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Reduction in natural speech
(2009)
Natural (conversational) speech, compared to cannonical speech, is earmarked by the tremendous amount of variation that often leads to a massive change in pronunciation. Despite many attempts to explain and theorize the variability in conversational speech, its unique characteristics have not played a significant role in linguistic modeling. One of the reasons for variation in natural speech lies in a tendency of speakers to reduce speech, which may drastically alter the phonetic shape of words. Despite the massive loss of information due to reduction, listeners are often able to understand conversational speech even in the presence of background noise. This dissertation investigates two reduction processes, namely regressive place assimilation across word boundaries, and massive reduction and provides novel data from the analyses of speech corpora combined with experimental results from perception studies to reach a better understanding of how humans handle natural speech. The successes and failures of two models dealing with data from natural speech are presented: The FUL-model (Featurally Underspecified Lexicon, Lahiri & Reetz, 2002), and X-MOD (an episodic model, Johnson, 1997). Based on different assumptions, both models make different predictions for the two types of reduction processes under investigation. This dissertation explores the nature and dynamics of these processes in speech production and discusses its consequences for speech perception. More specifically, data from analyses of running speech are presented investigating the amount of reduction that occurs in naturally spoken German. Concerning production, the corpus analysis of regressive place assimilation reveals that it is not an obligatory process. At the same time, there emerges a clear asymmetry: With only very few exceptions, only [coronal] segments undergo assimilation, [labial] and [dorsal] segments usually do not. Furthermore, there seem to be cases of complete neutralization where the underlying Place of Articulation feature has undergone complete assimilation to the Place of Articulation feature of the upcoming segment. Phonetic analyses further underpin these findings. Concerning deletions and massive reductions, the results clearly indicate that phonological rules in the classical generative tradition are not able to explain the reduction patterns attested in conversational speech. Overall, the analyses of deletion and massive reduction in natural speech did not exhibit clear-cut patterns. For a more in-depth examination of reduction factors, the case of final /t/ deletion is examined by means of a new corpus constructed for this purpose. The analysis of this corpus indicates that although phonological context plays an important role on the deletion of segments (i.e. /t/), this arises in the form of tendencies, not absolute conditions. This is true for other deletion processes, too. Concerning speech perception, a crucial part for both models under investigation (X-MOD and FUL) is how listeners handle reduced speech. Five experiments investigate the way reduced speech is perceived by human listeners. Results from two experiments show that regressive place assimilations can be treated as instances of complete neutralizations by German listeners. Concerning massively reduced words, the outcome of transcription and priming experiments suggest that such words are not acceptable candidates of the intended lexical items for listeners in the absence of their proper phrasal context. Overall, the abstractionist FUL-model is found to be superior in explaining the data. While at first sight, X-MOD deals with the production data more readily, FUL provides a better fit for the perception results. Another important finding concerns the role of phonology and phonetics in general. The results presented in this dissertation make a strong case for models, such as FUL, where phonology and phonetics operate at different levels of the mental lexicon, rather than being integrated into one. The findings suggest that phonetic variation is not part of the representation in the mental lexicon.
Mechanistische Untersuchungen zur Modulation der zytosolischen Phospholipase A2 durch Hyperforin
(2009)
Aus der Familie der Phospholipasen A2 nimmt die zytosolische Phospholipase A2 (cPLA2) in der Bereitstellung von Arachidonsäure (AA) für die Produktion von entzündungsfördernden Eikosanoiden und Lysophospholipiden eine Schlüsselrolle ein. Inwieweit die Modulation dieses Enzyms zum antientzündlichen Wirkspektrum von Hyperforin beiträgt, war Gegenstand dieser Arbeit. Hyperforin als Bestandteil des Johanniskrauts greift auf vielfältige Art und Weise in Entzündungsprozesse ein und hemmt unter anderem die Aktivität der 5-Lipoxygenase und Cyclooxygenase-1 in mikromolaren Konzentrationen. Zur Erforschung der cPLA2 als weitere potentielle Zielstruktur wurden die Effekte Hyperforins auf frisch isolierte humane polymorphkernigen Leukozyten (PMNL) und Thrombozyten untersucht. Dabei ergaben sich erstaunlich widersprüchliche Ergebnisse. Während in PMNL die A23187- und Thapsigargin-induzierte AA-Freisetzung potent unterdrückt wurde (IC50 = 1,5 bis 1,9 µM), konnte Hyperforin die cPLA2-Aktivität in Thrombozyten nach A23187-Stimulation nicht und nach Thrombin-Induktion nur leicht beeinträchtigen. Hingegen resultierte aus der Behandlung von Thrombozyten mit 10 µM Hyperforin eine 2,6- bzw. 8,1-fache Steigerung der AA-Freisetzung und 12-Hydro(pero)xyeikosatetraensäure(H(P)ETE)-Produktion, die von einer Translokation der cPLA2 an die Plasmamembran begleitet war. In PMNL wurde eine Aktivierung der cPLA2 nicht beobachtet. Diese widersprüchlichen Befunde führten zu näheren mechanistischen Untersuchungen. Insbesondere der Einstrom von Ca2+, wie auch die Aktivierung von mitogenaktivierten Proteinkinasen (MAPK) tragen in PMNL und Thrombozyten zur cPLA2-Aktivierung bei. Allerdings konnte eine Beeinträchtigung dieser Signaltransduktionswege durch Hyperforin ausgeschlossen werden. In PMNL wird der durch A23187- oder Thapsigargin-induzierte Ca2+-Einstrom nicht inhibiert und die Aktivierung der entsprechenden MAPK konnte durch Hyperforin (bis zu 10 µM) nicht vermindert werden. In Thrombozyten wurde die Translokation der cPLA2 sowie die AA- und 12-H(P)ETE-Produktion durch die Chelatierung von extra- und intrazellulärem Ca2+ nicht gehemmt. Auch die Unterbindung der Phosphorylierung der cPLA2 durch Hemmung der MAPK-Aktivierung konnte die Aktivierung der cPLA2 nicht verhindern. In zellfreien Untersuchungen an aufgereinigtem Enzym zeigte Hyperforin weder hemmende noch aktivierende Effekte, wenn Liposomen aus 1-Palmitoyl-2-arachidonoyl-sn-glycerol-3-phospatidylcholin (PAPC) eingesetzt wurden. Nach Einbau von Dipalmitoylphosphatidylinositol-4,5-diphosphat, 1-Palmitoyl-2-oleoyl-sn-glycerol und Cholesterol in PAPC-Liposomen sowie gegenüber Lipid-Raft-Adaptionen (PAPC/Sphingomyelin/Cholesterol 1:1:1) zeigte Hyperforin allerdings inhibitorisches Potential (IC50 = 13,2 µM, 7,6 µM, 5,5 µM und 4,4 µM). Aktivierende Effekte des Hyperforins konnten in Abwesenheit von Ca2+ beobachtet werden, wenn cholesterolhaltige, Lipid-Raft-artige- oder 1-Palmitoyl-2-arachidonoyl-sn-glycerol-3-phospatidylethanolamin(PAPE)-Vesikel eingesetzt wurden. 10 bis 30 µM Hyperforin erhöhten die AA-Freisetzung 3,3- bis 7,3-fach, wobei die Bindung des Enzyms an Liposomen mit Cholesterol und Lipid-Raft-Strukturen, aber nicht gegenüber dem PAPE-Substrat verstärkt war. Alle Effekte konnten durch die Zerstörung der Membranoberfläche und –struktur nach Zugabe von Triton-X-100 aufgehoben werden, wodurch die Bedeutung der Struktur der Lipidaggregate für die Hyperforinwirkung in den Vordergrund tritt. Darüber hinaus konnte die essentielle Rolle der vinylogen Carbonsäurestruktur des Hyperforins gezeigt werden, da ein O-Methylester des Hyperforins weder die Hemmung der cPLA2 in PMNL noch deren Aktivierung in Thrombozyten reproduzieren konnte und im Liposomenassay nur eine unspezifische Aktivierung der cPLA2 unabhängig von der Membranstruktur bewirkte. Neben der cPLA2-Aktivität wurde auch die Dichte der Liposomen abhängig von der Membranstruktur durch Hyperforin moduliert, allerdings konnten Änderungen der Membrandichte nicht mit Einflüssen auf die Enzymaktivität korreliert werden. Weiterhin wurden in Zusammenarbeit mit der Arbeitsgruppe Prof. Glaubitz, Universität Frankfurt, 1H-MAS-NMR-NOESY-Spektren von Liposomen aus 1-Palmitoyl(D31)-2-oleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphatidylcholin mit integriertem Hyperforin aufgenommen. Das sich aus der Analyse der Spektren ergebende Modell postuliert die Lokalisation des sauerstoffreichen Bizyklus des Hyperforins im Kopfgruppenbereich der Lipide und eine Penetration der Isoprenylgruppen in die hydrophobe Schicht der Membranen. Die Ergebnisse dieser Arbeit in intakten Zellen und zellfreien Systemen verweisen somit auf komplexe Zusammenhänge, bei denen Interkalationen von Hyperforin mit speziellen Membranstrukturen im Vordergrund stehen. Die unspezifische Einlagerung der lipophilen Substanz Hyperforin in zelluläre Membrankompartimente könnte somit unter Umgehung der regulären Signaltransduktionswege zelltypabhängig die cPLA2-Aktivität modulieren.
A solid-supported membrane (SSM) is an alkanethiol/lipid hybrid membrane with comparable lipid mobility, conductivity, and capacitance than a black lipid membrane (BLM). However, mechanical perturbations, which usually destroy a BLM, do not influence the life-time of a SSM, which is mechanically so stable that solutions may be rapidly exchanged at its surface. This key property has been utilized in this thesis to characterize electrophysiologically two bacterial secondary active transporters (MelB and LacY) as well as to investigate the specific interactions between ions and lipid membranes. These three different projects are summarized below: (1) The properties of lipid membranes, which represent the most important biological interface between intracellular and extracellular compartments, are essentially modulated by the ionic composition of the surrounding aqueous medium. To investigate specific interactions between ions and lipid membranes, solutions of different ionic composition were exchanged at the surface of a SSM through a flow system. This solution exchange resulted in charge translocations that were interpreted in terms of binding of the ions to the lipid headgroups at the SSM surface. We found that chaotropic anions and kosmotropic cations are attracted to the membrane independent of the membrane composition. In particular, the same behaviour was found for lipid headgroups bearing no charge like monoolein. This general trend is modulated by the electrostatic interaction of the ions with the lipid headgroup charge. Our experimental results are in agreement with recent molecular dynamic simulations of PC membranes. (2) Rapid solution exchange on a solid-supported membrane (SSM) is investigated using fluidic structures and a solid-supported membrane in a wall jet geometry. The flow was analyzed with a new technique based on specific ion interactions with the surface combined with an electrical measurement. The critical parameters affecting the time course of the solution exchange and the transfer function describing the time resolution of the SSM system were determined. The experimental data indicate that the solution transport follows a plug flow geometry while the rise of the surface concentration can be approximated by Hagen Poiseuille flow with ideal mixing at the surface of the SSM. Using an improved cuvette design a solution exchange as fast as 2 ms was achieved at the surface of a solid supported membrane. As an application of the technique the rate constant of a fast electrogenic reaction in the melibiose permease MelB, a bacterial (Escherichia coli) sugar transporter, is determined. For comparison, the kinetics of a conformational transition of the same transporter was measured using stopped-flow tryptophan fluorescence spectroscopy. The relaxation time constant obtained for the charge displacement agrees with that determined in the stopped-flow experiments. This supports the previous proposition that upon sugar binding MelB undergoes an electrogenic conformational transition with a rate constant of k ~ 250 s-1. (3) Electrogenic events due to activity of wild-type lactose permease from Escherichia coli (LacY) were investigated with proteoliposomes containing purified LacY adsorbed on a solid-supported membrane electrode. Downhill sugar/H+ symport into the proteoliposomes generates transient currents. Studies at different lipid to protein ratios and at different pH values, as well as inactivation by N-ethylmaleimide, show that the currents are due specifically to the activity of LacY. From analysis of the currents under different conditions and comparison with biochemical data, it is apparent that the predominant electrogenic event in downhill sugar/H+ symport is H+ release. In contrast, LacY mutants E325A and C154G, which bind ligand normally but are severely defective with respect to lactose/H+ symport, exhibit a minor electrogenic event upon addition of LacY-specific substrates, representing only 6% of the total charge displacement of the wild-type. This activity is due either to substrate binding per se or to a conformational transition following substrate binding. We propose that turnover of LacY involves at least two electrogenic reactions: (i) a minor reaction that occurs upon sugar binding and is due to a conformational transition in LacY; and (ii) a major reaction due to cytoplasmic release of H+ during downhill sugar/H+ symport, which is the limiting step for this mode of transport.
Specific functions of biological systems often require conformational transitions of macromolecules. Thus, being able to describe and predict conformational changes of biological macromolecules is not only important for understanding their impact on biological function, but will also have implications for the modelling of (macro)molecular complex formation and in structure-based drug design approaches. The “conformational selection model” provides the foundation for computational investigations of conformational fluctuations of the unbound protein state. These fluctuations may reveal conformational states adopted by the bound proteins. The aim of this work is to incorporate directional information in a geometry-based approach, in order to sample biologically relevant conformational space extensively. Interestingly, coarse-grained normal mode (CGNM) approaches, e.g., the elastic network model (ENM) and rigid cluster normal mode analysis (RCNMA), have emerged recently and provide directions of intrinsic motions in terms of harmonic modes (also called normal modes). In my previous work and in other studies it has been shown that conformational changes upon ligand binding occur along a few low-energy modes of unbound proteins and can be efficiently calculated by CGNM approaches. In order to explore the validity and the applicability of CGNM approaches, a large-scale comparison of essential dynamics (ED) modes from molecular dynamics (MD) simulations and normal modes from CGNM was performed over a dataset of 335 proteins. Despite high coarse-graining, low frequency normal modes from CGNM correlate very well with ED modes in terms of directions of motions (average maximal overlap is 0.65) and relative amplitudes of motions (average maximal overlap is 0.73). In order to exploit the potential of CGNM approaches, I have developed a three-step approach for efficient exploration of intrinsic motions of proteins. The first two steps are based on recent developments in rigidity and elastic network theory. Initially, static properties of the protein are determined by decomposing the protein into rigid clusters using the graph-theoretical approach FIRST at an all-atom representation of the protein. In a second step, dynamic properties of the molecule are revealed by the rotations-translations of blocks approach (RTB) using an elastic network model representation of the coarse-grained protein. In the final step, the recently introduced idea of constrained geometric simulations of diffusive motions in proteins is extended for efficient sampling of conformational space. Here, the low-energy (frequency) normal modes provided by the RCNMA approach are used to guide the backbone motions. The NMSim approach was validated on hen egg white lysozyme by comparing it to previously mentioned simulation methods in terms of residue fluctuations, conformational space explorations, essential dynamics, sampling of side-chain rotamers, and structural quality. Residue fluctuations in NMSim generated ensemble is found to be in good agreement with MD fluctuations with a correlation coefficient of around 0.79. A comparison of different geometry-based simulation approaches shows that FRODA is restricted in sampling the backbone conformational space. CONCOORD is restricted in sampling the side-chain conformational space. NMSim sufficiently samples both the backbone and the side-chain conformations taking experimental structures and conformations from the state of the art MD simulation as reference. The NMSim approach is also applied to a dataset of proteins where conformational changes have been observed experimentally, either in domain or functionally important loop regions. The NMSim simulations starting from the unbound structures are able to reach conformations similar to ligand bound conformations (RMSD < 2.4 Å) in 4 out of 5 cases of domain moving proteins. In these four cases, good correlation coefficients (R > 0.7) between the RMS fluctuations derived from NMSim generated structures and two experimental structures are observed. Furthermore, intrinsic fluctuations in NMSim simulation correlate with the region of loop conformational changes observed upon ligand binding in 2 out of 3 cases. The NMSim generated pathway of conformational change from the unbound structure to the ligand bound structure of adenylate kinase is validated by a comparison to experimental structures reflecting different states of the pathway as proposed by previous studies. Interestingly, the generated pathway confirms that the LID domain closure precedes the closing of the NMPbind domain, even if no target conformation is provided in NMSim. Hence, the results in this study show that, incorporating directional information in the geometry-based approach NMSim improves the sampling of biologically relevant conformational space and provides a computationally efficient alternative to state of the art MD simulations.
In der vorliegenden Arbeit wurde eine aktuelle Diskussion um die Prozesse und Mechanismen der Selektiven Aufmerksamkeit im Rahmen von Anforderungen des sogenannten Negative Priming-Paradigma aufgegriffen. Die Kontroverse welche Prozesse zum Phänomen verlangsamter Reaktionen auf zuvor ignorierte Reize führen, diente als Hintergrund der Untersuchung der Frage, ob eine bei älteren Erwachsenen defizitäre access-Komponente Selektiver Aufmerksamkeit dazu führt, dass gleich große Negative Priming-Effekte jüngerer und älterer Erwachsener dennoch auf der Kontrolle unterschiedlicher Interferenzeinflüsse zwischen den Altersgruppen beruhen. So ist der Frage nachgegangen worden, ob ältere Erwachsene aufgrund einer defizitären access-Kontrolle möglicherweise eine separate Gedächtnisspur für distrahierende und Target-Information anlegen, während jüngere Erwachsene die distrahierende Information aufgrund einer hoch effizienten access-Komponente eher "nebenbei" verarbeiten und so die Distraktorinformation mit der Reaktion für das Target verknüpfen. Jüngere Erwachsene würden somit keine separate Gedächtnisspur für Distraktorinformation anlegen. Während bei älteren Erwachsenen der Negative Priming-Effekt aus dem Abruf der konfligierenden Distraktorinformation stammen könnte, würde der Negative Priming-Effekt jüngerer Erwachsener dann vor allem auftreten, wenn die Reaktion zwischen aufeinanderfolgenden Verarbeitungsepisoden wechselt. Insgesamt zeigte sich jedoch eine altersdifferenzielle Effizienz der access-Komponente Selektiver Aufmerksamkeit nur unter den spezifischen Umständen einer rein perzeptuellen Reaktionsanforderung. Während ältere Erwachsene durch die bloße Anwesenheit distrahierender Informationen gestört werden, scheinen jüngere Erwachsene diese Informationen effizient ausblenden zu können, solange die Aufgabenstellung keine elaboriertere Informationsverarbeitung erfordert. Dieses legt den Schluss nahe, dass sich die Effizienz der access-Komponente nicht generell altersdifferenziell unterscheidet. Jüngere Erwachsene scheinen von distrahierenden Informationen nur auf perzeptueller Ebene weniger gestört zu werden als ältere.
This thesis describes the structural characterization of interactions between biological relevant ribonucleic acid biomacromolecules (RNAs) and selected ligands to optimize the methodologies for the design of pharmacological lead compounds. To achieve this aim, not only the structures of the RNA, the ligand and their complexes need to be known, but also information about the inherent dynamics, especially of the target RNA, are necessary. To determine the structure and dynamics of these molecules and their complexes, liquid state nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (NMR) is a suitable and powerful method. The necessity for these investigations arises from the lack of knowledge in RNA-ligand interactions, e.g. for the development of new medicinal drugs targeting crucial RNA sequences. In the first chapters of this thesis (Chapters II to IV), an introduction into RNA research is given with a focus on RNA structural features (Chapter II), into the interacting molecules, the biology of the specific RNA targets and the further development of their ligands (Chapter III) and into the NMR theory and methodologies used within this thesis (Chapter IV). Chapter II begins with a description of RNA characteristics and functions, placing the focus on the increasing attention that these biomacromolecules have attracted in recent years due to their diverse biological functionalities. This is followed by a detailed description of general structural features of RNA molecules. The biological functions of the RNAs investigated in this thesis (Human immunodeficiency virus PSI- and TAR-RNA and Coxsackievirus B3 Stemloop D in the 5’-cloverleaf element), together with their known structural characteristics are introduced in Chapter III. Furthermore, a description of the investigated ligands is given, focusing on the methods how their affinity and specificity were determined. The introduction is completed in Chapter IV, where the relevant NMR theory and methodologies are explained. First, kinetics and thermodynamics of ligand binding are summarized from an NMR point of view. Subsequently, a detailed description of the resonance assignment procedures for RNAs and peptidic ligands is given. This procedure mainly concentrates on the assignment of the proton resonances, which are essential for the later structure calculation from NMR restraints. The procedure for NMR structure calculation of RNA and its complexes follows with a short introduction into the programs ARIA and HADDOCK. The final part of this chapter explains the relaxation theory and the methodology to extract dynamic information from autocorrelated relaxation rates via the model-free formalism. In the Chapters V to VII of this thesis, the original publications are included and grouped into three topics. Chapter V comprehends the publications on the investigations of HIV PSI-RNA and its hexapeptidic ligand. These three publications[1-3] focus on the characterization of the ligand and its binding properties, its structure and the optimization of its composition aiming to improve its usage for further spectroscopic investigations.
Der Gegenstand der vorliegenden Arbeit ist eine theoretische und empirische Analyse der Wachstumseffekte der arbeitsorganisatorischen Veränderungen in den Unternehmen, die seit Mitte der achtziger Jahre weltweit beobachtbar sind.
Plastids are complex plant organelles fulfilling essential physiological functions, such as photosynthesis and amino acid metabolism. The majority of proteins required for these functions are encoded in the nuclear genome and synthesized on cytosolic ribosomes as precursors, which are subsequently translocated across the outer and inner membrane of the organelle. Their targeting to the organelle is ensured by a so called transit peptide, which is specifically recognized by GTP-dependent receptors Toc159 and Toc34 at the cytosolic side of outer envelope. They cooperatively regulate the insertion of the precursor protein into the channel protein Toc75, thereby initiating the translocation process. Toc34 is regarded as the primary receptor, while Toc159 probably provides the driving force for the insertion. Precursor transfer is achieved by the physical interaction between both receptors in the GTP loaded state. One translocon unit, also called the Toc core complex, is formed by four molecules Toc34, four molecules Toc75 and one molecule Toc159. In the GDP-loaded state, Toc34 preferably forms homodimers, whose physiological function was investigated in the presented study. It could be shown that the dissociation of GDP and therefore the nucleotide exchange are inhibited by the homodimeric state of Toc34. Dissociation of the homodimer is induced by the recognition of a precursor protein, which renders the binding of GTP and subsequent interaction with Toc159 possible. Thus, the homodimeric conformation could reflect an inactive state of the translocon, preventing GTP consumption in the absence of a precursor protein. Both homodimerization as well as heterodimerization of the receptor are regulated by phosphorylation, which could be demonstrated by in vitro and in vivo approaches using atToc33 from Arabidopsis thaliana as a model system. Since the phosphorylated form of Toc34 cannot be assembled with the Toc core complex, it can be concluded that the interactions between GTPase domains not only regulate the transfer of precursor proteins, but also warrant the integrity of the translocon.
The aim of the study was to investigate the role of the CX3C chemokine FKN in the role of platelet adhesion. The presence of the FKN receptor CX3CR1 in platelets is demonstrated and G-protein dependent activation of platelets with soluble FKN results in the increased adhesion of platelets to collagen and fibrinogen under flow 228 and adhesion of leucocytes to firmly attached platelets 231. Whether membrane-bound FKN is capable to promote the direct adhesion of platelets in flowing blood analogue to leucocytes was completely unknown. The adhesion mechanisms of FKN in mediating the adhesion of leucocytes under flow are well characterised and represent a novel unique mechanism of leucocyte capture and firm adhesion: FKN is responsible for immediate arrest of flowing CX3CR1 expressing leucocytes without the participation of additional adhesion receptors and ligands. This is in contrast to the classical leucocyte adhesion pathways, which are multistep processes involving leucocyte arrest, rolling and subsequent cell activation prior to firm arrest. In leucocytes, the FKN – CX3CR1 axis is sufficient to allow rapid arrest of leucocytes at low shear flow conditions 67, 101, 115, 122, 261. The set of data from this study demonstrates that immobilised FKN was capable to mediate the adhesion of platelets under low shear conditions, whereas there was no interaction in the absence of shear flow. In the presence of vWf in the adhesion matrix, FKN mediated the potent increased adhesion of platelets. This was in parts due to the activation of flowing platelets via CX3CR1 and the augmented translocation of platelets on FKN via the vWf receptor GPIbα. With respect to platelet activation, the function of endothelial FKN was comparable to leucocytes: in both cell types, the FKN dependent activation is mediated by its cognate receptor CX3CR1. This is in contrast to the adhesive capacity: in leucocytes, FKN dependent adhesion is mediated by CX3CR1, whereas in platelets, the adhesive capacity was mostly mediated by the vWf receptor GPIbα with only minor contribution from CX3CR1. In platelets, activation and adhesion by FKN were mediated by two distinct receptors, whereas in leucocytes, CX3CR1 is solely responsible for FKN dependent activation and adhesion. The presented results point out to a role of platelets in early stage of atherosclerosis. The in vivo expression of both, FKN and vWf is regulated by TNF-α, which is released in early stages of inflammation. The presence of vWf and FKN in the endothelial lining of blood vessels during these conditions is sufficient to initiate the capturing and translocation of platelets on the tunica interna. The rolling of platelets on the endothelium can induce endothelial damage and inflammation of the vessel, which might advance to the generation of clinically significant atherosclerotic plaques and fibrous atheroma.
Methanosarcina acetivorans kann Kohlenmonoxid (CO) als Kohlenstoff- und Energiequelle nutzen. Als Endprodukte entstehen bei der Verwertung von CO neben Methan signifikante Mengen an Azetat und Formiat sowie Dimethylsulfid (DMS). In dieser Arbeit sollten verschiedene Aspekte dieses außergewöhnlichen CO-Stoffwechsels analysiert werden. Folgende Ergebnisse wurden erzielt: 1) Weder die Methanogenese, noch die Bildung eines der anderen Metaboliten wird durch hohe CO-Partialdrücke gehemmt. Inhibitorstudien mit BES belegen, dass die CO-Oxidation und die Bildung von Azetat, Formiat und DMS nicht an die Methanogenese gekoppelt sind. Inhibitorstudien legen nahe, dass die Methanogenese aus CO am Aufbau eines Na+-Gradienten beteiligt ist und das Vorhandensein eines vom Protonenpotential-abhängigen Schrittes. 2) Eine neue, kostengünstige Transformationsmethode mittels Polyethylenglykol (PEG) konnte für M. acetivorans etabliert werden. Die Transformationshäufigkeit betrug ca. 1,1 x 107 Transformanden/μg DNA und liegt damit im Bereich von der der bisher etablierten Liposomen-vermittelten Transformationsmethode. 3) Mutantenanalysen und physiologische Studien belegen eine Beteiligung der Mts-Proteine in der DMS-Bildung und DMS-Verwertung, da in ihrer Abwesenheit kein DMS aus CO gebildet, kein Methan aus DMS produziert wird, und M. acetivorans nicht mehr auf DMS als Energiequelle wachsen kann. Die Mts-Proteine sind für das carboxidotrophe Wachstum jedoch nicht essentiell. Immunologische Analysen belegen eine substratabhängige Regulation von MtsF und weisen auf genetische Interaktionen der einzelnen Loci oder der Isoformen selbst hin. 4) Die monofunktionellen CODH-Isoformen von M. acetivorans sind am carboxidotrophen Wachstum beteiligt, jedoch nicht essentiell. Die beiden Isoformen der bifunktionellen CODH/ACS sind funktionell, und wenigstens eine von ihnen ist für autotrophes als auch carboxidotrophes Wachstum notwendig. Eine mögliche posttranslationale Modifikation von Cdh1 weist auf unterschiedliche physiologische Funktion und/oder Lokalisation hin. 5) Die F420H2-Dehydrogenase ist essentiell für methylotrophes, nicht jedoch für carboxidotrophes Wachstum.