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Twenty-one species of Mysidae were sampled by three ANDEEP expeditions to the Southern Ocean with epibenthic sledges dragged over the deep-sea floor in the realm of 58–71° S and 00–65° W, depth 774–5190 m. Previously known ranges are significantly extended southward for four species and to greater depth in the same four species plus two other species. Supplementary descriptions are given for Amblyops tattersalli and Dactylamblyops murrayi, and a first description of a (subadult) male for Thalassomysis tattersalli. The definitions of the genera Amphiakrops gen. nov., Chelamblyops gen. nov., Desmocornea gen. nov. and Schizurakrops gen. nov. are mainly based on the structure of the eyes as well as of the antennal peduncle, chelate second thoracic endopod and telson. These structures are also important for the descriptions of Amblyops arianii sp. nov., A. bipapillatus sp. nov., Amblyopsoides fenestragothica sp. nov., A. lepidophthalma sp. nov., Amphiakrops brandtae gen. et sp. nov., Dactylamblyops benthophilus sp. nov., Desmocornea subchelata gen. et sp. nov., Paramblyops petrescui sp. nov., Schizurakrops meesi gen. et sp. nov., Scolamblyops muehlenhardtae sp. nov., Stellamblyops doryphorus sp. nov. and Mysidella antarctica sp. nov. Six previously described taxa are recombined as Amblyopsoides laticauda comb. nov., Amphiakrops bidigitatus comb. nov., A. japonicus comb. nov., Chelamblyops globorostris comb. nov., Meierythrops tattersalli comb. nov. and M. triangulatus comb. nov. One species is revised back to the initial combination as Dactylamblyops japonicus. All except one (Mysidella antarctica sp. nov.) newly described (12), newly recombined (6) or back-combined (1) species belong to the Erythropinae. Keys to the resulting 61 genera and 263 species of Erythropinae and 18 species of Mysidellinae are given at the world-wide scale. Ocular papillae with a terminal pore (sensory pore organ) are recorded in nine ANDEEP species. The organ of Bellonci is identified on the reduced eyes in 16 species, among which D. subchelata gen. et sp. nov. has many ommatidia arranged in a self-contained ribbon which shows a banded rhabdom only in non-adults. Reduction of visual elements together with shrinking of ocular papillae during ontogenetic development suggest that non-adults of D. subchelata and T. tattersalli stay in the photic zone for feeding and growth and then descend only once during their lifetime to the abyss for reproduction.
The Chinese members of the genera Leptothorax Mayr, 1855 and Temnothorax Mayr, 1861 are reviewed based on the morphological characters of the worker caste, and 66 species are recognized in China to date. A new synonym is proposed: T. opaciabdomin (Chang & He, 2001) is a junior synonym of T. mongolicus (Pisarski, 1969). Twenty-eight new species of Temnothorax, T. bailu sp. nov., T. chun sp. nov., T. chunfen sp. nov., T. chushu sp. nov., T. dahan sp. nov., T. dashu sp. nov., T. daxue sp. nov., T. dong sp. nov., T. dongzhi sp. nov., T. guyu sp. nov., T. hanlu sp. nov., T. jingzhe sp. nov., T. lichun sp. nov., T. lidong sp. nov., T. liqiu sp. nov., T. lixia sp. nov., T. mangzhong sp. nov., T. qingming sp. nov., T. qiu sp. nov., T. qiufen sp. nov.,T. shuangjiang sp. nov., T. xia sp. nov., T. xiaohan sp. nov., T. xiaoman sp. nov., T. xiaoshu sp. nov., T. xiaoxue sp. nov., T. xiazhi sp. nov., T. yushui sp. nov., are described from China based on worker caste. Three species of Temnothorax, T. desioi (Menozzi, 1939), T. susamyri (Dlussky, 1965) and T. volgensis (Ruzsky, 1905) are recorded in China for the first time. The following eight species are recorded in a province or autonomous region of China for the first time: Leptothorax acervorum (Fabricius, 1793) is a new record in Qinghai, Sichuan and Yunnan; Temnothorax angulohumerus Zhou et al., 2010 is a new record in Guizhou and Tibet; T. argentipes (Wheeler, 1928) is a new record in Sichuan and Yunnan; T. mongolicus (Pisarski, 1969) is a new record in Inner Mongolia; T. reticulatus (Chang & He, 2001) is a new record in Beijing, Gansu, Inner Mongolia, Jilin, Shaanxi and Yunnan; T. spinosior (Forel, 1901) is a new record in Yunnan; T. taivanensis (Wheeler, 1929) is a new record in Guizhou, Sichuan and Yunnan; and T. zhejiangensis Zhou et al., 2010 is a new record in Henan and Guangxi. A key based on the worker caste is provided for the 66 known Chinese species.
Rove beetles (Staphylinidae) are a diverse insect group, especially in the Neotropical region. At the same time, this fauna remains significantly understudied. During our visits to museum collections, we encountered numerous specimens of undescribed species representing the Neotropical genus Neolindus Scheerpeltz, 1933 which was earlier thought to be rare. To address the knowledge gap in the genus, we studied the museum material that resulted in descriptions of 21 new species. Our work involves the redescription of the genus, descriptions of the new species, and an updated identification key to 39 previously described and new species. The newly described species are Neolindus bicornis Guzman, Tokareva & Żyła sp. nov., N. elegans Guzman, Tokareva & Żyła sp. nov., N. longithorax Guzman, Tokareva & Żyła sp. nov., N. luxipenis Guzman, Tokareva & Żyła sp. nov., N. maya Guzman, Tokareva & Żyła sp. nov., N. minutus Guzman, Tokareva & Żyła sp. nov., N. napo Guzman, Tokareva & Żyła sp. nov., N. niger Guzman, Tokareva & Żyła sp. nov., N. ornatus Guzman, Tokareva & Żyła sp. nov., N. parahermani Guzman, Tokareva & Żyła sp. nov., N. paraplectrus Guzman, Tokareva & Żyła sp. nov., N. parasinuatus Guzman, Tokareva & Żyła sp. nov., N. parautriensis Guzman, Tokareva & Żyła sp. nov., N. pseudosensillaris Guzman, Tokareva & Żyła sp. nov., N. sauron Guzman, Tokareva & Żyła sp. nov., N. sibyllae Guzman, Tokareva & Żyła sp. nov., N. triangularis Guzman, Tokareva & Żyła sp. nov., N. tropicalis Guzman, Tokareva & Żyła sp. nov., N. utriensis Guzman, Tokareva & Żyła sp. nov., N. volkeri Guzman, Tokareva & Żyła sp. nov., and N. yotokae Guzman, Tokareva & Żyła sp. nov. This research emphasises the importance of museum collections in advancing taxonomy and enriching biodiversity knowledge. With these contributions, the known number of species of Neolindus reaches 60, thereby enhancing data on the Neotropical rove beetles diversity. Additionally, we provide several new country records for the genus (Guyana, Mexico, Nicaragua, and Suriname), which widen its distribution, and new occurrence records for the described species of Neolindus, N. agilis Herman, 1991; N. apiculus Herman, 1991; N. basisinuatus Herman, 1991; N. campbelli Herman, 1991; N. cuneatus Herman, 1991; N. hermani Asenjo, 2011; N. irmleri Asenjo, 2011; N. lodhii Herman, 1991; N. procarinatus Herman, 1991; N. punctogularis Herman, 1991; and N. retusus Herman, 1991.
Until now, the genus Porcelliniodes Miers, 1877 is represented in the Ibero-Balearic region by seven species. The study of 721 specimens from Portugal and Spain has led to the identification of 11 species, including poorly known species, and the description of a new species, Porcellionides ibericus sp. nov. This new species is characterized by the absence of transverse ridges on the pereonites, medium-sized lateral lobes on the cephalon, the pleon slightly retracted in relation to the pereon, pereopods without sexual differentiation, and a truncated posterior inner tip in the male pleopod I. We consider P. glaber (Koch, 1856), P. hispanus (Vandel, 1953), P. lucasioides (Vandel, 1953), P. lusitanus (Vandel, 1946), and P. molleri (Verhoeff, 1901) as valid species, while P. buddelundi (Verhoeff, 1901) and P. rufocinctus (Dollfus, 1892) are considered species inquirendae. Five species are recorded for the first time in some Portuguese districts and seven in some Spanish provinces.
As insect decline threatens the fauna of Central Europe, “dark taxa” present an obstacle to understanding biodiversity loss. The superfamily Platygastroidea is a dark taxon, with many superficial descriptions requiring examination of type material to characterize and revise species and genera. The Natural History Museum Vienna (Naturhistorisches Museum Wien) is arguably the most important historical collection of Platygastroidea in Central Europe. Type specimens from 85 species in 21 genera and three families are here catalogued and photographically illustrated, including previously undocumented types described by Förster, Kieffer, Nees von Esenbeck, and Ratzeburg. Lectotypes are designated for Anteris bicolor Kieffer, Anteris simulans Kieffer, Hadronotus laticeps Kieffer, Leptacis foersteri Kieffer, Plastogryon investis Kieffer, Plastogryon sagax Kieffer, Prophanurus mayri Kieffer, and Telenomus laeviceps Förster. Trissolcus schimitsheki (Szelényi) syn. nov. is treated as a junior synonym of Trissolcus scutellaris (Thomson) and Telenomus nomas Förster syn. nov. is treated as a junior synonym of Trissolcus semistriatus (Nees). Baeus maculatus (Förster) comb. nov. is transferred from Telenomus. Historical, taxonomic, and curatorial remarks are included, providing an essential foundation for revisionary work on the Platygastroidea of Central Europe and beyond.
Four new species of the Australian genus of Eurybrachidae (Hemiptera, Fulgoromorpha) Olonia Stål, 1862 are described from northern Queensland: O. albomarginata sp. nov., O. aschei sp. nov., O. jackiei sp. nov. and O. lindae sp. nov. Host plants and natural history data are documented and additional new records provided for O. guillaumei Constant, 2018, O. hochae Constant, 2018, O. picea Kirkaldy, 1906, O. rubicunda (Walker, 1851) and O. soulierae Constant, 2018. Trophobiosis is recorded for the first time in the genus, between a female of O. hochae and ants of the genus Camponotus Mayr, 1861 (Hymenoptera, Formicidae), representing the second record of trophobiosis in Australian Eurybrachidae. The male terminalia of the new species are illustrated and photographs of collection and live specimens, distribution maps, biological data and an identification key are provided. The genus Olonia currently contains sixteen species.
Four new species of the genus Catonidia Uhler, 1896, C. triangula sp. nov., C. saccata sp. nov., C. trilobata sp. nov. and C. uncinata sp. nov. from China (Fujian, Guizhou, Yunnan and Hainan provinces), are described and illustrated, giving the genus 14 species in total. A checklist and key to all known species of Catonidia are provided, as well as a map of their geographic distributions.
New World lampyrid taxonomy faces severe taxonomic impediments. Most species remain known from original taxonomic descriptions only, often insufficient for accurate identification. Therefore, the study of type specimens is critical to ensure proper identification. The Russian entomologist Viktor Ivanovich Motschulsky was one of the most important authors of firefly (Coleoptera: Lampyridae) taxonomy during the XIXth century, and his work is still relevant today. Part of his material, including the type specimens of several species, is deposited at the Zoological Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences. Unlike their European, Asian, and Oceanian counterparts, the taxonomy of Neotropical fireflies is still in its infancy, partly due to largely outdated literature and difficulties in accessing type specimens. Here, we review the type specimens of 38 firefly species deposited at ZIN, 15 of which are holotypes and 7 are lectotypes. For each specimen, the name-bearing status, condition of preservation, as well as the associated label data are provided. Lectotypes are designated for the following species described by Motschulsky: Bicellonycha lividipennis, Ellychnia californica, Lychnuris klugii, Macrolampis longipennis, Pseudolychnuris suturalis, Telephoroides lineaticollis, Telephoroide occidentalis.
Nerillids are small marine annelids, once placed at the artificial group ‘Archiannelida’, which contained all families of the exclusively interstitial polychaetes. Nerillidae is the most species rich family among them, with 71 species grouped into 15 genera, and represents an important component of the interstitial fauna, occupying a wide bathymetric range. Despite its problematic placement among the ‘Archiannelida’ families, the group per se is considered monophyletic. Currently, only two species of Paranerilla are valid, both being reported from the northern hemisphere. It is presented herein as the first description of a species of Paranerilla from tropical waters, named as Paranerilla schiavettii sp. nov., which is also considered as a unique record by the presence of a modified acicular spine in noto- and neuropodia from chaetiger 3–7, not mentioned in its congeners descriptions. Hence, we also propose an emendation on the genus diagnosis to embrace the presence of acicular spines within Paranerilla. So, the presented information complements the current knowledge about the group’s taxonomy and expands its distribution to South Atlantic waters.
Research on the Heteroptera fauna of Turkey has not been extensive enough to illustrate its true diversity. Although several factors contribute to this, the lack of an up-to-date and comprehensive review is a basic factor. To address this issue, we compiled a list of all the Heteroptera species recorded from Turkey in the literature and iNaturalist. In addition, we re-examined several specimens preserved in the Lodos Entomological Museum, İzmir, Turkey (LEMT). Consequently, we excluded 24 species from the checklist of Heteroptera fauna of Turkey, and proposed a new synonymy: Psallus (Psallus) pardalis Seidenstücker, 1966 = Psallus (Psallus) oenderi Wagner, 1976 syn. nov. Furthermore, we recorded following six species from Turkey for the first time: Blissus hirtulus Burmeister, 1835 (Blissidae), Loricula (Loricula) pselaphiformis Curtis, 1833 (Microphysidae), Globiceps (Globiceps) coryli V.G. Putshkov, 1970, Heterocordylus (Heterocordylus) cytisi Josifov, 1958, Mesopsallus fagi (Drapolyuk, 1990) and Psallus (Psallus) helenae Josifov, 1969 (Miridae); and described following six species as new for science: Orthonotus efei Çerçi & Koçak sp. nov., Orthotylus (Parapachylops) oenderi Çerçi, Tezcan & Koçak sp. nov., Orthotylus (Pinocapsus) girayi Çerçi & Tezcan sp. nov., Psallus (Psallus) eceae Çerçi & Koçak sp. nov., Psallus (Psallus) pehlivani Çerçi & Tezcan sp. nov. and Ribautocapsus tezcani Çerçi sp. nov. Altogether, 1668 species of Heteroptera have been recorded from Turkey (664 species in the European part and 1633 species in the Anatolian part) until now, out of them, the presence of 37 species needs confirmation. We determined the chorotypical composition of species as follows: Mediterranean (399 spp., 23.9%), European (380 spp., 22.8%), Local (280 spp., 16.8%), Widespread (182 spp., 10.9%), Endemic (128 spp., 7.7%), Turanian (127 spp., 7.5%), Turano-Mediterranean (89 spp., 5.3%), Europeo-Mediterranean (68 spp., 4.1%) and Alien (12 spp., 0.7%). We showed that provinces in the Eastern Anatolian, Southeastern Anatolian, and Black Sea regions had lower numbers of species recorded, compared to the provinces in the remaining regions. Finally, we underlined that 109 species, absent from Turkey, were recorded from three or more neighboring countries of Turkey. In summary, our findings emphasize that despite the abundant research devoted over the last 150 years to the Heteroptera fauna of Turkey, our understanding of it remains incomplete in the majority, if not in all, of the regions. Our findings strongly encourage further research, particularly in regions with small numbers of recorded species. This endeavor will undoubtedly lead to numerous novel discoveries and provide a better understanding of the true Heteroptera diversity in Turkey.
Four new species of the genus Catonidia Uhler, 1896, C. triangula sp. nov., C. saccata sp. nov., C. trilobata sp. nov. and C. uncinata sp. nov. from China (Fujian, Guizhou, Yunnan and Hainan provinces), are described and illustrated, giving the genus 14 species in total. A checklist and key to all known species of Catonidia are provided, as well as a map of their geographic distributions.
In the present study, a revision of the phylogeny and taxonomy of the family Dorididae is carried out focusing on the genus Doris Linnaeus, 1758. The type species D. verrucosa Linnaeus, 1758 and a blueish and yellow morphotype of D. ocelligera collected in different localities in the Mediterranean Sea and the North-East Atlantic were sequenced, as well as D. bertheloti and the elusive D. marmorata for the first time. The genetic markers include the cytochrome c oxidase subunit I, 16S rRNA, and histone 3. The phylogenetic results suggest that the genus Doris is paraphyletic, and D. ocelligera morphotypes separate into two species, as confirmed with species delimitation tests. To complement the phylogenetic evidence with morphoanatomical data, the dissection of two specimens of each morphotype is conducted. Significant differences in morphological traits such as body shape, colouration patterns, and mantle tubercles come to light, together with anatomical differences in the relative shape and size of the radular teeth and reproductive structures. Considering the modern and old descriptions of D. ocelligera, it is finally concluded that the blueish morphotype belongs to D. ocelligera. In contrast, the yellow morphotype responds to the actual synonym Aldisa berghi (Vayssière, 1901), which is resurrected here as Doris berghi comb. rest. Considering the broad phylogeny of the family, some systematic notes at the genus level are here provided.
The fossil record of the diverse subfamily Passifloroideae (>750 species and 17 genera) is relatively poor. Despite the distinctiveness of its leaves (glandular and often emarginate), most of the fossils from this group have been described from seeds. Fossil seeds have been recovered from Europe, and North and South America. A lack of information on seed morphology for all the genera and tribes of this subfamily has prevented a tribe-level identification of the fossils and a better understanding of their biogeographic patterns. The Passifloroideae is divided into three tribes: Passifloreae with 10 genera, Paropsieae with six genera and the monotypic Jongkindieae. This study provides new descriptions for 15 species from 5 genera from the mostly Afrotropical tribe Paropsieae based on herbarium material, and introduces an online seed database and a key for 100 species of Passifloroideae compiled from literature and direct observations. Our study shows a low morphological diversity among the seeds of Paropsieae in comparison to a much larger diversity within Passifloreae. Some rare morphologies are only present in Passifloreae and can be used to assign seeds to this tribe. Within the Paropsieae, Androsiphonia has seed that are very distinct from those in the other genera in the tribe and also from the rest of the subfamily. The genus Paropsia exhibits two main morphotypes, while the genera Barteria, Paropsiopsis and Smeathmannia have very similar seeds with a highly conserved morphology. These results suggest that living or fossil Paropsieae cannot be identified confidently based solely on seed characters.
The taxonomic status of recently described Isophya taxa from Serbia (Tettigoniidae, Phaneropterinae)
(2024)
During recent decades, increasing research of the taxonomy of the genus Isophya resulted in taxonomic descriptions of several new species. The delimitation of these species is mainly based on oscillographic song analysis of the male song in combination with morphological characters, such as the shape of male cerci, tegmina and ovipositor. In the present paper, we used an integrative taxonomic approach in order to resolve the status of four recently described Isophya taxa from Serbia. Based on our molecular and bioacoustic analyses, all analyzed taxa belong to a single species: Isophya modestior. The majority of the morphological characters used to differentiate the taxa showed strong intra- and interpopulational variability, proving that describing new species within the genus Isophya should not rely on morphological characters alone, but needs to consider bioacoustic analyses as the main tool and a larger series of specimens.
In the first half of the 20th century, when architecture and literature dreamed of transparency, glass was the material these dreams were made of. However, the historiography of both fields usually focuses on a few canonical works by male authors to tell the story of this shared fascination. Departing from this imbalance, this essay takes the opportunity to explore the glass culture of modernity through the lens of female projects whose stories often take place simultaneously on different continents. While the former silent film actor Evelyn Word Leigh builds a glass house for herself in Nyack, New York, artists and writers based in Europe – like Claude Cahun, Anaïs Nin, and Hilda 'H.D.' Doolittle – flesh out imaginary glass domes as construction sites of artistic subjectivities. Whether homes or domes, these creative women used glass environments to question and renegotiate their assigned places in Western societies, challenging the boundaries of female agency.
Regulating IP exclusion/inclusion on a global scale: the example of copyright vs. AI training
(2024)
This article builds upon the literature on inclusion/inclusivity in IP law by applying these concepts to the example of the scraping and mining of copyright-protected content for the purpose of training an artificial intelligence (AI) system or model. Which mode of operation dominates in this technological area: exclusion, inclusion or even inclusivity? The features of AI training appear to call for universal and sustainable “inclusivity” instead of a mere voluntary “inclusion” of AI provider bots by copyright holders. As the overview on the copyright status of AI training activities in different jurisdictions and emerging laws on AI safety (such as the EU AI Act) demonstrates, the global regulatory landscape is, however, much too fragmented and dynamic to immediately jump to an inclusive global AI regime. For the time being, legally secure global AI training requires the voluntary cooperation between AI providers and copyright holders, and innovative techno-legal reasoning is needed on how to effectuate this inclusion.
Am 18. Juni wird Jürgen Habermas, der die Geistes- und Sozialwissenschaften der Goethe-Universität nachhaltig geprägt hat, 95 Jahre alt, und dazu sendet unsere wissenschaftliche Community, der er nach wie vor aktiv angehört, die herzlichsten Glückwünsche. Bis heute ist Habermas’ wissenschaftliche und intellektuelle Stimme national und international eine der meistgehörten, und wir wünschen von Herzen, dass es noch lange so bleiben möge.
Die Physikerin Prof. Laura Sagunski, die Sprachwissenschaftlerin Dr. Mariam Kamarauli und der Biochemiker PD. Dr. Rupert Abele sind mit dem begehrten 1822-Universitätspreis für exzellente Lehre ausgezeichnet worden. Zum 23. Mal bereits hat die Goethe-Universität gemeinsam mit der Stiftung der Frankfurter Sparkasse verdiente Lehrende gewürdigt.
Zehn Jahre Mitmenschlichkeit
(2024)
[Nachruf] Großer Historiker mit breiter Wirkung Lothar Gall * 3. November 1937 † 22. Mai 2024
(2024)
The development of China’s exports – is there a decoupling from the EU and the United States?
(2024)
Some observers warn that a high level of economic dependence on China could negatively affect the economic resilience of Western economies and therefore recommend reducing such dependence by gradually decoupling from China. On the other hand, industry leaders emphasise the economic importance of China and warn against any kind of trade conflicts.
Against this background, we briefly analyse the development of China’s export strategy. We find that the export intensity of the Chinese economy is diminishing and that exports are becoming more diversified overall. In addition, the relative importance of the United States and the European Union as export markets has been reduced, indicating a gradual decoupling of China from Western economies. Conversely, we find that exports to China have become more important, both for the EU and the United States. Although the figures remain at a non-critical level, Europe’s export activities could be more diversified as well.
Background: Trauma-related guilt and shame are crucial for the development and maintenance of PTSD (posttraumatic stress disorder). We developed an intervention combining cognitive techniques with loving-kindness meditations (C-METTA) that specifically target these emotions. C-METTA is an intervention of six weekly individual treatment sessions followed by a four-week practice phase.
Objective: This study examined C-METTA in a proof-of-concept study within a randomized wait-list controlled trial.
Method: We randomly assigned 32 trauma-exposed patients with a DSM-5 diagnosis to C-METTA or a wait-list condition (WL). Primary outcomes were clinician-rated PTSD symptoms (CAPS-5) and trauma-related guilt and shame. Secondary outcomes included psychopathology, self-criticism, well-being, and self-compassion. Outcomes were assessed before the intervention phase and after the practice phase.
Results: Mixed-design analyses showed greater reductions in C-METTA versus WL in clinician-rated PTSD symptoms (d = −1.09), guilt (d = −2.85), shame (d = −2.14), psychopathology and self-criticism.
Conclusion: Our findings support positive outcomes of C-METTA and might contribute to improved care for patients with stress-related disorders. The study was registered in the German Clinical Trials Register (DRKS00023470).
HIGHLIGHTS
C-METTA is an intervention that addresses trauma-related guilt and shame and combines cognitive interventions with loving-kindness meditations.
A proof-of-concept study was conducted examining C-METTA in a wait-list randomized controlled trial
C-METTA led to reductions in trauma-related guilt and shame and PTSD symptoms.
Der interdisziplinäre Sammelband eröffnet neue Perspektiven auf den Stil als bislang unterkonturierte literaturwissenschaftliche Leitkategorie unter transnationalen, wissens-, gattungs- und sprachgeschichtlichen Gesichtspunkten. Im 18. Jahrhundert zeichnet sich im Nachdenken über Schreibarten eine Neujustierung der Stilkategorie ab, die den Stil zur Reflexionsgröße für ästhetische Diskurse macht. Der Band sondiert die Pluralisierung, Historisierung und Individualisierung der Stilkategorie, die ihr neue literatur- und kulturtheoretische Anwendungsbereiche eröffnet. Die Bewegungen zwischen den Sprachen, Literaturen, Medien und semantischen Feldern erschließt die Publikation, indem sie europäische Vergleichshorizonte eröffnet und literatur- ebenso wie sprachwissenschaftliche Ansätze präsentiert. Damit leistet sie einen Beitrag zum Feld der komparatistisch ausgerichteten Germanistik, insbesondere der Literatur- und Kulturgeschichte des 18. Jahrhunderts und des europäischen Kulturtransfers.
Um 1750 gelangt die ethopoetische Funktion des Stils in den Fokus verschiedener Autoren, welche die Kategorie in Rhetorik, Poetik und Ästhetik neu vermessen. Johann Christoph Gottscheds Rhetorik weiß den Stil als Übung zu nutzen, um Empfinden und Denken der Schüler zu trainieren. Der Charakter der Schüler resultiert somit aus einem Ausbildungsprogramm, das vom Spracherwerb bis zum Verfassen von Reden reicht. Johann Jacob Breitinger erläutert in seiner Poetik, wie die Sprache auf einer semiotischen Ebene auf verschiedene Arten Kraft ausübt, um das Gemüt zu bewegen und damit sinnliche Erkenntnisse zu generieren. Stil als Übung und Stil als Darstellungsverfahren vereint Alexander Gottlieb Baumgarten in seiner Wissenschaft der sinnlichen Erkenntnis, die sowohl eine Vervollkommnung des sinnlichen Erkennens anstrebt als auch die Verfahren beleuchtet, die für die Darstellung der sinnlichen Erkenntnis verantwortlich sind.
Hugh Blairs umfangreiche "Lectures on Rhetoric and Belles Lettres" sind eines der erfolgreichsten Werke der englischsprachigen Rhetoriktradition. Der Stilbegriff bildet das Zentrum von Blairs Ästhetikkonzept. Blair greift einerseits auf die rhetorische Tradition zurück, bezieht sich andererseits aber auch auf wahrnehmungstheoretische Überlegungen aus der zeitgenössischen empiristischen Psychologie. Neben den ästhetischen Qualitäten des Stils rücken dabei Fragen der Verständnissicherung durch stilistische Klarheit in den Fokus. Blairs "Lectures" greifen damit über das Feld der Ästhetik entscheidend hinaus.
Um 1750 zeichnet sich eine grundlegende Verschiebung in der Funktion des Stilbegriffes ab, die sowohl die Theorie als auch die Praxis literarischen Schreibens veränderte. Während sich das an der frühaufklärerischen Erkenntnistheorie orientierte Ideal der ersten Jahrhunderthälfte als analytischer Stil beschreiben lässt, zielt die Dichtungstheorie und -praxis in der zweiten Jahrhunderthälfte auf einen synthetischen Stil, der sich im poetischen Text als "übersummatives Ganzes" (Ulf Abraham) manifestiert; die poetische Absicht wird durch diesen Stil in einem korrelativen Verhältnis von Text und Einbildungskraft verwirklicht. In einer vergleichenden, den historischen Kontext einbeziehenden Analyse zweier Gedichte von Barthold Heinrich Brockes und Friedrich Gottlieb Klopstock wird nachgewiesen, dass sich das Verständnis von Stil von einer Art Verdoppelung des Erkenntnisprozesses (Brockes) zu einer kognitiven Funktion (Klopstock) hin verschiebt.
Im vorliegenden Beitrag geht es um die Frage, wie sich Natürlichkeit als ein zentrales Stilkonzept im 18. Jahrhundert auf die syntaktische Gestaltung von Texten ausgewirkt hat. Grundlage der empirischen Untersuchung sind neunzig Musterbriefe, die aus drei Ausgaben des Schröter'schen Briefstellers (1,1743, 7,1767, 8,1785) stammen und die im Sinne der 'neuen' Stilauffassungen überarbeitet wurden. Die Briefe zeigen unter anderem einen Rückgang in der Satzkomplexität, eine Aufwertung der Selbstreferenz und eine verstärkte Einbindung mündlichkeitsnaher Strukturen.
The intense photon fluxes from relativistic nuclei provide an opportunity to study photonuclear interactions in ultraperipheral collisions. The measurement of coherently photoproduced π+π−π+π− final states in ultraperipheral Pb-Pb collisions at sNN−−−√=5.02 TeV is presented for the first time. The cross section, dσ/dy, times the branching ratio (ρ→π+π+π−π−) is found to be 47.8±2.3 (stat.)±7.7 (syst.) mb in the rapidity interval |y|<0.5. The invariant mass distribution is not well described with a single Breit-Wigner resonance. The production of two interfering resonances, ρ(1450) and ρ(1700), provides a good description of the data. The values of the masses (m) and widths (Γ) of the resonances extracted from the fit are m1=1385±14 (stat.)±3 (syst.) MeV/c2, Γ1=431±36 (stat.)±82 (syst.) MeV/c2, m2=1663±13 (stat.)±22 (syst.) MeV/c2 and Γ2=357±31 (stat.)±49 (syst.) MeV/c2, respectively. The measured cross sections times the branching ratios are compared to recent theoretical predictions.
Measurements of the pT-dependent flow vector fluctuations in Pb-Pb collisions at sNN−−−√=5.02 TeV using azimuthal correlations with the ALICE experiment at the LHC are presented. A four-particle correlation approach [1] is used to quantify the effects of flow angle and magnitude fluctuations separately. This paper extends previous studies to additional centrality intervals and provides measurements of the pT-dependent flow vector fluctuations at sNN−−−√=5.02 TeV with two-particle correlations. Significant pT-dependent fluctuations of the V⃗ 2 flow vector in Pb-Pb collisions are found across different centrality ranges, with the largest fluctuations of up to ∼15% being present in the 5% most central collisions. In parallel, no evidence of significant pT-dependent fluctuations of V⃗ 3 or V⃗ 4 is found. Additionally, evidence of flow angle and magnitude fluctuations is observed with more than 5σ significance in central collisions. These observations in Pb-Pb collisions indicate where the classical picture of hydrodynamic modeling with a common symmetry plane breaks down. This has implications for hard probes at high pT, which might be biased by pT-dependent flow angle fluctuations of at least 23% in central collisions. Given the presented results, existing theoretical models should be re-examined to improve our understanding of initial conditions, quark--gluon plasma (QGP) properties, and the dynamic evolution of the created system.
Measurement of beauty-quark production in pp collisions at √s = 13 TeV via non-prompt D mesons
(2024)
The pT-differential production cross sections of non-prompt D0, D+, and D+s mesons originating from beauty-hadron decays are measured in proton−proton collisions at a centre-of-mass energy s√ of 13 TeV. The measurements are performed at midrapidity, |y|<0.5, with the data sample collected by ALICE from 2016 to 2018. The results are in agreement with predictions from several perturbative QCD calculations. The fragmentation fraction of beauty quarks to strange mesons divided by the one to non-strange mesons, fs/(fu+fd), is found to be 0.114±0.016 (stat.)±0.006 (syst.)±0.003 (BR)±0.003 (extrap.). This value is compatible with previous measurements at lower centre-of-mass energies and in different collision systems in agreement with the assumption of universality of fragmentation functions. In addition, the dependence of the non-prompt D meson production on the centre-of-mass energy is investigated by comparing the results obtained at s√=5.02 and 13 TeV, showing a hardening of the non-prompt D-meson pT-differential production cross section at higher s√. Finally, the bb¯¯¯ production cross section per unit of rapidity at midrapidity is calculated from the non-prompt D0, D+, D+s, and Λ+c hadron measurements, obtaining dσ/dy=75.2±3.2 (stat.)±5.2 (syst.)+12.3−3.2 (extrap.) μb.
The two-particle momentum correlation functions between charm mesons (D∗± and D±) and charged light-flavor mesons (π± and K±) in all charge-combinations are measured for the first time by the ALICE Collaboration in high-multiplicity proton–proton collisions at a center-of-mass energy of √s = 13 TeV. For DK and D∗K pairs, the experimental results are in agreement with theoretical predictions of the residual strong interaction based on quantum chromodynamics calculations on the lattice and chiral effective field theory. In the case of Dπ and D∗π pairs, tension between the calculations including strong interactions and the measurement is observed. For all particle pairs, the data can be adequately described by Coulomb interaction only, indicating a shallow interaction between charm and light-flavor mesons. Finally, the scattering lengths governing the residual strong interaction of the Dπ and D∗π systems are determined by fitting the experimental correlation functions with a model that employs a Gaussian potential. The extracted values are small and compatible with zero.
Focusing on the specific case of knowledge production in and about Iran, in this chapter, we discuss the risk of reproducing a Northern perspective in the attempts to produce knowledge on and through the Global South(s). We argue that such reproduction leads to cognitive suppression, further peripheralization, or even recolonization of the South(s). We also stress the lasting effects of methodological nationalism among attempts at decolonization and its political consequences, such as in the adoption of nativist discourses historically connected to the 'Islamic' Revolution by scholars focusing on the Global South(s) and in area studies concerning Iran. To avoid these effects, we suggest considering the politics of scale in our recognition and problematization of the hierarchization of Northern and Southern sites of knowledge production and their particularities.
During fieldwork, anthropologists are given many names that point to their intersectional placement regarding race, class, gender, nationality, and religion. Yet, careful consideration of vernacular forms of designation reveals that such generalizing categories do not always reflect the ways in which people are named and positioned in a given context. While acknowledging the relevance of intersectionality, this paper discusses the relationship between naming and social positionality through a comparative consideration of names employed to designate Dulley in Angola and Santos in Senegal. It explores how these designators, ascribed to the researchers by their interlocutors, contextually identify their positionality. Through concrete examples, it shows how this process of emplacement can both enable and restrict one's possibilities of action and experience.
With reference to the Marx Seminars at the University of São Paulo, this chapter discusses the creation of a specific tradition in the social sciences that marks a crucial moment in the history of postcolonial and decolonial studies. By means of the concept of periphery, I reconstruct how this tradition refuted temporal and stadial dualisms. Moreover, I argue that the development of this new perspective in the social sciences must be understood in terms of its efforts to rethink Marx but also, and more importantly, by the need to rethink Brazil's place in the world. Following this thread, I analyse Roberto Schwarz's work as paradigmatic for a proper understanding of the centrality of the concept of periphery in these discussions.
Der Beitrag sucht Georg Christoph Lichtenbergs Position im Sprachdenken der zweiten Hälfte des 18. Jahrhunderts zu bestimmen. Diese ist durch eine Kombination von anthropologischen und technisch-pragmatischen, sprachhandwerklichen Überlegungen zur "Wörterfertigung" geprägt, bei der Fragen von Lexik und Nomenklatur im Vordergrund stehen. Zu den Leitkriterien des guten Stils gehören Lichtenberg zufolge Wahrheit und Genauigkeit sowie Natürlichkeit und Individualisierung.
Microbial rhodopsins are omnipresent on Earth, however the vast majority of them remain uncharacterized. Here we describe a new rhodopsin group from cold-adapted organisms and cold environments, such as glaciers, denoted as CryoRhodopsins (CryoRs). Our data suggest that CryoRs have dual functionality switching between inward transmembrane proton translocation and photosensory activity, both of which can be modulated with UV light. CryoR1 exhibits two subpopulations in the ground state, which upon light activation lead to transient photocurrents of opposing polarities. A distinguishing feature of the group is the presence of a buried arginine residue close to the cytoplasmic face of its members. Combining single-particle cryo-electron microscopy and X-ray crystallography with the rhodopsin activation by lit, we demonstrate that the arginine stabilizes a UV-absorbing intermediate of an extremely slow CryoRhodopsin photocycle. Together with extensive spectroscopic characterization, our investigations on CryoR1 and CryoR2 proteins reveal mechanisms of photoswitching in the newly identified group and demonstrate principles of the adaptation of these rhodopsins to low temperatures.Microbial rhodopsins are omnipresent on Earth, however the vast majority of them remain uncharacterized. Here we describe a new rhodopsin group from cold-adapted organisms and cold environments, such as glaciers, denoted as CryoRhodopsins (CryoRs). Our data suggest that CryoRs have dual functionality switching between inward transmembrane proton translocation and photosensory activity, both of which can be modulated with UV light. CryoR1 exhibits two subpopulations in the ground state, which upon light activation lead to transient photocurrents of opposing polarities. A distinguishing feature of the group is the presence of a buried arginine residue close to the cytoplasmic face of its members. Combining single-particle cryo-electron microscopy and X-ray crystallography with the rhodopsin activation by light, we demonstrate that the arginine stabilizes a UV-absorbing intermediate of an extremely slow CryoRhodopsin photocycle. Together with extensive spectroscopic characterization, our investigations on CryoR1 and CryoR2 proteins reveal mechanisms of photoswitching in the newly identified group and demonstrate principles of the adaptation of these rhodopsins to low temperatures.
EF-P and its paralog EfpL (YeiP) differentially control translation of proline containing sequences
(2024)
Polyproline sequences (XPPX) stall ribosomes, thus being deleterious for all living organisms. In bacteria, translation elongation factor P (EF-P) plays a crucial role in overcoming such arrests. 12% of eubacteria possess an EF-P paralog – YeiP (EfpL) of unknown function. Here, we functionally and structurally characterize EfpL from Escherichia coli and demonstrate its yet unrecognized role in the translational stress response. Through ribosome profiling, we analyzed the EfpL arrest motif spectrum and discovered additional stalls beyond the canonical XPPX motifs at single-proline sequences (XPX), that both EF-P and EfpL can resolve. Notably, the two factors can also induce pauses. We further report that, contrary to the housekeeping EF-P, EfpL can sense the metabolic state of the cell, via lysine acylation. Together, our work uncovers a new player in ribosome rescue at proline-containing sequences, and provides evidence that co-occurrence of EF-P and EfpL is an evolutionary driver for higher bacterial growth rates.
Coarse-grained modeling has become an important tool to supplement experimental measurements, allowing access to spatio-temporal scales beyond all-atom based approaches. The GōMartini model combines structure- and physics-based coarse-grained approaches, balancing computational efficiency and accurate representation of protein dynamics with the capabilities of studying proteins in different biological environments. This paper introduces an enhanced GōMartini model, which combines a virtual-site implementation of Gō models with Martini 3. The implementation has been extensively tested by the community since the release of the new version of Martini. This work demonstrates the capabilities of the model in diverse case studies, ranging from protein-membrane binding to protein-ligand interactions and AFM force profile calculations. The model is also versatile, as it can address recent inaccuracies reported in the Martini protein model. Lastly, the paper discusses the advantages, limitations, and future perspectives of the Martini 3 protein model and its combination with Gō models.
Highlights
• Students have limited concerns about privacy in learning analytics (LA).
• Students' privacy concerns in LA vary across countries.
• Culture shapes students' privacy concerns in LA.
• Power distance, uncertainty avoidance and masculinity affect privacy concerns in LA.
• Cultural values should be considered in LA privacy management.
Abstract
Applications of learning analytics (LA) can raise concerns from students about their privacy in higher education contexts. Developing effective privacy-enhancing practices requires a systematic understanding of students’ privacy concerns and how they vary across national and cultural dimensions. We conducted a survey study with established instruments to measure privacy concerns and cultural values for university students in five countries (Germany, South Korea, Spain, Sweden, and the United States; N = 762). The results show that students generally trusted institutions with their data and disclosed information as they perceived the risks to be manageable even though they felt somewhat limited in their ability to control their privacy. Across the five countries, German and Swedish students stood out as the most trusting and least concerned, especially compared to US students who reported greater perceived risk and less control. Students in South Korea and Spain responded similarly on all five privacy dimensions (perceived privacy risk, perceived privacy control, privacy concerns, trusting beliefs, and non-self-disclosure behavior), despite their significant cultural differences. Culture measured at the individual level affected the antecedents and outcomes of privacy concerns. Perceived privacy risk and privacy control increase with power distance. Trusting beliefs increase with a desire for uncertainty avoidance and lower masculinity. Non-self-disclosure behaviors rise with power distance and masculinity and decrease with more uncertainty avoidance. Thus, cultural values related to trust in institutions, social equality and risk-taking should be considered when developing privacy-enhancing practices and policies in higher education.
A powerful technique to distinguish the enantiomers of a chiral molecule is the Coulomb Explosion Imaging (CEI). This technique allows us to determine the handedness of a single molecule. In CEI, the molecule becomes charged by losing many electrons in a very short period of time by interacting with the light. The repulsion forces between the positive charged particles of the molecule leads the molecule to break into parts-fragments. By measuring the three vector momentum of (at least) four fragments, the handedness observable can be determined. In this thesis, CEI is induced by absorption of a single high energy photon, which creates an inner-shell hole (K shell) of the molecule. The subsequent cascade of Auger decays lead to fragmentation. We decided to work with the formic acid molecule in this thesis. Two different experiments were conducted. The first experiment focused on exciting electrons to different energy states, while the second experiment focused on extracting directly a photoelectron to the continuum and measure the angular distribution of the photoelectron in the molecular frame. The primary goal was to search for chiral signal in a pure achiral planar molecule under the previous electron processes. The results of these findings were further implemented to two more molecules.
Für die Mitte des 18. Jahrhunderts wurde ein umfassender Wandel im Bereich des Stilverständnisses konstatiert, das ab 1750 von zwei gegensätzlichen Stilbegriffen geprägt ist: einem traditionell rhetorischen einerseits und einem sich neu etablierenden Individualstil andererseits. Der Beitrag versucht, mit einem Schlaglicht auf das Frühwerk Johann Georg Hamanns ("Sokratische Denkwürdigkeiten" und "Wolken") diesen für das Verständnis der stilgeschichtlichen Umbrüche zentralen Autor im skizzierten Diskursfeld zu verorten. Ein näherer Blick auf Hamanns sokratische Schreibart erlaubt es, die geläufige Rollenzuschreibung, die in Hamann vor allem einen Wegbereiter des Individualstils erkennt, zu problematisieren und ein Paradox herauszuarbeiten: Die Entwicklung zum Individualstil beginnt im Falle von Hamanns ironisch verstellter Maskenrede mit einer radikalen Depotenzierung der Autorinstanz.
In seiner "Poétique française" (1763) und seinen "Eléments de littérature" (1787) entwickelt der französische Dichter und Theoretiker Jean-François Marmontel Ansichten zum Stil, die von der traditionellen Regelpoetik geprägt sind, allmählich aber einen Übergang zur Individualstilpoetik andeuten. Während er diese verschiedenen Paradigmen durch den Geschmacksbegriff noch zu vereinen sucht, zeigt die deutsche Rezeption seiner Theorie, insbesondere Gottlob Benedikt von Schirachs Übertragung, wie sich der Kompromiss aufzulösen beginnt und wie sich neben der Durchsetzung der Individualstilpoetik auch eine Trennung zwischen Wissenschaft und Kunst anbahnt.
Beispiel und Regel im 18. Jahrhundert. Ein Blick in Christian Ludwigs zweisprachige Wörterbücher
(2024)
Zweisprachige Wörterbücher des 18. Jahrhunderts sind eine wichtige Quelle für die Analyse impliziter stilistischer Urteile. Sie wurden einerseits, insbesondere in der zweiten Jahrhunderthälfte, von den präskriptiven Regeln der großen monolingualen Wörterbücher und Grammatiken beeinflusst, andererseits hatten sie die Aufgabe, Fremdsprachenlernern deskriptiv Gebrauchsmuster an Beispielen vorzuführen. Der Beitrag zeichnet nach, wie sich die Autoren dieser doppelten Herausforderung stellten und wie das entstehende präskriptive Regelsystem vor dem Hintergrund der Stilpluralisierung im 18. Jahrhundert zu interpretieren ist.
In seinem Frühwerk "Über die neuere deutsche Literatur" arbeitet der junge Johann Gottfried Herder an der Herausbildung einer neuen Prosa. Durch kommentiertes Zitieren aus den "Briefen, die neueste Literatur betreffend" entwirft er das Ideal einer 'biegsamen' und 'behaglichen' ungebundenen Schreibweise, die sich ganz wesentlich in Stilversuchen manifestiert - in beschriebenen, kritisierten und zitierten sowie denjenigen des Verfassers selbst.
Der Begriff des 'körnigen Stils' steht in der Sprach- und Literaturkritik des 18. Jahrhunderts für eine kurze und gehaltvolle, oft auch als 'nachdrücklich' beschriebene Schreibart. Im Literaturstreit zwischen Johann Christoph Gottsched und den 'Schweizern' erlangte er zugleich programmatische und polemische Bedeutung. Im Zentrum des Aufsatzes steht die für das 'Körnige' konstitutive Konstellation von Kürze, Kraft und Konkretion. Ausgehend von Theodor W. Adornos stilsoziologischer Beobachtung, dass der lakonische Stil in Briefen des 18. Jahrhunderts Ausdruck bürgerlicher Notdurft sei, zeige ich an Texten von Johann Christoph Adelung, Johann Jacob Breitinger, Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz und Johann Gottfried Herder, dass das Stilideal des Körnigen im 18. Jahrhundert mit dem Streben nach einer Erneuerung und Bereicherung der deutschen Schriftsprache einherging. Zum Kapital, aus dem diese neue Sprache sich speisen sollte, gehörte das ausdifferenzierte Vokabular des Handwerks und des Handels. Der zeitgenössischen Theorie zufolge stellte der körnige Stil also weniger die Notdurft als den Reichtum und die Sprachmächtigkeit des Bürgertums zur Schau.
Am Nachdruck, wie er bei Johann Christoph Gottsched, Johann Jacob Bodmer, Johann Jacob Breitinger, Johann Georg Sulzer und Johann Gottfried Herder diskutiert wird, lässt sich exemplarisch beobachten, wie eine Gruppe von rhetorischen Verfahren zur Kennzeichnung von nationalen Kollektivstilen ausgebaut wird. Eine wichtige Voraussetzung für die Ausweitung des Nachdrucks von einer Stilfigur zu einem 'nachdrücklichen Stil', so die hier verfolgte These, ist der über physikalische Leitvorstellungen von Druck, Stoß und Wurf geleistete metaphorische Anschluss an ästhetische Kraftvorstellungen.
Der Beitrag untersucht den Gebrauch des Tonbegriffs im ästhetischen und poetologischen Diskurs des mittleren und späten 18. Jahrhunderts. Ausgangspunkt dafür ist eine Verhältnisbestimmung der Termini Schreibart, Stil und Ton, aus der die gattungspoetologische Bedeutung des Tons hervorgeht. Entgegen dem seit der romantischen Ästhetik dominanten Verständnis verbindet die Dichtungstheorie des 18. Jahrhunderts (Friedrich Gottlieb Klopstock, Johann Joachim Eschenburg, Johann Jakob Engel, Johann Christoph Adelung) mit dem Begriff nicht nur die klangliche Dimension von Literatur, sondern auch eine affektive Grundierung von Gattungsformen und ein Konzept für die Beschreibung von gattungshybriden Texten.
In this brief discussion, I reflect on the significance of using the category of the global south for reconfiguring the scope of the history of knowledge. While I see this as a productive paradigm shift that has already given rise to mould-breaking works, I focus here on the cross-hemispheric histories of extractive capitalism and how both colonial violence and anticolonial resistance have shaped knowledge-making. I argue that thinking through 'entangled ecologies' can be a tool for countering the existing conceptual order, which has led to the north-south division in the first place. Attending to epistemic and ontological entanglements would enable us to ask better and deeper questions about the increasingly complex interconnections across human and nonhuman worlds, especially given the planetary crises we face today.
This chapter is a journey of thought exploring decolonial critique as a situated practice while thinking through exilic consciousness and its constitutive conditions. I begin by reflecting on decolonialities to gesture toward varied forms of decolonial projects that need to be situated, given that each location generates different sets of questions/problems that demand different answers. In this way, I reconfigure the exilic condition, and the space of displacement in general, as a plurilingual space that unsettles various colonial forms of epistemic monolingualism predicated on the selfsufficiency of thought. To this end, I reflect on the potentiality of exilic consciousness to generate decolonial critique when thinking from/about the Global South. Finally, this chapter demonstrates the significance of acknowledging the diverse locations and trajectories of decolonial critique and the plurality of thought embedded within the exilic intellectual formation that can potentially undo colonial forms of knowledge-making and being in the world.
In this reflection piece, I look at the feminist artistic landscape emerging in Berlin with its growing, diverse migrant community. I examine the ways in which women* artists challenge the imposed notions of their migrant status in the city and their states of belonging within it. I demonstrate this through two feminist initiatives I have been involved in that aim to amplify the voices of women* artists whose creative practices disrupt carefully constructed frameworks relating to borders of inclusion and exclusion. I argue that the artistic practices of women* in these networks are killjoy because they unapologetically get in the way, dismantling carefully constructed frameworks that delineate borders of inclusion and exclusion. By reflecting on homemaking practices in exile, I exemplify how feminisms from the global south decentralize claims to truth by taking the means of production into their own hands. By framing the chapter around the recent protests in Berlin unfolding in solidarity with the feminist revolution in Iran, I reveal the possible limits of such actions when they do not embrace intersectionality. Ultimately, I propose to invest in feminist artistic practices that destabilize exclusionary politics by creating visibility and bridging theory and practice.
The ICH M13A draft bioequivalence guideline allows the exclusion of very low plasma profiles from the statistical evaluation in exceptional cases, i.e., if such phenomenon occurs due to non-compliance of subjects (not swallowing the product). Moreover, the draft ICH guideline requests additional bioequivalence studies for medicinal products with pH-dependent solubility after concomitant administration of gastric pH modifying preparations, e.g., proton pump inhibitors. Both regulations are scientifically sound, however, would need further specification. Main problem in this context is that compounds with very low solubility and slow intrinsic dissolution in the intestinal environment will cause significant bioavailability problems if their solid oral dosage forms are emptied from the stomach undisintegrated. Also very low plasma profiles may result under these circumstances. Such cases can occur accidentally and are not resultant of non-compliance. Thus, limitation for one case per study only as suggested in the guideline is not justified.
Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) serves as a cap-like structure on cellular RNAs (NAD-RNAs) in all domains of life including the bacterium Escherichia coli. NAD also acts as a key molecule in phage-host interactions, where bacterial immune systems deplete NAD to abort phage infection. Nevertheless, NAD-RNAs have not yet been identified during phage infections of bacteria and the mechanisms of their synthesis and degradation are unknown in this context. The T4 phage that specifically infects E. coli presents an important model to study phage infections, but a systematic analysis of the presence and dynamics of NAD-RNAs during T4 phage infection is lacking. Here, we investigate the presence of NAD-RNAs during T4 phage infection in a dual manner. By applying time-resolved NAD captureSeq, we identify NAD-capped host and phage transcripts and their dynamic regulation during phage infection. We provide evidence that NAD-RNAs are – as reported earlier – generated by the host RNA polymerase by initiating transcription with NAD at canonical transcription start sites. In addition, we characterize NudE.1 – a T4 phage-encoded Nudix hydrolase – as the first phage-encoded NAD-RNA decapping enzyme. T4 phages carrying inactive NudE.1 display a delayed lysis phenotype. This study investigates for the first time the dual epitranscriptome of a phage and its host, thereby introducing epitranscriptomics as an important field of phage research.
Therapierefraktärer Schmerz ist ein weit verbreitetes, äußerst belastendes Leitsymptom rheumatischer Erkrankungen. Viele Betroffene weichen daher bei Versagen der Standardmedikation selbstständig auf Cannabis oder die strukturell verwandte Substanz Palmitoylethanolamid (PEA) als Add-On- oder Alternativtherapie aus, obwohl dies in Deutschland bisher nur eingeschränkt zulässig ist. Die deutsche Gesetzgebung ist diesbezüglich nicht eindeutig, weshalb Ärzt:innen in ihrer Entscheidung, Cannabis zu verschreiben, auf Leitlinien, Fallberichte und Expert:innenmeinungen zurückgreifen müssen. Dies führt zu schwierigen Einzelfallentscheidungen, da sich die derzeitige Datenlage zu Cannabis-based Medicine (CBM) bzw. PEA und Rheuma als mangelhaft darstellt und die Leitlinien dementsprechend keine klaren Empfehlungen enthalten. Ziel der vorliegenden Arbeit ist es, die vorhandene Evidenz zusammenzufassen, zu ordnen und anhand der Hill-Kriterien den möglichen kausalen Zusammenhang zwischen der Einnahme von CBM bzw. PEA und der analgetischen Wirkung bei Rheumaschmerzen zu prüfen.
In high light, the antenna system in oxygenic photosynthetic organisms switches to a photoprotective mode, dissipating excess energy in a process called non-photochemical quenching (NPQ). Diatoms exhibit very efficient NPQ, accompanied by a xanthophyll cycle in which diadinoxanthin is de-epoxidized into diatoxanthin. Diatoms accumulate pigments from this cycle in high light, and exhibit faster and more pronounced NPQ. The mechanisms underlying NPQ in diatoms remain unclear, but it can be mimicked by aggregation of their isolated light-harvesting complexes, FCP (fucoxanthin chlorophyll-a/c protein). We assess this model system by resonance Raman measurements of two peripheral FCPs, trimeric FCPa and nonameric FCPb, isolated from high- and low-light-adapted cells (LL, HL). Quenching is associated with a reorganisation of these proteins, affecting the conformation of their bound carotenoids, and in a manner which is highly dependent on the protein considered. FCPa from LL diatoms exhibits significant changes in diadinoxanthin structure, together with a smaller conformational change of at least one fucoxanthin. For these LL-FCPa, quenching is associated with consecutive events, displaying distinct spectral signatures, and its amplitude correlates with the planarity of the diadinoxanthin structure. HL-FCPa aggregation is associated with a change in planarity of a 515-nm-absorbing fucoxanthin, and, to a lesser extent, of diadinoxanthin. Finally, in FCPb, a blue-absorbing fucoxanthin is primarily affected. FCPs thus possess a plastic structure, undergoing several conformational changes upon aggregation, dependent upon their precise composition and structure. NPQ in diatoms may therefore arise from a combination of structural changes, dependent on the environment the cells are adapted to.
The spike protein of SARS-CoV-2 is a highly flexible membrane receptor that triggers the translocation of the virus into cells by attaching to the human receptors. Like other type I membrane receptors, this protein has several extracellular domains connected by flexible hinges. The presence of these hinges results in high flexibility, which consequently results in challenges in defining the conformation of the protein. Here, We developed a new method to define the conformational space based on a few variables inspired by the robotic field’s methods to determine a robotic arm’s forward kinematics. Using newly performed atomistic molecular dynamics (MD) simulations and publicly available data, we found that the Denavit-Hartenberg (DH) parameters can reliably show the changes in the local conformation. Furthermore, the rotational and translational components of the homogenous transformation matrix constructed based on the DH parameters can identify the changes in the global conformation of the spike and also differentiate between the conformation with a similar position of the spike head, which other types of parameters, such as spherical coordinates, fail to distinguish between such conformations. Finally, the new method will be beneficial for looking at the conformational heterogeneity in all other type I membrane receptors.
We present a new experimental dataset on the impact of the heavy halogens chlorine, bromine and iodine on the Raman water bands concerning pressure and their concentration at room temperature. These experiments were conducted at ambient temperature, with variations in halogen concentration and pressure ranging from 0 to 1.4 GPa.
The strength of the Raman water band shift change increases with the ionic size from chlorine, over bromine, to iodine. Our experiments further demonstrate that increased pressure diminishes the impact of the halogen shift change to a varying extent for each of the three halogens. This finding can have significant implications for the salinity calculation of fluid inclusions in minerals such as quartz or olivine. Particularly in the low salinity range, the concentration can be markedly underestimated if the pressure effect is neglected. For experiments in diamond anvil cells involving halogens dissolved in water, the change in Raman water band shifts can serve either as a new tool to monitor pressure, or to monitor the salinity.
Diversität und Diskurs – Wie (un-)politisch ist die Universität? : Ringvorlesung im Sommersemester
(2024)
We carry out an in-depth analysis of the prompt-collapse behaviour of binary neutron star (BNS) mergers. To this end, we perform more than 80 general relativistic BNS merger simulations using a family of realistic Equations of State (EOS) with different stiffness, which feature a first order deconfinement phase transition between hadronic and quark matter. From these simulations we infer the critical binary mass Mcrit that separates the prompt from the non-prompt collapse regime. We show that the critical mass increases with the stiffness of the EOS and obeys a tight quasi-universal relation, Mcrit/MTOV ≈ 1.41 ± 0.06, which links it to the maximum mass MTOV of static neutron stars, and therefore provides a straightforward estimate for the total binary mass beyond which prompt collapse becomes inevitable. In addition, we introduce a novel gauge independent definition for a one-parameter family of threshold masses in terms of curvature invariants of the Riemann tensor which characterizes the development toward a more rapid collapse with increasing binary mass. Using these diagnostics, we find that the amount of matter remaining outside the black hole sharply drops in supercritical mass mergers compared to subcritical ones and is further reduced in mergers where the black hole collapse is induced by the formation of a quark matter core. This implies that Mcrit, particularly for merger remnants featuring quark matter cores, imposes a strict upper limit on the emission of any detectable electromagnetic counterpart in BNS mergers.
Vielfalt im Hochschulsport
(2024)
Zum Sommersemester hat das Team vom Zentrum für Hochschulsport (ZfH) der Goethe-Universität wieder ein vielfältiges und buntes Programm auf die Beine gestellt. Dazu gehören natürlich Klassiker wie Fußball oder Volleyball, aber auch Trendsportarten und exotische Disziplinen. Einiges davon ist auch im laufenden Semester noch buchbar! Im Folgenden werden einige Angebote kurz beschrieben.
Spezialwissen für SCALE
(2024)
Volker Zickermann und Eric Helfrich sind bei der Exzellenzcluster-Initiative SCALE (Subcellular Architecture of Life) dabei und werden dort ihre Expertise einbringen. Das Spezialgebiet des einen ist ein Proteinkomplex in den Mitochondrien, den Kraftwerken der Zelle. Der andere sucht schwerpunktmäßig bisher unbekannte Naturstoffe, die die Basis für neue Antibiotika sein könnten.
Herzforschung meets KI
(2024)
Moderne Methoden der Künstlichen Intelligenz (KI) spielen in der Wissenschaft eine immer größere Rolle. Wie Forscher des Exzellenzclusters Cardio-Pulmonary Institute (CPI) KI in der Herzbildgebung nutzen, zeigte Professor Eike Nagel im Rahmen der Bürgeruniversität der Goethe-Universität. Er leitet das Institut für experimentelle und translationale kardiovaskuläre Bildgebung am Fachbereich Medizin und forscht an der Entwicklung verbesserter Behandlungsmöglichkeiten für Herz-Kreislauf-Erkrankungen. Mit dem Ziel, seine Forschung für alle Menschen zugänglich und verständlicher zu machen, lud Prof. Nagel interessierte Bürger*innen am 10. Mai in sein Institut ein.
Das deutsche Open Science Festival geht in die dritte Runde und wird am 17. und 18. September 2024 an der Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz stattfinden. In den Räumen der Musikhochschule bietet das Festival den Teilnehmenden die Gelegenheit, die Vielfalt und Bedeutung von Open Science zu entdecken und zu erleben.