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This paper aims to demonstrate the hidden place of the surrealist poet, Paul Éluard, in Samuel Beckett's writing process. It will show that Beckett not only read and translated Paul Éluard, as is known, but also quoted him extensively. Moving from Beethoven to the short story "Lessness", the place of quotation as a trace of emotion will be examined.
O presente artigo tem por objetivo tecer uma reflexão crítica acerca da "paixão" enunciada pela campanha de marketing da empresa de combustíveis Ipiranga, a partir das contribuições teóricas formuladas por Adorno e Horkheimer, teóricos da Escola de Frankfurt, no que concerne ao conceito de Indústria Cultural. Salientamos, desde já, que este ensaio não visa a estudar epistemologicamente a referida Escola, mas sim a apontar a atualidade do conceito de "indústria cultural". Em vista da atual crença na felicidade a partir do consumo idealizado de mercadorias, disseminados pela publicidade, o presente trabalho tem por objetivo tecer uma reflexão crítica acerca da Indústria Cultural contemporânea e suas implicações psicossociais na atual constituição das subjetividades, a partir da Teoria Crítica. Tomamos como exemplar da referida Indústria o slogan publicitário: "Apaixonados por carro como todo brasileiro", que divulga como "cultura de massa" esta "paixão". Metodologicamente procedemos a uma revisão de conceitos da Escola de Frankfurt vinculados à racionalidade técnico-instrumental moderna, apontando a atualidade do conceito de "indústria cultural" e diferenciando-o de uma cultura originária das massas. A pesquisa empírica, cuja estratégia metodológica consistiu em recolhermos depoimentos de internautas em 12 sites relacionados à temática do slogan, visou investigar as atuais formas de adesão/resistência ao referido slogan. Em nossa leitura teórico-crítica dos depoimentos, apesar das formas de adesão fascinadas serem majoritárias, também detectamos formas de resistência; o que nos aponta que esta "paixão", como muitas outras proclamadas pela indústria cultural, não emerge espontaneamente dos brasileiros, mas que, em verdade, foi construída para os brasileiros – forma atualizada do fetichismo da mercadoria.
The present study focuses on imagology. Starting from the theoretical aspects of the concepts self-image and hetero-image, the analysis ponders upon the imagological constructs of two ethnical groups in the novel of the Romanian German-language author Andreas Birkner. In this analysis, the self image identifies with the one of the Transylvanian, and the image of the other is that of the Roma. The analysis of Birkner's novel leads to the conclusion that there have been certain mental images deeply rooted in historical reality and which can be, partly, explained by means of collective memory parameters. Stereotypes and prejudices should be considered in this context.
Aber auch und gerade der von ihm [Heinrich Heine] als "Brutus" apostrophierte Nachfolger [Georg Herwegh] und Gegenspieler macht sich den Vergleich mit der römischen Geschichte im Allgemeinen und dem Tyrannenmörder im Speziellen zu eigen. In Herweghs Nachmärzlyrik dient die historische Parallele als wichtiges Signal zur Verortung des politischen Lyrikers im Spannungsfeld zwischen Kontinuität im Sinne einer Perpetuierung des revolutionären Kampfanspruchs und pragmatisch-opportunistischen Formen der Anpassung. Als besonders aufschlussreich und in seiner Komplexität noch längst nicht vollständig ausgeleuchtet erweist sich dabei Herweghs einzige ausführlichere öffentliche Stellungnahme zu Heine, die 1863, einige Monate nach dem Abdruck von dessen frühestem lyrischen Herwegh-Porträt in derselben Zeitschrift des Campe Verlags ("Orion") zum Abdruck gelangte. Es handelt sich um eine lyrische Trilogie mit unausgeführtem Mittelteil, was sich dem Leser allerdings nur über die zugehörige Anmerkung des Autors erschließt [...]
"Cécile" (1886) ist einer der großen Frauenromane Fontanes. Das Schicksal der Titelfigur, die die Unbarmherzigkeit gesellschaftlichen Drucks in den Selbstmord treibt, ist nicht nur menschlich anrührend, sondern kann als scharfe Kritik an Moralvorstellungen und Zwängen in einer Gesellschaft gelesen werden, die tiefe innere Gräben durch rigide Konvention überspielt. Ein zweiteiliger Aufbau an den Schauplätzen Thale im Harz, wo in der Atmosphäre der Sommerfrische kleine Transgressionen durchgehen mögen, und dem steiferen Berlin, eine sukzessive Entfaltung der Vorgeschichte Céciles und ihres Mannes St. Arnaud, die sich ihrem jungen Verehrer Gordon-Leslie als "Roman im Roman" enthüllt, und intrikate, schillernd ambivalente Anspielungs- und Motivkomplexe kennzeichnen den Text. Einer dieser Anspielungskomplexe ist den Kommentatoren bisher entgangen: der Verweis auf die Mörder Wallensteins in der Geschichte und in Schillers Wallenstein-Drama, besonders in dessen drittem Teil Wallensteins Tod, welchen die Namen des einen und der militärische Rang des anderen männlichen Protagonisten enthalten. Dem Verweiskomplex, den diese Signale öffnen, kommt eine zentrale textstrukturierende und hermeneutische Funktion zu. Den Verästelungen dieses Motivs nachzugehen kann dazu beitragen, die Verankerung des Erzählten in zeitgenössischen Diskursen nachzuzeichnen und das Wissen um Fontanes Strategie der wechselseitigen asymmetrischen, polyvalenten und oft widersprüchlichen Verspiegelung von Fiktion, Geschichtsdiskurs und der (eben im Diskurs konstruierten) Geschichte selbst um ein signifikantes Detail zu erweitern.
In den Nachrufen auf Bernhard Böschenstein, die in verschiedenen Zeitungen und im Internet erschienen sind, schien eine Formulierung unumgänglich, nämlich die, dass hier ein "herausragender" Vertreter seines Fachs von uns gegangen ist. Was war das Herausragende an diesem Literaturwissenschaftler? Anstelle eines Nachrufs im eigentlichen Sinne versucht Christian Villiger im Folgenden, Böschensteins Zugang zur Literatur genauer zu charakterisieren und dabei auch diese Frage zu beantworten.
Dieser Essay versucht eine Annäherung an das Phänomen der Einstürzenden Neubauten vermittels der Songtexte, die aus verschiedenen Perspektiven vermessen werden, um einige zentrale Grundlinien zu bestimmen. Die akademische Beschäftigung mit Songtexten und Pop-Musik hat sich in der deutschen Germanistik und Kulturwissenschaft während der letzten Jahre als auffälliger Trend ausgebildet. Wenngleich dabei einige Fortschritte gemacht wurden, um an den avancierteren Stand der englischsprachigen Forschung auf diesem Feld anzuschließen, stehen Analysen zu den Texten der künstlerisch bedeutendsten
deutschen Pop-Musik-Gruppen noch weitgehend aus. Im Hinblick auf die Einstürzenden Neubauten versteht sich das Folgende als Beitrag zur noch in den Kinderschuhen steckenden Forschung zur Band im Allgemeinen und zu deren bemerkenswerten Texten im Besonderen.
Die letzte Geschichte des Erzählbands "Die Stadt Ys" trägt nicht nur dessen Titel. Von einigen Unterschieden abgesehen, beginnt sie ebenfalls mit dem Text, der dem Prosaband als Prolog vorhergeht. Er knüpft an die bretonische Sage von der Stadt Ys-Ker an, die das Motiv der versunkenen Stadt variiert.
Die Sage erzählt von einer an der Bucht von Douarnenez in der Normandie gelegenen Stadt Ker-Ys. Sie war einst zu großem Reichtum gelangt, wurde aber wegen verbotener Liebe der Königstochter zum Untergang verurteilt und versank in einer Sturmnacht in den Meeresfluten. Bei Sonnenaufgang soll sie seither als mahnendes Beispiel aus dem Meer ragen, und an klaren, windstillen Tagen wollen Fischer ihre Glocken hören können. Der prologartige Text übernimmt zwar das Motiv des Untergangs und des Wiederauftauchens, jedoch mit der surrealistischen Pointe, dass die Stadt, Paradigma des Festgebaut-Statischen, sich auf Wanderschaft begibt. Formale Entsprechung dieser Paradigmen-Verkehrung ist die Namensinversion. Aus Ker-Ys wird im Prolog Ys-Ker. Titelgebend für den Erzählband ist dann die Reduktion dieses Doppelnamens auf dessen erste Hälfte.
O objetivo deste artigo é analisar o último romance de Christian Kracht, "Die Toten" ("Os Mortos", 2016), a partir da ótica da encenação textual e autoral, ou seja, examinando o texto em suas configurações linguísticas e relações intertextuais; e o autor em sua presença midiática - através da qual se encena de modo ambíguo e estabelece relações entre sua figura autoral e o personagem principal de sua obra. O conceito de campo literário de Bourdieu (1996) e de paratexto de Genette (1989) oferecem subsídios teóricos para a abordagem feita. Percebe-se que Kracht, em "Die Toten", utiliza várias estratégias para refletir sobre a própria obra.
Unmotivated and unprepared, an Austrian young man leaves his home town Vienna, only to dive into the unknown Romania. He already has images of this country in his mind. He is on his way towards the magical, dark, sparkling Transdanubien, about which he only knows clichés: that Romanians barely have anything to eat, that it is a country of gypsies, that the official language is Russian, that it is an anachronistic country par excellence. With this perspective, his relationship with local Ilina can only fail. This article follows along the lines of a complicated inter-cultural communication.
Der poetologische Begriff der Katharsis aus der "Poetik" des Aristoteles hat in einer langen Rezeptionsgeschichte viele widersprüchliche Lesarten erfahren. Im Wien der Jahrhundertwende erlebte diese Rezeption einen Höhepunkt. Die Neubestimmung des aristotelischen Katharsisbegriffs durch den Klassischen Philologen Jacob Bernays (1824–1881) fiel besonders in Wien auf fruchtbaren Boden und betrifft - wenn auch nur indirekt und vermittelt - auch die Werke Arthur Schnitzlers. [...] Die folgende Studie stellt sich die Frage, wie Arthur Schnitzler sich in dieser vielstimmigen Diskussion des aristotelischen Begriffs positionierte und wie er in seinen Werken, besonders in seinen Tragödien, den Katharsisbegriff verstand und einsetzte. Schnitzlers Part im Konzert der Wiener Katharsisrezeption ist zunächst einmal durch seine frühen Verbindungen zu den "Hysterie"-Studien von Breuer und Freud von Interesse, hat er doch therapeutische Einsichten dieser Schrift, wie vor allem die Technik der Hypnose, geteilt oder sogar vorweggenommen.
Die Abteilung für Deutsche Sprache und Literatur der Hacettepe Universität und das DAAD-Informationszentrum Ankara boten im Frühlingssemester 2018-19 für interessierte Masterstudierende und Doktoranden ein Workshop-Seminar zu kulturellen Konzepten im Werk "Ein Winter in Istanbul" von Angelika Overath an. In diesem Workshop sollten die Teilnehmer versuchen, Hypothesen zum Werk aufzustellen. Zur Vorbereitung für diesen Präsenzworkshop wurden von Assoc. Prof. Dr. Mutlu ER und Assoc. Prof. Dr. Max Florian HERTSCH jeweils ein Seminar mit den Themenkomplexen Kultur, Identität, Diskursanalyse und Hypothesenforschung gehalten. Der Mehrwert des Workshop-Seminars bestand darin, dass die Studierenden Fragen aus den Werken anhand von Hypothesen direkt an die Autorin stellen konnten. Um diese auch anderen Wissenschaftlern nicht vorzuenthalten, entschied man den Workshop aufzunehmen und im Anschluss zu transkribieren.
One of the main controversial topics of German language is the definition of word types and the classification of the principles. There are different views on the definition of 'particle' and 'intensive particle'. An interesting object of study of linguistics in this context are primarily grammaticalized words that lose their actual lexical meaning, assume grammatical functions and act as lexical intensifiers. In the first part of this article, general information is given about the definition and classification of the concepts of 'particle' and 'intensive particle'. The second part of the study handles the 'intensive particle', so called by the German language linguist Hentschel (1998), which have partly metaphorical features. The use of these words as 'intensive particle' in certain areas has been examined with German and Turkish examples and the differences and similarities have been revealed in two languages.
Ich würde sagen, dass Individuen mal die Contenance verlieren, sich im Ton vergreifen, das kann vorkommen. Und natürlich gibt es Frustrationspotenzial und Irritationen, die auch mal ausgesprochen werden müssen. Das kann die Ebene des sachorientierten Austauschs von Argumenten durchaus verlassen. Jede Demokratie sollte das aushalten können. Aber ich würde nicht behaupten, dass Hasstiraden gerade im Netz, Trolling und Ähnliches, eine Form des produktiven Streits wären, die Bindekraft erzeugen würde. Im Gegenteil: Wenn sich das ausbreitet und systematisch wird, wirkt es zersetzend für den gesellschaftlichen Zusammenhalt. ...
Für Aristoteles gleicht das Drama einem 'zóon', einem Lebewesen mit Anfang, Mitte und Ende. Gemeint sind Entstehung, Ausgestaltung und Abschluss der Handlungsstruktur, und zwar als 'psyché', als Seele, des Dramas. Aus einem Blickwinkel, der weniger am 'dráma' und mehr an den körperlichen Dimensionen des Theaters orientiert ist, ließe sich Aristoteles’ Vergleich auch zur Frage nach einer Organologie des Theaters und ihrer politischen und sinnesphysiologischen Implikationen wenden. Darum geht es mir im Folgenden – für ein unterschätztes Organ: für die Füße.
Celan hat sowohl Werke zugeeignet – neben einzelnen Gedichten sind auch zwei seiner Gedichtbände als Akt der symbolischen Schenkung Personen gewidmet – als auch Einzelexemplare mit handschriftlichen Widmungen versehen. Hinzu kommt der Sonderfall der widmungslosen Festschriftzugaben. Über die historisch-kritische Bonner Celan-Ausgabe und den sorgsamen Kommentar in Barbara Wiedemanns Gesamtausgabe der Celan-Gedichte sind die Zueignungen auch in den Fällen zu ermitteln, wo Celan sie für den Erstdruck oder nachfolgende Veröffentlichungen wieder entfernte. Abseits meiner eigenen Beschäftigung mit Celans Widmungslyrik in Vergleich zu Widmungsgedichten Ilse Aichingers existiert bisher keine Forschungsarbeit zu Celans Widmungspraxis. Dabei belegen Briefe, dass Celan selbst beim Vorabdruck einzelner Gedichte auf die vorangestellte Widmung bestand: Die Widmung ist für ihn als
"eigenständige poetologisch-relevante Aussage ernstzunehmen". Einige seiner Dedikationen finden sich nur in der Textgenese und werden wieder getilgt, andere entstehen erst in der Fassung letzter Hand, und manche Widmungsgedichte finden nie in den Druck. Was auf den ersten Blick unübersichtlich und uneinheitlich wirkt, enthüllt bei genauerer Analyse Züge einer ästhetischen Praxis, die grundlegende Maximen in Celans Poetik berührt.
Die nachfolgende Untersuchung hat nicht nur Sabine Schos Farben-Band zum Gegenstand, sondern will Werke acht weiterer deutschsprachiger Autorinnen und Autoren auf den Gebrauch von Farbworten in den Gedichten hin analysieren. Voraussetzung für die Aufnahme in das Korpus war - bis auf Sabine Scho -, dass mindesten drei Gedichtbände vorliegen müssen, damit eine mögliche Entwicklung oder Veränderung deutlich werden kann. Beachtet werden nur Werke, die nach 2000 erschienen sind oder Autoren, deren Publikationstätigkeit erst kurz vor oder nach der Jahrtausendwende begonnen hat. Diese Kriterien erfüllen Nico Bleutge, Björn Kuhligk, Albert Ostermaier, Steffen Popp, Marion Poschmann, Monika Rinck, Jan Wagner und Ron Winkler. Ausgangspunkt bei der Lektüre ihrer Werke ist die Überlegung, dass Farben markante Adjektive sind, die den Anschein erwecken, als könne in einem schwarzweißen Druckerzeugnis bunte Sichtbarkeit hergestellt werden. Wenn es aber stimmt, dass gerade das "Sichtbare nicht zu den Stärken der Dichtung" gehört, dann können Farbworte in den - zumeist kurzen - lyrischen Texten ein besonderer Brennpunkt sein, der nicht nur eine metaphorisch-symbolische Ebene signalisiert, sondern auch Anschaulichkeit und optische Prägnanz anstreben kann. Das mit Farben ebenfalls verbundene heikle Gefühls- und Stimmungsspektrum wird in der Lyrik im 21. Jahrhundert nicht mehr unbedingt angestrebt; deswegen ist von Interesse, wie mit der emotionalen Gefahrenzone umgegangen wird. Entscheidende Fragen in diesem Zusammenhang sind: Wird Gottfried Benns Warnung vor "Wortklischees" berücksichtigt? Wie oft ist der Himmel blau, die Rose rot und der Baum grün? Werden Komposita gebildet und wenn ja, welche, und wie werden bekannte Farbbezeichnungen in unbekannte Zusammenhänge eingeordnet? Spielen synästhetische Effekte und Vergleiche eine größere Rolle? Wie wichtig ist die Stellung der Farbworte im Gedicht oder im Vers, zu Beginn, am Ende oder unauffälliger mitten im Text? Insgesamt soll über den Fokus Farbe eine allgemeinere Diagnostik gegenwartslyrischer Schreibweisen erstellt werden.
Seine damaligen Zeitgenossen ebenso wie die neuen Leser haben immer wieder Falladas Humanismus hervorgehoben. In seinen Büchern hat er unzähligen Lesern Mut zugesprochen, selbst in den schwierigsten Lebensphasen glauben seine Figuren stets an das Gute, an die Anständigkeit und menschliche Würde. Wenn es aber um seine eigene Person ging, kannte Fallada keine Gnade. Sein Leben war eine taumelnde Selbstzerstörung. Worauf führt Fallada das humane Verhalten seiner Figuren zurück? Dieser Frage versuche ich anhand von drei seiner Romane nachzugehen: "Kleiner Mann - was nun?"(1932), "Wolf unter Wölfen" (1937) und "Jeder stirbt für sich allein" (1947). Berücksichtigt wird auch die damalige Briefkorrespondenz zwischen dem Autor und seinen Zeitgenossen.
Memoirs by women (from the Global North) who have employed a gestational host (from the Global South) to become mothers are situated in a force field of intersecting discourses about gender, race and class. The article sheds light on the characteristic dynamics of this special sub-genre of ‘mommy lit’ (Hewett), labelled ‘IP memoirs,’ with a special emphasis on memoirs featuring transnational cross-racial gestational surrogacy arrangements in India. These texts do not only present narratives of painful infertility experiences, autopathographic self-blame, and scriptotherapeutic quests towards happiness, i.e. (a) child(ren), but also speak back to knotty issues such as potential exploitation, commodification, colonisation and disenfranchisement, as well as genetic essentialism in the context of systemic inequities.
Transdisciplinary research is research not only on, but also for and, most of all, with practitioners. In the research framework of transdisciplinarity, scholars and practitioners collaborate throughout research projects with the aim of mutual learning. This paper shows the value transdisciplinarity can add to media linguistics. It does so by investigating the digital literacy shift in journalism: the change, in the last two decades, from the predominance of a writing mode that we have termed focused writing to a mode we have called writing-by-the-way. Large corpora of writing process data have been generated and analyzed with the multimethod approach of progression analysis in order to combine analytical depth with breadth. On the object level of doing writing in journalism, results show that the general trend towards writing-by-the-way opens up new niches for focused writing. On a meta level of doing research, findings explain under what conditions transdisciplinarity allows for deeper insights into the medialinguistic object of investigation.
Maria Magnin zeigt anhand ausgewählter Textbeispiele vor allem von Fanny Lewald, Louise Otto-Peters und Hedwig Dohm, inwiefern diese Autorinnen geschlechtsstereotype Rollenmuster und -erwartungen, die auf die Verbindung von Weiblichkeit und Luxus bezogen waren, verarbeiten. Magnin veranschaulicht, inwiefern die Autorinnen die Konnotation des Luxuriösen als genuin weiblich zurückweisen, indem sie diese als Resultat von Erziehung und Sozialisation beschreiben. Darin wird deutlich, dass die Autorinnen "mit der Beschreibung ihrer eigenen Erziehung […] Widersprüche im bürgerlichen Frauenbild offenkundig" machen.
Carson Ellis’ Bilderbuch "Du Iz Tak?" (2016) stellt eine besondere Herausforderung der Bilderbuchübersetzung dar, da der Schrifttext ausschließlich in einer fiktiven Sprache verfasst ist. Eine Übersetzung erscheint damit zwar auf den ersten Blick überflüssig. Eine nähere Untersuchung des Ausgangstextes legt jedoch vielfaltige intermodale, inter- und intralinguale Bezuge frei, die einerseits ein Feld der Polyvalenz entfalten und die Übersetzung erschweren, andererseits eine Übersetzung unumgänglich machen.
Herr Professor Clark, wie gelingt es Ihnen, derart effizient "mit der Zeit zu tanzen", um einen Ausdruck aus Ihrem aktuellen Buch "Von Zeit und Macht" zu benutzen? Sie sind Hochschullehrer, Moderator von Geschichtssendungen im deutschen Fernsehen und Bestsellerautor. Verwenden Sie eine bestimmte Methode des Zeitmanagements? ...
Obgleich Bilder sich also offensichtlich von den Dingen der übrigen Welt grundsätzlich unterscheiden, breitet sich in der postmodernen Gegenwart, einem verbreiteten Diskurs zu Folge, ein Erfahrungs- und Handlungsraum aus, in dem Bilder ganz umstandslos das Reale zu ersetzen vermögen. Die Rede von einem "Reich der Bilder", in dem ein perfekter und zudem interaktiver Illusionismus reale Anwesenheit hat obsolet werden lassen, ist fast zu einem Gemeinplatz geworden. Die folgenden Ausführungen handeln von einer Substitution des Realen durch Bilder und sind insofern von einer postmodernen Befindlichkeit und der zu dieser gehörenden Vertrautheit mit einer sich aus Bildern konstruierenden Welt durchstimmt. Aber auch wenn einige der aufgeführten Beispiele der visuellen Kultur der letzten Jahre entnommen sind, hat die Bildinvasion, um die es hier geht, nichts zu tun mit der Aufrüstung der Lebenswelt zur aus perfekten Simulakren bestehenden Hyperrealität, wie sie die digitale Bilderproduktion in vielen Lebensbereichen bewerkstelligt. Thema ist ein eher versponnenes Phänomen, das als eine eigenartige Blüte ganz unabhängig von dem aktuellen "pictorial turn" aus der visuellen Weltaneignung, wie sie das "Augentier" Mensch in allen Epochen betreibt, hin und wieder erwächst. Vorgestellt werden Wahrnehmungen und Repräsentationen, bei denen die Sichtbarkeit, in die das Sehvermögen die Dinge der Welt "entbirgt", einen Überschuss produziert und sich, in einer eigentlich absurden Übertreibung, zu einer vorgeblich den wahrgenommenen Dingen selbst angehörenden Bildhaftigkeit kristallisiert. Das Kulturprodukt Bild – das die Menschen erfunden haben, um der Sichtbarkeit der Dinge eine von deren Materialität abgetrennte und semantische sowie ästhetische Effekte ermöglichende Auftrittsbühne zu eröffnen – scheint in einer paradoxen Wendung das Aussehen der Dinge selbst zu sein. Den gesehenen Dingen wird die Textur eines Bildes unterstellt.
"Medizin bringt einem den Menschen nahe", sagt Dietmar Schranz. Schon als junger Arzt bereiste er die Welt. Er behandelte Leprakranke in Pakistan und war mit "Cap Anamur – Deutsche Not-Ärzte" in Asien. Dass er schließlich Kinderkardiologe wurde, verdankt er vier geistigen Vätern. Heute ist er selbst für viele Kardiologen weltweit zu einer prägenden Figur geworden.
Um die Jahrhundertwende tauchen in Bildender Kunst, Literatur, Tanz und Musik verstärkt Figuren der Commedia dell'Arte auf. Insbesondere Pierrot ist, neben seinen Verwandten Harlekin, dem deutschen Hanswurst und dem russischen Kollegen Petruschka, eine beliebte Figur, die ein intermediales Spielfeld zwischen den Künsten eröffnet. [...] Im Bild des Pierrot, mitunter auch im Zusammenspiel mit seinem Kontrahenten Harlekin, verdichtet sich das Ambivalente, die Gleichzeitigkeit des Ungleichen, die so typisch für die Wiener Moderne ist, und unter anderem auch Hofmannsthals Schreiben und Denken kennzeichnet, deren paradoxe Strukturen in der Forschung hinreichend belegt wurden. Die Wandelbarkeit der Figur eignet sich hervorragend, um die Vieldeutigkeit der modernen Existenz darzustellen, die sich einem endgültigen Urteil entzieht. [...] Im ersten Teil der vorliegenden Untersuchung werden zwei wegweisende Pierrottexte vorgestellt, mit denen sich der Wiener Dichter befasst hat. Diese Auseinandersetzungen zeigen, dass es Hofmannsthal bei seinen Studien im Wesentlichen um das widersprüchliche Auftreten der Figur geht. Der zweite Teil widmet sich drei Pantomimenfragmenten, die als 'erzählte Pantomimen' zunächst formale Gemeinsamkeiten besitzen. Darüber hinaus porträtieren diese Dichtungen Protagonisten, die als Pierrot bzw. als sein Verwandter, der 'liebe Augustin', clownesk-melancholische Zwischentöne schaffen und dabei die Wandelbarkeit der Figur zum Ausdruck bringen. Auf figuraler Ebene tragen die komisch-traurigen Gestalten so zur ambivalenten Atmosphäre bei, zu Spannungsfeldern also, die Hofmannsthals Werk kennzeichnen.
Neben einer philosophisch-literarischen Rezeption, die auf die wissenschaftlichen Erkenntnisse über die Beschaffenheit des Universums etwa mit dem Begriff des Erhabenen, dem Gefühl des Staunens oder mit dem Verweis auf die Inkommensurabilität von kosmischen Dimensionen und menschlichem Fassungsvermögen reagiert, entspringen einer bestimmten literarischen Imagination Bilder der Haltlosigkeit, des Taumels und des Daseinszweifels. Es lässt sich eine Traditionslinie von literarischen Texten konstruieren, die, weitgehend unabhängig voneinander, darstellen, wie die ungezählten Sternenhaufen und Galaxien eine Art somatischer Affizierung bewirken, das heißt ein Empfinden von Übelkeit, bis hin zum Ekel, auslösen, wobei das Subjekt zudem aus seiner festen Betrachterposition auf der Erde förmlich herausgerissen wird und in eine vom Himmelsraum ausgehende angstbesetzte Sogbewegung zu geraten scheint. Pointiert gesagt tritt auf der literarischen Bildebene an die Stelle des Himmelsgewölbes der sternendurchsetzte Abgrund.
Ende Mai 1935 übersendet Walter Benjamin ein Exposé zur "Passagenarbeit" an Theodor W. Adorno. Dieser reagiert Anfang August mit seinem großen "Hornberger Brief", in dem er regelrecht Gericht über Benjamins Exposé hält und unter anderem scharf gegen das Fehlen des ihm aus früheren Stadien der Arbeit bekannten Motivs der Moderne als Hölle protestiert. [...] Benjamins hier spekulativ elaborierte Antwort auf Adornos Vorwurf verdeutlicht, dass das Fehlen des Motivs der Hölle im Exposé von 1935 nicht zu einem theoretischen Plausibilitätsverlust des Paradies-Topos führt und die Darstellung auch nicht insgesamt in archaische Muster zurückfallen lässt. Mit der Bestimmung der Moderne als schamlose Sumpfwelt erfolgt kein Rekurs auf ein politisch indifferentes kollektives Unbewusstes. Vielmehr wird das praktische Nicht-Wiedereintreten des technisch möglich gewordenen Paradieses als ökonomische Klassenfrage erkennbar.
Welchen Wert hat das Ungeschriebene für die Literaturwissenschaft? Die intuitive Antwort wäre wohl: keinen, beschäftigt sich die Philologie als Realwissenschaft doch mit dem tatsächlich Vorliegenden … einerseits. Andererseits ist das bloß Imaginierte nicht nur eine starke kreative Kraft und notwendige Vorstufe des Geschriebenen im Prozess des Schreibens, es kann als Spielmarke nicht bloß der Selbst-, sondern auch der Fremdanregung dienen, als Ankündigung, Absichtserklärung, Versprechen etc. Diese Phantomliteratur erhält also erstens eine Wirkkraft, obwohl sie nicht vorhanden ist, sie ist zweitens stets textuell oder zumindest parasitär textuell, weil sie als Referenz benannt sein muss, ihre Planung und der Wille zum Text, wie ernsthaft auch immer er gemeint ist, muss zumindest angedeutet werden. Und drittens liegt ihr irritierendes und mithin aktivierendes Potential genau darin begründet, dass sie nicht vorliegt, da sie als Störfall stets die Bedingungen der Produktion und unartikulierte Vorannahmen sichtbar macht, aber ebenso Akteure des literarischen Feldes dazu zwingt, sich zu ihr zu verhalten. Der Wert des Ungeschriebenen ist folglich nicht stabil, schwankt, je nachdem, welche Rolle ihm zugemessen wird, ob man versucht, das Ungeschriebene zu verdrängen, zu tilgen oder es bewusst ausstellt und selbstgenerativ für neue Projekte heranzieht.
Dieses Zitat von Sperone Speroni aus dem "Dialogo d’Amore" (1542) beschreibt eindrücklich die herausragende Stellung des Malers Tizian. Die Hochachtung, die aus diesen Worten hervorgeht, spiegelt sich in der Ausstellung Tizian und die Renaissance in Venedig wieder, die vom 13. Februar bis zum 26. Mai 2019 im Frankfurter Städel Museum zu sehen ist. Die Sonderausstellung mit über 100 Meisterwerken widmet sich nicht nur Tizian, sondern auch anderen wichtigen Vertretern der venezianischen Malerei der Renaissance. So werden unter anderem Gemälde und Zeichnungen von Giovanni Bellini, Jacopo Palma il Vecchio, Sebastiano del Piombo, Lorenzo Lotto, Jacopo Tintoretto, Jacopo Bassano und Paolo Veronese gezeigt. In einer Folge von acht Kapiteln führt die Präsentation dieser Meisterwerke durch ausgewählte Themenfelder, die für die venezianische Malerei im 16. Jahrhundert charakteristisch sind. ...
Falar sobre as relações que se estabelecem entre o estrangeiro e a sociedade que oferece asilo, as que possuem o poder da hospitalidade, parece urgente. Principalmente quando pensamos nas crescentes ondas migratórias que têm levado muitos emigrantes e refugiados para países emergentes, tais como Brasil, na América do sul, e Alemanha, na Europa. No entanto, sempre abordamos a temática, ou sempre que a temática é abordada, observamos um padrão: falar sobre o tema a partir da perspectiva do portador da linguagem de direito excluindo do debate a visão do principal agente das ações migratórias; o estrangeiro. O presente artigo surge como uma tentativa de análise e caracterização desse sujeito estranho a partir da teoria de Jacques Derrida (2003), que afirma ser essa entidade, e somente ela, a portadora da questão dos valores agregados nas relações que se estabelecem entre estranho e sociedade. Além disso, segundo Jean-Luc Nancy (2006), experimentar a chegada do estrangeiro é apreciar uma série de mudanças nos nossos comportamentos morais, e por isso tão importante que esta entidade deixa de ser o tema e passa a ser o foco. Para que tal análise fosse realizada, tomamos como objeto de leitura a novela escrita por Thomas Mann (1971), intitulado "Tonio Kröger" (1902). O enredo da obra e a própria construção do personagem Tonio nos proporciona uma visão interessante da problemática que é a do sujeito, que apesar de pertencer e estar inserido no contexto social que invade, questiona as convenções morais vigentes a partir da sua própria constituição de estranho, e por isso, é constantemente classificando como um estrangeiro social. A partir disso, buscamos traçar caracterizações identificadas no personagem com o intuito de responder as seguintes perguntas: quem é esse estrangeiro? E o que faz dele um estrangeiro? Chegando então a tripla caracterização deste indivíduo social, do estranho que em mim habita.
O objetivo deste estudo é analisar os usos da palavra 'mal' na língua alemã, comparando-os com possíveis traduções para a língua portuguesa. A partir dos dados levantados e analisados, busca-se descrever o uso da variante 'uma vez' no português em Itapiranga e São João do Oeste, localidades situadas no oeste de Santa Catarina, Brasil, com forte presença de falantes do alemão Hunsrückisch como língua de imigração. Para a realização do estudo, seguiu-se a metodologia proposta pela dialetologia pluridimensional e relacional, conforme Thun (1998). No presente estudo, realizaram-se entrevistas com 16 falantes bilíngues Hunsrückisch/português das duas localidades.
Die Berliner Initiative "Deutsche Wohnen & Co enteignen" hat in den letzten Wochen für einigen öffentlichen Wirbel gesorgt. Die Initiator*innen sammeln aktuell Unterschriften für ein Volksbegehren, mit dem der Berliner Senat dazu aufgefordert werden soll ein Gesetz zu verabschieden, um private Wohnungsgesellschaften, die mehr als 3.000 Wohnungen besitzen, zu vergesellschaften und ihren Grund und Boden in eine Anstalt des öffentlichen Rechts "unter mehrheitlich demokratischer Beteiligung von Stadtgesellschaft und Mieter*innen" zu überführen. Ihr rechtlicher Anknüpfungspunkt ist dabei Art. 15 Grundgesetz, der die Vergesellschaftung von Grund und Boden, Naturschätzen und Produktionsmitteln ermöglicht.
Die Keksfabrik, das alte Backsteingemäuer, dessen Schornstein hinter der Universitätsbibliothek in die Höhe ragt, beherbergt seit vielen Jahrzehnten das Institut für Kunstpädagogik. Auf besondere Weise hat dieser Ort Arbeit und Lehre beeinflusst; nicht zuletzt durch die Aneignung der Räumlichkeiten als Werkstätten und Ateliers. Doch der Umzug auf den Campus Westend rückt näher und noch bevor die Erinnerung an das markante Gebäude verblasst, soll die Geschichte dieses besonderen Standortes, sowie sein Einfluss auf das Institutsleben in einer Ausstellung beleuchtet werden. Eröffnet wird sie an diesem Donnerstag ab 18 Uhr mit einem Rundgang. ...
In unserem Alltag stehen wir im ständigen Kontakt mit multimedialen und visuellen Medien. Diese beeinflussen unser kommunikatives Handeln innerhalb eines kulturellen Bereichs mit seinen Zeichensystemen und Konventionen. Daher sollte die visuelle Kultur auch im Bildungskontext verstärkt berücksichtigt werden und folglich Eingang in Bildungsstandards finden. Visual Literacy beschäftigt sich mit den Objekten, Prozessen und Strategien im Umgang mit visuellen Medien und ihrer Integration in pädagogische Prozesse. Dieser Artikel befasst sich konkret mit der Visual Literacy im DaF-Unterricht. Beim Fremdsprachenerwerb sollten Bilder nicht nur als Unterstützung für ein besseres Verständnis eingesetzt werden – als rein instrumentales Medium werden ihre Möglichkeiten nicht adäquat genutzt. Ausgehend vom interdisziplinären Charakter der visuellen Kompetenz bieten die engere fächerübergreifende Zusammenarbeit sowie die systematische Verbindung mit neuen Medien in einem Diskurs zum Thema Visual Literacy eine Lösung zur Überwindung der üblichen Verfahren. Die theoretischen Überlegungen werden durch praktische Beispiele ergänzt.
Die Verlags- und Buchhandelsgeschichte des 18. und 19. Jahrhunderts ist sowohl »faszinierende Blütezeit des Buchhandels in Deutschland« (Raabe 1984, S. IX) als auch reich an Innovationen des Kinder- und Jugendbuchmarkts im Prozess der Institutionalisierung und der Modernisierung (vgl. Schmid 2018, S. 22 ff.; Ewers 1982, S. 13 u. a.). Zu Recht wurde betont, dass sich Verlage als »eigentlich bestimmende und dynamische« Instanz der Kinder- und Jugendliteratur herausstellten, weil sie »als erste die enorm gestiegenen Lese- und Bildungsbedürfnisse immer breiterer Schichten wahrnahmen« und darauf strategisch geschickt reagierten (vgl. Dettmar u. a. 2003, S. 128)...
Johann Wolfgang Goethes Faust ist vielfach als "Welt-Dichtung" interpretiert worden, in der das Dasein – "[v]om Himmel durch die Welt zur Hölle" – in ebenso umfassender wie exemplarischer Weise verhandelt wird und zur Anschauung gelangt. So erhebt etwa Georg Lukács die Tragödie zum "Drama der Menschengattung", zum "einzigartigen Weltgedicht": "[I]m Mittelpunkt steht ein
Individuum, dessen Erlebnisse, dessen Schicksal und Entwicklung zugleich den Fortgang und das Geschick der ganzen Gattung darstellen sollen". Diese Tendenz zur Totalität gilt auch in medialer Hinsicht. In der Goethe'schenFaust-Dichtung zeigen sich eine Reihe von medien- oder medialitätsspezifischen Eigenschaften, die eine seit den 1970er Jahren zunehmend mediensensible Literaturwissenschaft als charakteristisch erachtet für das Zeitalter der Medienmoderne.
Mit dem "Prager Erbe" bezeichnete Weiskopf eine interkulturelle Kompetenz, die er vor allem auf historische und kulturgeschichtliche Ereignisse der tschechischen, jüdischen und schließlich auch deutschen Nationalitäten in den böhmischen Ländern bezieht. Die Kompetenz, die er hier für das Werk Kischs herstellte, lässt sich für Weiskopfs eigenes Schaffen herausarbeiten. Es wird davon ausgegangen, dass er in seinem Leben und Werk als Mittler tschechischer Kultur wirkte, wobei sich dieser Beitrag auf die Exilzeit Weiskopfs konzentriert. Nach einer kurzen Darstellung der Flucht und Ankunft in dem Exilort New York steht zunächst Weiskopfs journalistisches Schaffen im Mittelpunkt des Beitrages. Dieses wird unter dem Aspekt der Darstellung von Eigenem und Fremden, also dem amerikanischen Exilland und der Prager Herkunft, untersucht. Die weiteren Teile des Beitrags konzentrieren sich auf die Korrespondenzen mit Heinrich Mann und Egon Erwin Kisch. Mann erbittet Weiskopfs Meinung zu seinem Werk Lidice und abschließend wird in der Korrespondenz zwischen Weiskopf und Kisch die Diskussion über die Heimkehr in die alte Prager Heimat nach Beendigung des Weltkrieges dargestellt.
Refugee reception in Germany is a primarily municipal task that relies heavily on neighborhood-based volunteering. This paper asserts that there are fundamental spatial mismatches between municipal policies and neighborhood-based approaches that place additional burden on all of the stakeholders involved. Drawing from the case of Frankfurt-Rödelheim, which is a socially and ethnically mixed neighborhood in Frankfurt am Main, I show how the way the municipality accommodates refugees disregards the politically embraced work of neighborhood-based volunteers and how the ideal of neighborhood-based inclusion creates a spatial fetish that fails the living reality of the refugees. The findings are based on my ethnographic fieldwork as volunteer in a neighborhood-based welcome initiative.
Dass im Sachbuch allgemein und im bebilderten Sachbuch für Kinder im Speziellen mittlerweile verschiedene Formen der Informationsvermittlung existieren, bei denen einerseits die Erzählung, und andererseits die Sache selbst im Vordergrund stehen können, spiegelt sich unter anderem in Begriffen wie Sachbilderbuch, Erzählsachbuch oder Informationssachbuch (vgl. Ossowski 2000, S. 673) wider. Diese Begriffe legen offen, dass Sachbücher mittlerweile verschiedene Akzentuierungen der Kombination erzählender und informierender und daraus folgend fiktionaler und faktualer Narrationselemente aufweisen, denen die dem Sachbuch unterstellte Dichotomie dieser beiden Aspekte (vgl. Hussong 1984, S. 71) nicht gerecht wird...
On the one side there is book culture, centered on the printed book as a material object; on the other digital culture, centered on what is displayed on a screen, by now more often than not that of a mobile phone. In the cultural imaginary, the two practices are separated by far more than just media technology. The girl in Delevingne's picture, in choosing to read a book rather than participate in the social media arena, opts (as the black-and-white blocking of the caption neatly reflects) for a commendable type of media use: She sharpens her intellect and exercises her imagination, she digs deep rather than staying on the surface, and she engages – in a seemingly disinterested manner – with valuable content rather than obsessing over how to present herself in the best light. Her absorption is a badge of honor, much different from the 'bad' absorption of digital media users, a recurring trope that is artistically represented, for example, in the much-acclaimed surrealist photo series "SURFAKE" by the French photographer Antoine Geiger, which represents mobile phone users whose faces are sucked into their devices.
This article presents an analysis of the police television series A Touch of Frost (Yorkshire Television, 1992) and the crime novels by Rodney Wingfield upon which it is based.
In order to analyse the way the protagonist, Inspector Jack Frost, is characterised in either version, data is drawn from the pilot episode of the series and Wingfield’s debut novel Frost at Christmas (1984). Wingfield was less than impressed with television’s version of Frost, stating, ‘He just isn’t my Frost’. The rationale for this article is to apply established models in stylistics to investigate the differences between the original and the adaptation. A core motivation for stylistics is to ‘support initial impressions in various extracts’ readings’ and to ‘describe the readers’ response with some precision’ (Gregoriou 2007: 19); this article therefore offers a close linguistic explanation for an author’s dissatisfaction with the adaptation of his own work. The famously reticent Wingfield did not elaborate in detail on why he disapproved of the television version of Frost, although several critics observed that Wingfield felt television had ‘softened’ his creation. This article contends that ‘softness’ is represented in language through politeness strategies adopted by speakers whilst impoliteness represents the ‘tougher’ speech of Wingfield’s original iteration of Jack Frost. In order to demonstrate this contention, this study will analyse pragmatic elements of the dialogue of both novel and television versions of Frost through the analytical framework for impoliteness developed by Culpeper (1996; 2010). This framework will be integrated into the model for analysing the elements of narrative outlined by Simpson and Montgomery (1995), in turn suggesting an elaboration of this model. In investigating whether television’s Jack Frost is ‘softer’ than the character envisaged by Wingfield, free direct speech and accompanying physical behaviour in novel and television adaptation are analysed, focussing on whether the perceived softness of the latter has been partly achieved by making the speech of Frost less impolite on television.
The representation of music in literature is often conceived in terms of a 'paragone', a debate over which of the arts ranks highest. In this context, literature is commonly spoken of as imitative or emulative of the music it is trying to represent. This premise informs even the most recent terminologies of literary scholars describing the intermedial relationship of music and literature systematically. Using the narratological concepts of 'showing vs. telling' to describe musical representation in literature, as proposed by the "Handbuch Literatur & Musik", this article argues that such a view is based on a misleading assumption about literary imitation and leads to constrained possibilities of hermeneutical interpretation. After a systematic reconstruction of the proposed terminology and a proposal for its modification, an exemplary analysis of Helmut Krausser's novel "Melodien" ["Melodies", 1993] will serve to demonstrate how a refined conception of the terminology can help to bring about more precise interpretations.
Steffen Kopetzkys im Jahre 2015 erschienener Roman "Risiko" kann in der Tat als ein historischer Abenteuerroman gesehen werden. Bei genauerer Betrachtung seines Erzählgegenstandes wird deutlich, dass der Roman eine am Anfang des Ersten Weltkriegs angesiedelte deutsche Expedition nach Afghanistan behandelt, bei der das Osmanische Reich ebenfalls mitgewirkt hat. Das Ziel der Deutschen bestand hierbei darin, die Muslime in dieser Region und vor allem in Indien zu einem Aufstand zu bewegen, um auf diese Weise eine Überlegenheit gegenüber den Briten zu begründen. Entlang der Thematisierung einer in Vergessenheit geratenen historischen Facette der deutschen Kolonialpolitik legt Kopetzkys Roman, so die These der vorliegenden Arbeit, unterschiedliche Facetten des deutschen Kolonialismus frei und bietet vor allem anhand der Darstellung dieser exzentrischen Expedition in den Orient eine dezidiert kritische Perspektive auf die kolonialen Machtdiskurse des Westens. Vor allem die kuriose Verfasstheit des erzählten Gegenstandes, den der Roman fiktional bearbeitet, stellt eine produktive Grundlage für einen Perspektivenwechsel im Sinne einer postkolonial orientierten Literaturwissenschaft dar. Nach einer kurzen Skizzierung der theoretisch-methodischen Grundannahmen der postkolonialen Literaturwissenschaft sowie der Erläuterung des Begriffs 'postkolonial' fokussiert die vorliegende Arbeit zunächst die Fiktionalisierung der Diskurse des Kolonialismus und Orientalismus und nimmt dabei auf die Ansätze von Edward W. Said, Homi K. Bhabha und Gayatri Ch. Spivak Bezug. Anschließend konzentriert sich die Arbeit auf die 'subalternen' bzw. postkolonialen Blicköffnungen, die mit der Darstellung der Niedermayer-Expedition verknüpft sind.
Die Schlagzeilen verdeutlichen: Wölfe lösen beim Menschen gleichermaßen Angst und Faszination aus. Das Raubtier wird bei Nutztierhaltern, Jägern, Naturschützern und Politikern kontrovers diskutiert. Die Wolfspopulation wächst in Deutschland zurzeit um etwa 30 Prozent pro Jahr und die Anzahl der vom Wolf gerissenen Tiere nimmt zu. Das »Rotkäppchen-Syndrom« ist tief in unseren Wertevorstellungen verankert. Doch was ist dran am Mythos "böser Wolf"?
Introduction: Epoxyeicosatrienoic acids (EETs) are able to enhance angiogenesis and regulate inflammation that is especially important in wound healing under ischemic conditions. Thus, we evaluated the effect of local EET application on ischemic wounds in mice.
Methods: Ischemia was induced by cautherization of two of the three supplying vessels to the mouse ear. Wounding was performed on the ear three days later. Wounds were treated either with 11,12 or 14,15 EET and compared to untreated control and normal wounds. Epithelialization was measured every second day. VEGF, TNF-α, TGF-β, matrix metalloproteinases (MMP), tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases (TIMP), Ki67, and SDF-1α were evaluated immunohistochemically in wounds on day 3, 6, and 9.
Results: Ischemia delayed wound closure (12.8 days ± 1.9 standard deviation (SD) for ischemia and 8.0 days ± 0.94 SD for control). 11,12 and14,15 EET application ameliorated deteriorated wound healing on ischemic ears (7.6 ± 1.3 SD for 11,12 EET and 9.2 ± 1.4 SD for 14,15 EET). Ischemia did not change VEGF, TNF-α, TGF-β, SDF-1α, TIMP, MMP7 or MMP9 level significantly compared to control. Local application of 11,12 as well as 14,15 EET induced a significant elevation of VEGF, TGF-β, and SDF-1α expression as well as proliferation during the whole phase of wound healing compared to control and ischemia alone.
Conclusion: In summary, EET improve impaired wound healing caused by ischemia as they enhance neovascularization and alter inflammatory response in wounds. Thus elevating lipid mediator level as 11,12 and 14,15 EET in wounds might be a successful strategy for amelioration of deranged wound healing under ischemia.
Am 16. April 1994 fanden sich 18 Personen in einem Tagungsraum des Bielefelder Mövenpick-Hotels zusammen, um eine literarische Gesellschaft neuartigen Typs zu gründen: das Forum Vormärz Forschung. Neuartig insofern, als diese Vereinigung nicht zu dem Zweck gegründet wurde, einer Autorin/ einem Autor die Ehre zu erweisen, ihr/sein Andenken zu pflegen und ihrem/ seinem Werk neue LeserInnen zuzuführen, sondern um eine ganze Epoche zum Gegenstand ihrer vielfältigen Bemühungen zu machen und zwar möglichst interdisziplinär: den Vormärz. Für die LiteraturwissenschaftlerInnen, HistorikerInnen, TheologInnen, Kunst- und MusikwissenschaftlerInnen, die sich hier zusammenfanden, galt und gilt es als ausgemacht, dass Vormärz die einzig sachgerechte Bezeichnung für den Zeitraum zwischen 1815 (Wiener Kongress) und 1849 (Ende der Revolution von 1848/49) ist und eben nicht die konkurrierenden Epochenbezeichnungen Biedermeier oder Restaurationszeit. [...]
Holographic imaging techniques, which exploit the coherence properties of light, enable the reconstruction of the 3D scenery being viewed. While the standard approaches for the recording of holographic images require the superposition of scattered light with a reference field, heterodyne detection techniques enable direct measurement of the amplitude and relative phase of the electric light field. Here, we explore heterodyne Fourier imaging and its capabilities using active illumination with continuous-wave radiation at 300 GHz and a raster-scanned antenna-coupled field-effect transistor (TeraFET) for phase-sensitive detection. We demonstrate that the numerical reconstruction of the scenery provides access to depth resolution together with the capability to numerically refocus the image and the capability to detect an object obscured by another object in the beam path. In addition, the digital refocusing capability allows us to employ Fourier imaging also in the case of small lens-object distances (virtual imaging regime), thus allowing high spatial frequencies to pass through the lens, which results in enhanced lateral resolution.
Aims: The examination of histological sections is still the gold standard in diagnostic pathology. Important histopathological diagnostic criteria are nuclear shapes and chromatin distribution as well as nucleus-cytoplasm relation and immunohistochemical properties of surface and intracellular proteins. The aim of this investigation was to evaluate the benefits and drawbacks of three-dimensional imaging of CD30+ cells in classical Hodgkin Lymphoma (cHL) in comparison to CD30+ lymphoid cells in reactive lymphoid tissues.
Materials and results: Using immunoflourescence confocal microscopy and computer-based analysis, we compared CD30+ neoplastic cells in Nodular Sclerosis cHL (NScCHL), Mixed Cellularity cHL (MCcHL), with reactive CD30+ cells in Adenoids (AD) and Lymphadenitis (LAD). We confirmed that the percentage of CD30+ cell volume can be calculated. The amount in lymphadenitis was approx. 1.5%, in adenoids around 2%, in MCcHL up to 4,5% whereas the values for NScHL rose to more than 8% of the total cell cytoplasm. In addition, CD30+ tumour cells (HRS-cells) in cHL had larger volumes, and more protrusions compared to CD30+ reactive cells. Furthermore, the formation of large cell networks turned out to be a typical characteristic of NScHL.
Conclusion: In contrast to 2D histology, 3D laser scanning offers a visualisation of complete cells, their network interaction and spatial distribution in the tissue. The possibility to differentiate cells in regards to volume, surface, shape, and cluster formation enables a new view on further diagnostic and biological questions. 3D includes an increased amount of information as a basis of bioinformatical calculations.
Patient therapy is based mainly on a combination of diagnosis, suitable monitoring or support devices and drug treatment and is usually employed for a pre-existing disease condition. Therapy remains predominantly symptom-based, although it is increasingly clear that individual treatment is possible and beneficial. However, reasonable precision medicine can only be realized with the coordinated use of diagnostics, devices and drugs in combination with extensive databases (4Ds), an approach that has not yet found sufficient implementation. The practical combination of 4Ds in health care is progressing, but several obstacles still hamper their extended use in precision medicine.
Die Tagung bot eine breite Themenvielfalt in insgesamt neun parallel verlaufenden Sektionen. Zwei davon waren praxisorientierten Fragestellungen gewidmet, in drei anderen wurden wiederum Projekte der Aussteller präsentiert und vier weitere Sektionen beschäftigten sich mit folgenden fachlichen Blickwinkeln: "Europäische Literatur im Zusammenhang der Sprach- und Kulturvermittlung", "Unterrichtsinteraktion und Zweitspracherwerb Deutsch", "Niederschwellige Deutschangebote im A1-/A2-Bereich" und Zielgruppenspezifik" und "Evaluatives Feedback und Qualitätsentwicklung".
48Si: An atypical nucleus?
(2019)
Using the relativistic Hartree–Fock Lagrangian PKA1, we investigate the properties of the exotic nucleus 48Si, which is predicted to be an atypical nucleus characterized by i) the onset of doubly magicity, ii) its location at the drip line, iii) the presence of dual semi-bubble structure (distinct central depletion in both of neutron and proton density profiles) in the ground state, and iv) the occurrence of pairing reentrance at finite temperature. While not being new for each, these phenomena are found to simultaneously occur in 48Si. For instance, the dual semi-bubble structure reduces the spin–orbit splitting of low-ℓ orbitals and upraises the s orbitals, leading therefore to distinct N=34 and Z=14 magic shells in 48Si. Consequently, the doubly magicities provide extra stability for such extreme neutron-rich system at the drip line. Associating with the neutron shell N=34 and continuum above, the pairing correlations are reengaged interestingly at finite temperature. Theoretical nuclear modelings are known to be poorly predictive in general, and we asset our confidence in the prediction of our modeling on the fact that the predictions of PKA1 in various regions of the nuclear chart have systematically been found correct and more specifically in the region of pf shell. Whether our predictions are confirmed or not, 48Si provides a concrete benchmark for the understanding of the nature of nuclear force.
The stimulation of the AMP-activated kinase (AMPK) by 5-amino-1-β-D-ribofuranosyl-imidazole-4-carboxamide (AICAR) has been associated with antihyperalgesia and the inhibition of nociceptive signaling in the spinal cord in models of paw inflammation. The attenuated nociception comes along with a strongly reduced paw edema, indicating that peripheral antiinflammatory mechanisms contribute to antinociception. In this study, we investigated the impact of AICAR on the immune cell composition in inflamed paws, as well as the regulation of inflammatory and resolving markers in macrophages. By using fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS) analysis and immunofluorescence, we found a significantly increased fraction of proresolving M2 macrophages and anti-inflammatory interleukin (IL)-10 in inflamed tissue, while M1 macrophages and proinflammatory cytokines such as IL-1 were decreased by AICAR in wild type mice. In AMPKα2 knock-out mice, the M2 polarization of macrophages in the paw was missing. The results were supported by experiments in primary macrophage cultures which also showed a shift to a proresolving phenotype with decreased levels of proinflammatory mediators and increased levels of antiinflammatory mediators. However, in the cell cultures, we did not observe differences between the AMPKα2+/+ and −/− cells, thus indicating that the AICAR-induced effects are at least partially AMPK-independent. In summary, our results indicate that AICAR has potent antiinflammatory and proresolving properties in inflammation which are contributing to a reduction of inflammatory edema and antinociception.
The title compound, C4H9N5O2+·SO42−·H2O, is the monohydrate of the commercially available compound `C4H7N5O·H2SO4·xH2O'. It is obtained by reprecipitation of C4H7N5O·H2SO4·xH2O from dilute sodium hydroxide solution with dilute sulfuric acid. The crystal structure of anhydrous 2,4,5-triamino-1,6-dihydropyrimidin-6-one sulfate is known, although called by the authors 5-amminium-6-amino-isocytosinium sulfate [Bieri et al. (1993[Bieri, J. H., Prewo, R. & Linden, A. (1993). Private communication (refcode HACDEU). CCDC, Cambridge, England]). Private communication (refcode HACDEU). CCDC, Cambridge, England]. In the structure, the sulfate group is deprotonated, whereas one of the amino groups is protonated (R2C—NH3+) and one is rearranged to a protonated imine group (R2C=NH2+). This arrangement is very similar to the known crystal structure of the anhydrate. Several tautomeric forms of the investigated molecule are possible, which leads to questionable proton attributions. The measured data allowed the location of all hydrogen atoms from the residual electron density. In the crystal, ions and water molecules are linked into a three-dimensional network by N—H⋯O and O—H⋯O hydrogen bonds.
Since hyperactivity of the protein kinase DYRK1A is linked to several neurodegenerative disorders, DYRK1A inhibitors have been suggested as potential therapeutics for Down syndrome and Alzheimer’s disease. Most published inhibitors to date suffer from low selectivity against related kinases or from unfavorable physicochemical properties. In order to identify DYRK1A inhibitors with improved properties, a series of new chemicals based on [b]-annulated halogenated indoles were designed, synthesized, and evaluated for biological activity. Analysis of crystal structures revealed a typical type-I binding mode of the new inhibitor 4-chlorocyclohepta[b]indol-10(5H)-one in DYRK1A, exploiting mainly shape complementarity for tight binding. Conversion of the DYRK1A inhibitor 8-chloro-1,2,3,9-tetrahydro-4H-carbazol-4-one into a corresponding Mannich base hydrochloride improved the aqueous solubility but abrogated kinase inhibitory activity.
Anaerobic ammonium oxidation (anammox) is a major process in the biogeochemical nitrogen cycle in which nitrite and ammonium are converted to dinitrogen gas and water through the highly reactive intermediate hydrazine. So far, it is unknown how anammox organisms convert the toxic hydrazine into nitrogen and harvest the extremely low potential electrons (−750 mV) released in this process. We report the crystal structure and cryo electron microscopy structures of the responsible enzyme, hydrazine dehydrogenase, which is a 1.7 MDa multiprotein complex containing an extended electron transfer network of 192 heme groups spanning the entire complex. This unique molecular arrangement suggests a way in which the protein stores and releases the electrons obtained from hydrazine conversion, the final step in the globally important anammox process.
O Brasil, como um país colônia cuja parte considerável da população é formada por imigrantes vindos de várias partes do mundo, possui diversas comunidades em que tais imigrantes se concentram. A fim de preservar parte de suas culturas, esses imigrantes continuam comunicando-se com a língua do seu país de origem. Devido a isso, seus filhos acabam por desenvolver a língua dos pais, juntamente do português, constituindo assim, um ambiente bilíngue. Tendo essas comunidades em mente, pretende-se entender de que forma o desenvolvimento linguístico e pessoal de uma criança pode ser afetado na aquisição quase simultânea de duas línguas, por ocorrer em momentos distintos, mas ainda na infância, e se há interferência de um idioma no outro. Nesse contexto, mesmo que as características das línguas sejam diferentes, há uma competência linguística comum entre as linguagens, o que possibilita que algumas habilidades sejam transferidas de uma língua para outra. Além disso, sabe-se que no léxico de crianças que falam duas línguas, é possível acessar palavras de qualquer uma delas ao mesmo tempo, verificando a conexão entre os idiomas (SCHUETZE, 2001). Para a realização desta pesquisa, a comunidade bilíngue abordada foi no oeste de Santa Catarina, onde concentra-se uma grande população descendente de imigrantes alemães. Foi realizada uma entrevista com dois jovens falantes de português e alemão, junto de seus pais, buscando definir o processo de aquisição das duas línguas na infância e a interferência das mesmas entre si. A análise das informações obtidas teve a influência do conhecimento prévio de uma das autoras da pesquisa, devido à aquisição de linguagem similar. Nos casos investigados, as crianças adquiriram o alemão em casa como primeira língua e o português como segunda em ambiente escolar. Os resultados apontam que ocorre influência de um idioma em outro e que há troca de letras ou palavras, como justifica o code-switching. Pesquisas como esta se fazem necessárias tendo em vista o crescente número de imigrantes vindos ao Brasil, cujos filhos estarão em um ambiente bilíngue, tendo que desenvolver o português enquanto os pais possuem apenas a língua do seu país de origem.
A case of Lymphangioleiomyomatosis (LAM) of the lung in a patient with a history of breast cancer
(2019)
Background: Lymphangioleiomyomatosis (LAM) is a rare progressive cystic and nodular disease of the lung characterized by smooth muscle cell proliferation. LAM predominantly affects young premenopausal women. This report is of a case of LAM presenting in a 47-year-old woman with a past history of breast cancer and discusses the possibility of an association between the two conditions.
Case report: A 47-year-old woman presented as an emergency with an exacerbation of a four-month history of shortness of breath and dry cough. Her symptoms began following the start of anti-hormonal treatment with letrozole and goserelin acetate for a moderately differentiated (grade 2) invasive ductal carcinoma of the breast (pT2, pN0, M0) which was positive for expression of estrogen receptor (ER+), progesterone receptor (PR+), and human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2+). Until the previous four months, she had breast-conserving treatment with radiotherapy and tamoxifen therapy. Following hospital admission, she was found to be in type I respiratory failure. Chest X-ray, lung computed tomography (CT), and positron-emission tomography (PET) showed diffuse cystic and nodular lung lesions, consistent with a diagnosis of LAM, and antihormonal therapy was discontinued. She developed pericarditis that was treated with the anti-inflammatory agent, colchicine. Treatment with letrozole and sirolimus improved her respiratory symptoms.
Conclusions: A rare case of LAM is presented in a woman with a recent history of breast cancer. Because both tumors were hormone-dependent, this may support common underlying gene associations and signaling pathways between the two types of tumor.
Bromodomains (BRDs) are conserved protein interaction modules which recognize (read) acetyl-lysine modifications, however their role(s) in regulating cellular states and their potential as targets for the development of targeted treatment strategies is poorly understood. Here we present a set of 25 chemical probes, selective small molecule inhibitors, covering 29 human bromodomain targets. We comprehensively evaluate the selectivity of this probe-set using BROMOscan and demonstrate the utility of the set identifying roles of BRDs in cellular processes and potential translational applications. For instance, we discovered crosstalk between histone acetylation and the glycolytic pathway resulting in a vulnerability of breast cancer cell lines under conditions of glucose deprivation or GLUT1 inhibition to inhibition of BRPF2/3 BRDs. This chemical probe-set will serve as a resource for future applications in the discovery of new physiological roles of bromodomain proteins in normal and disease states, and as a toolset for bromodomain target validation.
Aim: Predicting future changes in species richness in response to climate change is one of the key challenges in biogeography and conservation ecology. Stacked species distribution models (S‐SDMs) are a commonly used tool to predict current and future species richness. Macroecological models (MEMs), regression models with species richness as response variable, are a less computationally intensive alternative to S‐SDMs. Here, we aim to compare the results of two model types (S‐SDMS and MEMs), for the first time for more than 14,000 species across multiple taxa globally, and to trace the uncertainty in future predictions back to the input data and modelling approach used.
Location: Global land, excluding Antarctica.
Taxon: Amphibians, birds and mammals.
Methods: We fitted S‐SDMs and MEMs using a consistent set of bioclimatic variables and model algorithms and conducted species richness predictions under current and future conditions. For the latter, we used four general circulation models (GCMs) under two representative concentration pathways (RCP2.6 and RCP6.0). Predicted species richness was compared between S‐SDMs and MEMs and for current conditions also to extent‐of‐occurrence (EOO) species richness patterns. For future predictions, we quantified the variance in predicted species richness patterns explained by the choice of model type, model algorithm and GCM using hierarchical cluster analysis and variance partitioning.
Results: Under current conditions, species richness predictions from MEMs and S‐SDMs were strongly correlated with EOO‐based species richness. However, both model types over‐predicted areas with low and under‐predicted areas with high species richness. Outputs from MEMs and S‐SDMs were also highly correlated among each other under current and future conditions. The variance between future predictions was mostly explained by model type.
Main conclusions: Both model types were able to reproduce EOO‐based patterns in global terrestrial vertebrate richness, but produce less collinear predictions of future species richness. Model type by far contributes to most of the variation in the different future species richness predictions, indicating that the two model types should not be used interchangeably. Nevertheless, both model types have their justification, as MEMs can also include species with a restricted range, whereas S‐SDMs are useful for looking at potential species‐specific responses.
Apigenin (4′,5,7-trihydroxyflavone) (Api) is an important component of the human diet, being distributed in a wide number of fruits, vegetables and herbs with the most important sources being represented by chamomile, celery, celeriac and parsley. This study was designed for a comprehensive evaluation of Api as an antiproliferative, proapoptotic, antiangiogenic and immunomodulatory phytocompound. In the set experimental conditions, Api presents antiproliferative activity against the A375 human melanoma cell line, a G2/M arrest of the cell cycle and cytotoxic events as revealed by the lactate dehydrogenase release. Caspase 3 activity was inversely proportional to the Api tested doses, namely 30 μM and 60 μM. Phenomena of early apoptosis, late apoptosis and necrosis following incubation with Api were detected by Annexin V-PI double staining. The flavone interfered with the mitochondrial respiration by modulating both glycolytic and mitochondrial pathways for ATP production. The metabolic activity of human dendritic cells (DCs) under LPS-activation was clearly attenuated by stimulation with high concentrations of Api. Il-6 and IL-10 secretion was almost completely blocked while TNF alpha secretion was reduced by about 60%. Api elicited antiangiogenic properties in a dose-dependent manner. Both concentrations of Api influenced tumour cell growth and migration, inducing a limited tumour area inside the application ring, associated with a low number of capillaries.
Background: The differentiation between Gaucher disease type 3 (GD3) and type 1 is challenging because pathognomonic neurologic symptoms may be subtle and develop at late stages. The ophthalmologist plays a crucial role in identifying the typical impairment of horizontal saccadic eye movements, followed by vertical ones. Little is known about further ocular involvement. The aim of this monocentric cohort study is to comprehensively describe the ophthalmological features of Gaucher disease type 3. We suggest recommendations for a set of useful ophthalmologic investigations for diagnosis and follow up and for saccadometry parameters enabling a correlation to disease severity.
Methods: Sixteen patients with biochemically and genetically diagnosed GD3 completed ophthalmologic examination including optical coherence tomography (OCT), clinical oculomotor assessment and saccadometry by infrared based video-oculography. Saccadic peak velocity, gain and latency were compared to 100 healthy controls, using parametric tests. Correlations between saccadic assessment and clinical parameters were calculated.
Results: Peripapillary subretinal drusen-like deposits with retinal atrophy (2/16), preretinal opacities of the vitreous (4/16) and increased retinal vessel tortuosity (3/16) were found. Oculomotor pathology with clinically slowed saccades was more frequent horizontally (15/16) than vertically (12/16). Saccadometry revealed slowed peak velocity compared to 100 controls (most evident horizontally and downwards). Saccades were delayed and hypometric. Best correlating with SARA (scale for the assessment and rating of ataxia), disease duration, mSST (modified Severity Scoring Tool) and reduced IQ was peak velocity (both up- and downwards). Motility restriction occurred in 8/16 patients affecting horizontal eye movements, while vertical motility restriction was seen less frequently. Impaired abduction presented with esophoria or esotropia, the latter in combination with reduced stereopsis.
Conclusions: Vitreoretinal lesions may occur in 25% of Gaucher type 3 patients, while we additionally observed subretinal lesions with retinal atrophy in advanced disease stages. Vertical saccadic peak velocity seems the most promising "biomarker" for neuropathic manifestation for future longitudinal studies, as it correlates best with other neurologic symptoms. Apart from the well documented abduction deficit in Gaucher type 3 we were able to demonstrate motility impairment in all directions of gaze.
The following five species of Dermestidae (Coleoptera) are recorded for the first time from Guatemala: Attagenus fasciatus (Thunberg), Dermestes (Dermestinus) caninus caninus Germar, Orphinus fulvipes (Guérin-Méneville), Trogoderma simplex Jayne and Thorictodes heydeni Reitter. The species are recorded from the Guatemalan departments of Petén, Izabal and Zacapa.
Rezension zu: Psychology of Retention:Theory, Research and Practice / Melinde Coetzee, Ingrid L. Potgieter and Nadia Ferreira (Eds.), ISBN:978-3-319-98919-8 Publisher:Springer Nature, 2018, R1600 (Preis SA)
Persistent and, in particular, neuropathic pain is a major healthcare problem with still insufficient pharmacological treatment options. This triggered research activities aimed at finding analgesics with a novel mechanism of action. Results of these efforts will need to pass through the phases of drug development, in which experimental human pain models are established components e.g. implemented as chemical hyperalgesia induced by capsaicin. We aimed at ranking the various readouts of a human capsaicin–based pain model with respect to the most relevant information about the effects of a potential reference analgesic. In a placebo‐controlled, randomized cross‐over study, seven different pain‐related readouts were acquired in 16 healthy individuals before and after oral administration of 300 mg pregabalin. The sizes of the effect on pain induced by intradermal injection of capsaicin were quantified by calculating Cohen's d. While in four of the seven pain‐related parameters, pregabalin provided a small effect judged by values of Cohen's d exceeding 0.2, an item categorization technique implemented as computed ABC analysis identified the pain intensities in the area of secondary hyperalgesia and of allodynia as the most suitable parameters to quantify the analgesic effects of pregabalin. Results of this study provide further support for the ability of the intradermal capsaicin pain model to show analgesic effects of pregabalin. Results can serve as a basis for the designs of studies where the inclusion of this particular pain model and pregabalin is planned.
Based on accumulating evidence of a role of lipid signaling in many physiological and pathophysiological processes including psychiatric diseases, the present data driven analysis was designed to gather information needed to develop a prospective biomarker, using a targeted lipidomics approach covering different lipid mediators. Using unsupervised methods of data structure detection, implemented as hierarchal clustering, emergent self-organizing maps of neuronal networks, and principal component analysis, a cluster structure was found in the input data space comprising plasma concentrations of d = 35 different lipid-markers of various classes acquired in n = 94 subjects with the clinical diagnoses depression, bipolar disorder, ADHD, dementia, or in healthy controls. The structure separated patients with dementia from the other clinical groups, indicating that dementia is associated with a distinct lipid mediator plasma concentrations pattern possibly providing a basis for a future biomarker. This hypothesis was subsequently assessed using supervised machine-learning methods, implemented as random forests or principal component analysis followed by computed ABC analysis used for feature selection, and as random forests, k-nearest neighbors, support vector machines, multilayer perceptron, and naïve Bayesian classifiers to estimate whether the selected lipid mediators provide sufficient information that the diagnosis of dementia can be established at a higher accuracy than by guessing. This succeeded using a set of d = 7 markers comprising GluCerC16:0, Cer24:0, Cer20:0, Cer16:0, Cer24:1, C16 sphinganine, and LacCerC16:0, at an accuracy of 77%. By contrast, using random lipid markers reduced the diagnostic accuracy to values of 65% or less, whereas training the algorithms with randomly permuted data was followed by complete failure to diagnose dementia, emphasizing that the selected lipid mediators were display a particular pattern in this disease possibly qualifying as biomarkers.
Concebido para suprir as lacunas de uma existência que se tornara pública e notória com a publicação do "Werther", o relato autobiográfico de "Dichtung und Wahrheit" dedicará boa parte das quase 300 páginas de seus sete últimos livros à narração das circunstâncias que teriam possibilitado a Goethe encontrar um campo de atuação e influência compatíveis com a estrondosa repercussão do "Werther", mas ao mesmo tempo condizentes com uma vocação poética a que Goethe recusa qualquer interferência direta e 'didática' nos assuntos humanos, visto como passa a concebê-la 'inteiramente como natureza'. O artigo se propõe passar em revista esse momento decisivo de elaboração da 'Bildung' goethiana compreendido sobretudo nos livros 13 a 16, o qual coincide com a definição dos fundamentos da vocação poética que marcará a fisionomia espiritual da produção de Goethe vida afora. Para tanto, investigará a pertinência do conceito de teleologia como princípio explicativo oportuno à elucidação do referido momento, à luz da discussão proposta por Fotis Jannidis (1996); e analisará o papel das referências e influências que maior importância tiveram para Goethe nesse processo: Lavater, Basedow e Zimmermann, entre os convivas, Spinoza e Prometeu entre os luminares.
A encenação autoral de Christian Kracht: o caso d' "Os Mortos" de Kracht, de Joyce e de Huston
(2019)
Partimos do pressuposto que os escritores, ao longo da história, sempre se utilizaram de estratégias encenatórias tanto em relação às suas obras como às suas figuras públicas, e de que o fazem não só para se estabelecer no campo literário, mas para o fazê-lo de um modo específico (JÜRGENSEN; KAYSER, 2011; BOURDIEU, 2000). Tendo em vista o último romance de Christian Kracht, "Die Toten" (2016), cujo título pode ser livremente traduzido como "Os Mortos", e as relações intertextuais que podem ser estabelecidas com o conto homônimo de James Joyce (1914) e sua adaptação para o cinema dirigida por John Huston (1987), temos por objetivo investigar de que modo essas relações contribuem para a encenação de Christian Kracht e para seu posicionamento no campo literário.
A estrutura silábica do alemão como língua estrangeira na interlíngua de aprendizes brasileiros
(2019)
A presente pesquisa explora as estratégias de reformulação de constituintes silábicos complexos na Interlíngua de 18 brasileiros aprendizes do Alemão como Língua Estrangeira. Nossa hipótese prevê que estes aprendizes possuem dificuldades na produção de ataques iniciais e codas finais do ALE e, ao tentar acomodá-las ao molde silábico da LM, aplicam diferentes estratégias de reparação. A partir do conceito de Interlíngua (SELINKER 1972) como língua natural, sistemática e emergente de um processo complexo e dinâmico, desenvolvida autonomamente por falantes não-nativos de uma LE em seu processo de aquisição/aprendizagem com o objetivo de comunicar-se estrategicamente, e que sofre adaptações a partir da testagem de hipóteses acerca da LE e eventos de interação, realizamos análise transversal das ocorrências de ataque e coda complexas em correlação com o nível de proficiência do aprendiz, o estilo (LIN 2001, 2003) e a marcação do constituinte (GRENNBERG 1966b). Os dados revelaram que a frequência de modificação de clusters apresenta correlação com estes fatores: quanto mais formal a tarefa e avançado o aprendiz, menos modificações ocorrem. A influência da marcação silábica e dos universais linguísticos foi constatada para a coda, tipologicamente marcada, sendo mais frequentemente modificada que o ataque.
Video and image data are regularly used in the field of benthic ecology to document biodiversity. However, their use is subject to a number of challenges, principally the identification of taxa within the images without associated physical specimens. The challenge of applying traditional taxonomic keys to the identification of fauna from images has led to the development of personal, group, or institution level reference image catalogues of operational taxonomic units (OTUs) or morphospecies. Lack of standardisation among these reference catalogues has led to problems with observer bias and the inability to combine datasets across studies. In addition, lack of a common reference standard is stifling efforts in the application of artificial intelligence to taxon identification. Using the North Atlantic deep sea as a case study, we propose a database structure to facilitate standardisation of morphospecies image catalogues between research groups and support future use in multiple front-end applications. We also propose a framework for coordination of international efforts to develop reference guides for the identification of marine species from images. The proposed structure maps to the Darwin Core standard to allow integration with existing databases. We suggest a management framework where high-level taxonomic groups are curated by a regional team, consisting of both end users and taxonomic experts. We identify a mechanism by which overall quality of data within a common reference guide could be raised over the next decade. Finally, we discuss the role of a common reference standard in advancing marine ecology and supporting sustainable use of this ecosystem.
Wetlands such as bogs, swamps, or freshwater marshes are hotspots of biodiversity. For 5.1 million km2 of inland wetlands, the dynamics of area and water storage, which strongly impact biodiversity and ecosystem services, were simulated using the global hydrological model WaterGAP. For the first time, the impacts of both human water use and man‐made reservoirs (WUR) and future climate change (CC) on wetlands around the globe were quantified. WUR impacts are concentrated in arid/semiarid regions, where WUR decreased mean wetland water storage by more than 5% on 8.2% of the mean wetland area during 1986–2005 (Am), with highest decreases in groundwater depletion area. Using output of three climate models, CC impacts on wetlands were quantified, distinguishing unavoidable impacts [i.e., at 2 °C global warming (GW)] from avoidable impacts (difference between 3 °C and 2 °C impacts). Even unavoidable CC impacts are projected to be much larger than WUR impacts, also in arid/semiarid regions. On most wetland area with reliable estimates, avoidable CC impacts are more than twice as large as unavoidable impacts. In case of 2 °C GW, half of Am is estimated to be unaffected by mean storage changes of more than 5%, but only one third in case of 3 °C GW. Temporal variability of water storage will increase for most wetlands. Wetlands in dry regions will be affected the most, particularly by water storage decreases in the dry season. Different from wealthier countries, low‐income countries will dominantly suffer from a decrease in wetland water storage due to CC.
The haloarchaeon Haloferax volcanii contains nearly 2800 small non-coding RNAs (sRNAs). One intergenic sRNA, sRNA132, was chosen for a detailed characterization. A deletion mutant had a growth defect and thus underscored the importance of sRNA132. A microarray analysis identified the transcript of an operon for a phosphate-specific ABC transporter as a putative target of sRNA132. Both the sRNA132 and the operon transcript accumulated under low phosphate concentrations, indicating a positive regulatory role of sRNA132. A kinetic analysis revealed that sRNA132 is essential shortly after the onset of phosphate starvation, while other regulatory processes take over after several hours. Comparison of the transcriptomes of wild-type and the sRNA132 gene deletion mutant 30 min after the onset of phosphate starvation revealed that sRNA132 controls a regulon of about 40 genes. Remarkably, the regulon included a second operon for a phosphate-specific ABC transporter, which also depended on sRNA132 for rapid induction in the absence of phosphate. Competitive growth experiments of the wild-type and ABC transporter operon deletion mutants underscored the importance of both transporters for growth at low phosphate concentrations. Northern blot analyses of four additional members of the sRNA132 regulon verified that all four transcripts depended on sRNA132 for rapid regulation after the onset of phosphate starvation. Importantly, this is the first example for the transient importance of a sRNA for any archaeal and bacterial species. In addition, this study unraveled the first sRNA regulon for haloarchaea.
Objectives: To compare efficacy and safety of ixekizumab (IXE) to adalimumab (ADA) in biological disease-modifying antirheumatic drug-naïve patients with both active psoriatic arthritis (PsA) and skin disease and inadequate response to conventional synthetic disease-modifying antirheumatic drug (csDMARDs).
Methods: Patients with active PsA were randomised (1:1) to approved dosing of IXE or ADA in an open-label, head-to-head, blinded assessor clinical trial. The primary objective was to evaluate whether IXE was superior to ADA at week 24 for simultaneous achievement of a ≥50% improvement from baseline in the American College of Rheumatology criteria (ACR50) and a 100% improvement from baseline in the Psoriasis Area and Severity Index (PASI100). Major secondary objectives, also at week 24, were to evaluate whether IXE was: (1) non-inferior to ADA for achievement of ACR50 and (2) superior to ADA for PASI100 response. Additional PsA, skin, treat-to-target and quality-of-life outcome measures were assessed at week 24.
Results: The primary efficacy endpoint was met (IXE: 36%, ADA: 28%; p=0.036). IXE was non-inferior for ACR50 response (IXE: 51%, ADA: 47%; treatment difference: 3.9%) and superior for PASI100 response (IXE: 60%, ADA: 47%; p=0.001). IXE had greater response versus ADA in additional PsA, skin, nail, treat-to-target and quality-of-life outcomes. Serious adverse events were reported in 8.5% (ADA) and 3.5% (IXE) of patients.
Conclusions: IXE was superior to ADA in achievement of simultaneous improvement of joint and skin disease (ACR50 and PASI100) in patients with PsA and inadequate response to csDMARDs. Safety and tolerability for both biologicals were aligned with established safety profiles.
O trabalho retoma a análise freudiana de "Der Sandmann", presente num ensaio de 1919 que se provou paradigmático para as interpretações futuras da obra de E. T. A. Hoffmann. No dito ensaio, o pai da psicanálise faz diversos juízos sobre a construção argumentativa da novela romântica que, nos estudos literários, vêm sendo indevidamente atribuídos ao próprio Hoffmann. Seu programa estético supostamente seria aquele de um analista dos mecanismos psíquicos de suas personagens, revelando-o como um curioso conhecedor avant la lettre das teorias psicanalíticas. É como se a criação de um imaginário horripilante que caracteriza sua prosa servisse a um impulso interpretativo das áreas ocultas da psique a fim de detrair tendências irracionalistas e animistas de suas personagens. A crítica freudiana ao animismo é um dos aspectos mais contestados por estudiosos recentes como Bruno Latour e Isabelle Stengers e, por isso, retomaremos seus argumentos num segundo momento. Então, alguns de seus argumentos serão retomados em um segundo momento do artigo para que possamos voltar a Hoffmann e reinterpretar sua estética como uma defesa de certo tipo de animismo, para além dos paradigmas psicanalíticos que nunca cessaram de o ensombrar.
By running a temperature series of molecular dynamics (MD) simulations starting from the known low-temperature phase, the experimentally observed phase transition in a `jumping crystal' was captured, thereby providing a prediction of the unknown crystal structure of the high-temperature phase and clarifying the phase-transition mechanism. The phase transition is accompanied by a discontinuity in two of the unit-cell parameters. The structure of the high-temperature phase is very similar to that of the low-temperature phase. The anisotropic displacement parameters calculated from the MD simulations readily identified libration as the driving force behind the phase transition. Both the predicted crystal structure and the phase-transition mechanism were verified experimentally using TLS (translation, libration, screw) refinement against X-ray powder diffraction data.
Drei französische Romane der 70er Jahre von Robert Merle, Raymond Jean und Pascal Lainé stehen im Zentrum des Beitrags von Luís Gonçalves. Die Bemühungen um das theoretische Werk Marx' - so seine Analyse - bleiben dabei deutlich hinter dem Wunsch, sich selbst zu befreien, zurück. Die theoretischen Gewährsmänner dieser Bewegung waren nicht die Klassiker des Sozialismus, sonder eher Wilhelm Reich und Guy Debord.
The coordinate and momentum space configurations of the net baryon number in heavy ion collisions that undergo spinodal decomposition, due to a first-order phase transition, are investigated using state-of-the-art machine-learning methods. Coordinate space clumping, which appears in the spinodal decomposition, leaves strong characteristic imprints on the spatial net density distribution in nearly every event which can be detected by modern machine learning techniques. On the other hand, the corresponding features in the momentum distributions cannot clearly be detected, by the same machine learning methods, in individual events. Only a small subset of events can be systematically differ- entiated if only the momentum space information is available. This is due to the strong similarity of the two event classes, with and without spinodal decomposition. In such sce- narios, conventional event-averaged observables like the baryon number cumulants signal a spinodal non-equilibrium phase transition. Indeed the third-order cumulant, the skewness, does exhibit a peak at the beam energy (Elab = 3–4 A GeV), where the transient hot and dense system created in the heavy ion collision reaches the first-order phase transition.
A machine-learned analysis suggests non-redundant diagnostic information in olfactory subtests
(2019)
Background: The functional performance of the human sense of smell can be approached via assessment of the olfactory threshold, the ability to discriminate odors or the ability to identify odors. Contemporary clinical test batteries include all or a selection of these components, with some dissent about the required number and choice.
Methods: Olfactory thresholds, odor discrimination and odor identification scores were available from 10,714 subjects (3662 with anomia, 4299 with hyposmia, and 2752 with normal olfactory function). To assess, whether the olfactory subtests confer the same information or each subtest confers at least partly non-redundant information relevant to the olfactory diagnosis, we compared the diagnostic accuracy of supervised machine learning algorithms trained with the complete information from all three subtests with that obtained when performing the training with the information of only two or one subtests.
Results: The training of machine-learned algorithms with the full information about olfactory thresholds, odor discrimination and odor identification from 2/3 of the cases, resulted in a balanced olfactory diagnostic accuracy of 98% or better in the 1/3 remaining cases. The most pronounced decrease in the balanced accuracy, to approximately 85%, was observed when omitting olfactory thresholds from the training, whereas omitting odor discrimination or identification was associated with smaller decreases (balanced accuracies approximately 90%).
Conclusions: Results support partly non-redundant contributions of each olfactory subtest to the clinical olfactory diagnosis. Olfactory thresholds provided the largest amount of non-redundant information to the olfactory diagnosis.
Background: Germinal center-derived B cell lymphomas are tumors of the lymphoid tissues representing one of the most heterogeneous malignancies. Here we characterize the variety of transcriptomic phenotypes of this disease based on 873 biopsy specimens collected in the German Cancer Aid MMML (Molecular Mechanisms in Malignant Lymphoma) consortium. They include diffuse large B cell lymphoma (DLBCL), follicular lymphoma (FL), Burkitt’s lymphoma, mixed FL/DLBCL lymphomas, primary mediastinal large B cell lymphoma, multiple myeloma, IRF4-rearranged large cell lymphoma, MYC-negative Burkitt-like lymphoma with chr. 11q aberration and mantle cell lymphoma.
Methods: We apply self-organizing map (SOM) machine learning to microarray-derived expression data to generate a holistic view on the transcriptome landscape of lymphomas, to describe the multidimensional nature of gene regulation and to pursue a modular view on co-expression. Expression data were complemented by pathological, genetic and clinical characteristics.
Results: We present a transcriptome map of B cell lymphomas that allows visual comparison between the SOM portraits of different lymphoma strata and individual cases. It decomposes into one dozen modules of co-expressed genes related to different functional categories, to genetic defects and to the pathogenesis of lymphomas. On a molecular level, this disease rather forms a continuum of expression states than clearly separated phenotypes. We introduced the concept of combinatorial pattern types (PATs) that stratifies the lymphomas into nine PAT groups and, on a coarser level, into five prominent cancer hallmark types with proliferation, inflammation and stroma signatures. Inflammation signatures in combination with healthy B cell and tonsil characteristics associate with better overall survival rates, while proliferation in combination with inflammation and plasma cell characteristics worsens it. A phenotypic similarity tree is presented that reveals possible progression paths along the transcriptional dimensions. Our analysis provided a novel look on the transition range between FL and DLBCL, on DLBCL with poor prognosis showing expression patterns resembling that of Burkitt’s lymphoma and particularly on "double-hit" MYC and BCL2 transformed lymphomas.
Conclusions: The transcriptome map provides a tool that aggregates, refines and visualizes the data collected in the MMML study and interprets them in the light of previous knowledge to provide orientation and support in current and future studies on lymphomas and on other cancer entities.
A1AO ATP synthases with a V-type c subunit have only been found in hyperthermophilic archaea which makes bioenergetic analyses impossible due to the instability of liposomes at high temperatures. A search for a potential archaeal A1AO ATP synthase with a V-type c subunit in a mesophilic organism revealed an A1AO ATP synthase cluster in the anaerobic, acetogenic bacterium Eubacterium limosum KIST612. The enzyme was purified to apparent homogeneity from cells grown on methanol to a specific activity of 1.2 U·mg−1 with a yield of 12%. The enzyme contained subunits A, B, C, D, E, F, H, a, and c. Subunit c is predicted to be a typical V-type c subunit with only one ion (Na+)-binding site. Indeed, ATP hydrolysis was strictly Na+-dependent. N,N′-dicyclohexylcarbodiimide (DCCD) inhibited ATP hydrolysis, but inhibition was relieved by addition of Na+. Na+ was shown directly to abolish binding of the fluorescence DCCD derivative, NCD-4, to subunit c, demonstrating a competition of Na+ and DCCD/NCD-4 for a common binding site. After incorporation of the A1AO ATP synthase into liposomes, ATP-dependent primary transport of 22Na+ as well as ΔµNa+-driven ATP synthesis could be demonstrated. The Na+ A1AO ATP synthase from E. limosum is the first ATP synthase with a V-type c subunit from a mesophilic organism. This will enable future bioenergetic analysis of these unique ATP synthases.
Following a brief review of current efforts to identify the neuronal correlates of conscious processing (NCCP) an attempt is made to bridge the gap between the material neuronal processes and the immaterial dimensions of subjective experience. It is argued that this "hard problem" of consciousness research cannot be solved by only considering the neuronal underpinnings of cognition. The proposal is that the hard problem can be treated within a naturalistic framework if one considers not only the biological but also the socio-cultural dimensions of evolution. The argument is based on the following premises: perceptions are the result of a constructivist process that depends on priors. This applies both for perceptions of the outer world and the perception of oneself. Social interactions between agents endowed with the cognitive abilities of humans generated immaterial realities, addressed as social or cultural realities. This novel class of realities assumed the role of priors for the perception of oneself and the embedding world. A natural consequence of these extended perceptions is a dualist classification of observables into material and immaterial phenomena nurturing the concept of ontological substance dualism. It is argued that perceptions shaped by socio-cultural priors lead to the construction of a self-model that has both a material and an immaterial dimension. As priors are implicit and not amenable to conscious recollection the perceived immaterial dimension is experienced as veridical and not derivable from material processes—which is the hallmark of the hard problem. These considerations let the hard problem appear as the result of cognitive constructs that are amenable to naturalistic explanations in an evolutionary framework.
In pursuit of food, hungry animals mobilize significant energy resources and overcome exhaustion and fear. How need and motivation control the decision to continue or change behavior is not understood. Using a single fly treadmill, we show that hungry flies persistently track a food odor and increase their effort over repeated trials in the absence of reward suggesting that need dominates negative experience. We further show that odor tracking is regulated by two mushroom body output neurons (MBONs) connecting the MB to the lateral horn. These MBONs, together with dopaminergic neurons and Dop1R2 signaling, control behavioral persistence. Conversely, an octopaminergic neuron, VPM4, which directly innervates one of the MBONs, acts as a brake on odor tracking by connecting feeding and olfaction. Together, our data suggest a function for the MB in internal state-dependent expression of behavior that can be suppressed by external inputs conveying a competing behavioral drive.
With every glimpse of our eyes, we sample only a small and incomplete fragment of the visual world, which needs to be contextualized and integrated into a coherent scene representation. Here we show that the visual system achieves this contextualization by exploiting spatial schemata, that is our knowledge about the composition of natural scenes. We measured fMRI and EEG responses to incomplete scene fragments and used representational similarity analysis to reconstruct their cortical representations in space and time. We observed a sorting of representations according to the fragments' place within the scene schema, which occurred during perceptual analysis in the occipital place area and within the first 200 ms of vision. This schema-based coding operates flexibly across visual features (as measured by a deep neural network model) and different types of environments (indoor and outdoor scenes). This flexibility highlights the mechanism's ability to efficiently organize incoming information under dynamic real-world conditions.
Relying on the theory of Saward (2010) and Disch (2015), we study political representation through the lens of representative claim-making. We identify a gap between the theoretical concept of claim-making and the empirical (quantitative) assessment of representative claims made in the real world’s representative contexts. Therefore, we develop a new approach to map and quantify representative claims in order to subsequently measure the reception and validation of the claims by the audience. To test our method, we analyse all the debates of the German parliament concerned with the introduction of the gender quota in German supervisory boards from 2013 to 2017 in a two-step process. At first, we assess which constituencies the MPs claim to represent and how they justify their stance. Drawing on multiple correspondence analysis, we identify different claim patterns. Second, making use of natural language processing techniques and logistic regression on social media data, we measure if and how the asserted claims in the parliamentary debates are received and validated by the respective audience. We come to the conclusion that the constituency as ultimate judge of legitimacy has not been comprehensively conceptualized yet.
Thomsonista Nearns and Nascimento, a new genus of Onciderini Thomson, 1860 (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae: Lamiinae), is described and illustrated. Seven new species of Onciderini are described and illustrated: Hesychotypa antonkozlovi from Ecuador; Hesychotypa danilevskyi from Panama; Lingafelteria pandolfii from Brazil; Oncideres antonkozlovi and Oncideres erwini from Peru; Oncideres johnmarvini from Costa Rica and Panama; and Thomsonista antonkozlovi from Colombia.