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Tropical cyclones (TC) represent a substantial threat to life and property for Caribbean and adjacent populations. The prospective increase of TC magnitudes, expressed in the 15th chapter of the IPCC AR5 report, entails a rising probability of ecological and social disasters, which were tragically exemplified by several severe Caribbean TC strikes during the past 20 years. Modern IPCC-grade climate models, however, still lack the required spatial and temporal resolution to accurately consider the underlying boundary conditions that modulate long-time TC patterns beyond the Instrumental Era. It is thus necessary to provide a synoptic mechanistic understanding regarding the origin of such long-time patterns, in order to predict reliable changes of TC magnitude and frequency under future climate scenarios. Caribbean TC records are still rare and often lack the necessary continuity and resolution to overcome these limitations. Here, we report on an annually-resolved sedimentary archive from the bottom of the Great Blue Hole (Lighthouse Reef, Belize). The TC record encompasses 1885 years and extends all existing site-specific TC archives both in terms of resolution and duration. We identified a likely connection between long-term TC patterns and climate phenomena responses to Common Era climate variations and offer a conceptual and comparative view considering several involved tropospheric and oceanographic control mechanisms such as the El-Niño-Southern-Oscillation, the North Atlantic Oscillation and the Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation. These basin-scaled climate modes exercise internal control on TC activity by modulating the thermodynamic environment (sea-surface temperature and vertical wind shear stress dynamics) for enhanced/suppressed TC formation both on millennial (primary) and multi-decadal (secondary) time scales. We interpret the beginning of the Medieval Warm Period (MWP) as an important time interval of the Common Era record and suspect that the southward migration of the intertropical convergence zone (ITCZ) caused, in combination with extensive hydro-climate changes, a shift in the tropical Atlantic TC regime. The TC activity in the south-western Caribbean changed in general from a stable and less active stage (100–900 CE) to a more active and variable state (1,100 CE-modern).
We present novel measurements of five short-lived brominated source gases (CH2Br2, CHBr3, CH2ClBr, CHCl2Br and CHClBr2) obtained using a gas chromatograph-mass spectrometer system on board the High Altitude and Long Range Research Aircraft (HALO). The instrument is extremely sensitive due to the use of chemical ionisation, allowing detection limits in the lower parts per quadrillion (10-15) range. Data from three campaigns using the HALO aircraft are presented, where the Upper Troposphere/Lower Stratosphere (UTLS) of the Northern Hemisphere mid to high latitudes were sampled during winter and during late summer to early fall. We show that an observed decrease with altitude in the stratosphere is consistent with the relative lifetimes of the different compounds. Distributions of the five source gases and total organic bromine just below the tropopause shows an increase in mixing ratio with latitude, in particular during polar winter. This increase in mixing ratio is explained by increasing lifetimes at higher latitudes during winter. As the mixing ratio at the extratropical tropopause are generally higher than those derived for the tropical tropopause, extratropical troposphere-to-stratosphere transport will result in elevated levels of organic bromine in comparison to air transported over the tropical tropopause. The observations are compared to model estimates using different emission scenarios. A scenario which has emissions most strongly concentrated to low latitudes cannot reproduce the observed latitudinal distributions and will tend to overestimate bromine input through the tropical tropopause from CH2Br2 and CHBr3. Consequently, the scenario also overestimates the amount of brominated organic gases in the stratosphere. The two scenarios with the highest overall emissions of CH2Br2 tend to overestimate mixing ratios at the tropical tropopause but are in much better agreement with extratropical tropopause values, showing that not only total emissions but also latitudinal distributions in the emissions are of importance. While an increase in tropopause values with latitude is reproduced with all emission scenarios during winter, the simulated extratropical tropopause values are on average lower than the observations during late summer to fall. We show that a good knowledge of the latitudinal distribution of tropopause mixing ratios and of the fractional contributions of tropical and extratropical air is needed to derive stratospheric inorganic bromine in the lowermost stratosphere from observations. Depending on the underlying emission scenario, differences of a factor 2 in reactive bromine derived from observations and model outputs are found for the lowermost stratosphere, based on source gas injection. We conclude that a good representation of the contributions of different source regions is required in models for a robust assessment of the role of short-lived halogen source gases on ozone depletion in the UTLS.
Historic amphibian settlements in the northwestern Nile delta - a geoarchaeological perspective
(2020)
No concise picture of the archaeological and palaeoecological evolution can be drawn for the northwestern Nile delta, and archaeological records show significant population dynamics that still need explanation and spur the need for further palaeoenvironmental research. This study delivers a set of new methods especially in the fields of remote sensing and data analytics that can be regarded as important milestones and foundations for further palaeoenvironmental research in the area. Additionally, it shows new insights for individual time slices.
This geoarchaeological project is a cooperation with the archaeological excavations of the German Archaeological Institute (DAI) in Buto and Kom el’Gir. It expands the work of Wunderlich (1989) which laid important foundations in understanding the origin of the initial landscape that was later colonized in different cultural stages showing different dynamics, settlement intensities and even long phases of abandonment or breaks in between. This forms the starting point for relating the population dynamics of the different cultural phases reaching from Predynastic (prior to 3150 before Christ) up to the Greco-Roman era (~anno Domini 650) to the environmental history and events that occurred in the area. It is very likely that environmental changes such as the shifting of major water routes, inundation or paludification of larger areas or other environmental events affected settlements and human life in the area.
In the fields of remote sensing new methods are presented to complete information on the location of ancient settlements, and complex workflows are developed that allow the tracing of subsurface structures via indirect analysis of vegetation growth in larger time series data. It was verified that a relationship exists between vegetation performance, the appearance of archaeologic material in the topsoil, and the location of former Nile river branches.
Together with a new high resolution digital elevation model (DEM) based on TanDEM-X data, new interpretations with a high spatial significance are possible. For individual time slices, namely the Late Dynastic and Greco-Roman era, this work delivers a detailed landscape description suggesting a finely ramified subdelta, with all settlements placed on alluvial levees. This explains the massive increase in settlements in the Ptolemaic, Roman and in particular late Roman periods (4th century before Christ – anno Domini 7th century).
We sampled the Nile delta clays together with the channels and the material of the archaeologic excavations in vibracores and profile walls. This geologic inspection of the subsurface together with geochemical results from a handheld portable X-ray fluorescence device (pXRF) allowed new interpretations of the landscape and environmental history. For example, we used geochemical data to distinguish between artificial and natural channels as a measure for the anthropogenic influence, a proxy for past environmental characteristics and lastly as a basis for a new dating method. Many of the channels, for instance, were dated by our own 14C datings, comparisons with the previous work ofWunderlich (1989) and application of new dating approach based on machine learning with artificial neural networks. Additionally, we run a full methodological approach, and examine the applicability of pXRF methods in general, and test the quality of the data to detect distinct geochemical differences between the main settlement phases with advanced methods in data analytics. The dating is based, for example, on the training of artificial neural networks with pXRF data from archaeological material of well-dated context to date test data of cultural layers within the vibracores. With this method the homogeneous Nile alluvium, cultural layers and channels can be dated roughly and, as a result, fundamental changes in the landscape can be linked with the settlement history of Buto and neighboring tells.
Zum ersten Mal beschäftigte sich in Deutschland eine primär an Studierende gerichtete Sommerschule mit kritischer Stadtforschung. Als jemand, der daran teilgenommen hat, gehe ich in einem Erfahrungsbericht der Frage nach, ob und inwieweit eine solche Veranstaltung auch der Stärkung von kritischen Haltungen in der Wissenschaft dienen kann. Dabei verweise ich auf die Notwendigkeit, die hegemoniale Produktion von Wissen an Hochschulen zu hinterfragen und darauf, dass die Möglichkeiten zur Veränderung der Wissensproduktion auch bei den Studierenden selbst liegen.
Im Anschluss an die globale Finanzkrise von 2008 lässt sich in vielen deutschen Städten eine neue Welle der Gentrifizierung beobachten. Am Beispiel des traditionellen Arbeiterviertels Gallus in Frankfurt am Main zielt der Beitrag darauf ab, die gegenwärtigen Verdrängungsprozesse aus dem spezifischen Zusammenspiel von stadtpolitischen Aufwertungsbestrebungen und immobilienwirtschaftlichen Verwertungsstrategien zu erklären. Vertreten wird dabei die These, dass die Frankfurter Stadtpolitik, entsprechend ihrer neoliberalen Ausrichtung, im Gallus jahrelang Gentrifizierungsprozesse und die Entstehung einer Ertragslücke zwischen gegenwärtiger und potenzieller Verwertung aktiv gefördert hat – letztere aber erst jetzt im Zuge der Krise an Relevanz gewinnt. Nahezu idealtypisch kann man daher anhand des Gallus zeigen, dass Gentrifizierung wesentlich von lokalen politischen Kräfteverhältnissen abhängt, wobei der Rhythmus jedoch von immobilienwirtschaftlichen Verwertungszyklen diktiert wird.
During the last decades mammalian intracranial structures like the ethmoidal region have rarely been a focus of morphological studies, as they required invasive techniques. Contrary, the ontogeny of the fetal nasal capsule could easily be investigated based on histological material. Since the early 21st century modern imaging techniques like high-resolution computed tomography (μCT) reveal non-destructive insights into the mammalian skull. Furthermore, visualization software enables the virtual reconstruction of the tissues and additionally their morphometric analyses. However, the use of morphometric approaches on the nasal cavity is still scarce. Moreover, the turbinal skeleton is generally regarded as a unit, or the rostral respiratory part is compared to the caudal olfactory part; but the distinct olfactory turbinals have been considered only in a few studies.
The present study focuses on the highly diverse facial shape of the dog (Canis lupus familiaris) that evolved during domestication. Due to human-controlled breeding and care the natural selective pressure in prehistoric dogs has been replaced continually by artificial selection. As a consequence, harmful mutations on gene loci which e.g., control facial length growth got fixed within an extremely short time. According to veterinarian studies the turbinals of short snouted breeds continue their growth after the elongation of the facial bones has stopped prematurely. However, such investigations are based on low-resolution CT or MRT data and the morphological descriptions are vague. Referring to the elongation of the face in dolichocephalic breeds no former study has dealt with the detailed morphology of their turbinal skeleton so far.
The current study is based on comparative anatomical, morphometric, morphofunctional, and ontogenetic patterns of the dog’s turbinal skeleton. The 32 macerated skulls and four histological serial sections represent eleven breeds which cover different snout lengths (brachycephalic, mesaticephalic, dolichocephalic; according to two length indices), functional groups (scent hound, sighthound, companion/toy), and breeding histories (ancient pure-breeding associated with an unchanged appearance, modern time fashion breeding). The nasal cavity of the selected skulls was μCT-scanned and virtual 3D models of the turbinal skeleton were reconstructed. The breeds have been compared with each other in their number of olfactory turbinals, in the morphology of all turbinals and the lamina semicircularis as well as in their morphometrics and ontogeny. Based on morphological and ontogenetic patterns a new terminology of the interturbinals was established. The morphometric data covers the measurement of the relative turbinal surface area (IAT) and the calculation of the surface density (SDEN) and the turbinal complexity (TC). For the latter parameter a new morphometric approach was developed. For the ontogenetic comparison histological serial sections of perinatal dog stages have been consulted. As the dog’s ancestor macerated skulls of three adult Eurasian wolves (Canis lupus lupus) function for outgroup comparison and represent the grundplan with which the breeds are compared.
The results support former studies concerning a species-specific number of the fronto- and ethmoturbinals: in the Eurasian wolf and all postnatal dogs under study three ethmoturbinals and three frontoturbinals are observed. Additionally, two types of interturbinals are distinguished, namely four prominent interturbinals which are present in nearly all individuals and show a homologous pattern, and a variable number of additional interturbinals which differ in their shape among the dogs. Generally, longer snouted breeds have more additional interturbinals, so the total number of olfactory turbinals is increased to a maximum of 16 in the borzoi, whereas several short snouted breeds have only nine olfactory turbinals due to the loss of additional interturbinals and one prominent interturbinal. Regarding ontogeny the growth of the respiratory and the olfactory turbinals and the lamina semicircularis is highly associated with the growth of the facial bones after birth. As the viscerocranium of brachycephalic breeds is subjected to a postnatal growth inhibition the ethmoidal region stops growing prematurely, too. The turbinals of both functional parts develop less accessory lamellae that results in the reduction of the three morphometric parameters IAT, SDEN, and TC. The increase of all these three parameters with increasing snout length proves a correlation between both variables in the maxilloturbinal, all olfactory turbinals, and the lamina semicircularis in the dog. With the help of the perinatal dog stages plesiomorphic patterns which are present in all adult specimens (e.g., separation of ethmoturbinal I into two laminae, the presence of the uncinate process) were distinguished from less established morphological traits which get preferably reduced in association with brachycephaly (e.g., the anterior process of the posterior lamina of ethmoturbinal I, the caudal processes of frontoturbinal 1 and 2 within the frontal sinus due to the latter’s reduction). Obviously, the driving mechanism behind these and further variations are mutations on gene loci which control ontogenetic processes: the in other studies already described postnatal growth inhibition in the dermal bones of the midface of brachycephalic breeds seems to have a similar effect on the ethmoidal region. The results of the present study serve as basis for the evaluation how far the bony turbinals’ morphology, morphometrics, and ontogeny might be associated with physiological, genetic, neurological, and phylogenetic patterns. Additionally, the growth patterns of the hard tissues need to be compared to those of the soft tissues (i.e. the nasal epithelium).
Since the publication of Nikolas Rose’s ‘The Politics of Life Itself’ (2001) there has been vivid discussion about how biopolitical governance has changed over the last decades. This article uses what Rose terms ‘molecular politics’, a new socio-technical grip on the human body, as a contrasting background to ask anew his question ‘What, then, of biopolitics today?’ – albeit focusing not on advances in genetics, microbiology, and pharmaceutics, as he does, but on the rapid proliferation of wearables and other sensor-software gadgets. In both cases, new technologies providing information about the individual body are the common ground for governance and optimization, yet for the latter, the target is habits of moving, eating and drinking, sleeping, working and relaxing. The resulting profound differences are carved out along four lines: ‘somatic identities’ and a modified understanding of the body; the role of ‘expert knowledge’ compared to that of networks of peers and self-experimentation; the ‘types of intervention’ by which new technologies become effective in our everyday life; and the ‘post-discipline character’ of molecular biopolitics. It is argued that, taken together, these differences indicate a remarkable shift which could be termed aretaic: its focus is not ‘life itself’ but ‘life as it is lived’, and its modality are new everyday socio-technical entanglements and their more-than-human rationalities of (self-)governance.
There seems to be a wide agreement in critical geographic thought that Hegel is dead, as to end up with Hegel’s idealism serves to be the starting point for the materialist project of critical geographies. This paper aims to call this starting point into question by confronting Henri Lefebvre with Slavoj Žižek. While Lefebvre, one of the pioneers of materialist geographic thought, intensively worked on a metaphilosophical critique to open Hegel’s testament, Žižek’s Hegel supposed to pave the way for a new philosophical materialism. This paper seeks to claim that such a materialist Hegel not only survives the critical encounter of Lefebvre’s metaphilosophy, but also encourages us to inquire about the possibilities and consequences of a geographical turn to Hegel. What if there is a Hegel out there that geography has not even detected?
There is a broad consensus that psychoanalytic theory cannot offer an account to further engage with the ontological turn toward the object that human sciences face today. In particular, the structuralist side of psychoanalysis, most prominently promoted by Jacques Lacan, is supposed to be unable to grasp an object independently from the subject. Against this background, it is no surprise that ‘object-oriented’ geographers ignore psychoanalytic theory. My aim is to investigate the interstices between the object-oriented turn and Lacanian psychoanalysis. I argue that the critiques miss a crucial aspect of Lacan’s ontology: he does not question that there are objects located ‘out there’, but rather adds that psychoanalysis engages with another object whose location remains uncertain. I follow Lacan’s most important invention, the object a, to argue that this object is crucial to understanding the ontology of Lacan as an ‘object-disoriented’ ontology. While object-oriented approaches in cultural geography give ontological priority to the material conditions of existence, Lacanian ontology allows us to understand how material objects become spectralized through an immaterial surplus. To substantiate this claim, I explore the role of anxiety with regard to the Sathorn Unique Tower, an abandoned skyscraper sitting in the middle of Bangkok. Widely known as the ‘Ghost Tower’, this ruin is internationally considered to be haunted. By focusing on a movie and an interview about the Ghost Tower as well as my own ethnographic observation of it, I not only explore the topological dimension of the ghost but also demonstrate that it is precisely the impossibility of localization that enables an object to disorientate the subject.
Die Straße als Transit- und Abstellraum für Automobile ist kein Naturgesetz. Mit Michel de Certeau lässt sie sich als historisches Produkt einer Strategie verstehen, die sich in einem immerwährenden Konflikt durchsetzt. Ziel dieses Beitrags ist es, die Straße als Ort des Automobils zu denaturalisieren, um das konflikthafte Spannungsverhältnis zwischen den als rezessiv antizipierten Bewegungen des Zufußgehens und jenen dominanten automobilen Bewegungen sichtbar zu machen. Mithilfe einer interventionistischen Flächenprojektion von Fußwegen – einem selbstgemalten Zebrastreifen aus Kreide – wird anhand eines Fallbeispiels aus Frankfurt am Main aufgezeigt, wie sich die alltäglich konflikthafte Aushandlung von Straßenräumen durch Planung materialisieren und somit in die Konzeption von Straße integrieren lässt.
Das Studium der Diplomgeographie an der Universität Frankfurt am Main ist auf die Verknüpfung des Mensch-Umwelt-Verhältnisses in seiner räumlichen Bewertung ausgerichtet und so angelegt, daß die Studierenden im Grundstudium mit den entsprechenden Analyse-und Bewertungsverfahren vertraut gemacht werden, während sie im Hauptstudium verstärkt durch Projektstudium reale Berufsfeldsituationen einüben sollen. Unter dem Leitbild der nachhaltigen Raumentwicklung werden inhaltlich die Veranstaltungen auf vier Felder konzentriert: die naturräumliche Situation (Landschaftshaushalt, Erkundung und Analyse des oberflächlichen Untergrunds), Geographie der Alltagswelt (Individualebene des Wohnens, der Freizeit, der Identität), Wirtschaft und Logistik und Strukturen der dritten Welt.
In der kritischen Stadtforschung wird die These der postdemokratischen Stadt aktuell immer wieder aufgegriffen und dabei eng mit Prozessen der Neoliberalisierung verknüpft. Ausgehend von einer kritischen Diskussion der konzeptionellen Zugänge bei Colin Crouch und Jacques Rancière geht der Beitrag anhand der Geschichte der kommunalen Selbstverwaltung in Frankfurt am Main dem Gehalt der beiden Begriffsbestimmungen in der konkreten historischen Analyse nach. Verwiesen wird dabei auf die unterschiedliche Analysetiefe der beiden Konzepte. Entgegen der bei Crouch vorherrschenden Annahme, dass es vor der neoliberalen Stadt eine demokratische Form städtischen Regierens gegeben hat, wird unter Rückbezug auf die Argumentation Rancières zur Demokratie betont, dass der Fordismus keinesfalls als egalitärer, inklusiver oder demokratischer charakterisiert werden kann. Vielmehr vertreten wir die These, dass die fordistische Stadt zwar aus anderen Gründen, aber vom Grundsatz her nicht weniger postdemokratisch gewesen ist als die neoliberale der Gegenwart und dass die demokratischen Momente am ehesten in den Brüchen und Spalten der sozialen Konflikte der 1970er und 1980er Jahre gefunden werden können.
In Germany, a grave labor shortage in the nursing and elderly care sectors has prompted the response of recruiting skilled nursing staff from abroad in recent years. This article analyzes these recruitment practices as forms of “migration management”: German migration policy has changed according to this paradigm to attempt utilitarian control over migration processes and mediate between labor market concerns on the one hand and isolationist, politico-cultural seclusion on the other. Based on original research through interviews and document analysis, we identify four relevant levels of analysis in researching migration management in the context of the recruitment of skilled nurses: (1) Definition of problem areas: How is migration programmatically legitimized as a solution to social problems? (2) Categorization of migration: How are migration processes classified? (3) Change in statehood: How are sites and actors of migration control being privatized and diversified? (4) Technologies: By means of which procedures, legal foundations and political instruments does migration management take place in the everyday? We believe that taking these four foci as points of departure would be beneficial for further inquiries in critical migration research.
Im Rahmen einer angewandten kritischen Geographie beschäftigen wir uns in unserer Masterarbeit mit Realen Utopien auf Quartiersebene und zeigen, dass eine alternative Neuausrichtung der Stadtplanung und -entwicklung nötig und möglich ist. Die Grundlage dafür bildet eine kritische Auseinandersetzung mit dem Begriff der Utopie und der Ebene des Quartiers. Das städtische Quartier bildet einen Möglichkeitsraum, einen space of hope (Harvey 2000), in dem Alternativen jenseits kapitalistischer Verwertungsinteressen praktiziert und gelebt werden können. Diesen Möglichkeitsraum gilt es vielfältig zu gestalten und gegenwärtigen, neoliberalen Stadtentwicklungs-paradigmen Reale Utopien(Wright 2017a) entgegenzustellen. Dabei stellt sich die Frage: Welche Gegenentwürfe zu aktuell herrschenden Paradigmen in der Stadtentwicklung zeigen uns Wege aus der Alternativlosigkeit und hin zu einer solidarischen Praxis auf Quartiersebene?Für die Beantwortung dieser Frage werden potentielle und bereits existierende Reale Utopien identifiziertund analysiert. In dieser Analyse werden Instrumente, Forderungen und Strategien herausgearbeitet, derer es Bedarf um Risse im kapitalistischem System auszuweiten, zu verteidigen und zu verstetigen. Die Ergebnisse lassen sich unter den Begriffen der Solidarität, Dekommodifi-zierung, Demokratisierung und Vergesellschaftung zusammenfassen. Sie sind die zentralen Bedin-gungen, die für die Verwirklichung Realer Utopien und damit für gesellschaftliche Transformation, entscheidend sind. Darauf basierendwird ein Kompass für ein solidarisches Quartier erarbeitet.
In many parts of the world, the centralized grid provides energy to the population only to a limited extent. The electrification for sub-Saharan Africa countries is the lowest in the world, representing half of the world's population withoutelectricity. However, during the last years there has been an increased attention to rural areas in the Global South beyond the centralised grid, especially with respect to improved possibilities of solar power systems. The transition from one dominant form of energy provision to various alternatives includes different dimensions and depends on specific socio-spatial contexts. Energy systems are framed within systems of spatial practices, performed by a variety of involved actors, like consumers, local suppliers, international for-profit companies, international development donors as well as national and regional authorities. As such power systems arealways cause and effect of socio-technical change This study takes the example of Rwanda to analyse the marketization of decentralised energy systems. Based on empirical field work with energy entrepreneurs it combines Post-Colonial Theory with Science and Technology-Studies to theorise the role of energy to the social production of space beyond the grid.
Diese Arbeit nimmt Weiße Freiwillige aus Deutschland in den Blick, die einen Freiwilligendienst im Ausland geleistet haben und in rassistischen Machtverhältnissen eine privilegierte, das heißt Weiße Position einnehmen. Dabei dienen die Critical Whiteness Studies als fruchtbare Grundlage, um die Auseinandersetzung mit Rassismus aus Weißer privilegierter Perspektive zu untersuchen. Die Arbeit geht daher der Frage nach: Inwiefern die Erfahrungen im Freiwilligendienst und die begleitenden rassismuskritischen Seminare Weiße Nord-Nord und Nord-Süd Freiwillige dazu anregen, ihre Privilegien zu reflektieren und sich kritisch im rassistischen Machtsystem zu positionieren. Die Analyse der Interviews mit Weißen Freiwilligen zeigt, dass die Interviewten zum einen unterschiedliche Konfrontationserfahrungen mit Whiteness gemacht haben und zum anderen ihre daraus resultierenden Reflexionsprozesse und Umgangsweisen sehr divers ausfallen. Unterschiede zeigen sich jedoch nicht nur zwischen den Nord-Nord und Nord-Süd Freiwilligen, sondern auch situationsabhängig anhand der jeweiligen Erfahrungen der einzelnen Weißen Freiwilligen. Aus diesen Untersuchungen lässt sich ableiten, dass es auch für rassismus- und machtkritische Begleitseminare weiterhin eine zu bewältigende Herausforderung bleibt, die Relevanz der persönlichen Auseinandersetzung mit Whiteness und somit mit eigenen Privilegien und Verstrickungen in Rassismus – unabhängig vom Zielland des Freiwilligendienstes – zu vermitteln.
In dieser Dissertation wird die Parametrisierung von subgitterskaligen (SGS) Prozessen in Atmosphärenmodellen untersucht. Die Arbeit befasst sich mit den stochastisch angetriebenen Flachwassergleichungen, im ersten Teil in einer räumlichen Dimension und im zweiten Teil in zwei Dimensionen. Die Einteilung in aufgelöste und SGS-Variable erfolgt in beiden Fällen über lokale räumliche Mittel der Ursprungsvariable und deren Abweichungen vom lokalen Mittel.
Im eindimensionalen Fall liegt zwischen den Variablen eine deutliche Separation der charakteristischen Zeitskalen vor, wodurch die Anwendung der stochastischen Moden Reduktion (SMR) ermöglicht wird. Die SMR generiert ein reduziertes Modell der aufgelösten Variable mit einer stochastischen SGS-Parametrisierung, im Folgenden auch Schließung genannt. Die SMR-Schließung basiert auf den Grundgleichungen des Flachwassermodells und ist numerisch effizient einsetzbar, da sie nur eine geringe Anzahl von benachbarten Zellen koppelt. Sie verbessert die Ergebnisse des reduzierten Modells und übertrifft die Ergebnisse zweier zum Vergleich untersuchter empirischer stochastischer Schließungen. Den größten Zugewinn liefert sie im Energiespektrum, insbesondere für kleine Skalen. Das Ergebnis der SMR-Schließung kann verbessert werden, indem die Amplitude der stochastischen Schließungskomponente gedämpft wird. Die SMR-Schließung ist skalenabhängig im Sinne der räumlichen Modellauflösung. Untersucht wird die Schließung bei Halbierung und Viertelung der räumlichen Auflösung, wo sie ihre Überlegenheit gegenüber den empirischen Schließungen wiederholt bestätigt.
Im Unterschied zum eindimensionalen Fall ist in zwei Dimensionen auch die Corioliskraft enthalten und eine räumliche Divergenz der Schwerewellen möglich. Zwischen der aufgelösten und der SGS-Variable kommt es erneut zu einer Separation der charakteristischen Zeitskalen. Die Separation ist allerdings weniger stark ausgeprägt als im eindimensionalen Fall. Grund hierfür ist das Auftreten einer lang korrelierten geostrophisch balancierten Mode, welche auch auf die SGS-Variable projiziert. Das Vorgehen zur Bestimmung der SMR-Schließung für das zweidimensionale Modell verläuft analog zum eindimensionalen Fall. Es werden die Ergebnisse des hoch aufgelösten Referenzmodells und zweier Modelle ohne SGS-Schließung verglichen.