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This dissertation is an investigation of pitch accent, or lexical tone, in standard Croatian. The first chapter presents an in-depth overview of the history of the Croatian language, its relationship to Serbo-Croatian, its dialect groups and pronunciation variants, and general phonology. The second chapter explains the difference between various types of prosodic prominence and describes systems of pitch accent in various languages from different parts of the world: Yucatec Maya, Lithuanian and Limburgian. Following is a detailed account of the history of tone in Serbo-Croatian and Croatian, the specifics of its tonal system, intonational phonology and finally, a review of the most prominent phonetic investigations of tone in that language.
The focal point of this dissertation is a production experiment, in which ten native speakers of Croatian from the region of Slavonia were recorded. The material recorded included a diverse selection of monosyllabic, bisyllabic, trisyllabic and quadrisyllabic words, containing all four accents of standard Croatian: short falling, long falling, short rising and long rising. Each target word was spoken in initial, medial and final positions of natural Croatian sentences. This research fills several gaps in the existing literature. Namely, the production of tone was investigated in words with a syllabic /r̩/, in pretonal syllables and in non-initial context. Acoustic parameters measured included duration, F0 in every 10% of the nucleus duration, overall pitch, pitch range and pitch peak alignment.
Results showed that differences between falling and rising accents in Croatian are produced mainly with tonal parameters and that the most salient features were pitch peak alignment and overall pitch. The difference between long and short accents was primarily durational and optionally tonal. Words produced in initial and medial sentence positions had a rising contour in their accented syllable, while in the final, segments were usually falling.
The research focuses on magic - the practice of performing tricks and illusions on stage aiming at entertaining the audience. In the late XIX-early XX century magic achieved an outstanding social recognition and became an important artistic phenomenon. This study aims to analyze the work of the most prominent magicians of the late XIX-early XX centuries and to define the historical role of magicians in the history of culture and art.
Using methods of art history and cultural studies, I analyze the autobiographies of magicians, the literature on magic published during the period in question, and contemporary press. I approach the history of magic from three different perspectives: magic as a branch of show business, magic as a cultural phenomenon, and magic as a type of performing art. It allowed me to create a detailed account of magic as a social, cultural and artistic phenomenon.
I argue that magic became a highly influential cultural phenomenon of the late 19th- early 20th centuries in Great Britain that represented the idea of real magic on stage. Magic shows reflected a complex relationship between rational and magical thinking that existed in society and produced narratives about science and the supernatural.
Moreover, very few studies have focused on the question of defining magic as an art form. In the thesis, I analyzed the theoretical works on magic written by magicians and developed a framework for further research on magic from the perspective of the history of art.
Absicht dieser Arbeit ist es, den Begriff vom "Scheitern in Würde" als eine Leitidee im Denken Wolfgang Hildesheimers darzustellen. Der Ausdruck findet sich in auffälliger Weise über das gesamte Werk verstreut, von den frühen Anfängen in den "Lieblosen Legenden" 1952 bis zu seinem letzten Text überhaupt, der "Rede an die Jugend" aus dem Jahre 1991. Über die formelhafte Wiederholung hinaus bildet er eine Grundströmung, die auch dort zu erkennen ist, wo das Wort selbst nicht erwähnt wird. Welches Weltbild liegt dem Ausdruck "Scheitern in Würde" zugrunde? Welche Motive und ethischen Kategorien sind zu bedenken, um ihn zu verstehen? Handelt es sich vielleicht nur um einen spezifischen Ausdruck von Melancholie? Lassen sich Veränderungen im Laufe des Werks benennen? Worin besteht schließlich die Würde, von der Wolfgang Hildesheimer spricht? Dies sind die Fragen, denen ich in meiner Arbeit nachgehen möchte. Der Ausdruck "Scheitern" soll in seinen Varianten aus den Texten Wolfgang Hildesheimers erst ermittelt werden. Das werden in erster Linie literarische Texte sein, danach seine wenigen theoretischen Äußerungen, schließlich jene Reden und Interviews, die allein bleiben, nachdem er 1984 das literarische Schreiben aufgegeben hat. Die einigen Kapiteln vorangestellten Collagen sollen als Beleg dafür dienen, daß Hildesheimer sich auch als bildender Künstler mit eben jenen Problemen auseinandergesetzt hat, die hier besprochen werden sollen. Daß allein ihr Vorhandensein eine Konsequenz dessen ist, was er als sein subjektives Scheitern schildert, soll Thema des Kap. 6.1. "Rückzug in die Collage" sein.