuhörer durch Überzeugung zu einem politisch wirksamen Handeln zu bewegen. Hierfür dient der Autortext, ebenso aber auch seine zweckgerichtete Übersetzung. In dieser konkretisiert sich ein Subjekt nicht nur als Mittler zwischen Parteien, Ständen und Interessen, sondern auch zwischen Sprachen und Kulturen.
Modular polyketide synthases (PKSs) produce complex, bioactive secondary metabolites in assembly line-like multistep reactions. Longstanding efforts to produce novel, biologically active compounds by recombining intact modules to new modular PKSs have mostly resulted in poorly active chimeras and decreased product yields. Recent findings demonstrate that the low efficiencies of modular chimeric PKSs also result from rate limitations in the transfer of the growing polyketide chain across the non-cognate module:module interface and further processing of the non-native polyketide substrate by the ketosynthase (KS) domain. In this study, we aim at disclosing and understanding the low efficiency of chimeric modular PKSs and at establishing guidelines for modular PKSs engineering. To do so, we work with a bimodular PKS testbed and systematically vary substrate specificity, substrate identity, and domain:domain interfaces of the KS involved reactions. We observe that KS domains employed in our chimeric bimodular PKSs are bottlenecks with regards to both substrate specificity as well as interaction with the ACP. Overall, our systematic study can explain in quantitative terms why early oversimplified engineering strategies based on the plain shuffling of modules mostly failed and why more recent approaches show improved success rates. We moreover identify two mutations of the KS domain that significantly increased turnover rates in chimeric systems and interpret this finding in mechanistic detail.
We examined the feedback between the major protein degradation pathway, the ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS), and protein synthesis in rat and mouse neurons. When protein degradation was inhibited, we observed a coordinate dramatic reduction in nascent protein synthesis in neuronal cell bodies and dendrites. The mechanism for translation inhibition involved the phosphorylation of eIF2α, surprisingly mediated by eIF2α kinase 1, or heme-regulated kinase inhibitor (HRI). Under basal conditions, neuronal expression of HRI is barely detectable. Following proteasome inhibition, HRI protein levels increase owing to stabilization of HRI and enhanced translation, likely via the increased availability of tRNAs for its rare codons. Once expressed, HRI is constitutively active in neurons because endogenous heme levels are so low; HRI activity results in eIF2α phosphorylation and the resulting inhibition of translation. These data demonstrate a novel role for neuronal HRI that senses and responds to compromised function of the proteasome to restore proteostasis.
Protein turnover, the net result of protein synthesis and degradation, enables cells to remodel their proteomes in response to internal and external cues. Previously, we analyzed protein turnover rates in cultured brain cells under basal neuronal activity and found that protein turnover is influenced by subcellular localization, protein function, complex association, cell type of origin, and by the cellular environment (Dörrbaum et al., 2018). Here, we advanced our experimental approach to quantify changes in protein synthesis and degradation, as well as the resulting changes in protein turnover or abundance in rat primary hippocampal cultures during homeostatic scaling. Our data demonstrate that a large fraction of the neuronal proteome shows changes in protein synthesis and/or degradation during homeostatic up- and down-scaling. More than half of the quantified synaptic proteins were regulated, including pre- as well as postsynaptic proteins with diverse molecular functions.