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Background: Meta-analysis of observational studies concluded that soft drinks may increase the risk of depression, while high consumption of coffee and tea may reduce the risk. Objectives were to explore the associations between the consumption of soft drinks, coffee or tea and: (1) a history of major depressive disorder (MDD) and (2) the severity of depressive symptoms clusters (mood, cognitive and somatic/vegetative symptoms). Methods: Cross-sectional and longitudinal analysis based on baseline and 12-month-follow-up data collected from four countries participating in the European MooDFOOD prevention trial. In total, 941 overweight adults with subsyndromal depressive symptoms aged 18 to 75 years were analyzed. History of MDD, depressive symptoms and beverages intake were assessed. Results: Sugar-sweetened soft drinks were positively related to MDD history rates whereas soft drinks with non-nutritive sweeteners were inversely related for the high vs. low categories of intake. Longitudinal analysis showed no significant associations between beverages and mood, cognitive and somatic/vegetative clusters. Conclusion: Our findings point toward a relationship between soft drinks and past MDD diagnoses depending on how they are sweetened while we found no association with coffee and tea. No significant effects were found between any studied beverages and the depressive symptoms clusters in a sample of overweight adults.
Trypanosoma cruzi, the causative agent of Chagas disease, colonizes the gut of triatomine insects, including Rhodnius prolixus. It is believed that this colonization upsets the microbiota that are normally present, presumably switching the environment to one more favorable for parasite survival. It was previously thought that one particular bacterium, Rhodococcus rhodnii, was essential for insect survival due to its ability to produce vital B-complex vitamins. However, these bacteria are not always identified in great abundance in studies on R. prolixus microbiota. Here we sequenced the microbiota of the insect anterior midgut using shotgun metagenomic sequencing in order to obtain a high-resolution snapshot of the microbes inside at two different time points and under two conditions; in the presence or absence of parasite and immediately following infection, or three days post-infection. We identify a total of 217 metagenomic bins, and recovered one metagenome-assembled genome, which we placed in the genus Dickeya. We show that, despite Rhodococcus being present, it is not the only microbe capable of synthesizing B-complex vitamins, with the genes required for biosynthesis present in a number of different microbes. This work helps to gain a new insight into the microbial ecology of R. prolixus.
Bioaerosols are considered to play a relevant role in atmospheric processes, but their sources, properties and spatiotemporal distribution in the atmosphere are not yet well characterized. In the Amazon Basin, primary biological aerosol particles (PBAP) account for a large fraction of coarse particulate matter, and fungal spores are among the most abundant PBAP there as well as in other vegetated continental regions. furthermore, PBAP could also be important ice nuclei in Amazonia. Measurement data on the release of fungal spores under natural conditions, however, are sparse. Here we present an experimental approach to analyze and quantify the spore release from fungi and other spore producing organisms under natural and laboratory conditions. For measurements under natural conditions, the samples were kept in their natural environment and a setup was developed to estimate the spore release numbers and sizes together with the microclimatic factors temperature and air humidity, as well as the mesoclimatic parameters net radiation, rain, and fog occurrence. For experiments in the laboratory, we developed a cuvette to assess the particle size and number of newly released fungal spores under controlled conditions, simultaneously measuring temperature and relative humidity inside the cuvette. Both approaches were combined with bioaerosol sampling techniques to characterize the released particles by microscopic methods. For fruiting bodies of the basidiomycetous species, Rigidoporus microporus, the model species for which these techniques were tested, the highest frequency of spore release occurred in the range of 62 and 96 % relative humidity. The results obtained for this model species reveal characteristic spore release patterns linked to environmental or experimental conditions, indicating that the moisture status of the sample may be a regulating factor, while temperature and light seem to play a minor role for this species. The presented approach enables systematic studies aimed at the quantification and validation of spore emission rates and inventories, which can be applied to a regional mapping of cryptogamic organisms under given environmental conditions.
Bioaerosols are considered to play a relevant role in atmospheric processes, but their sources, properties, and spatiotemporal distribution in the atmosphere are not yet well characterized. In the Amazon Basin, primary biological aerosol particles (PBAPs) account for a large fraction of coarse particulate matter, and fungal spores are among the most abundant PBAPs in this area as well as in other vegetated continental regions. Furthermore, PBAPs could also be important ice nuclei in Amazonia. Measurement data on the release of fungal spores under natural conditions, however, are sparse. Here we present an experimental approach to analyze and quantify the spore release from fungi and other spore-producing organisms under natural and laboratory conditions. For measurements under natural conditions, the samples were kept in their natural environment and a setup was developed to estimate the spore release numbers and sizes as well as the microclimatic factors temperature and air humidity in parallel to the mesoclimatic parameters net radiation, rain, and fog occurrence. For experiments in the laboratory, we developed a cuvette to assess the particle size and number of newly released fungal spores under controlled conditions, simultaneously measuring temperature and relative humidity inside the cuvette. Both approaches were combined with bioaerosol sampling techniques to characterize the released particles using microscopic methods. For fruiting bodies of the basidiomycetous species, Rigidoporus microporus, the model species for which these techniques were tested, the highest frequency of spore release occurred in the range from 62 % to 96 % relative humidity. The results obtained for this model species reveal characteristic spore release patterns linked to environmental or experimental conditions, indicating that the moisture status of the sample may be a regulating factor, whereas temperature and light seem to play a minor role for this species. The presented approach enables systematic studies aimed at the quantification and validation of spore emission rates and inventories, which can be applied to a regional mapping of cryptogamic organisms under given environmental conditions.
La risa es uno de los temas menos estudiados en la obra de Walter Benjamin; sin embargo, constituye una de las claves para la comprensión de lo que el crítico alemán consideró que podría ser una politización del arte. En este artículo tratamos de desgranar el lugar de la risa en la teoría estética y política de Benjamin a partir de su conferencia «El autor como productor». Desde ese punto nos proponemos introducir su lectura de Bertolt Brecht, así como su polémica con Theodor W. Adorno.
В статті проаналізовано основні ідеї представників Франкфуртської школи, а саме: Т. Адорно, М. Хоркхаймер, Г. Маркузе, Е. Фромм. Опираючись на основні дослідження та основоположні філософські праці представників Франкфуртської школи, зроблена спроба виокремити основні причини становлення неототалітаризму, та тоталітарних режимів у ХХ столітті. Встановлена взаємозалежність між Просвітницькою діяльністю та міфологізацією свідомості; визначена роль культури у цьому процесі. Окреслено роль ідеологічної системи, як однієї з форм соціальної міфології. Встановлена закономірність між «щасливою свідомістю» суспільства споживання і ефективним укоріненням міфів та ідеологічних систем у масову свідомість суспільства ХХ ст. Актуальність статті зумовлена тим, що необхідність критичного осмислення становлення культури тоталітарних країн сьогодні стає очевидною. Усвідомлення того, що суспільна свідомість пострадянських країн досі керується міфологемами, що були створені та впроваджені тоталітарною культурою, змушує нас серйозно вивчати проблематику міфологізації свідомості та ідеологічного впливу. Тому позбавлення від упереджень та перехід до нового витка демократичної свідомості неможливий, без вивчення основ становлення масового суспільства та функції культури в ньому. Більше того, без виявлення чинників, що зумовили конструювання західної цивілізації, неможливе не тільки рішення глобальних проблем сучасності, але й сам перехід на якісно інший виток соціально-культурного розвитку.
L’école de Frankfort abandonne progressivement les thèses de la philosophie de l’Histoire, dont l’acceptation fournissait une espèce de fondement pour la théorie critique, dans la mesure où l’on pouvait croire aux contenus émancipateurs de la raison inclus au sein même des idées de la société bourgeoise. Nous essayerons de montrer cequi est oublié dans les thèses de la philosophie de l’Histoire à partir de la dialectique du maître et de l’esclave de Hegel, et donc, pourquoi de telles thèses se sont montrées insuffisantes. Enfin, nous chercherons à démontrer que la figure théorique opposée aux thèses de la philosophie de l’Histoire se retrouve dans Über den Begriff der Geschichte de Benjamin. De plus, la récupération d’un tel fondement oublié dans les thèses de la philosophie de l’Histoire détermine, vraisemblablement, la considération morale de la théorie critique habermasienne.
O Objetivo deste artigo consiste em apresentar fundamentos da proposta epistemológica de Jürgen Habermas, identificados em obras precedentes à sua Teoria do agir comunicativo. A partir de Teoria analítica da ciência e dialética será explorada a proposta do autor, tendo percorrido antecipadamente pela querela entre Popper e Adorno; posteriormente busca-se analisar como Habermas, em debate com seus contemporâneos, retrata sua proposta em Técnica e ciência como ideologia, considerado um marco para a Escola de Frankfurt.