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Video and image data are regularly used in the field of benthic ecology to document biodiversity. However, their use is subject to a number of challenges, principally the identification of taxa within the images without associated physical specimens. The challenge of applying traditional taxonomic keys to the identification of fauna from images has led to the development of personal, group, or institution level reference image catalogues of operational taxonomic units (OTUs) or morphospecies. Lack of standardisation among these reference catalogues has led to problems with observer bias and the inability to combine datasets across studies. In addition, lack of a common reference standard is stifling efforts in the application of artificial intelligence to taxon identification. Using the North Atlantic deep sea as a case study, we propose a database structure to facilitate standardisation of morphospecies image catalogues between research groups and support future use in multiple front-end applications. We also propose a framework for coordination of international efforts to develop reference guides for the identification of marine species from images. The proposed structure maps to the Darwin Core standard to allow integration with existing databases. We suggest a management framework where high-level taxonomic groups are curated by a regional team, consisting of both end users and taxonomic experts. We identify a mechanism by which overall quality of data within a common reference guide could be raised over the next decade. Finally, we discuss the role of a common reference standard in advancing marine ecology and supporting sustainable use of this ecosystem.
A estrutura silábica do alemão como língua estrangeira na interlíngua de aprendizes brasileiros
(2019)
A presente pesquisa explora as estratégias de reformulação de constituintes silábicos complexos na Interlíngua de 18 brasileiros aprendizes do Alemão como Língua Estrangeira. Nossa hipótese prevê que estes aprendizes possuem dificuldades na produção de ataques iniciais e codas finais do ALE e, ao tentar acomodá-las ao molde silábico da LM, aplicam diferentes estratégias de reparação. A partir do conceito de Interlíngua (SELINKER 1972) como língua natural, sistemática e emergente de um processo complexo e dinâmico, desenvolvida autonomamente por falantes não-nativos de uma LE em seu processo de aquisição/aprendizagem com o objetivo de comunicar-se estrategicamente, e que sofre adaptações a partir da testagem de hipóteses acerca da LE e eventos de interação, realizamos análise transversal das ocorrências de ataque e coda complexas em correlação com o nível de proficiência do aprendiz, o estilo (LIN 2001, 2003) e a marcação do constituinte (GRENNBERG 1966b). Os dados revelaram que a frequência de modificação de clusters apresenta correlação com estes fatores: quanto mais formal a tarefa e avançado o aprendiz, menos modificações ocorrem. A influência da marcação silábica e dos universais linguísticos foi constatada para a coda, tipologicamente marcada, sendo mais frequentemente modificada que o ataque.
A encenação autoral de Christian Kracht: o caso d' "Os Mortos" de Kracht, de Joyce e de Huston
(2019)
Partimos do pressuposto que os escritores, ao longo da história, sempre se utilizaram de estratégias encenatórias tanto em relação às suas obras como às suas figuras públicas, e de que o fazem não só para se estabelecer no campo literário, mas para o fazê-lo de um modo específico (JÜRGENSEN; KAYSER, 2011; BOURDIEU, 2000). Tendo em vista o último romance de Christian Kracht, "Die Toten" (2016), cujo título pode ser livremente traduzido como "Os Mortos", e as relações intertextuais que podem ser estabelecidas com o conto homônimo de James Joyce (1914) e sua adaptação para o cinema dirigida por John Huston (1987), temos por objetivo investigar de que modo essas relações contribuem para a encenação de Christian Kracht e para seu posicionamento no campo literário.
Concebido para suprir as lacunas de uma existência que se tornara pública e notória com a publicação do "Werther", o relato autobiográfico de "Dichtung und Wahrheit" dedicará boa parte das quase 300 páginas de seus sete últimos livros à narração das circunstâncias que teriam possibilitado a Goethe encontrar um campo de atuação e influência compatíveis com a estrondosa repercussão do "Werther", mas ao mesmo tempo condizentes com uma vocação poética a que Goethe recusa qualquer interferência direta e 'didática' nos assuntos humanos, visto como passa a concebê-la 'inteiramente como natureza'. O artigo se propõe passar em revista esse momento decisivo de elaboração da 'Bildung' goethiana compreendido sobretudo nos livros 13 a 16, o qual coincide com a definição dos fundamentos da vocação poética que marcará a fisionomia espiritual da produção de Goethe vida afora. Para tanto, investigará a pertinência do conceito de teleologia como princípio explicativo oportuno à elucidação do referido momento, à luz da discussão proposta por Fotis Jannidis (1996); e analisará o papel das referências e influências que maior importância tiveram para Goethe nesse processo: Lavater, Basedow e Zimmermann, entre os convivas, Spinoza e Prometeu entre os luminares.
Based on accumulating evidence of a role of lipid signaling in many physiological and pathophysiological processes including psychiatric diseases, the present data driven analysis was designed to gather information needed to develop a prospective biomarker, using a targeted lipidomics approach covering different lipid mediators. Using unsupervised methods of data structure detection, implemented as hierarchal clustering, emergent self-organizing maps of neuronal networks, and principal component analysis, a cluster structure was found in the input data space comprising plasma concentrations of d = 35 different lipid-markers of various classes acquired in n = 94 subjects with the clinical diagnoses depression, bipolar disorder, ADHD, dementia, or in healthy controls. The structure separated patients with dementia from the other clinical groups, indicating that dementia is associated with a distinct lipid mediator plasma concentrations pattern possibly providing a basis for a future biomarker. This hypothesis was subsequently assessed using supervised machine-learning methods, implemented as random forests or principal component analysis followed by computed ABC analysis used for feature selection, and as random forests, k-nearest neighbors, support vector machines, multilayer perceptron, and naïve Bayesian classifiers to estimate whether the selected lipid mediators provide sufficient information that the diagnosis of dementia can be established at a higher accuracy than by guessing. This succeeded using a set of d = 7 markers comprising GluCerC16:0, Cer24:0, Cer20:0, Cer16:0, Cer24:1, C16 sphinganine, and LacCerC16:0, at an accuracy of 77%. By contrast, using random lipid markers reduced the diagnostic accuracy to values of 65% or less, whereas training the algorithms with randomly permuted data was followed by complete failure to diagnose dementia, emphasizing that the selected lipid mediators were display a particular pattern in this disease possibly qualifying as biomarkers.
Persistent and, in particular, neuropathic pain is a major healthcare problem with still insufficient pharmacological treatment options. This triggered research activities aimed at finding analgesics with a novel mechanism of action. Results of these efforts will need to pass through the phases of drug development, in which experimental human pain models are established components e.g. implemented as chemical hyperalgesia induced by capsaicin. We aimed at ranking the various readouts of a human capsaicin–based pain model with respect to the most relevant information about the effects of a potential reference analgesic. In a placebo‐controlled, randomized cross‐over study, seven different pain‐related readouts were acquired in 16 healthy individuals before and after oral administration of 300 mg pregabalin. The sizes of the effect on pain induced by intradermal injection of capsaicin were quantified by calculating Cohen's d. While in four of the seven pain‐related parameters, pregabalin provided a small effect judged by values of Cohen's d exceeding 0.2, an item categorization technique implemented as computed ABC analysis identified the pain intensities in the area of secondary hyperalgesia and of allodynia as the most suitable parameters to quantify the analgesic effects of pregabalin. Results of this study provide further support for the ability of the intradermal capsaicin pain model to show analgesic effects of pregabalin. Results can serve as a basis for the designs of studies where the inclusion of this particular pain model and pregabalin is planned.
Rezension zu: Psychology of Retention:Theory, Research and Practice / Melinde Coetzee, Ingrid L. Potgieter and Nadia Ferreira (Eds.), ISBN:978-3-319-98919-8 Publisher:Springer Nature, 2018, R1600 (Preis SA)
The following five species of Dermestidae (Coleoptera) are recorded for the first time from Guatemala: Attagenus fasciatus (Thunberg), Dermestes (Dermestinus) caninus caninus Germar, Orphinus fulvipes (Guérin-Méneville), Trogoderma simplex Jayne and Thorictodes heydeni Reitter. The species are recorded from the Guatemalan departments of Petén, Izabal and Zacapa.
Background: The differentiation between Gaucher disease type 3 (GD3) and type 1 is challenging because pathognomonic neurologic symptoms may be subtle and develop at late stages. The ophthalmologist plays a crucial role in identifying the typical impairment of horizontal saccadic eye movements, followed by vertical ones. Little is known about further ocular involvement. The aim of this monocentric cohort study is to comprehensively describe the ophthalmological features of Gaucher disease type 3. We suggest recommendations for a set of useful ophthalmologic investigations for diagnosis and follow up and for saccadometry parameters enabling a correlation to disease severity.
Methods: Sixteen patients with biochemically and genetically diagnosed GD3 completed ophthalmologic examination including optical coherence tomography (OCT), clinical oculomotor assessment and saccadometry by infrared based video-oculography. Saccadic peak velocity, gain and latency were compared to 100 healthy controls, using parametric tests. Correlations between saccadic assessment and clinical parameters were calculated.
Results: Peripapillary subretinal drusen-like deposits with retinal atrophy (2/16), preretinal opacities of the vitreous (4/16) and increased retinal vessel tortuosity (3/16) were found. Oculomotor pathology with clinically slowed saccades was more frequent horizontally (15/16) than vertically (12/16). Saccadometry revealed slowed peak velocity compared to 100 controls (most evident horizontally and downwards). Saccades were delayed and hypometric. Best correlating with SARA (scale for the assessment and rating of ataxia), disease duration, mSST (modified Severity Scoring Tool) and reduced IQ was peak velocity (both up- and downwards). Motility restriction occurred in 8/16 patients affecting horizontal eye movements, while vertical motility restriction was seen less frequently. Impaired abduction presented with esophoria or esotropia, the latter in combination with reduced stereopsis.
Conclusions: Vitreoretinal lesions may occur in 25% of Gaucher type 3 patients, while we additionally observed subretinal lesions with retinal atrophy in advanced disease stages. Vertical saccadic peak velocity seems the most promising "biomarker" for neuropathic manifestation for future longitudinal studies, as it correlates best with other neurologic symptoms. Apart from the well documented abduction deficit in Gaucher type 3 we were able to demonstrate motility impairment in all directions of gaze.
Apigenin (4′,5,7-trihydroxyflavone) (Api) is an important component of the human diet, being distributed in a wide number of fruits, vegetables and herbs with the most important sources being represented by chamomile, celery, celeriac and parsley. This study was designed for a comprehensive evaluation of Api as an antiproliferative, proapoptotic, antiangiogenic and immunomodulatory phytocompound. In the set experimental conditions, Api presents antiproliferative activity against the A375 human melanoma cell line, a G2/M arrest of the cell cycle and cytotoxic events as revealed by the lactate dehydrogenase release. Caspase 3 activity was inversely proportional to the Api tested doses, namely 30 μM and 60 μM. Phenomena of early apoptosis, late apoptosis and necrosis following incubation with Api were detected by Annexin V-PI double staining. The flavone interfered with the mitochondrial respiration by modulating both glycolytic and mitochondrial pathways for ATP production. The metabolic activity of human dendritic cells (DCs) under LPS-activation was clearly attenuated by stimulation with high concentrations of Api. Il-6 and IL-10 secretion was almost completely blocked while TNF alpha secretion was reduced by about 60%. Api elicited antiangiogenic properties in a dose-dependent manner. Both concentrations of Api influenced tumour cell growth and migration, inducing a limited tumour area inside the application ring, associated with a low number of capillaries.
Aim: Predicting future changes in species richness in response to climate change is one of the key challenges in biogeography and conservation ecology. Stacked species distribution models (S‐SDMs) are a commonly used tool to predict current and future species richness. Macroecological models (MEMs), regression models with species richness as response variable, are a less computationally intensive alternative to S‐SDMs. Here, we aim to compare the results of two model types (S‐SDMS and MEMs), for the first time for more than 14,000 species across multiple taxa globally, and to trace the uncertainty in future predictions back to the input data and modelling approach used.
Location: Global land, excluding Antarctica.
Taxon: Amphibians, birds and mammals.
Methods: We fitted S‐SDMs and MEMs using a consistent set of bioclimatic variables and model algorithms and conducted species richness predictions under current and future conditions. For the latter, we used four general circulation models (GCMs) under two representative concentration pathways (RCP2.6 and RCP6.0). Predicted species richness was compared between S‐SDMs and MEMs and for current conditions also to extent‐of‐occurrence (EOO) species richness patterns. For future predictions, we quantified the variance in predicted species richness patterns explained by the choice of model type, model algorithm and GCM using hierarchical cluster analysis and variance partitioning.
Results: Under current conditions, species richness predictions from MEMs and S‐SDMs were strongly correlated with EOO‐based species richness. However, both model types over‐predicted areas with low and under‐predicted areas with high species richness. Outputs from MEMs and S‐SDMs were also highly correlated among each other under current and future conditions. The variance between future predictions was mostly explained by model type.
Main conclusions: Both model types were able to reproduce EOO‐based patterns in global terrestrial vertebrate richness, but produce less collinear predictions of future species richness. Model type by far contributes to most of the variation in the different future species richness predictions, indicating that the two model types should not be used interchangeably. Nevertheless, both model types have their justification, as MEMs can also include species with a restricted range, whereas S‐SDMs are useful for looking at potential species‐specific responses.
Extending the data set used in Beyer (2009) to 2017, we estimate I(1) and I(2) money demand models for euro area M3. After including two broken trends and a few dummies to account for shifts in the variables following the global financial crisis and the ECB's non-standard monetary policy measures, we find that the money demand and the real wealth relations identified in Beyer (2009) have remained remarkably stable throughout the extended sample period. Testing for price homogeneity in the I(2) model we find that the nominal-to-real transformation is not rejected for the money relation whereas the wealth relation cannot be expressed in real terms.
Bromodomains (BRDs) are conserved protein interaction modules which recognize (read) acetyl-lysine modifications, however their role(s) in regulating cellular states and their potential as targets for the development of targeted treatment strategies is poorly understood. Here we present a set of 25 chemical probes, selective small molecule inhibitors, covering 29 human bromodomain targets. We comprehensively evaluate the selectivity of this probe-set using BROMOscan and demonstrate the utility of the set identifying roles of BRDs in cellular processes and potential translational applications. For instance, we discovered crosstalk between histone acetylation and the glycolytic pathway resulting in a vulnerability of breast cancer cell lines under conditions of glucose deprivation or GLUT1 inhibition to inhibition of BRPF2/3 BRDs. This chemical probe-set will serve as a resource for future applications in the discovery of new physiological roles of bromodomain proteins in normal and disease states, and as a toolset for bromodomain target validation.
A case of Lymphangioleiomyomatosis (LAM) of the lung in a patient with a history of breast cancer
(2019)
Background: Lymphangioleiomyomatosis (LAM) is a rare progressive cystic and nodular disease of the lung characterized by smooth muscle cell proliferation. LAM predominantly affects young premenopausal women. This report is of a case of LAM presenting in a 47-year-old woman with a past history of breast cancer and discusses the possibility of an association between the two conditions.
Case report: A 47-year-old woman presented as an emergency with an exacerbation of a four-month history of shortness of breath and dry cough. Her symptoms began following the start of anti-hormonal treatment with letrozole and goserelin acetate for a moderately differentiated (grade 2) invasive ductal carcinoma of the breast (pT2, pN0, M0) which was positive for expression of estrogen receptor (ER+), progesterone receptor (PR+), and human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2+). Until the previous four months, she had breast-conserving treatment with radiotherapy and tamoxifen therapy. Following hospital admission, she was found to be in type I respiratory failure. Chest X-ray, lung computed tomography (CT), and positron-emission tomography (PET) showed diffuse cystic and nodular lung lesions, consistent with a diagnosis of LAM, and antihormonal therapy was discontinued. She developed pericarditis that was treated with the anti-inflammatory agent, colchicine. Treatment with letrozole and sirolimus improved her respiratory symptoms.
Conclusions: A rare case of LAM is presented in a woman with a recent history of breast cancer. Because both tumors were hormone-dependent, this may support common underlying gene associations and signaling pathways between the two types of tumor.
We tested 6–7-year-olds, 18–22-year-olds, and 67–74-year-olds on an associative memory task that consisted of knowledge-congruent and knowledge-incongruent object–scene pairs that were highly familiar to all age groups. We compared the three age groups on their memory congruency effect (i.e., better memory for knowledge-congruent associations) and on a schema bias score, which measures the participants’ tendency to commit knowledge-congruent memory errors. We found that prior knowledge similarly benefited memory for items encoded in a congruent context in all age groups. However, for associative memory, older adults and, to a lesser extent, children overrelied on their prior knowledge, as indicated by both an enhanced congruency effect and schema bias. Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) performed during memory encoding revealed an age-independent memory x congruency interaction in the ventromedial prefrontal cortex (vmPFC). Furthermore, the magnitude of vmPFC recruitment correlated positively with the schema bias. These findings suggest that older adults are most prone to rely on their prior knowledge for episodic memory decisions, but that children can also rely heavily on prior knowledge that they are well acquainted with. Furthermore, the fMRI results suggest that the vmPFC plays a key role in the assimilation of new information into existing knowledge structures across the entire lifespan. vmPFC recruitment leads to better memory for knowledge-congruent information but also to a heightened susceptibility to commit knowledge-congruent memory errors, in particular in children and older adults.
O Brasil, como um país colônia cuja parte considerável da população é formada por imigrantes vindos de várias partes do mundo, possui diversas comunidades em que tais imigrantes se concentram. A fim de preservar parte de suas culturas, esses imigrantes continuam comunicando-se com a língua do seu país de origem. Devido a isso, seus filhos acabam por desenvolver a língua dos pais, juntamente do português, constituindo assim, um ambiente bilíngue. Tendo essas comunidades em mente, pretende-se entender de que forma o desenvolvimento linguístico e pessoal de uma criança pode ser afetado na aquisição quase simultânea de duas línguas, por ocorrer em momentos distintos, mas ainda na infância, e se há interferência de um idioma no outro. Nesse contexto, mesmo que as características das línguas sejam diferentes, há uma competência linguística comum entre as linguagens, o que possibilita que algumas habilidades sejam transferidas de uma língua para outra. Além disso, sabe-se que no léxico de crianças que falam duas línguas, é possível acessar palavras de qualquer uma delas ao mesmo tempo, verificando a conexão entre os idiomas (SCHUETZE, 2001). Para a realização desta pesquisa, a comunidade bilíngue abordada foi no oeste de Santa Catarina, onde concentra-se uma grande população descendente de imigrantes alemães. Foi realizada uma entrevista com dois jovens falantes de português e alemão, junto de seus pais, buscando definir o processo de aquisição das duas línguas na infância e a interferência das mesmas entre si. A análise das informações obtidas teve a influência do conhecimento prévio de uma das autoras da pesquisa, devido à aquisição de linguagem similar. Nos casos investigados, as crianças adquiriram o alemão em casa como primeira língua e o português como segunda em ambiente escolar. Os resultados apontam que ocorre influência de um idioma em outro e que há troca de letras ou palavras, como justifica o code-switching. Pesquisas como esta se fazem necessárias tendo em vista o crescente número de imigrantes vindos ao Brasil, cujos filhos estarão em um ambiente bilíngue, tendo que desenvolver o português enquanto os pais possuem apenas a língua do seu país de origem.
In November 2016, magnetotelluric (MT) data were collected at the Ceboruco Volcano in cooperation with the Centro de Sismología y Volcanología de Occidente (SisVoc, Universidad de Guadalajara, Mexico). The Ceboruco is a 2280 m high stratovolcano, located in Nayarit State, Mexico. It is placed in the central part of the Tepic-Zacoalco Rift (TZR), which constitutes the north-western end of the Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt. Together with Chapala and Colima (in the Jalisco Block), they form the triple rift system developed as a consequence of the ongoing subduction of the Rivera and Cocos oceanic plates beneath the North American continental crust. Although its last eruption occurred in 1870, it is the most active volcano in the area, showing volcanic-earthquake activity together with ongoing vapor emissions. The survey was part of a geothermal project (CeMIEGeo-P24) and focused on the determination of electrical conductivity properties to characterize the deep structure and the geothermal potential of the Volcano. Frequency dependent magnetotelluric response functions were calculated from 25 broadband MT stations, which covered an area of 10 x 10 km2 including its crater, calderas and foreland. The results were interpreted using anisotropic 3-D forward modelling and isotropic 3-D inversion approaches, considering strong topographical effects. The final resistivity model implies a highly conductive layer, reaching from near-surface to approximately 2 km depth, which might be related to a hydrothermal system. Here, mineralized fluids and clay minerals can cause high conductivities around 1 S/m. For longer periods, the principal axes of the MT response tensors (phase tensor, apparent resistivity tensor) are in good agreement with the strike direction of the underlying rift system. However, they are not rendered by the isotropic inversion. Thus the data suggest an anisotropic electrical conductivity at greater depth with its principal axis determined by the response tensors.
Anaerobic ammonium oxidation (anammox) is a major process in the biogeochemical nitrogen cycle in which nitrite and ammonium are converted to dinitrogen gas and water through the highly reactive intermediate hydrazine. So far, it is unknown how anammox organisms convert the toxic hydrazine into nitrogen and harvest the extremely low potential electrons (−750 mV) released in this process. We report the crystal structure and cryo electron microscopy structures of the responsible enzyme, hydrazine dehydrogenase, which is a 1.7 MDa multiprotein complex containing an extended electron transfer network of 192 heme groups spanning the entire complex. This unique molecular arrangement suggests a way in which the protein stores and releases the electrons obtained from hydrazine conversion, the final step in the globally important anammox process.
"Nicht nur Geschichte, auch Geschichtsschreibung wird gemacht", stellte Carola Sachse 2014 in einem Literaturbericht fest, in dem sie die zeithistorische Menschenrechtsforschung der letzten Jahrzehnte kritisch durchleuchtete und eine große Leerstelle konstatierte. Über Frauenrechte, Menschenrechtsaktivistinnen oder Geschlechterverhältnisse fand sich wenig in diesen Studien. Angesprochen auf diese Lücke meinte ein prominenter Experte lapidar: "Man kann nicht alles machen" – eine Antwort, die Sachse mitnichten zufriedenstellte. Dass sie daraufhin mit Roman Birke den vorliegenden Sammelband zu Menschenrechten und Geschlecht konzipierte, ist vor diesem Hintergrund nur folgerichtig. Und die Ergebnisse geben ihr recht: Die Vielgestaltigkeit der Beiträge bestätigt zwar einerseits, dass man wahrlich nicht alles machen kann. Doch wird andererseits auch deutlich, dass die Kategorie Geschlecht bei der Erforschung der Menschenrechtsgeschichte nicht ausgeklammert werden darf. ...
It is a rare and wonderful thing when a book of 383 pages leaves a reader wanting to read more, much more in fact. That is certainly the case with this intriguing collection of thirteen assorted essays on the Rhine economy from 1815 to the present, organized in six broad topical sections: origins, enterprises, sectors and clusters, infrastructures, transport, and environment. ...
Die Untersuchung von graffiti writing als soziokulturelle Praxis hat sich zu einem Forschungstrend entwickelt, ohne dass bislang eine systematische Untersuchung dieses Phänomens vorlag. Diese Lücke schließt nun Lohmann mit einer Herausarbeitung der Charakteristika antiker Graffiti im Kontext pompejanischer Wohnkultur. ...
The volume under review is the result of a conference on historical graffiti held at the Ludwig-Maximilians-University of Munich in 2017. The aim of this book is to analyse — for the first time — graffiti from the ancient, medieval and modern periods in their historical and geographical contexts from an interdisciplinary point of view. Following this comparative approach the authors show the tremendous potential of this nascent area of research by investigating epigraphic material that has been neglected and underestimated by scholars for a long time. ...
Verbreitungsbilder von Artefakten regten die archäologische Forschung seit dem späten 19. Jahrhundert dazu an, "Kulturkreise" zu definieren und auf dieser Basis Siedlungsräume ethnischer Gruppen, deren (Fremd)bezeichnung in lateinischen und griechischen Schriftquellen überliefert ist, zu lokalisieren. Diese Herangehensweise provoziert seit nunmehr fast zwei Jahrzehnten eine heftige Diskussion über die Interpretierbarkeit materieller Quellen im Hinblick auf die Benennung, Definition und Lokalisierung antiker Ethnien und Identitäten. ...
Einem ganz anderen Sujet widmet sich der abschließende archäobiologische Beitrag "Searching for Rome’s boundaries: An archaeobiological perspective" von Sabine Deschler-Erb, die anhand des Tierknochenspektrums verschiedener Fundplätze im Dreieck zwischen Avenches, Bregenz und Chur der Frage des Einflusses naturräumlicher Faktoren im Tierknochenbestand und den daraus resultierenden Speisegewohnheiten nachgeht. ...
Es war, zumindest für die Spezialforschung, ein veritabler Paukenschlag, als Claudia Märtl 2010 auf einer Münchner Tagung über das Ende der konziliaren Epoche mit einem unbekannten, genau zum Thema passenden Text aufwartete, den sie in einer Augsburger Handschrift entdeckt hatte: das Dreiergespräch "Agreste otium" des Martin Le Franc, der bis dahin fast ausschließlich durch seine moralisch-didaktischen Werke in französischer Sprache bekannt war, allen voran das allegorische Versepos "Le champion des dames" (1440–1442) sowie ein Streitgespräch zwischen Fortuna und Tugend, "L’Estrif de Fortune et de Vertu" (1447). ...
In seiner mit dem Otto-Hintze-Preis ausgezeichneten Habilitationsschrift bietet Markus Payk eine Entstehungsgeschichte des internationalen Rechtssystems, wie es in der Zwischenkriegszeit bestand. Demgemäß behandelt er die Pariser Vorortverträge – schwerpunktmäßig den Versailler Vertrag – von 1919/1920, mit denen ein neues zwischenstaatliches Regelungswerk erstellt wurde, das das gescheiterte System der Vorkriegszeit vor 1914 ablösen sollte. Der Autor will diese Verträge aus ihrem historischen und ideellen Kontext heraus erklären, um so deren wichtigste Charakteristika herauszuarbeiten und dabei verdeutlichen, dass ihnen "trotz aller Defizite […] [eine] einzigartige Stellung in der Geschichte der modernen Staatenbeziehungen" (S. 661) zukomme. ...
Im 19. Jahrhundert war Prostitution in weiten Teilen Europas reglementiert. Die Bordelle wurden staatlich konzessioniert, die Frauen polizeilich registriert, gynäkologisch überwacht und Zwangsbehandlungen unterworfen. Im Laufe des 20. Jahrhunderts wurde diese Reglementierung der Prostitution abgeschafft.
Wie kam es zu dieser Abschaffung? Welche Gründe sprachen für ein Ende dieser Art der Prostitutionskontrolle? Und inwiefern verlief die Diskussion in unterschiedlichen Ländern parallel oder eben gerade nicht? Diese Fragen stehen im Zentrum von Malte Königs Habilitationsschrift (Univ. des Saarlandes), in der es um die Gesetzesentwicklung in Deutschland, Frankreich und Italien geht. ...
Rezension zu Literary Activism. Perspectives. Ed. Amit Chaudhuri. New Delhi: Oxford University Press, 2017. 369 pp.
Nein, hier sollte keine Gesamtwürdigung von Person und Werk des Pierre d’Ailly vorgenommen oder dessen Epoche im Spiegel seiner Person unter vorwaltend kirchlich-politischen Aspekten analysiert werden, zumal darüber schon in jüngerer und jüngster Zeit Studien von Bernard Guenée sowie von Hélène Millet und Monique Maillard-Luypaert handelten. Vielmehr galt es auf der Pariser Tagung im März 2017, deren – sorgfältig redigierte, u. a. mit Auswahlbibliografie, Handschriftenverzeichnis, Personenregister und Zusammenfassungen der Beiträge in Französisch und Englisch versehene – Akten hier anzuzeigen sind, die vielfältigen Aspekte und Facetten der aktiven und schriftstellerischen Tätigkeit eines Mannes zu untersuchen, den man als "esprit universel" und "intellectuel engagé" charakterisieren mag, wie es Jacques Verger, Mitherausgeber und Mitglied der das Kolloquium in der Hauptsache tragenden Académie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres, einleitend tut (S. 10f.). ...
Das hochwertig ausgestattete Buch vereint elf der im Jahre 2017 in Goslar gehaltenen Vorträge zum Jubiläum der tausendsten Wiederkehr des Geburtstages Heinrichs III. Der Rezensent beteiligte sich in dieser Reihe mit einem Beitrag, der wegen seiner umfangreichen Thematik ("Das salische Reich und Europa zur Zeit Kaiser Heinrichs III.") nicht in eine Kurzfassung gegossen werden konnte, was hier der Fairness halber bemerkt werden muss. ...
Der vorliegende Band widmet sich für den Zeitraum von 1815 bis heute dem deutsch-französischen Verhältnis in 15 Einzelstudien, die entweder kulturwissenschaftlich ausgerichtet sind oder die dem Thema vor Ort in regionalen Fallbespielen nachgehen. Gemeinsame Klammer ist dabei der Rhein und dessen Anliegerregionen, womit die Herausgeber sich an neuere historische Forschungstrends anschließen. Anders als bisher wird der Rhein allerdings weder als deutschnationaler Fluss noch als natürliche französische Grenze wie vor 1945, aber auch nicht wie heute vielfach als europäisches Symbol verstanden, sondern als hybrider Raum, in dem verschiedene Akteure mit unterschiedlichen Interessen unter gegebenen Rahmenbedingungen aufeinandertrafen, was zu speziellen Prozessen und hybriden Strukturen in den jeweiligen Regionen führte. Das Ziel, die bisher dominierenden politisch motivierten Interpretationen in Frage zu stellen und die regionalen Besonderheiten und Widersprüche genauer wahrzunehmen, um die vorherrschenden nationalen und europäischen Interpretationen besser einzuordnen, erreicht der Band dabei vor allem durch die auf breiter Archivalienbasis erstellten Beiträge. ...
Am 19. Januar 1919 nahmen erstmals auch Frauen an den Wahlen zur Deutschen Nationalversammlung teil. Der am 10. November 1918, dem Tag nach der Abdankung des Kaisers und der Ausrufung der Republik durch Philipp Scheidemann, gebildete Rat der Volksbeauftragten erließ als eine seiner ersten Amtshandlungen ein neues Wahlgesetz. Für alle Parlamente auf kommunaler, Länder- und Reichsebene wurde das allgemeine, gleiche, direkte und geheime Wahlrecht für Männer und Frauen ab 21 Jahren dekretiert. Damit durften alle erwachsenen Deutschen wählen, unabhängig vom Geschlecht, von Besitz und Steuerleistung. Die bis dahin überall geltende Beschränkung des Wahlrechts auf Männer war damit abgeschafft und auch das in Preußen geltende Dreiklassenwahlrecht, das bis dahin die Stimmengewichtung an die Steuerleistung gekoppelt hatte. ...
Da wird gegen Ende ein schon recht großer Anspruch formuliert: "Aus genuin historischer Sicht bieten die Ergebnisse dieser Studie Anknüpfungspunkte für ein neues Narrativ, eine neue Interpretation der spätmittelalterlichen französischen Geschichte." Und mehr noch: "Aus systematisch-komparatistischer Sicht lässt sich die Frage nach der Spezifik bzw. der Übertragbarkeit des französischen Beispielfalles unter Rückgriff auf soziologische Theorieentwürfe schließlich auch auf weitere historische Formationen jenseits der spätmittelalterlichen Epoche ausweiten" (S. 427). Hoch die Erwartungen also in der Sache und nicht ganz so hoch an Sprache und Stil. Und französische Leserinnen und Leser, an die sich das Buch sicher nicht zuletzt auch wendet, werden entzückt sein über Juwele kristallklarer Verständlichkeit und federleichter Eleganz wie: "Aus diesen Überlegungen ergibt sich zugleich, dass systematisch-komparatistische Ansätze die jeweiligen Vergleichsgegenstände unter Zugrundelegung externer Analysekategorien zuallererst konstituieren und die im einzelnen zu betrachtenden Phänomene dadurch überhaupt erst vergleich- und operationalisierbar machen müssen" (S. 438). ...
This edited volume is in part based on a conference organized at the West-Timisoara University in October 2016. The conference marked the 60th anniversary of the establishment of a German program at this university, and dedicated a section to the life and work of Richard Wagner, an alumnus of this very department, promotion of 1975. As Enikő Dácz und Christina Rossi explain, the essays have been organized chronologically according to aesthetic and thematic considerations, taking into account Wagner’s early poems and short prose, his essayistic and novelistic works. Given the scant Wagner scholarship, this book is meant as an invitation to discover and to inspire further research on this author’s multifaceted and challenging work.
In this conference volume, edited by Enikö Dácz, scholars from Germany, Croatia, Romania, Hungary, Slovenia, and the United States analyze German-speaking literature from Central and South-Eastern Europe within the theoretical framework of regional and immigration studies.
Auch Bücher als solche sollen Schicksale haben, wie ein bis in die Antike zurückreichender Aphorismus lehrt. Auf die Monografie "Verfassung und Privatrecht im 19. Jahrhundert" trifft dies in besonderer Weise zu, denn es handelt sich hier um den raren, wenn auch insgesamt nicht völlig außergewöhnlichen Fall, dass eine nach ihrer Entstehung und akademischen Begutachtung unpubliziert gebliebene Qualifikationsschrift im Herbst der glanzvollen Karriere ihres Autors Dieter Grimm als Professor in Bielefeld und Berlin, als Richter des Bundesverfassungsgerichts und als Rektor des Wissenschaftskollegs Berlin (um nur die allerwesentlichsten Stationen zu nennen) doch noch der Fachöffentlichkeit vorgelegt wird. Schon insoweit regt die Lektüre des Bandes, der konzeptionell Torso geblieben ist – es sollte ein zweiter Band für die Jahre ab 1820 geschrieben werden – deutliches Interesse an, verheißt er doch angesichts der grundlegend gewählten Thematik die Bekanntschaft mit prägenden fachlichen Grundüberzeugungen Dieter Grimms in ihrer recht ursprünglichen Gestalt, nachdem man mit dem rechtsgelehrten Denken des Autors durch die öffentliche Wahrnehmung während der Jahre seines reifsten Wirkens nachhaltig vertraut wurde. So ist das Buch, das am örtlichen Max-Planck-Institut für Europäische Rechtsgeschichte entstanden ist und 1979 dem Fachbereich Rechtswissenschaft der Johann Wolfgang Goethe-Universität Frankfurt am Main als Habilitationsschrift vorgelegt wurde, von besonderem Reiz. ...
Partant des conditions de mise en place de l’une des dernières commissions d’historiens bilatérales en date – à savoir la commission germano-italienne en 2008 – et du constat de la nature à la fois ambigüe et excessive des attentes formulées à son encontre, cet ouvrage collectif dirigé par deux historiens du temps présent (l’Allemand Christoph Cornelißen et l’Italien Paolo Pezzino) place au cœur de la réflexion la figure de l’historien confronté à une demande d’expertise croissante dans le contexte de l’après guerre froide. Il examine les usages pratiques (voire politiques) des savoirs académiques historiques et leurs effets sur les standards de production de ces savoirs assurant la légitimité professionnelle et sociale des historiens. ...
The following paper presents the 19th volume on German Studies Kronstädter Beiträge zur Germanistischen Forschung 2019. The volume is dedicated to Bertolt Brecht and it contains papers about him andon his activity as a poet, theatre practitioner, playwright and film director, as well as papers on different fields and versatile aspects of German Studies.
Der Protestantismus ist die Konfession des Wortes, Bilder bzw. bildliche Darstellungen als Visualisierungen von Glaubensinhalten haben deshalb per definitionem weder im Calvinismus noch im Luthertum Bedeutung. Mit dieser vereinfachten Charakterisierung, die sich im Fachpublikum ebenso wie unter interessierten Laien lange gehalten hat, setzt sich das Buch von Bridget Heal, Reformationshistorikerin an der Universität St. Andrews, in einer beeindruckenden Analyse der Entwicklungen für das Luthertum auseinander. ...