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Early dietary Islamic law
(1986)
Since the study of economic development began in earnest at the close of the Second World War, academics and policymakers have debated the appropriate role of public policy in developing economies. East Asia has a remarkable record of high and sustained economic growth. From 1965 to 1990 its 23 economies grew faster than those of all other regions. Most of this achievement is attributable to seemingly miraculous growth in just eight high performing Asian economies (HPAEs)-Japan; the "four tigers": Hong Kong, the Republic of Korea, Singapore, and Taiwan; and the three newly industrializing economies (NIEs) of Southeast Asia, Indonesia, Malaysia, and Thailand. The East Asian economies provide a range of policy frameworks-extending from Hong Kong's nearly complete laissez faire to the highly selective policy regimes of Japan and Korea. The coexistence of activist public policies and rapid growth in some of the East Asian economies-especially Japan, Korea, Singapore, and Taiwan-has raised complex and controversial questions concerning the relationship between government, the private sector, and the market. This essay looks at four public policy lessons of the East Asian miracle. Section 1 argues that the eight HPAEs can be grouped together and distinguished from other low- and middle-income countries on the basis of their rapid, sustained, and shared growth. Section 2 examines the controversy over the sources of growth in the HP AEs and presents evidence on the relative roles of accumulation and total factor productivity (TFP) change. Section 3 discusses two aspects of public policy in East Asia that conform to the conventional wisdom concerning good development policy-macroeconomic management and broad-based educational policies. Section 4 examines two more controversial issues -the significance of the HPAEs' export push strategies and industrial policies for TFP change. It concludes that export orientation rather than selective intervention played the dominant role in increasing economywide TFP growth rates.
The results of the pre:lent investigation may be summarized as follows: (1) The heat content of carbon steels at high temperatures was determined by the mixture method, while the oxidation of the specimen was prevented by passing a purified hydrogen gas through the furnace. The specimens were twelve kinds of steels with different carbon contents from 0.09 % to 2.84 % and the range of temperature was 23~250°C. (2) According to A. Meuthen, the specific heat is constant below the A1 point, but the present writer showed that the specific heat is only constant above the A3 point, and that below this point, it increases with the rise of temperature. (3) The quantity of heat for the dissolution of pearlite in iron was determined by measuring the heat content above and below the A1 point. This heat increases proportionally with the content of carbon, reaches a maximum at 0.9 percent and ends at 6.7 percent. For the dissolution of I gr. of carbon in iron, a heat of 1760 calories is required, while, 16.1 calories are necessary for the dissolution of 1 gr. of pearlite in iron. (4) From the heat content-concentration curve, it was found that, the mean specific heat of cementite increases with the rise of temperature; it is 0.149 at 150°C and 02.20 at 850°C. (5) It was observed that the specific heat of the carbon poles with 98 %C increases almost linearly up to 700°C, and afterwards its rate of increase gradually diminishes. (6) It is confirmed by experiments that the A1 transformation is a function of temperature and time, but that the A2 transformation is a definite function of temperature only. (7) From the heat content-concentration curves, the heat of transformation from martensite to pearlite was obtained and found to be proportional to the carbon content. (8) The heat of transformation from austenite to martensite, or that from martensite to pearlite, increases proportionally with the content of eutectoid carbon. The heat of transformation from austenite to martensite for a eutectoid steel amOlmts to 5.9 calories.
Der Staat Moskau stand im 17. Jahrhundert außerhalb des europäischen Stnatslebens. Es war eine seltene Ausnahme, daß russische Gesandte in Westeuropa erschienen. Sie machten mit ihrer asiatischen Tracht, bei ihrer völligen Unkenntnis der Sprachen und Sitten der vorgeschrittenen Völker denselben Eindruck, welchen heutzutage chinesische Diplomaten hervorzubringen pflegen. Kamen westeuropäische Gesandte nach Moskau, so hatten sie, nach Hause heimkehrend, von ähnlichen Erlebnissen und Reiseeindrücken zu berichten, wie etwa gegenwärtig eine Reise naoh Persien oder Japan dieselben darzubieten pflegt. Ein ständiger diplomatischer Verkehr zwischen Rufsland und Westeuropa war das Resultat der großen Wandlung, welche sich in dem moskowitischen Staate im Zeitalter Peters des Großen vollzog. Die folgende Darstellung der Reise eines russischen Gesandten nach Florenz und Venedig um die Mitte des 17. Jahrhunderts mag diese Verhältnisse veranschaulichen. Es hatte sich im Jahre 1655 ereignet, daß die Republik Venedig einen diplomatischen Agenten - es war ein Geistlicher, Alberto Vimina - nach Rußland gesandt hatte, um den Zaren Alexei zur Teilnahme an einer von den westeuropäischen Staaten gegen die Türkei zu unternehmenden militärischen Aktion zu veranlassen. Der Zar Alexei war indessen, gerade als der venetianisohe Diplomat nach Rußland kam, mit dem Kriege gegen Polen beschäftigt; auch konnte man einen Bruch zwischen Schweden und Rußland erwarten. So lagen denn die orientalische Frage und andere politischen Interessen der russischenen Regierung ferne. ...