790 Freizeitgestaltung, darstellende Künste, Sport
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Die meisten Menschen vertrauen bei Muskelkrämpfen auf Magnesium. Aber die wissenschaftliche Beweislage dafür ist dünn – und die Theorie, dass Krämpfe durch einen Elektrolytmangel entstehen, mehr als 100 Jahre alt. Sportmediziner Michael Behringer hat bei seiner Suche nach den Ursachen für Krämpfe eine interessante Entdeckung gemacht: Künstlich ausgelöste Krämpfe können die Krampfneigung deutlich reduzieren.
Can reenactments be a way to create counter-narratives in and for the museum? Through the analysis of political performance (or what the artist Tania Bruguera calls 'political-timing-specific' artworks), this essay discusses the potential of reenactment as both a practice of materializing memories and narratives of oppression and of rethinking museum policies in terms of preservation and display. Its main argument is that, while the archive can be regarded as a form of materializing the memory of these works, reenactment is more than a way of recovering the past; it is also a device for reconstructing memories of activism and oppression. This essay further suggests that reenactments of political-timing-specific works demand a change in accessioning, conservation, and presentation practices, which might be inclined to erase decentralized art-historical and material narratives.
The Neoplastic Room at the Muzeum Sztuki in Łódź was originally designed in 1948 by the avant-garde artist Władysław Strzemiński. Destroyed in 1950 and reconstructed in 1960, it became the focal point of the museum, with the 'International Collection of Modern Art' by the a.r. group being exhibited there. At the same time, it became a point of reference for contemporary artists and a strategy for building a permanent collection for the museum, as well as a reflection on how the past can give a vision of the future. This essay focuses on the gesture of 're-curating' the Neoplastic Room in relation to the performative practice of the artists involved (e.g., Daniel Buren, Elżbieta Jabłońska).
To support the practice of preservation and mediation of video works in the LIMA Collection (Amsterdam), the authors explore the possibilities of reinterpretation as a rather common practice in the performing arts. As a choreographer and a dramaturge, they establish a correlation between reinterpretation and dramaturgy - as a way to deal with non-objective or transitory aspects of the works - and describe their method in relation to the video and performance artist Nan Hoover.
Locating authenticity in artworks that are remade (all or in part) or re-performed over time presents a unique challenge for art conservators, whose activities have traditionally been oriented toward caring for the material aspects of art objects. The paper offers a brief overview of perspectives on authenticity and discusses various theoretical models that have been developed to conceptualize how media, installation, and performance artworks are displayed and cared for over time. These include the score/performance model, the concepts of autographicity and allographicity, the concept of iteration, and authenticity as a practice. The author proposes a theoretical model based on the ritual aspects of presenting artworks, arguing that authenticity, repetition, and community participation can be reconciled within a ritual context.
In the 1990s, the question of the legacy of historical performance was posed with a particular sense of urgency. In the context of most pioneers of the art form having retired from live performance, reenactments not only reproduced past works but positioned artists within the genealogy of performance. The sense of the passage of a generation and the transmission of the memory of past performances were made explicit by Marina Abramović in "The Biography" (1992), a theatre piece in which she stages the very process of accounting for her past, as well as by Takashi Murakami and Oleg Kulik, who emerged on the art scene in the 1990s and mimicked live works from the past.
In this fifteen-minute lecture-performance, Malin Arnell presents her dialogue with the work of French-Italian artist Gina Pane (1939–1990). Oriented around textual and visual traces of Pane and Arnell's historical intra-action, this ongoing dialogue explores performance art documentation and historical narratives. The project interrogates the operations of archives, asking: 'How do queer feminist performance archives make you vulnerable, how do they make you feel, act, react?' 'Whose bodies remain present, and which bodies are lost?' The framework of the work - its repetition with variations and its artistic and queer feminist methodologies - enables an exploration of history, documentation, and bodily epistemology as an attempt to take responsibility for what is not known by doing, through action - through performance.
In the reactivation of the feminist collective of artists Le Nemesiache, this paper looks at the tension between rhetoric and translation in relation to the dislocation of archival materials from their situatedness in place (Naples) and time (1970 to the present). Translation emerges as the conveyor of the conditions from which the addresser started, as well as the ones of the addressees, as a potential that takes place in the moment of enunciation through a plurality of subjects. Considering the epistemological tension between history and fiction, as well as the mediation that happens through the body and the different subjectivities triggered by intra-action, this essay will engage with the following question: if the archive is the memory, can dramaturgy and reenactment from the archive become the message of a prophecy?
A sense of repetition pervades contemporary South African political and cultural debate. Several recent studies have drawn attention to the fact that the renewed student protests since March 2015 parallel several features of the resistance and liberation movements of the 1970s and 1980s. At a pivotal position between the two moments of political struggle stands the 'miracle' of the peaceful transition in 1994. Within this set of circumstances a group of curators, artists, and writers, Gabi Ngcobo and Kemang Wa Lehulere, amongst others, formed a collective under the name CHR (Center for Historical Reenactments) in Johannesburg in 2010. The CHR has pursued several questions that interrogate the complexity of a shared memory bridging segregated Apartheid legacy: how do readings of the past inform contemporary urgencies, and what are the political potentials of artistic interpretations of histories? How do they participate in the formation of new subjectivities?
State security archives in Eastern Europe are shedding new light on the operative practices of the secret services and their interaction with performance art. Surveillance, tracking, undermining, disruption, writing of reports, and measure plans were different operative methods to be carried out in continuous repetitive processes. This paper argues that, through these repetitive working processes, state security agencies were permanently engaged in different forms of reenactments: of orders, legends, report writing, and inventing measure plans. With this operative reenactment, state security agencies not only tried to track down facts but also created 'fake facts' serving their agenda. These 'fake-facts' were then again repeated and reenacted by informants endlessly to be 'effective' in the surveillance and elimination of performance art.
Tracing the complex history of the term 'reenactment', back to R.G. Collingwood's philosophy of history, on the one hand, and popular practices of war reenactments and living history museums, on the other, a survey of its current contribution in art and museum practices highlights the importance of historicity - a category the postmodern was supposed to have vacated - in a wide range of examples, from Rod Dickinson and Jeremey Deller to Alexandra Pirici, Manuel Pelmuş, and Milo Rau. Performance reenactments, in particular, are premised on performance art having become historical, but also threaten to digest history in favour of a mere productivist mobilization for the needs of current attention economies. An alternative could be the attempt to counter historical with dramatic time in order to unlock unrealized possibilities and futures, as the term preenactment promises.
Sucht man in den als "Kompendium der romantischen Schule" apostrophierten 'Vorlesungen über schöne Literatur und Kunst', die August Wilhelm Schlegel in Berlin 1801 gehalten hat, nach der Einschätzung und systematischen Einordnung der Tanzkunst in die Kunstlehre der Romantik, so findet man eine zwiespältige Konstellation vor. Auf der einen Seite gehört die Tanzkunst durch ihre exzeptionelle Verbindung von Wort, Ton und Gebärde zur "Ur-Kunst", ist also somit zugleich durch ihr Bündnis mit Poesie und Musik "der Kern der sämtlichen Künste"; auf der anderen Seite ist die Tanzkunst genau durch diesen "unheilbaren Akt" der "untrennbaren" Anbindung an Poesie und Musik zu der Rolle einer "untergeordneten Kunst" verdammt. Denn, so die Argumentation Schlegels, die Tanzkunst hat "die Wortsprache nötig", genauso wie sie "nie der Musik entraten kann". Kurz: aus der Sicht August Wilhelm Schlegels ist die Tanzkunst als Einzelkunst nicht autonomiefähig, sodass sie trotz ihrer Ursprungsaura nicht zu den höchstfavorisierten Künsten um 1800 zählt.
Der Diskurs über Integration und Integrationsmechanismen fand seinen Beginn in der Migrationsforschung, deren Anfänge bis in die erste Hälfte des 19. Jahrhunderts zurückreichen . Innerhalb dieses Feldes fanden immer wieder Wandlungen der Ausgestaltung des Begriffs der Integration statt, da die theoretischen Konzepte in unterschiedlichen gesellschaftlichen sowie historischen Kontexten entstanden sind bzw. entstehen. Heute existiert eine Vielzahl an theoretischen Perspektiven auf Integration, die eine hohe Heterogenität und auch Interdisziplinarität aufweisen. Generell zeigt sich somit, dass, wenn von Integration gesprochen wird, nicht wirklich klar ist, was unter dem Begriff zu verstehen ist. Die vorliegende Arbeit macht es sich somit zur Aufgabe, den Begriff der Integration und damit verbundene Zielvorstellungen aus Sicht der Akteurinnen und Akteure in Sportorganisationen zu beleuchten. Dafür wird eine Studie im Mixed-Methods-Design durchgeführt, die eine fragebogenbasierte Umfrage, explorative Interviews mit Vereinsvorständen und vertiefende Leitfadeninterviews mit Vereinsmitgliedern umfasst. Ein besonderer Fokus der Gruppenvergleiche liegt dabei auf Personen mit und ohne Migrationshintergrund, um die Perspektive von Personen mit Migrationshintergrund selbst in den Diskurs einbringen zu können. Da sich subjektive Sichtweisen auch aufgrund weiterer Faktoren unterscheiden können, werden außerdem Zusammenhänge zwischen sozialstrukturellen Merkmalen sowie Merkmalen der Vereine und subjektiven Sichtweisen auf Integration untersucht.
Doping ist ein Thema, das den modernen Leistungssport – und nicht nur diesen – seit jeher begleitet. Immer wieder werden Sportler – oft noch nach Jahren – überführt, illegale Substanzen zur Leistungssteigerung eingenommen zu haben. Der Landessportbund Hessen e. V. hat im Sommer 2013 Professor Dr. Dr. Gerd Geißlinger zum Anti-Doping-Beauftragten berufen. Für den UniReport hat Dr. Beate Meichsner mit dem Direktor des Instituts für Klinische Pharmakologie am Klinikum der Goethe-Universität über die damit verbundenen Aufgaben, Ziele und
Möglichkeiten gesprochen.
Seitdem Thomas Anz im Jahre 1998 seine Klassifizierung des Kanon-Begriffs veröffentlicht hat, gilt diese als Grundlage wissenschaftlicher Kanon-Debatten und eröffnet aktuelle Themenbereiche und Perspektiven für weitere Forschung. Betrachtet man die verschiedenen gesellschaftlichen Realisierungsformen des literarischen Kanons durch das Prisma der von Anz entworfenen Begriffspaare, dann werden Trennungslinien deutlich, die bis dahin unbemerkt geblieben sind. So werden aufgrund der von Anz entworfenen Gegenüberstellung von "materiellem Kanon" und "Deutungskanon" Fragen nach der Institutionalisierung des materiellen Kanons durch die Bildungsinstitutionen einerseits und nach der Bekräftigung oder Infragestellung des Deutungskanons durch die performative Praxis in gegenwärtigen Theaterproduktionen andererseits gestellt. Der vorliegende Beitrag geht den oben erwähnten Fragen nach, indem verschiedene Brünner Inszenierungen der Jahre 2010–2020 mit Blick auf die Affirmation oder die Infragestellung der kanonisierten Interpretation der Texte analysiert werden.
In sports and clinical settings, roller massage (RM) interventions are used to acutely increase range of motion (ROM); however, the underlying mechanisms are unclear. Apart from changes in soft tissue properties (i.e., reduced passive stiffness), neurophysiological alterations such as decreased spinal excitability have been described. However, to date, no study has investigated both jointly. The purpose of this trial was to examine RM’s effects on neurophysiological markers and passive tissue properties of the plantar flexors in the treated (ROLL) and non-treated (NO- ROLL) leg. Fifteen healthy individuals (23 ± 3 years, eight females) performed three unilateral 60-s bouts of calf RM. This procedure was repeated four times on separate days to allow independent assessments of the following outcomes without reciprocal interactions: dorsiflexion ROM, passive torque during passive dorsiflexion, shear elastic modulus of the medial gastrocnemius muscle, and spinal excitability. Following RM, dorsiflexion ROM increased in both ROLL (+19.7%) and NO-ROLL (+13.9%). Similarly, also passive torque at dorsiflexion ROM increased in ROLL (+15.0%) and NO-ROLL (+15.2%). However, there were no significant changes in shear elastic modulus and spinal excitability (p > 0.05). Moreover, significant correlations were observed between the changes in DF ROM and passive torque at DF ROM in both ROLL and NO-ROLL. Changes in ROM after RM appear to be the result of sensory changes (e.g., passive torque at DF ROM), affecting both rolled and non-rolled body regions. Thus, therapists and exercise professionals may consider applying remote treatments if local loading is contraindicated.
Background: Treatment of first-time shoulder dislocation (FSD) is a topic of debate. After high rates of recurrent instability after nonoperative management were reported in the literature, primary repair of FSD significantly increased. At the same time, new concepts were proposed that had promising results for immobilization in external rotation (ER) and abduction (ABD). Purpose: The aim of this study was to evaluate the recurrence rates (primary outcome) and clinical outcomes (secondary outcome parameters) of immobilization in ER+ABD versus arthroscopic primary stabilization after FSD. Study Design: Randomized controlled trial; Level of evidence, 1. Methods: In a multicenter randomized controlled trial, patients with FSD were randomized to either treatment with immobilization in 60° of ER plus 30° of ABD (group 1) or surgical treatment with arthroscopic Bankart repair (group 2). Clinical evaluation was performed 1, 3, and 6 weeks as well as 6, 12, and 24 months postoperatively or after reduction, including range of motion, instability testing, subjective shoulder value, Constant-Murley score, Rowe score, and Western Ontario Shoulder Instability Index. Recurrent instability events were prospectively recorded. Results: Between 2011 and 2017, a total of 112 patients were included in this study. Of these, 60 patients were allocated to group 1 and 52 to group 2. At the 24-month follow-up, 91 patients (81.3%) were available for clinical examination. The recurrence rate was 19.1% in group 1 and 2.3% in group 2 (P = .016). No significant differences were found between groups regarding clinical shoulder scores (P > .05). Due to noncompliance with the immobilization treatment protocol, 4 patients (6.7%) were excluded. Conclusion: Immobilization in ER+ABD versus primary arthroscopic shoulder stabilization for the treatment of FSD showed no differences in clinical shoulder scores. However, recurrent instability was significantly higher after nonoperative treatment.
Charlies Maschinensturm, so triumphal er streckenweise auch anmuten mag, währt nicht eben lange: Schon bald erklingt die Sirene des herannahenden Krankenwagen, der den geistig verwirrten Helden in die Irrenanstalt abtransportiert. Eine Abblende folgt, womit der erste, ohne Frage berühmteste(und wohl auch gelungenste) Abschnitt von "Modern Times" sein Ende findet. In formalästhetischer Hinsicht außerordentlich homogen, bildet dieser zugleich Kulminationspunkt und "summa" der mechanisierungsbasierten Körperkomik Chaplins und lädt - die sollte auf den vorangegangenen Seiten deutlich gewor-d nein - wie kaum eine andere Sequenz der Filmgeschichte zu einer komiktheoretischen Betrachtung im Sinne Bazin und Bergsons ein. Ja, man ist versucht zu behaupten, letzterer hätte, gesetzt den Fall, "Das Lachen" wäre nicht schon wenige Jahre nach der Geburtsstunde des Films, sondern erst nach der Uraufführung von Chaplins Komödie geschrieben worden, deren Fabrikszenen zur Veranschaulichung einer Argumentation und Thesen bemüht.
Motiviert für Tokio
(2021)
Background: It is often advised to ensure a high-protein intake during energy-restricted diets. However, it is unclear whether a high-protein intake is able to maintain muscle mass and contractility in the absence of resistance training.
Materials and Methods: After 1 week of body mass maintenance (45 kcal/kg), 28 male college students not performing resistance training were randomized to either the energy-restricted (ER, 30 kcal/kg, n = 14) or the eucaloric control group (CG, 45 kcal/kg, n = 14) for 6 weeks. Both groups had their protein intake matched at 2.8 g/kg fat-free-mass and continued their habitual training throughout the study. Body composition was assessed weekly using multifrequency bioelectrical impedance analysis. Contractile properties of the m. rectus femoris were examined with Tensiomyography and MyotonPRO at weeks 1, 3, and 5 along with sleep (PSQI) and mood (POMS).
Results: The ER group revealed greater reductions in body mass (Δ −3.22 kg vs. Δ 1.90 kg, p < 0.001, partial η2 = 0.360), lean body mass (Δ −1.49 kg vs. Δ 0.68 kg, p < 0.001, partial η2 = 0.152), body cell mass (Δ −0.85 kg vs. Δ 0.59 kg, p < 0.001, partial η2 = 0.181), intracellular water (Δ −0.58 l vs. Δ 0.55 l, p < 0.001, partial η2 = 0.445) and body fat percentage (Δ −1.74% vs. Δ 1.22%, p < 0.001, partial η2 = 433) compared to the CG. Contractile properties, sleep onset, sleep duration as well as depression, fatigue and hostility did not change (p > 0.05). The PSQI score (Δ −1.43 vs. Δ −0.64, p = 0.006, partial η2 = 0.176) and vigor (Δ −2.79 vs. Δ −4.71, p = 0.040, partial η2 = 0.116) decreased significantly in the ER group and the CG, respectively.
Discussion: The present data show that a high-protein intake alone was not able to prevent lean mass loss associated with a 6-week moderate energy restriction in college students. Notably, it is unknown whether protein intake at 2.8 g/kg fat-free-mass prevented larger decreases in lean body mass. Muscle contractility was not negatively altered by this form of energy restriction. Sleep quality improved in both groups. Whether these advantages are due to the high-protein intake cannot be clarified and warrants further study. Although vigor was negatively affected in both groups, other mood parameters did not change.
Lockdown measures including the closure of physical activity facilities were installed against the spread of the novel coronavirus in March 2020. The aim of the current online survey was to assess the lockdown effects on physical activity in German adults. We assessed physical activity using the European Health Interview Survey (EHIS) questionnaire. Pre-lockdown vs. lockdown differences were tested with the X2 test and the Student’s t-test for paired data. Predictor variables to explain compliance with physical activity recommendations were identified using a fixed effects binary logistic regression analysis. Data of 979 respondents were analyzed. Transport related and leisure time physical activity decreased (p < 0.001, d = 0.16; p < 0.001, d = 0.22, respectively). Compliance with physical activity recommendations decreased from 38.1% to 30.4% (chi2 [1, 1958] = 12.754, p < 0.001, V = 0.08). In the regression analysis, BMI (OR 0.944, 95% CI 0.909–0.981; p = 0.003), education (OR 1.111, 95% CI 1.021–1.208; p = 0.015), transport related (OR 1.000, 95% CI 1.000–1.000; p = 0.008) and leisure time physical activity (OR 1.004, 95% CI 1.003–1.004; p < 0.001), muscle strengthening (OR 5.206, 95% CI 4.433–6.114; p < 0.001), as well as the ‘lockdown vs. normal’ categorical variable (OR 0.583, 95% CI 0.424–0.802; p = 0.001) showed a contribution, while sex (p = 0.152), age (p = 0.266), work related physical activity (p = 0.133), and remote working (p = 0.684) did not. Physical activity declined in German adults, and should also be promoted in light of the emerging evidence on its protective effects of against COVID-19. Special attention should be given to muscle strengthening activities and groups with lower educational attainment.
Ausgehend von einer Definition von Themenparks als Heterotopien entwickelt der Beitrag ein vierstufiges Modell geschichtstransformatorischer Strategien, die in Themenparks einen affektiven Zugang zu einer ideologisierten, kommodifizierten und präsentifizierten Vergangenheit ermöglichen. Diese grundlegende Neukonzeption von Vergangenheit, die sich allenfalls punktuell an Maßstäben von Authentizität orientiert, gleichwohl jedoch als ungemein wirkmächtig erachtet werden muss, verortet der Beitrag in einer breiteren ästhetischen und kulturellen Entwicklung der Postmoderne, die als 'affective turn' bezeichnet worden ist. Das Modell der geschichtstransformatorischen Strategien wird in der Folge anhand von zwei Fallbeispielen - Main Street, U.S.A. in Disneyland und Grecia in Terra Mítica - illustriert, wobei besonders auf den historischen und kulturellen Kontext der Parks eingegangen wird, der bei Geschichtstransformationen in Themenparks eine kaum zu überschätzende Rolle spielt.
Introduction: The purpose of this study was to clarify whether blood-flow restriction during resting intervals [resting blood-flow restriction (rBFR)] is comparable to a continuous BFR (cBFR) training regarding its effects on maximum strength, hypertrophy, fatigue resistance, and perceived discomfort.
Materials and Methods: Nineteen recreationally trained participants performed four sets (30-15-15-15 repetitions) with 20% 1RM on a 45° leg press twice a week for 6 weeks (cBFR, n = 10; rBFR, n = 9). Maximum strength, fatigue resistance, muscle thickness, and girth were assessed at three timepoints (pre, mid, and post). Subjective pain and perceived exertion were determined immediately after training at two timepoints (mid and post).
Results: Maximum strength (p < 0.001), fatigue resistance (p < 0.001), muscle thickness (p < 0.001), and girth (p = 0.008) increased in both groups over time with no differences between groups (p > 0.05). During the intervention, the rBFR group exposed significantly lower perceived pain and exertion values compared to cBFR (p < 0.05).
Discussion: Resting blood-flow restriction training led to similar gains in strength, fatigue resistance, and muscle hypertrophy as cBFR training while provoking less discomfort and perceived exertion in participants. In summary, rBFR training could provide a meaningful alternative to cBFR as this study showed similar functional and structural changes as well as less discomfort.
The title of the conference that took place in the Dance Studies department of the University of Salzburg on January 23rd and 24th - Post-utopia and Europe in the performing arts - was an invitation to grapple not only with the subject matter announced, but also with the very conception of its terms. The interdisciplinary contributions to the conference - from dance studies, musicology, literature, cultural policy and film studies - presented a multifaceted range of ideas both about Europe and European-ness and about (post-)utopia, pushing and pulling the notions in a tense field of reflection.
The spread of the COVID-19 virus was met by a strict lockdown in many countries around the world, with the closure of all physical activity (PA) facilities and limitations on moving around freely. The aim of the present online survey was to assess the effect of lockdown on physical activity in Italy. Physical activity was assessed using the European Health Interview Survey questionnaire. A total of 1500 datasets were analyzed. Differences between conditions were tested with a chi2-based (χ2) test for categorical variables, and with the Student’s t-test for paired data. A fixed effects binary logistic regression analysis was conducted to identify relevant predictor variables to explain the compliance with World Health Organisation (WHO) recommendations. We found a substantial decline in all physical activity measures. Mean differences in walking and cycling metabolic equivalent of task minutes per week (METmin/week), respectively, were 344.4 (95% confidence interval (95% CI): 306.6–382.2; p < 0.001) and 148.5 (95% CI: 123.6–173.5; p < 0.001). Time spent in leisure time decreased from 160.8 to 112.6 min/week (mean difference 48.2; 95% CI: 40.4–56.0; p < 0.001). Compliance with WHO recommendations decreased from 34.9% to 24.6% (chi2 (1, 3000) = 38.306, p < 0.001, V = 0.11). Logistic regression showed a reduced chance (OR 0.640, 95% CI: 0.484–0.845; p = 0.001) to comply with WHO PA recommendations under lockdown conditions. Measures to promote physical activity should be intensified to limit detrimental health effects.
Governments have restricted public life during the COVID-19 pandemic, inter alia closing sports facilities and gyms. As regular exercise is essential for health, this study examined the effect of pandemic-related confinements on physical activity (PA) levels. A multinational survey was performed in 14 countries. Times spent in moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA) as well as in vigorous physical activity only (VPA) were assessed using the Nordic Physical Activity Questionnaire (short form). Data were obtained for leisure and occupational PA pre- and during restrictions. Compliance with PA guidelines was calculated based on the recommendations of the World Health Organization (WHO). In total, n = 13,503 respondents (39 ± 15 years, 59% females) were surveyed. Compared to pre-restrictions, overall self-reported PA declined by 41% (MVPA) and 42.2% (VPA). Reductions were higher for occupational vs. leisure time, young and old vs. middle-aged persons, previously more active vs. less active individuals, but similar between men and women. Compared to pre-pandemic, compliance with WHO guidelines decreased from 80.9% (95% CI: 80.3–81.7) to 62.5% (95% CI: 61.6–63.3). Results suggest PA levels have substantially decreased globally during the COVID-19 pandemic. Key stakeholders should consider strategies to mitigate loss in PA in order to preserve health during the pandemic.
Das Konflikterleben von Schiedsrichtern im Amateurfußball : eine empirisch-qualitative Arbeit
(2020)
Bei der Austragung von Amateurfußballspielen nehmen Schiedsrichter die Rolle von Beobachtern ein, die bei Konflikten selbst zu Betroffenen werden können. Dabei treten auch extreme Formen wie Beleidigungen und Diskriminierungen sowie physische und psychische Gewalt auf. Anliegen der Masterthesis „Das Konflikterleben von Schiedsrichtern im Amateurfußball“ ist es, die Wahrnehmung von Schiedsrichtern in Bezug auf Konflikte im Amateurfußball empirisch-qualitativ zu erfassen und bisherige Forschungsansätze zu erweitern. Grundlage der Arbeit bilden vom Autor geführte problemzentrierte Interviews mit hessischen Unparteiischen, deren Auswertung neue Perspektiven im Gewaltdiskurs des Amateurfußballs anbietet.
9/11. - "Es wird nichts mehr so sein, wie es war." Dieser Satz war nur leicht abgewandelt am 12. September 2001, dem Tag nach den Terroranschlägen auf das New Yorker World Trade Center, einstimmig in Bild und Frankfurter Allgemeiner Zeitung zu lesen. Die Feststellung, daß dies eine Floskel sei, ist längst selbst zu einer Phrase in der Auseinandersetzung mit dem 11. September verkommen. Jan Philipp Reemtsma hat darauf hingewiesen, daß man diesen Satz schon aufgrund seiner Omnipräsenz in den ersten Tagen nach den Anschlägen "nicht einfach als Unsinn abtun" könne: Er markiere unser Verständnis dieses Datums als Zäsur von welthistorischer Bedeutung. Wenn nichts mehr so sein wird, wie es war - wie wird es dann sein? Diese Frage impliziert für Künste und Medien eine weitere Frage, nämlich die nach der Darstelbarkeit. Wie kann man den zumindest in den Monaten nach 9/11 empfundenen Singularität des Ereignisses gerecht werden?
Die Fußball-Weltmeisterschaft ist ein internationales Sportereignis, an dem dank der Massenmedien die ganze Welt teilhaben kann. Ungeachtet dieser globalen Dimension steht zumindest in den Ländern, die an der WM teilnehmen, die eigene Nation im Mittelpunkt des Interesses. Aus sport- und mediensoziologischer Sicht stellt sich daher die Frage, auf welche Weise in der medialen Berichterstattung die eigene – und kontrastierend dazu auch die gegnerische – Nation thematisiert wird. Dieser Frage sind Studierende des Masterstudiengangs Sozialwissenschaften des Sports an der Goethe-Universität in einem Seminar zur Soziologie des Mediensports nachgegangen. Sie haben dazu das erste WM-Spiel der deutschen Mannschaft gegen Mexiko analysiert.
Zum 21. Mal trafen sich am 6. Februar 2019 Leichtathletinnen und Leichtathleten ausganz Deutschland in Frankfurt-Kalbach zur Deutschen Hallen-Hochschulmeisterschaft der Leichtathletik. In 13 Disziplinen kämpften rund 300 Studierende um den Titel »Deutscher Hochschulmeister 2019« und »Deutsche Hochschulmeisterin 2019«. Die Goldmedaillen für die Goethe-Universität erkämpften sich Gordon Porsch (Stabhochsprung) und Lisa Oed (3 000 Meter).
During dynamic ultrasound assessments, unintended transducer movement over the skin needs to be prevented as it may bias the results. The present study investigated the validity of two methods quantifying transducer motion. An ultrasound transducer was moved on a pre-specified 3 cm distance over the semitendinosus muscle of eleven adults (35.8 ± 9.8 years), stopping briefly at intervals of 0.5 cm. Transducer motion was quantified (1) measuring the 2-D displacement of the shadow produced by reflective tape (RT) attached to the skin and (2) using a marker-based, three-dimensional movement analysis system (MAS). Differences between methods were detected with Wilcoxon tests; associations were checked by means of intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC 3.1) and Bland–Altman plots. Values for RT (r = 0.57, p < 0.001) and MAS (r = 0.19, p = 0.002) were significantly higher than true distances (TD). Strong correlations were found between RT and TD (ICC: 0.98, p < 0.001), MAS and TD (ICC: 0.95, p < 0.001), and MAS and RT (ICC: 0.97, p < 0.001). Bland–Altman plots showed narrow limits of agreement for both RT (−0.49 to 0.13 cm) and MAS (−0.49 to 0.34 cm) versus TD. RT and MAS are valid methods to quantify US transducer movement. In view of its low costs and complexity, RT can particularly be recommended for application in research and clinical practice. View Full-Text
Keywords: ultrasound; reflective tape; transducer movement
The float serve is an effective weapon to impede the attack of the opposing team. Because of its great importance in indoor and beach volleyball, we measured and quantified the float effect. We recorded 24 float serves of 12 top athletes in beach volleyball and indoor volleyball, respectively, and analyzed them using video analysis. We determined the 3D trajectories of the ball flight and developed two measures to describe the size of the float effect, the mean residuals and the anticipation error. Both were derived from regression models. These measures suggest that the float effect is greater in the vertical plane than in the horizontal plane, both for indoor and beach volleyball. Analyses of ball release velocities suggest that a certain ball release velocity is a necessary, but not sufficient, condition for ball floating. A validation of the float measurements with subjective expert ratings showed a correlation with the horizontal deviations. This study provides a new approach to analyze floating in on-court volleyball serves and broadens the knowledge for float effects in sports.
Purpose: Medically recommended training often faces the dilemma that necessary mechanical intensities for muscle adaptations exceed patients' physical capacity. In this regard, blood flow restriction (BFR) training is becoming increasingly popular because it enables gains in muscle mass and strength despite using low-mechanical loads combined with external venous occlusion. Since the underlying mechanisms are still unknown, we applied invasive measurements during exercise with and without BFR to promote physiological understanding and safety of this popular training technique. Methods: In a randomized cross-over design, ten healthy men (28.1 ± 6.5 years) underwent two trials of unilateral biceps curls either with (BFR) and without BFR (CON). For analysis of changes in intravascular pressures, blood gases, oximetry and electrolytes, an arterial and a venous catheter were placed at the exercising arm before exercise. Arterial and venous blood gases and intravascular pressures were analyzed before, during and 5 min after exercise. Results: Intravascular pressures in the arterial and venous system were more increased during exercise with BFR compared to CON (p < 0.001). Furthermore, arterial and venous blood gas analyses revealed a BFR-induced metabolic acidosis (p < 0.05) with increased lactate production (p < 0.05) and associated elevations in [K+], [Ca2+] and [Na+] (p < 0.001). Conclusion: The present study describes for the first time the local physiological changes during BFR training. While BFR causes greater hypertension in the arterial and venous system of the exercising extremity, observed electrolyte shifts corroborate a local metabolic acidosis with concurrent rises in [K+] and [Na+]. Although BFR could be a promising new training concept for medical application, its execution is associated with comprehensive physiological challenges.
Functional circuit training (FCT) has been demonstrated to acutely enhance cognitive performance (CP). However, the moderators of this observation are unknown. This study aimed to elucidate the role of exercise intensity. According to an a priori sample size calculation, n = 24 healthy participants (26 ± 3 years, 13 females), in randomized order, performed a single 15-min bout of FCT with low (20–39% of the heart rate reserve/HRR), moderate (40–59% HRR) or high intensity (maximal effort). Immediately pre- and post-workout, CP was measured by use of the Digit Span test, Stroop test and Trail Making test. Non-parametric data analyses did not reveal significant differences between conditions (p > 0.05) although parameter-free 95% confidence intervals showed pre-post improvements in some outcomes at moderate and high intensity only. The effort level does not seem to be a major effect modifier regarding short-term increases in CP following HCT in young active adults.
Perceptual-cognitive function and unplanned athletic movement task performance: a systematic review
(2020)
The performance of choice-reaction tasks during athletic movement has been demonstrated to evoke unfavorable biomechanics in the lower limb. However, the mechanism of this observation is unknown. We conducted a systematic review examining the association between (1) the biomechanical and functional safety of unplanned sports-related movements (e.g., jumps/runs with a spontaneously indicated landing leg/cutting direction) and (2) markers of perceptual–cognitive function (PCF). A literature search in three databases (PubMed, ScienceDirect and Google Scholar) identified five relevant articles. The study quality, rated by means of a modified Downs and Black checklist, was moderate to high (average: 13/16 points). Four of five papers, in at least one parameter, found either an association of PCF with task safety or significantly reduced task safety in low vs. high PCF performers. However, as (a) the outcomes, populations and statistical methods of the included trials were highly heterogeneous and (b) only two out of five studies had an adequate control condition (pre-planned movement task), the evidence was classified as conflicting. In summary, PCF may represent a factor affecting injury risk and performance during unplanned sports-related movements, but future research strengthening the evidence for this association is warranted.
The ecological validity of neuropsychological testing (NT) has been questioned in the sports environment. A frequent criticism is that NT, mostly consisting of pen and paper or digital assessments, lacks relevant bodily movement. This study aimed to identify the determinants of a newly developed testing battery integrating both cognitive and motor demands. Twenty active individuals (25 ± 3 years, 11 males) completed the new motor-cognitive testing battery (MC), traditional NT (Stroop test, Trail Making test, Digit Span test) and isolated assessments of motor function (MF; Y-balance test, 20m-sprint, counter-movement jump). Kendal’s tau and partial Spearman correlations were used to detect associations between MC and NT/MF. Except for two items (Reactive Agility A and counter-movement jump; Run-Decide and sprint time; r = 0.37, p < 0.05), MC was not related to MF. Similarly, MC and NT were mostly unrelated, even when controlling for the two significant motor covariates (p > 0.05). The only MC item with (weak to moderate) associations to NT was the Memory Span test (Digit Span backwards and composite; r = 0.43–0.54, p < 0.05). In sum, motor-cognitive function appears to be largely independent from its two assumed components NT and MF and may represent a new parameter in performance diagnostics.
Resistance exercise has been demonstrated to improve brain function. However, the optimal workout characteristics are a matter of debate. This randomized, controlled trial aimed to elucidate differences between free-weight (REfree) and machine-based (REmach) training with regard to their ability to acutely enhance cognitive performance (CP). A total of n = 46 healthy individuals (27 ± 4 years, 26 men) performed a 45-min bout of REfree (military press, barbell squat, bench press) or REmach (shoulder press, leg press, chest press). Pre- and post-intervention, CP was examined using the Stroop test, Trail Making Test and Digit Span test. Mann–Whitney U tests did not reveal between-group differences for performance in the Digit Span test, Trail Making test and the color and word conditions of the Stroop test (p > 0.05). However, REfree was superior to REmach in the Stroop color-word condition (+6.3%, p = 0.02, R = 0.35). Additionally, REfree elicited pre-post changes in all parameters except for the Digit Span test and the word condition of the Stroop test while REmach only improved cognitive performance in part A of the Trail Making test. Using free weights seems to be the more effective RE method to acutely improve cognitive function (i.e., inhibitory control). The mechanisms of this finding merit further investigation.
Aerobic and resistance exercise acutely increase cognitive performance (CP). High-intensity functional training (HIFT) combines the characteristics of both regimes but its effect on CP is unclear. Thirty-five healthy individuals (26.7 ± 3.6 years, 18 females) were randomly allocated to three groups. The first (HIFT) performed a functional whole-body workout at maximal effort and in circuit format, while a second walked at 60% of the heart rate reserve (WALK). The third group remained physically inactive reading a book (CON). Before and after the 15-min intervention period, CP was assessed with the Stroop Test, Trail Making Test and Digit Span Test. Repeated-measures ANOVAs and post-hoc 95% confidence intervals (95% CI) were used to detect time/group differences. A significant group*time interaction was found for the backwards condition of the Digit Span Test (p = 0.04) and according to the 95% CI, HIFT was superior to WALK and CON. Analysis of the sum score of the Digit Span Test and the incongruent condition of the Stroop Test, furthermore, revealed main effects for time (p < 0.05) with HIFT being the only intervention improving CP. No differences were found for the Trail Making Test (p > 0.05). In conclusion, HIFT represents an appropriate method to acutely improve working memory, potentially being superior to moderate aerobic-type exercise.
Physical exercise has been shown to alter sensory functions, such as sensory detection or perceived pain. However, most contributing studies rely on the assessment of single thresholds, and a systematic testing of the sensory system is missing. This randomised, controlled cross-over study aims to determine the sensory phenotype of healthy young participants and to assess if sub-maximal endurance exercise can impact it. We investigated the effects of a single bout of sub-maximal running exercise (30 min at 80% heart rate reserve) compared to a resting control in 20 healthy participants. The sensory profile was assessed applying quantitative sensory testing (QST) according to the protocol of the German Research Network on Neuropathic Pain. QST comprises a broad spectrum of thermal and mechanical detection and pain thresholds. It was applied to the forehead of study participants prior and immediately after the intervention. Time between cross-over sessions was one week. Sub-maximal endurance exercise did not significantly alter thermal or mechanical sensory function (time × group analysis) in terms of detection and pain thresholds. The sensory phenotypes did not indicate any clinically meaningful deviation of sensory function. The alteration of sensory thresholds needs to be carefully interpreted, and only systematic testing allows an improved understanding of mechanism. In this context, sub-maximal endurance exercise is not followed by a change of thermal and mechanical sensory function at the forehead in healthy volunteers.
Failed jump landings represent a key mechanism of musculoskeletal trauma. It has been speculated that cognitive dual-task loading during the flight phase may moderate the injury risk. This study aimed to explore whether increased visual distraction can compromise landing biomechanics. Twenty-one healthy, physically active participants (15 females, 25.8 ± 0.4 years) completed a series of 30 counter-movement jumps (CMJ) onto a capacitive pressure platform. In addition to safely landing on one leg, they were required to memorize either one, two or three jersey numbers shown during the flight phase (randomly selected and equally balanced over all jumps). Outcomes included the number of recall errors as well as landing errors and three variables of landing kinetics (time to stabilization/TTS, peak ground reaction force/pGRF, length of the centre of pressure trace/COPT). Differences between the conditions were calculated using the Friedman test and the post hoc Bonferroni-Holm corrected Wilcoxon test. Regardless of the condition, landing errors remained unchanged (p = .46). In contrast, increased visual distraction resulted in a higher number of recall errors (chi² = 13.3, p = .001). Higher cognitive loading, furthermore, appeared to negatively impact mediolateral COPT (p < .05). Time to stabilization (p = .84) and pGRF (p = .78) were unaffected. A simple visual distraction in a controlled experimental setting is sufficient to adversely affect landing stability and task-related short-term memory during CMJ. The ability to precisely perceive the environment during movement under time constraints may, hence, represent a new injury risk factor and should be investigated in a prospective trial.
Triathlon is a popular sport for both recreational and competitive athletes. This study investigated the rates and patterns of stress fractures in the German national triathlon squad. We developed a web-based retrospective questionnaire containing questions about the frequency of stress fractures, anatomic localisation and associated risk factors. The survey was conducted as an explorative cross-sectional study. Eighty-six athletes completed the questionnaire. Twenty athletes (23%) sustained at least one stress fracture. All documented stress fractures were located in the lower extremities. Factors associated with a higher risk for stress fractures were female gender, competitive sport prior to triathlon career, Vitamin D or iron deficiency, menstrual disturbances and a high number of annual training hours. Disseminating knowledge among athletes and their professional community in order to raise awareness about early symptoms and relevant risk factors could help to improve prevention and reduce the incidence of stress fractures.
The purpose of this study was to investigate whether a six-week, twice weekly resistance training (4 sets at 30% 1-RM until failure) with practical blood flow restriction (BFR) using 7cm wide cuffs with a twist lock placed below the patella is superior to training without BFR (NoBFR) concerning muscle mass and strength gains in calf muscles.
A two-group (BFR n = 12, mean age 27.33 (7.0) years, training experience 7.3 (7.0) years; NoBFR n = 9, mean age 28.9 (7.4) years, training experience 7.1 (6.6) years) randomized matched pair design based on initial 1-RM was used to assess the effects on structural and functional adaptations in healthy males (Perometer calf volume [CV], gastrocnemius muscle thickness using ultrasound [MT], 7-maximal hopping test for leg stiffness [LS], 1-RM smith machine calf raise [1-RM], and visual analogue scale as a measure of pain intensity [VAS]).
The mean number of repetitions completed per training session across the intervention period was higher in the NoBFR group compared to the BFR group (70 (16) vs. 52 (9), p = 0.002). VAS measured during the first session increased similarly in both groups from first to fourth set (p<0.001). No group effects or time×group interactions were found for CV, MT, LS, and 1-RM. However, there were significant time effects for MT (BFR +0.07 cm; NoBFR +0.04; p = 0.008), and 1-RM (BFR +40 kg; NoBFR +34 kg; p<0.001).
LS and CV remained unchanged through training. VAS in both groups were similar, and BFR and NoBFR were equally effective for increasing 1-RM and MT in trained males. However, BFR was more time efficient, due to lesser repetition per training session.
Wohl keine andere Zusammenarbeit zwischen einem Theaterpraktiker und einem Bühnenautor ist im deutschsprachigen Theater des 20. Jahrhunderts ähnlich kontinuierlich und fruchtbar verlaufen wie die zwischen Max Reinhardt und Hugo von Hofmannsthal. So eng verbunden ist ihr gemeinsames Wirken gewesen, dass sich kaum sagen lässt, ob Reinhardt die Theaterstücke und Stückbearbeitungen Hofmannsthals auf die Bühne gebracht hat oder ob besser, wie Wolfgang Nehring mit Blick auf "Elektra" und "Ödipus" formuliert, von "Hofmannsthals 'Erneuerung der Antike' für das Theater Max Reinhardts" die Rede sein sollte. Ihren Kulminationspunkt findet die Kooperation zweifellos in der Begründung der Salzburger Festspiele, an der Reinhardt und Hofmannsthal führend beteiligt waren. Wie weitreichend ihre Kooperation konzeptionell gewesen ist, ja wie sehr ihr Zusammenwirken als ein von einem gemeinsamen Leitgedanken durchdrungenes Projekt gesehen werden muss, das sich in seinen Wandlungen über die verschiedenen Werkphasen hinweg durchhält und fortentwickelt, wird vollends indes erst sichtbar, wenn man es in den Epochenzusammenhang einrückt, von dem Hofmannsthals und Reinhardts Projekt nicht nur bestimmt wurde, dessen Rahmen sie im Zuge ihrer Zusammenarbeit vielmehr wesentlich erst aufgespannt haben: denjenigen der Theatermoderne.
Wohl keine andere Zusammenarbeit eines Theaterpraktikers mit einem Bühnenautor ist im deutschsprachigen Theater des 20. Jahrhunderts ähnlich kontinuierlich und fruchtbar verlaufen wie diejenige Max Reinhardts mit Hugo von Hofmannsthal. Wenn man die Geschichte von Hofmannsthals Beziehung zu Berlin überblickt, dann lässt sich leicht erkennen, dass der Erste Weltkrieg darin eine Zäsur markiert. Bis 1916 war die deutsche Reichshauptstadt für den Wiener Autor der wichtigste Publikations- und Aufführungsort und zugleich ein intellektueller Fixpunkt. In Berlin wurde er bekanntlich erst zum Bühnenautor. Fast alle Uraufführungen jener Zeit fanden dort statt, auch weil er Anfang des Jahrhunderts mit Max Reinhardt am Deutschen Theater seinen, den 'wirklichen' Regisseur gefunden hatte. In der "BZ am Mittag" ließ er sich am 18. Januar 1905 in Berlin mit der Aussage zitieren, er kenne keine Stadt, "in der das Theater eine so vollendete Pflege genösse"; die darstellerischen Leistungen dort befänden sich "auf unerreichter Höhe" und das Publikum zeige ein "ebenso feinsinniges wie erstaunlich vielseitiges Verständnis".
Introduction: The worldwide spread of the novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV2) has prompted numerous countries to restrict public life. Related measures, such as limits on social gatherings, business closures, or lockdowns, are expected to considerably reduce the individual opportunities to move outside the home. As physical activity (PA) and sport participation significantly contribute to health, this study has two objectives. The objectives of this study are to assess changes in PA and well-being since the coronavirus outbreak in affected countries. Additionally, we will evaluate the impact of digital home-based exercise programs on PA as well as physical and mental health outcomes.
Method: A multinational network trial will be conducted with three planned phases (A, B, and C). Part A consists of administering a structured survey. It investigates changes in PA levels and health during the coronavirus outbreak and measures the preferences of the participants regarding online training programs. Part B is a two-armed randomized-controlled trial. Participants assigned to the intervention group (IG) will complete a digital 4-week home exercise training (live streaming via internet) guided by the survey results on content and time of program. The control group (CG) will not receive the program. Part C is 4-week access of both CG and IG to a digital archive of pre-recorded workouts from Part B. Similar to Part A, questionnaires will be used in both Part B and C to estimate the effects of exercise on measures of mental and physical health.
Results and Discussion: The ASAP project will provide valuable insights into the importance of PA during a global pandemic. Our initial survey is the first to determine how governmental confinement measures impact bodily and mental well-being. Based on the results, the intervention studies will be unique to address health problems potentially arising from losses in PA. If proven effective, the newly developed telehealth programs could become a significant and easy-to-distribute factor in combating PA decreases. Results of the study may hence guide policy makers on methods to maintain PA and health when being forced to restrict public life.
Study Register: DRKS00021273.
In the present paper, we tested the ability of individuals to judge correctly whether athletes are lying or telling the truth. For this purpose, we first generated 28 videos as stimulus material: in half of the videos, soccer players were telling the truth, while in the other half, the same soccer players were lying. Next, we tested the validity of these video clips by asking N = 65 individuals in a laboratory experiment (Study 1a) and N = 52 individuals in an online experiment (Study 1b) to rate the level of veracity of each video clip. Results suggest that participants can distinguish between true and false statements, but only for some clips and not for others, indicating that some players were better at deceiving than others. In Study 2, participants again had to make veracity estimations, but we manipulated the level of information given, as participants (N = 145) were randomly assigned to one of three conditions (regular video clips, mute video clips, and only the audio stream of each statement). The results revealed that participants from the mute condition were less accurate in their veracity ratings. The theoretical and practical implications of these findings are discussed.
Most human actions produce concomitant sounds. Action sounds can be either part of the action goal (GAS, goal-related action sounds), as for instance in tap dancing, or a mere by-product of the action (BAS, by-product action sounds), as for instance in hurdling. It is currently unclear whether these two types of action sounds—incidental or intentional—differ in their neural representation and whether the impact on the performance evaluation of an action diverges between the two. We here examined whether during the observation of tap dancing compared to hurdling, auditory information is a more important factor for positive action quality ratings. Moreover, we tested whether observation of tap dancing vs. hurdling led to stronger attenuation in primary auditory cortex, and a stronger mismatch signal when sounds do not match our expectations. We recorded individual point-light videos of newly trained participants performing tap dancing and hurdling. In the subsequent functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) session, participants were presented with the videos that displayed their own actions, including corresponding action sounds, and were asked to rate the quality of their performance. Videos were either in their original form or scrambled regarding the visual modality, the auditory modality, or both. As hypothesized, behavioral results showed significantly lower rating scores in the GAS condition compared to the BAS condition when the auditory modality was scrambled. Functional MRI contrasts between BAS and GAS actions revealed higher activation of primary auditory cortex in the BAS condition, speaking in favor of stronger attenuation in GAS, as well as stronger activation of posterior superior temporal gyri and the supplementary motor area in GAS. Results suggest that the processing of self-generated action sounds depends on whether we have the intention to produce a sound with our action or not, and action sounds may be more prone to be used as sensory feedback when they are part of the explicit action goal. Our findings contribute to a better understanding of the function of action sounds for learning and controlling sound-producing actions.
Knee acoustic emissions provide information about joint health and loading in motion. As the reproducibility of knee acoustic emissions by vibroarthrography is yet unknown, we evaluated the intrasession and interday reliability of knee joint sounds. In 19 volunteers (25.6 ± 2.0 years, 11 female), knee joint sounds were recorded by two acoustic sensors (16,000 Hz; medial tibial plateau, patella). All participants performed four sets standing up/sitting down (five repetitions each). For measuring intrasession reliability, we used a washout phase of 30 min between the first three sets, and for interday reliability we used a washout phase of one week between sets 3 and 4. The mean amplitude (dB) and median power frequency (Hz, MPF) were analyzed for each set. Intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs (2,1)), standard errors of measurement (SEMs), and coefficients of variability (CVs) were calculated. The intrasession ICCs ranged from 0.85 to 0.95 (tibia) and from 0.73 to 0.87 (patella). The corresponding SEMs for the amplitude were ≤1.44 dB (tibia) and ≤2.38 dB (patella); for the MPF, SEMs were ≤13.78 Hz (tibia) and ≤14.47 Hz (patella). The intrasession CVs were ≤0.06 (tibia) and ≤0.07 (patella) (p < 0.05). The interday ICCs ranged from 0.24 to 0.33 (tibia) and from 0 to 0.82 (patella) for both the MPF and amplitude. The interday SEMs were ≤4.39 dB (tibia) and ≤6.85 dB (patella) for the amplitude and ≤35.39 Hz (tibia) and ≤15.64 Hz (patella) for the MPF. The CVs were ≤0.14 (tibia) and ≤0.08 (patella). Knee joint sounds were highly repeatable within a single session but yielded inconsistent results for the interday reliability.
Competition anxiety has been demonstrated to decrease sports performance while increasing burnout risk. To date, its degree in CrossFit (CF) is unknown. The present study, therefore, examines competition fear and relevant coping skills as well as potential correlates of both in individuals participating in CF events. A total of n = 79 athletes answered a battery of three questionnaires (competition fear index, athletic coping skills inventory, mindfulness attention awareness scale). Substantial levels of anxiety, particularly regarding the somatic dimension of the competition fear index, were reported. The most pronounced coping skill was freedom of worry. While age or level of competition showed no/very small associations with survey data, sex was correlated to the psychological characteristics: women reported higher competition fears and lower coping skill levels (p > 0.05). Competition fears are highly prevalent in CF athletes and the preventive value of population-specific interventions, particularly in females, should be investigated in future trials.
Hintergrund: Ein Großteil der Rupturen des vorderen Kreuzbandes (VKB) ereignet sich ohne Gegnerkontakt. Misslungene Landungen zählen zu den häufigsten kontaktlosen Verletzungsursachen, insbesondere bei Spielsportler/-innen. Im Vergleich zu vorgeplanten/antizipierten Landungen reduzieren unvorhersehbare/nicht-antizipierte Landeanforderungen, bei denen die Entscheidung für das Landebein erst in der Luft getroffen wird, die biomechanische Landestabilität. Die veränderte Landecharakteristik wird mit einem gesteigerten VKB-Ruptur-Risiko in Verbindung gebracht.
Ziele: Diese Dissertation überprüft, ob VKB-rekonstruierte (VKBR) im Vergleich zu verletzungsfreien Testpersonen (KG) eine stärkere Abnahme der Lande- und Entscheidungsqualität unter nicht-antizipierten gegenüber antizipierten Landeanforderungen (höhere nicht-antizipierte Landekosten) aufweisen. Zudem wird innerhalb beider Gruppen untersucht, inwiefern die potenziell vorhandenen nicht-antizipierten Landekosten mit spezifischen niedrigeren und höheren kognitiven Funktionen assoziiert sind. Darüber hinaus werden die erfassten kognitiven Messgrößen auf Gruppenunterschiede überprüft.
Methode: Zehn VKBR-Testpersonen (28 ± 4 Jahre, alle männlich) und 20 Kontrolltestpersonen ohne VKB-Verletzungshistorie (27 ± 4 Jahre, alle männlich) führten jeweils 70 Counter-Movement-Jumps mit einbeinigen Landungen auf eine Druckmessplatte durch. Alle Probanden absolvierten in randomisierter Reihenfolge eine antizipierte (Landung auf links oder rechts bereits vor Absprung bekannt) und eine nicht-antizipierte/-vorplanbare (visuelle Landeinformation erst nach Absprung angezeigt; etwa 360 ms vor Bodenkontakt) Landebedingung (n = 35 jeweils). Die Operationalisierung der biomechanischen Landestabilität erfolgte anhand der maximalen vertikalen Bodenreaktionskraft (peak ground reaction force, pVGRF), Stabilisationszeit (time to stabilisation, TTS), posturalen Schwankung (center of pressure, COP) sowie der Standsicherheit (Anzahl an Standfehler; Bodenberührung mit Spielbein). Die Entscheidungsqualität wurde anhand der Landefehlerzahl (Landung mit falschem Fuß oder beidfüßig) bewertet. Zur Erfassung niedrigerer (z. B. Reaktionsgeschwindigkeit, visuelle Wahrnehmung) und höherer kognitiver Funktionen (z. B. kognitive Flexibilität, Arbeitsgedächtnis, Inhibitionskontrolle) kamen Computer- sowie Papier-und-Stiftbasierte Tests zum Einsatz.
Ergebnisse: Innerhalb beider Gruppen führte die nicht-antizipierte im Vergleich zur antizipierten Landebedingung zu höheren COP-Werten (KG: p < 0,01; d=1,1; VKBR: p < 0,01; d = 1,1) sowie zu mehr Stand- (KG: p < 0,001; d = 0,9; VKBR: p < 0,05; d = 0,6) und Lande-fehlern (KG: p < 0.01; d = 1,3; VKBR: p < 0,001; d = 1,9). Keine Unterschiede zeigten sich im Hinblick auf TTS und pVGRF (p > 0,05). Weder innerhalb noch zwischen den Bedingungen differierten die beiden Gruppen in einem der erfassten Lande-/Entscheidungsparameter systematisch (p > 0,05). Innerhalb der KG war die Zunahme der COP-Schwankungen mit einer geringeren Interferenzkontrolle assoziiert (r = 0,48; p < 0,05). Eine höhere Anzahl nicht-antizipierter Landefehler (geringere Entscheidungsqualität) stand in einem signifikanten Zusammenhang (Kovariate: Flugzeit/Sprungdauer) mit einer geringeren kognitiven Flexibilitäts-/Arbeitsgedächtnis- (r = 0,54; p < 0,05) und Kurzzeitgedächtnisleistung (r = -0,55; p < 0,05). Ähnlich verhielt es sich in der VKBR-Gruppe. Allerdings erreichten die Zusammenhänge hier keine statistische Signifikanz (p > 0,05). Innerhalb der VKBR-Gruppe war jedoch eine geringere Entscheidungsqualität mit einer verminderten Interferenz- (r = 0.67, p < 0,05) und Aufmerksamkeitskontrolle (r = 0.66, p < 0,05) korreliert. Im Gegensatz zu den nicht-antizipierten Landefehlern, ergab sich für KG im Hinblick auf die Zunahme der Standfehlerzahl (nicht-antizipierte Landekosten) ein umgekehrt proportionaler Zusammenhang mit einer höheren kognitiven Flexibilität-/ Arbeitsgedächtnis- (r = -0,48; p < 0,05) und Kurzzeitgedächtnisleistung (r = 0,50; p < 0,05). Im Vergleich zur KG, wiesen die VKBR-Testpersonen eine schnellere visuell-motorische Reaktionsgeschwindigkeit auf (p < 0,05). Ansonsten unterschieden sich die Gruppen in keiner der getesteten kognitiven Dimensionen signifikant.
Schlussfolgerungen: Den Ergebnissen dieser Dissertation zufolge, scheinen VKBR- im Vergleich zu Kontrolltestpersonen keine größeren Schwierigkeiten im Umgang mit den nicht-antizipierten Landeanforderungen aufzuweisen. Zudem liefern die Resultate erstmals Hinweise für die Relevanz der höheren kognitiven Funktionen für die Landesicherheit unter nicht-antizipierten Anforderungen. Diese Zusammenhänge sind insofern von besonderer Relevanz, als dass die in beiden Gruppen detektierten nicht-antizipierten Landekosten, Spielsporttreibende einem erhöhten Verletzungsrisiko aussetzen können. Die Verifizierung dieser Befunde durch zukünftige Studien bietet daher wertvolle primär- und sekundärpräventive Potenziale durch eine stärkere inhaltliche Ausrichtung der Trainings- und Therapiepraxis auf die komplexen kognitiv-motorischen Spielanforderungen.
Leider geschlossen! Theater spielt sich normalerweise auf der Bühne und im besten Fall vor ausverkauftem Haus ab. Da gerade nichts normal ist und die Spielstätten geschlossen sind, versuchen viele Schauspielhäuser ihren kulturellen Beitrag online zu leisten. Ein kurzer Einblick in digitale Wege der Schauspielkunst zu Krisenzeiten.
Experiments in cadavers have demonstrated significant mechanical interactions between constituents of myofascial chains. However, evidence for such force transmission effects is scarce under in vivo conditions. The purpose of this trial was to examine the impact of ankle motion on soft tissue displacement of the dorsal thigh. Eleven healthy active individuals (26.8 ± 4.3 years, six males), in prone position and with the knee extended, underwent passive calf stretches (ankle dorsal extension) imposed by an isokinetic dynamometer. High-resolution ultrasound was used to simultaneously capture the displacement of the semimembranosus muscle, which was quantified by means of cross-correlation analysis. Inactivity of the leg muscles was controlled using surface electromyography (EMG). One participant had to be excluded due to major EMG activity during the experiment. According to a one-sample t test testing the difference to the neutral zero position, ankle dorsal extension induced substantial caudal muscle displacements (5.76 ± 2.67 mm, p < 0.0001). Correlation analysis (Spearman), furthermore, revealed a strong association between maximal dorsal extension and semimembranosus motion (rho = 0.76, p = 0.02). In conclusion, the present trial provides initial in vivo evidence for a mechanical force transmission between serially connected skeletal muscles. This means that local alterations of the mechanical tissue properties may modify flexibility in neighboring (superior or inferior) joints.
This publication's objective is to serve as the documentation of a graduate student symposium with the same name held in July 2017. The goal of the symposium was to discuss problems in current film culture with a focus on filmic heritage and innovative projects in the field of film education. Think Film! is a compilation of most of the talks given at the symposium. As quite often conferences or workshops are not documented, the goal of the publication is on the one hand to preserve the results for other scholars, as well as to make them accessible for the general public, and on the other hand to give the panelists a designated space to present their research.
The authors discuss questions of film heritage and digitization, funding, film festivals, film museums and local film culture with a focus on the conditions in Germany, Czech Republic and India as well as relate their findings to the changes film and media studies have undergone in recent years.
When sports are part of a person’s profession or education, their careers are often handicapped by pain, a complex physical and mental state that may already occur at lower career stages. This study was designed to assess the occurrence of pain among sports students and the prevalence of relevant contributing psychosocial co-factors. Exploratory cross-sectional study surveying students at 89 sports faculties of universities in the DACH region using the German Sports Pain Questionnaire. It includes several validated surveys related to pain occurrence in different body regions, injuries, pain diagnoses and pain intensity, depression, anxiety, stress, self-compassion, analgesic and alcohol consumption, as well as sleep quality, health-related quality of life and impairments of quality of life by pain. A total of 865 sports students gave consent to participate in the study, and 664 participants (78%; 23.3 ± 2.84 years, 60% female, 40% male) completed the full survey. More than half of the students (53%; n = 403) showed current pain in 2-5 regions of the body, while subjective pain tolerance was enhanced. General injuries or accidents, medically and self-diagnosed pain diagnoses during the last eight weeks were reported by 30%. A current pain intensity ≥ 3 NRS was prevalent in 28% (n = 205), which correlated with increased pain-related biopsychosocial scores. Sports students had increased scores for depression, anxiety and stress, and self-compassion was reduced (compared to age-controlled national reference data, sports students head increased scores). The mean weekly training workload was 5-7 hours. Analgesics and alcohol consumption was increased, 61% reported insomnia. Across sports students, pain and biopsychosocial burden seem significantly increased when compared to other students and age-controlled cohorts. The data implies the need of giving greater importance to pain management at least from the time of sports studies in order to prevent pain and health risks in sports.
Background: The fascia has been demonstrated to represent a potential force transmitter intimately connected to the underlying skeletal muscle. Sports-related soft tissue strains may therefore result in damage to both structures.
Purpose: To elucidate the prevalence of connective tissue lesions in muscle strain injury and their potential impact on return-to-play (RTP) duration.
Study Design: Systematic review; Level of evidence, 3.
Methods: Imaging studies describing frequency, location, and extent of soft tissue lesions in lower limb muscle strain injuries were identified by 2 independent investigators. Weighted proportions (random effects) were pooled for the occurrence of (1) myofascial or fascial lesions, (2) myotendinous lesions, and (3) purely muscular lesions. Study quality was evaluated by means of an adapted Downs and Black checklist, which evaluates reporting, risk of bias, and external validity.
Results: A total of 16 studies (fair to good methodological quality) were identified. Prevalence of strain injury on imaging studies was 32.1% (95% CI, 24.2%-40.4%) for myofascial lesions, 68.4% (95% CI, 59.6%-76.6%) for myotendinous lesions, and 12.7% (95% CI, 3.0%-27.7%) for isolated muscular lesions. Evidence regarding associations between fascial damage and RTP duration was mixed.
Conclusion: Lesions of the collagenous connective tissue, namely the fascia and the tendinous junction, are highly prevalent in athletic muscle strain injuries. However, at present, their impact on RTP duration is unclear and requires further investigation.
Die vorliegende Arbeit verfolgt das Ziel, zu einem vertieften und zusammenhängenden Verständnis von Taijiquan beizutragen, in der praktischen Rezeption in der westlichen Moderne. Ausgehend von der zunehmenden Popularität ostasiatischer Formen der Leibesübungen lässt sich die Frage formulieren, was allgemein von diesen Praktiken zu erwarten sein kann, welche Potentiale und Grenzen mit diesen verbunden sein können, für die individuelle Lebensführung, die soziale Praxis sowie spezifische Anwendungsfelder wie z.B. Schule, Sport oder Arbeit.
Im Zentrum der Arbeit steht eine qualitative empirische Studie, für die folgende forschungsleitende Fragen formuliert wurden:
1. Effekte und Erfahrungen: Welche Wirkungen bzw. Effekte verbinden Langzeitpraktizierende mit Taijiquan auf Basis ihrer Erfahrungen?
2. Hermeneutik: Welche Bedeutung, welchen Sinn schreiben Langzeitpraktizierende im Taijiquan ihrer Taijiquan-Praxis zu?
In zwei Erhebungsregionen wurden insgesamt 20 qualitative Interviews mit einer Dauer von je ca. 50 bis 100 Minuten geführt. Zentrales Rekrutierungskriterium war die individuelle Dauer der Taijiquan-Praxis (mindestens 3 Jahre).
Das Datenmaterial wurde in einem dreistufigen Verfahren analysiert:
1. zusammenfassende strukturierende inhaltsanalytische Auswertung mit Kategorienbildung,
2. hermeneutisch orientierte Analyse auf Basis einer multi-disziplinären Heuristik aus anthropologisch-philosophischen Konzepten, Ansätzen der Selbstkultivierung / Lebenskunst, leibphänomenologischen und körpersoziologischen Konzepten sowie Positionen der Sport- / Bewegungspädagogik,
3. phänomenologisch orientierte Analyse spezifischer Erfahrungsbereiche.
Die Befunde weisen darauf hin, dass Taijiquan vor allem in langjährigen Übungsbiographien (≥ 10 Jahre) als eine „leibhafte Lebenskunst“ verstanden werden kann: Die leiblich-transformatorischen Effekte und die Inkorporierung philosophischer Vorstellungen durchdringen Selbst und Lebenspraxis. Die Befragten erfahren in der Regel leibliche Zustandsveränderungen, die mit einem Wandel von Haltungs-, Wahrnehmungs- und Verhaltensmustern in Lebensvollzügen einhergehen.
Aus der Perspektive der westlichen Moderne erscheinen vor allem die empirischen Hinweise auf die Ausbildung eines selbstbewahrenden bzw. selbstökologischen Verhaltens, einer leiblichen Intelligenz sowie veränderter sozialer Interaktionsweisen relevant, weil hierin Potentiale zu sehen sind, die Aufgabe des Leibseins in modernen Gesellschaften zu unterstützen.
Gleichwohl bedürfen die Befunde einer vertieften kritischen Reflexion aus soziologischer, pädagogischer und ethischer Perspektive.
Zudem besteht weiterer Forschungsbedarf, u.a. um (a) die Ergebnisse kurzfristiger bzw. weniger intensiver Praxen zu evaluieren, (b) weiterführende Vergleiche mit anderen Leibespraktiken sowie zum Sport bzw. westlich orientierten Bewegungskonzepten zu ermöglichen und (c) geeignete Programme zu identifizieren, die die Ausbildung von Selbstökologie und leiblicher Intelligenz in unterschiedlichen Handlungsfeldern unterstützen.
The role of attentional focusing in motor tasks has been highlighted frequently. The “internal–external” dimension has emerged, but also the spatial distance between body and attended location. In two experiments, an extended attentional focus paradigm was introduced to investigate distality effects of attentional foci on balance performance. First, the distality of the coordinates of the point of focus was varied between a proximal and distal position on an artificial tool attached to the body. Second, the distance of the displayed effect on the wall was varied between a 2.5 and 5 m condition. Subjects were instructed to focus on controlling either a proximal or distal spot on a tool attached to their head, represented by two laser pointers. Subsequently, they needed to visually track their own body-movement effect of one of the laser pointers at a wall while completing various single leg stance tasks. Center of pressure (COP) sway was analyzed using a linear method (classic sway variables) as well as a nonlinear method (multiscale entropy). In addition, laser trajectories were videotaped and served as additional performance outcome measure. Experiment 1 revealed differences in balance performance under proximal compared to distal attentional focus conditions. Moreover, experiment 2 yielded differences in balance-related sway measures and laser data between the 2.5 and 5 m condition of the visually observable movement effect. In conclusion, varying the distality of the point of focus between proximal and distal impacted balance performance. However, this effect was not consistent across all balance tasks. Relevantly, the distality of the movement effect shows a significant effect on balance plus laser performance with advantages in more distal conditions. This research emphasizes the importance of the spatial distality of movement effects for human behavior.
Michael Bachmann untersucht die spezifische Situation von Theater und Performancekunst als "privilegierte Orte der (künstlerischen) Zeugenschaft". Nachdem er die grundsätzliche Ambivalenz der Beziehung zwischen dem Theatralen und der Rechtspraxis, zwischen Theater und Prozess, herausgestellt hat, analysiert Bachmann das südafrikanische Stück "Ubu and the Truth Commission" (1997), in dem eine Puppe das bezeugende Opfer verkörpert. Die Übertragung des Zeugenstatus auf eine explizit künstliche Figur erlaubt eine Reflexion, die auf "die ethische Frage der Stellvertretung zwischen verschiedenen Akteuren der Zeugenschaft und deren jeweilige Handlungsmacht sowie auf die Frage der Autorisierung" hinausläuft: "Wer gewinnt in welchem Rahmen auf welche Weise die Autorität, als Zeuge zu fungieren?" Bachmann zeigt, wie die Puppe als ästhetisches Objekt eine testimoniale Überzeugungskraft gewinnt und das Verhältnis von Handlungsmacht ('agency') und testimonialer Autorität veranschaulicht. Die ethisch-epistemische Frage der Autorität und Autorisierung des Zeugen wird letztlich auf das ästhetische Verfahren des Puppenspiels zurückgeführt, in dem die Differenz zwischen Bühnenfigur und Opferzeuge "einen Raum eröffnet, durch den das Zeugnis vermeintlich selbst zur Sprache kommt". Dieses "zur Sprache kommen" ereignet sich allerdings unterschiedlich, wenn es tatsächlich durch Sprache geschieht (wie etwa in Peter Weiss' "Ermittlung") oder eher durch einen körperlich-performativen Ausdruck (wie in William Kentridges Inszenierung von "Ubu").
Organized running events have gained substantial popularity. This study aimed to elucidate the prevalence of musculoskeletal pain, knowledge about injury prevention as well as the attitudes and motivations of individuals participating in the JP Morgan Corporate Challenge in Frankfurt (Germany). A total of 720 recreational runners completed a digital questionnaire immediately prior to the start. The majority of them displayed low to moderate physical activity levels and were rather unambitious regarding targeted finishing time. One quarter (25.3%) participated for the first time in an organized race. The most stated reasons to register were team building (76.4%) and experiencing the run’s atmosphere (50.6%). In contrast, improving health played a minor role (19.4%). More than one in five individuals (n = 159 runners) reported pain, with the most common locations being the knee and lower back. Both at rest (3.2/10 on a numerical rating scale) and during activity (4.7/10), average pain intensity was clinically relevant. Almost three thirds of the participants believed that stretching and wearing appropriate shoes would be effective for injury prevention while other methods such as resistance training, balance exercise or wearing of orthoses were rarely named. Musculoskeletal pain is a significant burden in runners participating in an urban mass event. In view of the poor knowledge about injury prevention, organizers and coaches may consider offering structured preparation programs as well as tailored running-related health education.
Schach und Philosophie
(2011)
Schach ist von der Verbreitung und vom Nimbus her das Denkspiel schlechthin. Als höchste Tätigkeit des Denkens gilt traditionell die Philosophie, und so scheint eine Verbindung von Schach und Philosophie durchaus nahezuliegen. In der Form "Philosophie des Schachs" findet man jedoch kaum, und vor allem wenig ernst zu nehmende Arbeiten. Wenn Philosophie sich im Gegensatz zu sonstigen Wissenschaften auf das Allgemeine, die Voraussetzungen der Einzelgebiete richtet, müsste sie als Schachphilosophie die Grundlagen des Schachs thematisieren. Die Grundlagen des Schachs aber sind die Schachregeln, und zu ihnen lässt sich wenig sagen. Man kommt so nur auf Spielregeln oder auf Spiele oder Regeln im Allgemeinen zu sprechen. Eine Schachphilosophie scheint hingegen sachlich überflüssig.
In der anderen Form der Zusammenstellung - Schach in der Philosophie - wird man eher fündig, verweisen doch zahlreiche Philosophen immer wieder einmal auf Schach zur Verdeutlichung eines Gedankens. Das aber bleibt sporadisch - mit einer wichtigen Ausnahme: Ludwig Wittgenstein, bei dem Schach als Beispiel immer wieder die Eigenheiten der Sprache verdeutlichen soll. Allerdings könnte das auch Zufall sein. Gibt es einen sachlichen Grund, der das Schachbeispiel als besonders brauchbar für die Philosophie auszeichnet? Diese Frage ist auch deshalb angebracht, weil Wittgenstein oft zu konstruierten, teils abstrusen Beispielen greift und damit eine ungute Tradition begründete: Die analytische Philosophie gefällt sich darin, mit komplizierten, irrealen Geschichten, etwa mit nicht existierenden Lebensformen wie Superspartanern, Antipoden, Zombies ohne Bewusstsein, Sumpfmännern, Erzengeln, "chinesischen Zimmern" Gedankengänge zu "erläutern". Die einzig sinnvolle Reaktion hierauf ist nicht, deren Fragwürdigkeit aufzuzeigen - damit macht man den Unsinn nur mit - , sondern sie zu ignorieren und es mit dem Schachbeispiel besser zu machen. Dabei zeigen sich dann auch die Eigenheiten des Schachspiels, die Konturen einer Schachphilosophie.
1913 kamen zwei 'Lichtspiele', die häufig als die ersten deutschen 'Kunstfilme' bezeichnet werden, in die Kinos. Beide Filme, Max Macks 'Der Andere' und Stellan Ryes 'Der Student von Prag', handelten von gespaltener Persönlichkeit und dämonischen Doppelgängern. Ihre Geschichten können auch als metafilmischer Kommentar zum prekären Status der 'lebenden Bilder' des Kinematographen gelesen werden. Macks 'Der Andere', dessen Premiere am 21. Januar in den "Berliner Lichtspielen" stattfand, beruhte auf einem Theaterstück des Autors Paul Lindau und erzeugte großes Aufsehen, da die Hauptrolle von einem berühmten Theaterschauspieler gespielt wurde. Albert Bassermann arbeitete mit Max Reinhardt am Deutschen Theater und hatte zwei Jahre zuvor den 'Iffland-Ring' erhalten, der ihn als bedeutendsten deutschsprachigen Schauspieler auszeichnete. Nahezu kein Theaterkritiker ließ sich die Gelegenheit entgehen, den renommierten Bühnendarsteller auf einer Kinoleinwand zu sehen, so daß in den Tagen nach der Premiere Filmbesprechungen erstmals in den Feuilletons angesehener Zeitungen erschienen - ein enormer Gewinn an kulturellem Prestige für das neue Medium, auch wenn viele Rezensenten Bassermanns "Seitensprung in den Kintop" verurteilten, oder sich genötigt sahen zu versichern, daß Bassermanns Spiel Kunst sei, obwohl es sich um einen Film handele.
Die Geringschätzung, mit der das Kino zu diesem Zeitpunkt betrachtet wurde, wird auch in einem Aufsatz des konservativen Kulturkritikers Hermann Duenschmann deutlich, der 1912 - gerade einmal ein Jahr zuvor - verlangt hatte: "Wer für den [sic] Kino gearbeitet hat, muß aus dem Schauspielerstande ausgeschlossen werden."
Wenn Yvan Goll 1920 programmatisch feststellen konnte, die Basis für alle neue kommende Kunst sei das Kino, um einen ästhetischen Avantgardismus in der Annäherung von Künsten und Film zu begründen, dann beginnt Deleuze mit der Frage: "Was offenbart der Film, was die anderen Künste uns nicht offenbaren?" Anstatt Resonanzen oder Affinitäten im ästhetischen Feld herauszustellen, müssen die "Begriffe, die von der Philosophie für den Film vorgeschlagen werden,[…] spezifisch, das heißt nur dem Film angemessen sein." Der Film als Gegenstand der Untersuchung ist eine Singularität, und dementsprechend haben auch seine Begriffe den Charakter von Singularitäten, die von keinen Universalien, Transzendentalien oder Allgemeinheiten eingeholt werden können. Begriffe, zum Beispiel aus der Psychoanalyse, von außen an den Film heranzutragen, würde die Singularität des Films verfehlen, weil sie nicht mehr vom Film sprechen, sondern etwa vom Imaginären, von Kastrationsangst oder Partialobjekten. Übertragungen dieser Art würden die Bewegung des Denkens auf der Ebene der Immanenz, um die es Deleuze zu tun ist, außer Kraft setzen.
Deleuzes Philosophie des Kinos versteht man besser, wenn man den Abstand sieht, den er von den Filmtheorien der klassischen Moderne nimmt, die für lange Zeit die Diskussionen und Untersuchungen in der Kulturwissenschaft der Medien orientiert haben: Walter Benjamin und Siegfried Kracauer. Beide haben sich durchaus auch auf die Besonderheit des Mediums Film konzentriert, aber sie bewegen sich - wie sich zeigen wird - allein im Horizont des Denkens der Moderne, den Deleuze überschreitet.