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Cycling as a form of active transportation provides many health benefits through increased physical activity. These benefits can be compromised in urban environments due to the intensified respiration while cycling and the proximity to vehicular traffic with associated exposure to traffic-related air pollution from particulate matter. This review provides an overview of the current literature with data on mobile measurements of particulate matter exposure of cyclists in urban areas. Also, the factors influencing particulate matter concentrations from meteorology, traffic, architecture, and the temporal conditions presented in the literature are described. In this respect, cycling represents an efficient method for characterizing individual particulate matter exposure with a high spatiotemporal resolution. Taking the background concentrations into consideration, statements on the relative exposure to pollutants and the associated health risk can be made with knowledge in favor of environmentally compatible inner city traffic planning.
Background and objectives: In light of the late stage of COVID-19 pandemic, the occurrence of persistent symptoms after COVID-19 infection has become more frequent. To date, there are no standardized treatments. Underlying mechanisms, risk and protective factors for severe persisting symptoms should be investigated to develop effective interventions.
Methods: An online questionnaire was used to assess gender, presence of prior mental disorder, severity of COVID-19 infection, and social connectedness (SCS-R) to determine their influence on symptom severity of persisting symptoms. The sample used to examine risk and protective factors consisted of 693 participants.
Results: The analysis revealed no significant gender differences for severity of persisting symptoms. However, prior mental health condition was associated with severity of persisting symptoms. Moreover, there was a positive association between symptom severity during COVID-19 infection and Post COVID 19. Social connectedness was found to be negatively associated with Post COVID 19 symptoms. Social connectedness was shown to be negatively associated with depressive symptoms and disordered self-organization. The symptoms of energy loss and concentration had the highest centrality.
Conclusion: The results of the study indicate that severity of post-covid symptoms is associated with higher levels of psychopathological symptoms and a lower level of social connectedness. In conclusion, social connectedness may be an important factor in the development of post-COVID symptoms and should be considered for future interventions. The results from the network analyses provide a first step for a more granular syndrome profile.
The process e+e−→D∗+sD∗−s is studied with a semi-inclusive method using data samples at center-of-mass energies from threshold to 4.95 GeV collected with the BESIII detector operating at the Beijing Electron Positron Collider. The Born cross sections of the process are measured for the first time with high precision in this energy region. Two resonance structures are observed in the energy-dependent cross sections around 4.2 and 4.4 GeV. By fitting the cross sections with a coherent sum of three Breit-Wigner amplitudes and one phase-space amplitude, the two significant structures are assigned masses of (4186.5±9.0±30) MeV/c2 and (4414.5±3.2±6.0) MeV/c2, widths of (55±17±53) MeV and (122.6±7.0±8.2) MeV, where the first errors are statistical and the second ones are systematic. The inclusion of a third Breit-Wigner amplitude is necessary to describe a structure around 4.79 GeV.
Using an e+e− collision data sample with a total integrated luminosity of 3.19 fb−1 collected with the BESIII detector at a center-of-mass energy of 4.178 GeV, the branching fraction of the inclusive decay of the D+s meson to final states including at least three charged pions is measured for the first time to be B(D+s→π+π+π−X)=(32.81±0.35stat±0.82syst)%. In this measurement the charged pions from K0S meson decays are excluded. The partial branching fractions of D+s→π+π+π−X are also measured as a function of the π+π+π− invariant mass.
Using an e+e− collision data sample with a total integrated luminosity of 3.19 fb−1 collected with the BESIII detector at a center-of-mass energy of 4.178 GeV, the branching fraction of the inclusive decay of the D+s meson to final states including at least three charged pions is measured for the first time to be B(D+s→π+π+π−X)=(32.81±0.35stat±0.63syst)%. In this measurement the charged pions from K0S meson decays are excluded. The partial branching fractions of D+s→π+π+π−X are also measured as a function of the π+π+π− invariant mass.
Using data corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 651 pb−1 accumulated at 22 center-of-mass energies from 2.00 to 3.08 GeV by the BESIII experiment, the process 𝑒+𝑒−→𝜙𝜋+𝜋− is studied. The cross sections for 𝑒+𝑒−→𝜙𝜋+𝜋− are consistent with previous results, but with improved precision. To measure the mass and width of the structure observed in the cross section line shape, a combine fit is performed after enhancing the contribution from 𝜙𝑓0(980). The fit reveals a structure with the mass of 𝑀=2178±20±5 MeV/𝑐2 and the width of Γ=140±36±16 MeV, where the first uncertainties are statistical and the second ones are systematic.
Using data corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 651 pb−1 accumulated at 22 center-of-mass energies from 2.00 to 3.08 GeV by the BESIII experiment, the process \process is studied. The cross sections for \process are consistent with previous results, but with improved precision. A combine fit to the cross section line shape is performed, which reveals contributions from two structures: the first one has a mass of $M=2174\pm23\pm4\unitmmev$ and a width of $\varGamma=207\pm49\pm5\unitemev$ and the second one has a mass of $M=2276\pm42\pm6\unitmmev$ and a width of $\varGamma=320\pm112\pm6\unitemev$, where the first uncertainties are statistical and the second systematic.
Using data corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 651 pb−1 accumulated at 22 center-of-mass energy points between 2.0000 and 3.0800 GeV by the BESIII experiment, the process e+e−→ϕπ+π− is studied. The Born cross sections for e+e−→ϕπ+π− are consistent with previous results, but with improved precision. A fit to the cross section is performed, which reveals contributions from two structures: the first one has a mass of M = (2158+30−33 ± 4) MeV/c2 and a width of Γ = (218+81−64 ± 5) MeV, and the second one has a mass of M = (2298+60−44 ± 6) MeV/c2 and a width of Γ = (219+117−112 ± 6) MeV, where the first uncertainties are statistical and the second systematic.
Using data corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 651 pb−1 accumulated at 22 center-of-mass energies from 2.00 to 3.08 GeV by the BESIII experiment, the process \process is studied. The cross sections for \process are consistent with previous results, but with improved precision. A combine fit to the cross section line shape is performed, which reveals contributions from two structures: the first one has a mass of $M=2174\pm23\pm4\unitmmev$ and a width of $\varGamma = 207\pm49\pm5\unitemev$ and the second one has a mass of $M=2276\pm42\pm6\unitmmev$ and a width of $\varGamma = 3 20\pm112\pm6\unitemev$, where the first uncertainties are statistical and the second systematic.
Using data samples with an integrated luminosity of 4.5 fb−1 collected by the BESIII detector at center-of-mass energies ranging from 4.66 to 4.95 GeV, we study the processes of e+e−→ωX(3872) and e+e−→γX(3872). With the e+e−→ωX(3872) process, the branching fraction ratio R≡B(X(3872)→γJ/ψ)B(X(3872)→π+π−J/ψ) is measured to be 0.38±0.20stat.±0.01syst. (R<0.83 at 90\% confidence level). In addition, we measure the ratio of the average cross section of e+e−→ωX(3872) to e+e−→ωχc1(ωχc2) to be σωX(3872)/σωχc1 (σωX(3872)/σωχc2)=5.2±1.0stat.±1.9syst. (5.5±1.1stat.±2.4syst.). Finally, we search for the process of e+e−→γX(3872), and no obvious signal is observed. The upper limit on the ratio of the average cross section of e+e−→γX(3872) to e+e−→ωX(3872) is set as σγX(3872)/σωX(3872)<0.23 at 90\% confidence level.