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A series of novel mono-1,2,3-triazole and bis-1,2,3-triazole acyclonucleoside analogues of 9-(4-hydroxybutyl)guanine was prepared via copper(I)-catalyzed 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition of N-9 propargylpurine, N-1-propargylpyrimidines/as-triazine with the azido-pseudo-sugar 4-azidobutylacetate under solvent-free microwave conditions, followed by treatment with K2CO3/MeOH, or NH3/MeOH. All compounds studied in this work were screened for their antiviral activities [against human rhinovirus (HRV) and hepatitis C virus (HCV)] and antibacterial activities against a series of Gram positive and negative bacteria.
PaCATB : a secreted catalase protecting Podospora anserina against exogenous oxidative stress
(2011)
A differential mass spectrometry analysis of secreted proteins from juvenile and senescentPodospora anserina cultures revealed age-related differences in protein profiles. Among other proteins with decreased abundance in the secretome of senescent cultures a catalase, termed PaCATB, was identified. Genetic modulation of the abundance of PaCATB identified differential effects on the phenotype of the corresponding strains. Deletion of PaCatB resulted in decreased resistance, over-expression in increased resistance against hydrogen peroxide. While the lifespan of the genetically modified strains was found to be unaffected under standard growth conditions, increased exogenous hydrogen peroxide stress in the growth medium markedly reduced the lifespan of the PaCatB deletion strain but extended the lifespan of PaCatB over-expressors. Overall our data identify a component of the secretome of P. anserina as a new effective factor to cope with environmental stress, stress that under natural conditions is constantly applied on organisms and influences aging processes.
Arrangement of electron transport chain components in bovine mitochondrial supercomplex I1III2IV1
(2011)
The respiratory chain in the inner mitochondrial membrane contains three large multi-enzyme complexes that together establish the proton gradient for ATP synthesis, and assemble into a supercomplex. A 19-Å 3D map of the 1.7-MDa amphipol-solubilized supercomplex I1III2IV1 from bovine heart obtained by single-particle electron cryo-microscopy reveals an amphipol belt replacing the membrane lipid bilayer. A precise fit of the X-ray structures of complex I, the complex III dimer, and monomeric complex IV indicates distances of 13 nm between the ubiquinol-binding sites of complexes I and III, and of 10–11 nm between the cytochrome c binding sites of complexes III and IV. The arrangement of respiratory chain complexes suggests two possible pathways for efficient electron transfer through the supercomplex, of which the shorter branch through the complex III monomer proximal to complex I may be preferred.
Background: Hydrolysates of plant biomass used for the production of lignocellulosic biofuels typically contain sugar mixtures consisting mainly of D-glucose and D-xylose, and minor amounts of L-arabinose. The yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae is the preferred microorganism for the fermentative production of ethanol but is not able to ferment pentose sugars. Although D-xylose and L-arabinose fermenting S. cerevisiae strains have been constructed recently, pentose uptake is still a limiting step in mixed sugar fermentations.
Results: Here we described the cloning and characterization of two sugar transporters, AraT from the yeast Scheffersomyces stipitis and Stp2 from the plant Arabidopsis thaliana, which mediate the uptake of L-arabinose but not of D-glucose into S. cerevisiae cells. A yeast strain lacking all of its endogenous hexose transporter genes and expressing a bacterial L-arabinose utilization pathway could no longer take up and grow with L-arabinose as the only carbon source. Expression of the heterologous transporters supported uptake and utilization of L-arabinose especially at low L-arabinose concentrations but did not, or only very weakly, support D-glucose uptake and utilization. In contrast, the S. cerevisiae D-galactose transporter, Gal2, mediated uptake of both L-arabinose and D-glucose, especially at high concentrations.
Conclusions: Using a newly developed screening system we have identified two heterologous sugar transporters from a yeast and a plant which can support uptake and utilization of L-arabinose in L-arabinose fermenting S. cerevisiae cells, especially at low L-arabinose concentrations.
Small bowel endoscopy is crucial for diagnosing small bowel Crohn’s disease, and capsule endoscopy is complemented by balloon-assisted enteroscopy to take biopsies and by magnetic resonance imaging to visualize enteral and extra-intestinal involvement. Recently, imaging has also become a key instrument to manage Crohn’s disease patients. Treatment control is advised for patients who have undergone bowel resections and is increasingly used to testify treatment success in non-operated patients, too. In this review we present the modern imaging methods to diagnose and to manage Crohn’s disease with a special focus on the small bowel. Moreover, current knowledge on the impact of diagnostic methods on the patients’ outcome is reported.
NOSTRIN belongs to the recently defined F-BAR protein family. F-BAR proteins are
multi-domain proteins, which serve as adaptors between plasma membrane and
cytoskeleton components in processes such as membrane protrusion formation,
endocytosis and migration. NOSTRIN encompasses a F-BAR domain at the N-terminus,
which mediates membrane association, followed by a HR1 motif and an intermediate
domain (ID) domain in the middle, and a SH3 domain at the C-terminus. The domain
architecture and ability to form oligomers enable NOSTRIN to coordinate several
interaction partners namely dynamin, caveolin, N-WASP and endothelial nitric oxide
synthase (eNOS) in the process of eNOS trafficking. In this context NOSTRIN was
originally identified and hence termed eNOS traffick inducer. NOSTRIN is expressed in
vascularized tissues (e.g. liver and lung) and in primary endothelial cells.
Aims of the present work were (1) to investigate if NOSTRIN is involved in other
processes besides eNOS trafficking, (2) to analyse the function of NOSTRIN in vivo
through knockdown of NOSTRIN in developing zebrafish and (3) to study the
consequences of the loss of NOSTRIN on signal transduction in a primary cell culture
model derived from NOSTRIN knockout mice.
To study the possible involvement of NOSTRIN in other processes besides eNOS
trafficking a yeast two-hybrid screen was performed in which fibroblast growth factor
receptor 1 (FGFR1) was identified as a putative novel interaction partner of NOSTRIN. In
a series of yeast two-hybrid, pulldown and co-immunoprecipitation experiments the
interaction between NOSTRIN and FGFR1 was confirmed to occur between
endogenously expressed proteins and determined to be direct and to depend on the ID
domain of NOSTRIN and the 130 C-terminal amino acid residues of FGFR1. FGFR1 is
activated by binding of fibroblast growth factors (FGFs) and induces several different
signal transduction pathways (e.g. MAPK and Akt pathway). Overexpression of
NOSTRIN in HeLa cells specifically enhanced FGF2-dependent MAPK activation.
Accordingly, depletion of NOSTRIN attenuated FGF2-dependent MAPK activation and
did not affect FGF2-induced Akt activation.
In summary, NOSTRIN has been identified as a novel interaction partner of FGFR1
involved in FGF2-dependent signal transduction.
The morpholino oligonucleotide-mediated knockdown of NOSTRIN in developing
zebrafish caused vascular leakage and irregular vascular patterning e.g. a loss of the
proper trajectory of intersegmental vessel and interruptions of the dorsal longitudinal
anastomotic vessel. The vascular phenotype was consistent upon use of two different
morpholinos and could be rescued in a dose dependent manner by the injection of
zebrafish NOSTRIN mRNA. Detailed analysis involving confocal and time lapse
microscopy in zebrafish with endothelial specific expression of EGFP revealed that the
knockdown of NOSTRIN impacts in vivo on the migration and morphology of endothelial
tip cells and leads to a reduction of filopodia number and length.
Additionally a NOSTRIN knockout mouse was generated. The analysis of FGFR1 signal
transduction in primary mouse lung endothelial cells (MLECs) from NOSTRIN knockout
and wild type mice revealed that FGF2-dependent MAPK activation was attenuated in
MLECs isolated from NOSTRIN knockout mice when compared to MLECs isolated from
wild type mice. The effect of NOSTRIN on FGF2-dependent signal transduction seems to
be specific, since VEGF-induced MAPK activation was not affected in NOSTRIN
knockout MLECs. The importance of NOSTRIN for FGF2 signal transduction in vivo is
demonstrated by the greatly impaired angiogenic response to FGF2 in NOSTRIN
knockout mice in matrigel plug assay. In a detailed biochemical analysis it was
discovered that NOSTRIN interacts with the activated small GTPase Rac1 and that
overexpression of NOSTRIN enhances Rac1 activation. Furthermore, the interactions of
NOSTRIN with both Rac1 and its GEF Sos1 are required for NOSTRIN-mediated
activation of Rac1. In accordance, activation of Rac1 was not detected upon FGF2
stimulation in NOSTRIN knockout MLECs.
In conclusion, the present work describes a novel function of the F-BAR protein
NOSTRIN in FGFR1 signal transduction. Data presented in this work demonstrate that
NOSTRIN is required for the assembly of a complex consisting of FGFR1, Sos1 and
Rac1 and subsequently for the FGF2-dependent activation of Rac1 in endothelial cells.
Soziale Phobie gilt als eine der am weitesten verbreiteten psychischen Störungen (Wittchen & Fehm, 2003; Magee et al., 1996). Obgleich zahlreiche Interventionsansätze zur Behandlung der sozialen Ängste zur Verfügung stehen, gibt es viele Betroffene, die nicht von den Behandlungsmöglichkeiten profitieren oder nach einer Therapie Rückfälle erleben. Aus diesem Grund beschäftigt sich die vorliegende Arbeit mit der Weiterentwicklung von Psychotherapie bei Sozialer Phobie. Sie greift verschiedene Forschungsperspektiven auf, um aktive Wirkfaktoren im therapeutischen Prozess zu identifizieren und für zukünftige Behandlungen nutzbar zu machen. Publikation 1 (Consbruch & Stangier, 2007) gibt einen Überblick über den aktuellen Forschungsstand bzgl. der Diagnostik, Ätiologie und Therapie bei Sozialer Phobie. Die in dieser Publikation dargestellten Forschungsarbeiten zur Behandlung sozialer Ängste vergleichen die therapeutische Wirksamkeit unterschiedlicher Therapieansätze und suchen so nach spezifischen Wirkfaktoren in der Behandlung Sozialer Phobien. Es zeigt sich, dass die kognitiv-verhaltenstherapeutische Behandlung am häufigsten untersucht wurde und dass sich ihre Effektivität durch die Berücksichtigung von Prozessen, die nach Clark und Wells (1995) an der Entstehung und Aufrechterhaltung der Sozialen Ängste beteiligt sind, erheblich verbessern lässt. Publikation 2 (Stangier, Consbruch, Schramm & Heidenreich, 2010) verlässt die ausschließlich an spezifischen Wirkmechanismen interessierte Forschungsperspektive und wendet sich der Frage nach dem Zusammenspiel von spezifischen und allgemeinen Wirkfaktoren zu. Sie vergleicht das Ausmaß der Aktivierung von allgemeinen Wirkfaktoren nach Grawe (1995) sowie deren Einfluss auf das Therapieergebnis in einer kognitiven Verhaltenstherapie (N=29) und einer interpersonellen Therapie (N=33). Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass Therapeuten in der Interpersonellen Psychotherapie die Aktivierung von Bewältigung, Ressourcenorientierung und Motivationaler Klärung geringer einschätzten als Therapeuten in der kognitiven Verhaltenstherapie, während sie bezüglich der Problemaktivierung und der Güte der therapeutischen Beziehung keine Unterschiede angaben. Stärkere Ressourcenaktivierung stand in beiden Therapieansätzen mit besseren Therapieergebnissen in Beziehung, während höhere Problemaktualisierung nur in KVTBehandlungen zu verbessertem Outcome beitrug. Da die Ressourcenaktivierung in der KVTBedingung stärker ausgeprägt war als in der IPT-Bedingung, lassen sich die Ergebnisse so interpretieren, dass die Problemaktualisierung nur dann zu positiveren Therapieergebnissen führt, wenn sie durch ausreichende Ressourcenaktivierung gestützt wird. Die Studie legt somit nahe, dass spezifische Behandlungsansätze allgemeine Wirkfaktoren, die einen Einfluss auf das Therapieergebnis haben, in unterschiedlichem Maße nutzen. Durch das Fehlen von Angaben zur Therapieintegrität bleibt jedoch offen, welche Rolle individuelles Therapeutenverhalten bei der Aktivierung der allgemeinen und spezifischen Wirkfaktoren spielt. Um zukünftig die Therapieintegrität in der kognitiv-verhaltenstherapeutischen Behandlung von Sozialer Phobie sicherstellen zu können, wurde die Cognitive Therapy Competence Scale for Social Phobia (CTCS-SP) entwickelt, deren psychometrische Eigenschaften in Publikation 3 (Consbruch, Clark & Stangier, in press) dargestellt werden. Zur Bestimmung der Beobachterübereinstimmung wurden 161 Therapiesitzungen von jeweils 2 Ratern mit der CTCS-SP beurteilt. Die Ergebnisse der vorliegenden Untersuchung demonstrieren eine gute interne Konsistenz und gute Interraterreliabilität der Skala, wobei erstmals auch individuelle Items mit ausreichender Reliabilität gemessen werden konnten. Mit der CTCS-SP steht somit ein reliables Messinstrument zur Erfassung therapeutischer Kompetenz in der kognitivverhaltenstherapeutischen Behandlung der Sozialen Phobie zur Verfügung, welches – bei noch zu prüfender Validität - vielfältig eingesetzt werden kann, um die Erforschung
spezifischer und allgemeiner Wirkfaktoren in der kognitiv-verhaltenstherapeutischen Behandlung Sozialer Phobien zu vertiefen.