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The phase diagram of the square lattice bilayer Hubbard model: a variational Monte Carlo study
(2014)
We investigate the phase diagram of the square lattice bilayer Hubbard model at half-filling with the variational Monte Carlo method for both the magnetic and the paramagnetic case as a function of the interlayer hopping and on-site Coulomb repulsion U. With this study we resolve some discrepancies in previous calculations based on the dynamical mean-field theory, and we are able to determine the nature of the phase transitions between metal, Mott insulator and band insulator. In the magnetic case we find only two phases: an antiferromagnetic Mott insulator at small for any value of U and a band insulator at large . At large U values we approach the Heisenberg limit. The paramagnetic phase diagram shows at small a metal to Mott insulator transition at moderate U values and a Mott to band insulator transition at larger U values. We also observe a re-entrant Mott insulator to metal transition and metal to band insulator transition for increasing in the range of . Finally, we discuss the phase diagrams obtained in relation to findings from previous studies based on different many-body approaches.
Recent density functional theory (DFT) calculations for KFe2As2 have been shown to be insufficient to satisfactorily describe angle-resolved photoemission (ARPES) measurements as well as observed de Haas–van Alphen (dHvA) frequencies. In the present work, we extend DFT calculations based on the full-potential linear augmented plane-wave method by dynamical mean field theory (DFT+DMFT) to include correlation effects beyond the local density approximation. We present results for two sets of reported crystal structures. Our calculations indicate that KFe2As2 is a moderately correlated metal with a mass renormalization factor of the Fe $3{\rm d}$ orbitals between 1.6 and 2.7. Furthermore, the obtained shape and size of the Fermi surface are in good agreement with ARPES measurements and we observe some topological changes with respect to DFT calculations such as the opening of an inner hole cylinder at the Z point. As a result, our calculated dHvA frequencies differ greatly from existing DFT results and qualitatively agree with experimental data. On this basis, we argue that correlation effects are important to understand the -presently under debate- nature of the superconducting state in KFe2As2.
The ALICE collaboration at the LHC reports measurement of the inclusive production cross section of electrons from semi-leptonic decays of beauty hadrons with rapidity |y|<0.8 and transverse momentum 1<pT<10 GeV/c, in pp collisions at s√= 2.76 TeV. Electrons not originating from semi-electronic decay of beauty hadrons are suppressed using the impact parameter of the corresponding tracks. The production cross section of beauty decay electrons is compared to the result obtained with an alternative method which uses the distribution of the azimuthal angle between heavy-flavour decay electrons and charged hadrons. Perturbative QCD calculations agree with the measured cross section within the experimental and theoretical uncertainties. The integrated visible cross section, σb→e=3.47±0.40(stat)+1.12−1.33(sys)±0.07(norm)μb, was extrapolated to full phase space using Fixed Order plus Next-to-Leading Log (FONLL) predictions to obtain the total bb¯ production cross section, σbb¯=130±15.1(stat)+42.1−49.8(sys)+3.4−3.1(extr)±2.5(norm)±4.4(BR)μb.
The hydrophobic thickness of membranes, which is manly defined by fatty acids, influences the packing of transmembrane domains of proteins and thus can modulate the activity of these proteins. We analyzed the dynamics of the dimerization of Glycophorin A (GpA) by molecular dynamics simulations to describe the fatty acid dependence of the transmembrane region assembly. GpA represents a well-established model for dimerization of single transmembrane helices containing a GxxxG motif in vitro and in silico. We performed simulations of the dynamics of the NMR-derived dimer as well as self-assembly simulations of monomers in membranes composed of different fatty acid chains and monitored the formed interfaces and their transitions. The observed dimeric interfaces, which also include the one known from NMR, are highly dynamic and converted into each other. The frequency of interface formation and the preferred transitions between interfaces similar to the interface observed by NMR analysis strongly depend on the fatty acid used to build the membrane. Molecular dynamic simulations after adaptation of the helix topology parameters to better represent NMR derived structures of single transmembrane helices yielded an enhanced occurrence of the interface determined by NMR in molecular dynamics simulations. Taken together we give insights into the influence of fatty acids and helix conformation on the dynamics of the transmembrane domain of GpA.
Analysis of whole cell lipid extracts of bacteria by means of ultra-performance (UP)LC-MS allows a comprehensive determination of the lipid molecular species present in the respective organism. The data allow conclusions on its metabolic potential as well as the creation of lipid profiles, which visualize the organism's response to changes in internal and external conditions. Herein, we describe: i) a fast reversed phase UPLC-ESI-MS method suitable for detection and determination of individual lipids from whole cell lipid extracts of all polarities ranging from monoacylglycerophosphoethanolamines to TGs; ii) the first overview of a wide range of lipid molecular species in vegetative Myxococcus xanthus DK1622 cells; iii) changes in their relative composition in selected mutants impaired in the biosynthesis of α-hydroxylated FAs, sphingolipids, and ether lipids; and iv) the first report of ceramide phosphoinositols in M. xanthus, a lipid species previously found only in eukaryotes.
ω-Azido fatty acids as probes to detect fatty acid biosynthesis, degradation, and modification
(2014)
FAs play a central role in the metabolism of almost all known cellular life forms. Although GC-MS is regarded as a standard method for FA analysis, other methods, such as HPLC/MS, are nowadays widespread but are rarely applied to FA analysis. Here we present azido-FAs as probes that can be used to study FA biosynthesis (elongation, desaturation) or degradation (β-oxidation) upon their uptake, activation, and metabolic conversion. These azido-FAs are readily accessible by chemical synthesis and their matization with high sensitivity by HPLC/MS, contributing a powerful tool to FA analysis, and hence, lipid analysis in general.
Background: Influenza vaccination of healthcare workers (HCWs) is recommended to prevent the transmission of influenza to vulnerable patients. Nevertheless, vaccination coverage rates of HCWs in European countries have been low.
Aim: To investigate the relative and combined strength of sociocognitive variables, from past research, theory and a qualitative study, in explaining the motivation of HCWs to receive the influenza vaccine.
Methods: An anonymous, online questionnaire was distributed among HCWs in hospital settings in Belgium, Germany and the Netherlands between February and April 2013.
Findings: Attitude and past vaccination uptake explained a considerable amount of variance in the intention of HCWs to receive the influenza vaccine. Moreover, low perceived social norms, omission bias, low moral norms, being older, having no patient contact, and being Belgian or Dutch (compared with German) increased the probability of having no intention to receive the influenza vaccine compared with being undecided about vaccination. High intention to receive the influenza vaccine was shown to be more likely than being undecided about vaccination when HCWs had high perceived susceptibility of contracting influenza, low naturalistic views, and lower motivation to receive the vaccine solely for self-protection.
Conclusion: Country-specific interventions and a focus on different sociocognitive variables depending on the intention/lack of intention of HCWs to receive the influenza vaccine may be beneficial to promote vaccination uptake.
The title solvated salt, C29H41N2+·Br-·2CH2Cl2 was obtained from the reaction of the Arduengo-type carbene 1,3-bis(2,6-diisopropylphenyl)-1,3-dihydro-4,5-dimethyl-2H-imidazol-2-ylidene with Si2Br6 in dichloromethane. The complete cation is generated by a crystallographic mirror plane and the dihedral angle between the five-membered ring and the benzene ring is 89.8 (6)°; the dihedral angle between the benzene rings is 40.7 (2)°. The anion also lies on the mirror plane and both dichloromethane molecules are disordered across the mirror plane over two equally occupied orientations. In the crystal, the cations are linked to the anions via C-H...Br hydrogen bonds.
The differential charged jet cross sections, jet fragmentation distributions, and jet shapes are measured in minimum bias proton-proton collisions at centre-of-mass energy s√=7 TeV using the ALICE detector at the LHC. Jets are reconstructed from charged particle momenta in the mid-rapidity region using the sequential recombination kT and anti-kT as well as the SISCone jet finding algorithms with several resolution parameters in the range R=0.2 to 0.6. Differential jet production cross sections measured with the three jet finders are in agreement in the transverse momentum (pT) interval 20<pjet,chT<100 GeV/c. They are also consistent with prior measurements carried out at the LHC by the ATLAS collaboration. The jet charged particle multiplicity rises monotonically with increasing jet pT, in qualitative agreement with prior observations at lower energies. The transverse profiles of leading jets are investigated using radial momentum density distributions as well as distributions of the average radius containing 80% (⟨R80⟩) of the reconstructed jet pT. The fragmentation of leading jets with R=0.4 using scaled pT spectra of the jet constituents is studied. The measurements are compared to model calculations from event generators (PYTHIA, PHOJET, HERWIG). The measured radial density distributions and ⟨R80⟩ distributions are well described by the PYTHIA model (tune Perugia-2011). The fragmentation distributions are better described by HERWIG.
The ALICE Zero Degree Calorimeter system (ZDC) is composed of two identical sets of calorimeters, placed at opposite sides with respect to the interaction point, 114 meters away from it, complemented by two small forward electromagnetic calorimeters (ZEM). Each set of detectors consists of a neutron (ZN) and a proton (ZP) ZDC. They are placed at zero degrees with respect to the LHC axis and allow to detect particles emitted close to beam direction, in particular neutrons and protons emerging from hadronic heavy-ion collisions (spectator nucleons) and those emitted from electromagnetic processes. For neutrons emitted by these two processes, the ZN calorimeters have nearly 100% acceptance.
During the √sNN = 2.76 TeV Pb-Pb data-taking, the ALICE Collaboration studied forward neutron emission with a dedicated trigger, requiring a minimum energy deposition in at least one of the two ZN. By exploiting also the information of the two ZEM calorimeters it has been possible to separate the contributions of electromagnetic and hadronic processes and to study single neutron vs. multiple neutron emission.
The measured cross sections of single and mutual electromagnetic dissociation of Pb nuclei at √sNN = 2.76 TeV, with neutron emission, are σsingle EMD = 187:4 ± 0.2 (stat.)−11.2+13.2 (syst.) b and σmutual EMD = 5.7 ± 0.1 (stat.) ±0.4 (syst.) b, respectively [1]. This is the first measurement of electromagnetic dissociation of 208Pb nuclei at the LHC energies, allowing a test of electromagnetic dissociation theory in a new energy regime. The experimental results are compared to the predictions from a relativistic electromagnetic dissociation model.
Single-pion production in proton-proton collisions at 1.25 GeV: measurements by HADES and a PWA
(2014)
We report on the single-pion production in proton-proton collisions at a kinetic energy of 1.25 GeV based on data measured with HADES. Exclusive channels npπ+ and ppπ0 were studied simultaneously. The parametrization of production cross sections of the one-pion final states by means of the resonance model has been obtained. Independently, the extraction of the leading partial waves in the data were analyzed within the framework of the partial wave analysis (PWA). Contributions for the production of ∆(1232) and N(1440) intermediate states have been deduced.
Event-by-event fluctuations of the mean transverse momentum of charged particles produced in pp collisions at s√ = 0.9, 2.76 and 7 TeV, and Pb-Pb collisions at sNN−−−−√ = 2.76 TeV are studied as a function of the charged-particle multiplicity using the ALICE detector at the LHC. Dynamical fluctuations indicative of correlated particle emission are observed in all systems. The results in pp collisions show little dependence on collision energy. The Monte Carlo event generators PYTHIA and PHOJET are in qualitative agreement with the data. Peripheral Pb-Pb data exhibit a similar multiplicity dependence as that observed in pp. In central Pb-Pb, the results deviate from this trend, featuring a significant reduction of the fluctuation strength. The results in Pb--Pb are in qualitative agreement with previous measurements in Au-Au at lower collision energies and with expectations from models that incorporate collective phenomena.
We report on the production of inclusive Υ(1S) and Υ(2S) in p-Pb collisions at sNN−−−√=5.02 TeV at the LHC. The measurement is performed with the ALICE detector at backward (−4.46<ycms<−2.96) and forward (2.03<ycms<3.53) rapidity down to zero transverse momentum. The production cross sections of the Υ(1S) and Υ(2S) are presented, as well as the nuclear modification factor and the ratio of the forward to backward yields of Υ(1S). A suppression of the inclusive Υ(1S) yield in p-Pb collisions with respect to the yield from pp collisions scaled by the number of binary nucleon-nucleon collisions is observed at forward rapidity but not at backward rapidity. The results are compared to theoretical model calculations including nuclear shadowing or partonic energy loss effects.
We report on the production of inclusive Υ(1S) and Υ(2S) in p-Pb collisions at sNN−−−√=5.02 TeV at the LHC. The measurement is performed with the ALICE detector at backward (−4.46<ycms<−2.96) and forward (2.03<ycms<3.53) rapidity down to zero transverse momentum. The production cross sections of the Υ(1S) and Υ(2S) are presented, as well as the nuclear modification factor and the ratio of the forward to backward yields of Υ(1S). A suppression of the inclusive Υ(1S) yield in p-Pb collisions with respect to the yield from pp collisions scaled by the number of binary nucleon-nucleon collisions is observed at forward rapidity but not at backward rapidity. The results are compared to theoretical model calculations including nuclear shadowing or partonic energy loss effects.
Transverse momentum spectra of π±, K± and p(p¯) up to pT = 20 GeV/c at mid-rapidity in pp and Pb-Pb collisions at sNN−−−√= 2.76 TeV have been measured using the ALICE detector at the Large Hadron Collider. The proton-to-pion and the kaon-to-pion ratios both show a distinct peak at pT≈3GeV/c in central Pb-Pb collisions. Below the peak, pT < 3 GeV/c, both ratios are in good agreement with hydrodynamical calculations, suggesting that the peak itself is dominantly the result of radial flow rather than anomalous hadronization processes. For pT > 10 GeV/c particle ratios in pp and Pb-Pb collisions are in agreement and the nuclear modification factors for π±, K± and p(p¯) indicate that, within the systematic and statistical uncertainties, the suppression is the same. This suggests that the chemical composition of leading particles from jets in the medium is similar to that of vacuum jets.
Na(+)/H(+) exchangers are essential for regulation of intracellular proton and sodium concentrations in all living organisms. We examined and experimentally verified a kinetic model for Na(+)/H(+) exchangers, where a single binding site is alternatively occupied by Na(+) or one or two H(+) ions. The proposed transport mechanism inherently down-regulates Na(+)/H(+) exchangers at extreme pH, preventing excessive cytoplasmic acidification or alkalinization. As an experimental test system we present the first electrophysiological investigation of an electroneutral Na(+)/H(+) exchanger, NhaP1 from Methanocaldococcus jannaschii (MjNhaP1), a close homologue of the medically important eukaryotic NHE Na(+)/H(+) exchangers. The kinetic model describes the experimentally observed substrate dependences of MjNhaP1, and the transport mechanism explains alkaline down-regulation of MjNhaP1. Because this model also accounts for acidic down-regulation of the electrogenic NhaA Na(+)/H(+) exchanger from Escherichia coli (EcNhaA, shown in a previous publication) we conclude that it applies generally to all Na(+)/H(+) exchangers, electrogenic as well as electroneutral, and elegantly explains their pH regulation. Furthermore, the electrophysiological analysis allows insight into the electrostatic structure of the translocation complex in electroneutral and electrogenic Na(+)/H(+) exchangers.
In reply to internal or external danger stimuli, the body orchestrates an inflammatory response. The endogenous triggers of this process are the damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs). DAMPs represent a heterogeneous group of molecules that draw their origin either from inside the various compartments of the cell or from the extracellular space. Following interaction with pattern recognition receptors in cross-talk with various non-immune receptors, DAMPs determine the downstream signaling outcome of septic and aseptic inflammatory responses. In this review, the diverse nature, structural characteristics, and signaling pathways elicited by DAMPs will be critically evaluated.
While patients with chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection are treated in order to prevent liver-related morbidity and mortality, we rely on sustained virological response (SVR) as a virological biomarker to evaluate treatment efficacy in both clinical practice as well as in drug development. However, conclusive evidence for the clinical benefit of antiviral therapy or validity of SVR as surrogate marker, as derived from trials randomizing patients to a treatment or control arm, is lacking. In fact, the Hepatitis C Antiviral Long-term Treatment Against Cirrhosis (HALT-C) trial recently showed an increased mortality rate among interferon-treated patients compared to untreated controls. Consequently, the recommendation to treat patients with chronic HCV infection was challenged.
Here, we argue that the possible harmful effect of long-term low-dose pegylated interferon mono therapy, as was observed in the HALT-C trial cohort, cannot be extrapolated to potentially curative short-term treatment regimens. Furthermore, we discuss SVR as a surrogate biomarker, based on numerous studies which indicated an association between SVR and improvements in health-related quality of life, hepatic inflammation and fibrosis, and portal pressure as well as a reduced risk for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), liver failure and mortality.
Pattern recognition applied to whole-brain neuroimaging data, such as functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI), has proved successful at discriminating psychiatric patients from healthy participants. However, predictive patterns obtained from whole-brain voxel-based features are difficult to interpret in terms of the underlying neurobiology. Many psychiatric disorders, such as depression and schizophrenia, are thought to be brain connectivity disorders. Therefore, pattern recognition based on network models might provide deeper insights and potentially more powerful predictions than whole-brain voxel-based approaches. Here, we build a novel sparse network-based discriminative modeling framework, based on Gaussian graphical models and L1-norm regularized linear Support Vector Machines (SVM). In addition, the proposed framework is optimized in terms of both predictive power and reproducibility/stability of the patterns. Our approach aims to provide better pattern interpretation than voxel-based whole-brain approaches by yielding stable brain connectivity patterns that underlie discriminative changes in brain function between the groups. We illustrate our technique by classifying patients with major depressive disorder (MDD) and healthy participants, in two (event- and block-related) fMRI datasets acquired while participants performed a gender discrimination and emotional task, respectively, during the visualization of emotional valent faces.
The ability to delay gratification, to wait for a larger but delayed reward in the presence of a smaller but constantly available reward, has been shown to be predictive for various aspects of everyday life. For instance, preschool children who were better able to delay gratification achieved better school grades, a higher education, a better ability to cope with stress, as well as a reduced risk for being overweight or consume drugs up to 30 years later (Mischel et al., 2011). However, despite the importance of delay of gratification cognitive factors underlying individual differences are only poorly understood. Wittmann and Paulus (2008) suggested that individuals who overestimate the duration of time intervals experience waiting times as more costly and are, therefore, less likely to delay gratification. Furthermore, a recent study revealed an association between less accurate internal clock speed and a behavioral choice delay task (Corvi, Juergensen, Weaver, & Demaree, 2012). Further evidence for an association between temporal processing and delay of gratification can be derived from studies using clinical samples. For instance, children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) consistently prefer smaller, immediate rewards over larger, delayed rewards and show impaired temporal processing (Sonuga-Barke, Bitsakou, & Thompson, 2010). However, no study has directly tested an association between a measure of temporal processing and a classical delay of gratification task in children with and without ADHD so far.
As part of a larger study, 64 children (29 with ADHD) aged between 8 to 12 years performed a version of an auditory duration discrimination task and a delay of gratification task. In the duration discrimination task, the children were presented with two unfilled intervals indicated by two brief tones each. The baseline interval lasted for 400 ms, while the comparison interval was always longer and adjusted up or down in 10 ms steps securing an accuracy of 80%. In the delay of gratification task, the children were instructed that they could either opt for one chocolate bar immediately or that they could wait to receive two chocolate bars. Unbeknownst to the children, the waiting time lasted 25 minutes but children were told that they could decide for the immediate chocolate bar at any time by ringing a bell.
Children with ADHD did not differ in their performance from children without ADHD in the duration discrimination task or the delay of gratification task. However, in the whole sample of children with and without ADHD, children who waited for the additional chocolate bar showed a better duration discrimination than children who failed to wait for the additional chocolate bar [t(62) = -2.52, p = .01].
We demonstrated an association between temporal processing ability and the ability to delay gratification. These results need to be replicated in further studies with larger sample sizes. Moreover, different tasks measuring temporal processing and delay of gratification should be used to further clarify the relationship of temporal processing, delay of gratification, and ADHD.
Erich Arendt : Bibliographie
(2014)
Die Bibliographie verzeichnet die in Einzelausgaben (einschl. Nachauflagen, Neuausgaben und Lizenzausgaben) sowie die in Anthologien und Zeitschriften veröffentlichten Übersetzungen, in Einzelfällen zusätzlich die jeweils verwendeten Originalausgaben. Literarische Werke von Erich Arendt sind nicht berücksichtigt, nur Publikationen mit Bezug zu seinen Übersetzungen, meist Vor- und Nachworte. An Sekundärliteratur ist erfasst, was explizit Bezug auf Erich Arendt als Übersetzer nimmt bzw. für sein übersetzerisches Handeln oder anderweitig für den Blick auf den Übersetzer relevant ist.
Autophagy plays an essential role in maintaining an intricate balance between nutrient demands and energetic requirements during normal homeostasis. Autophagy recycles metabolic substrates from nonspecific bulk degradation of proteins and excess or damaged organelles. Recent work posits an active and dynamic signaling role for extracellular matrix-evoked autophagic regulation, that is, allosteric and independent of prevailing nutrient conditions. Several candidates, representing a diverse repertoire of matrix constituents (decorin, collagen VI, laminin α2, endostatin, endorepellin, and kringle V), can modulate autophagic signaling pathways. Importantly, a novel principle indicates that matrix constituents can differentially modulate autophagic induction and repression via interaction with specific receptors. Most of the matrix-derived factors described here appear to control autophagy in a canonical manner but independent of nutrient deprivation. Because the molecular composition and structure of the extracellular matrix are dynamically remodeled during various physiological and pathological conditions, we propose that matrix-regulated autophagy is key for maintaining proper tissue homeostasis and disease prevention, such as cancer progression and muscular dystrophies.
Neoadjuvant systemic chemotherapy is a possible therapeutic approach for the treatment of locally advanced operable, primarily non-operable or inflammatory breast cancer. Neoadjuvant systemic chemotherapy is an option for breast cancer patients who would require adjuvant chemotherapy otherwise based on clinical and histological examination and imaging. The use of neoadjuvant systemic therapy in operable breast cancer is currently increasing because of its advantages that include higher rates of breast conserving surgery and the possibility of measuring early in-vivo response to systemic treatment. The timing of axillary sentinel lymph node diagnosis (i.e. before or after neoadjuvant chemotherapy) is critical in that it may influence the likelihood of axillary preservation. It is not yet clear if neoadjuvant therapy might improve outcomes in certain subgroups of breast cancer patients. Neoadjuvant treatment modalities require a close collaboration between oncology professionals, including surgeons, gynecologists, medical oncologists, radiation oncologists, radiologists and pathologists. The most important parameter for treatment success and improved overall survival is the achievement of a pathologic complete response (pCR), although the role of pCR in patients with luminal A like tumours might be less informative. Identification of patient subgroups with high pCR rates may allow less invasive surgical or radiological interventions. Patients not achieving a pCR may be candidates for postoperative clinical trials exploring novel systemic treatments.
The colour-singlet axial-vector vertex plays a pivotal role in understanding dynamical chiral symmetry breaking and numerous hadronic weak interactions, yet scant model-independent information is available. We therefore use longitudinal and transverse Ward–Green–Takahashi (WGT) identities, together with kinematic constraints, in order to ameliorate this situation and expose novel features of the axial vertex: amongst them, Ward-like identities for elements in the transverse piece of the vertex, which complement and shed new light on identities determined previously for components in its longitudinal part. Such algebraic results are verified via solutions of the Bethe–Salpeter equation for the axial vertex obtained using two materially different kernels for the relevant Dyson–Schwinger equations. The solutions also provide insights that suggest a practical Ansatz for the axial-vector vertex.
We explore the parameter space of the two-flavor thermal quark–meson model and its Polyakov loop-extended version under the influence of a constant external magnetic field B. We investigate the behavior of the pseudo critical temperature for chiral symmetry breaking taking into account the likely dependence of two parameters on the magnetic field: the Yukawa quark–meson coupling and the parameter T0 of the Polyakov loop potential. Under the constraints that magnetic catalysis is realized at zero temperature and the chiral transition at B=0 is a crossover, we find that the quark–meson model leads to thermal magnetic catalysis for the whole allowed parameter space, in contrast to the present picture stemming from lattice QCD.
Coherent photo-production of sons in ultra-peripheral Pb-Pb collisions at the LHC measured by ALICE
(2014)
We present the differential cross section for coherent ρ0 photo-production at mid-rapidity (−0.5 < y < 0.5) measured by the ALICE experiment in Pb-Pb collisions at √sNN = 2.76 TeV at the LHC, as well as the total ρ0 cross section obtained by modelbased extrapolation to all rapidities. These cross sections are compared to various model predictions, as well as to earlier measurements at RHIC. In addition, we present results on nuclear breakup in coincidence with coherent ρ0 photo-production.
We study vacuum masses of charmonia and the charm-quark diffusion coefficient in the quark-gluon plasma based on the spectral representation for meson correlators. To calculate the correlators, we solve the quark gap equation and the inhomogeneous Bethe–Salpeter equation in the rainbow-ladder approximation. It is found that the ground-state masses of charmonia in the pseudoscalar, scalar, and vector channels can be well described. For 1.5Tc<T<3.0Tc, the value of the diffusion coefficient D is comparable with that obtained by lattice QCD and experiments: 3.4<2πTD<5.9. Relating the diffusion coefficient with the ratio of shear viscosity to entropy density η/s of the quark-gluon plasma, we obtain values in the range 0.09<η/s<0.16.
We present a simultaneous calculation of heavy single-Λ hypernuclei and compact stars containing hypernuclear core within a relativistic density functional theory based on a Lagrangian which includes the hyperon octet and lightest isoscalar-isovector mesons which couple to baryons with density-dependent couplings. The corresponding density functional allows for SU(6) symmetry breaking and mixing in the isoscalar sector, whereby the departures in the σ–Λ and σ–Σ couplings away from their values implied by the SU(3) symmetric model are used to adjust the theory to the laboratory and astronomical data. We fix σ–Λ coupling using the data on the single-Λ hypernuclei and derive an upper bound on the σ–Σ from the requirement that the lower bound on the maximum mass of a compact star is 2M⊙.
In this work the baryon number and strange susceptibility of second and fourth order are presented. The results at zero baryon-chemical potential are obtained using a well tested chiral effective model including all known hadron degrees of freedom and additionally implementing quarks and gluons in a PNJL-like approach. Quark and baryon number susceptibilities are sensitive to the fundamental degrees of freedom in the model and signal the shift from massive hadrons to light quarks at the deconfinement transition by a sharp rise at the critical temperature. Furthermore, all susceptibilities are found to be largely suppressed by repulsive vector field interactions of the particles. In the hadronic sector vector repulsion of baryon resonances restrains fluctuations to a large amount and in the quark sector above Tc even small vector field interactions of quarks quench all fluctuations unreasonably strong. For this reason, vector field interactions for quarks have to vanish in the deconfinement limit.
We show how repulsive interactions of deconfined quarks as well as confined hadrons have an influence on the baryon number susceptibilities and the curvature of the chiral pseudo-critical line in effective models of QCD. We discuss implications and constraints for the vector interaction strength from comparisons to lattice QCD and comment on earlier constraints, extracted from the curvature of the transition line of QCD and compact star observables. Our results clearly point to a strong vector repulsion in the hadronic phase and near-zero repulsion in the deconfined phase.
We study the phase structure of QCD at finite temperature within a Polyakov-loop extended quark–meson model. Such a model describes the chiral as well as the confinement-deconfinement dynamics. In the present investigation, based on the approach and results put forward in [1], [2], [3], [4], both matter and glue fluctuations are included. We present results for the order parameters as well as some thermodynamic observables and find very good agreement with recent results from lattice QCD.
Within the statistical model, the net strangeness conservation and incomplete total strangeness equilibration lead to the suppression of strange particle multiplicities. Furthermore, suppression effects appear to be stronger in small systems. By treating the production of strangeness within the canonical ensemble formulation we developed a simple model which allows to predict the excitation function of K+/π+ ratio in nucleus–nucleus collisions. In doing so we assumed that different values of K+/π+, measured in p + p and Pb + Pb interactions at the same collision energy per nucleon, are driven by the finite size effects only. These predictions may serve as a baseline for experimental results from NA61/SHINE at the CERN SPS and the future CBM experiment at FAIR.
The fluctuations in the ideal quantum gases are studied using the strongly intensive measures Δ[A,B] and Σ[A,B] defined in terms of two extensive quantities A and B. In the present Letter, these extensive quantities are taken as the motional variable, A=X, the system energy E or transverse momentum PT, and number of particles, B=N. This choice is most often considered in studying the event-by-event fluctuations and correlations in high energy nucleus–nucleus collisions. The recently proposed special normalization ensures that Δ and Σ are dimensionless and equal to unity for fluctuations given by the independent particle model. In statistical mechanics, the grand canonical ensemble formulation within the Boltzmann approximation gives an example of independent particle model. Our results demonstrate the effects due to the Bose and Fermi statistics. Estimates of the effects of quantum statistics in the hadron gas at temperatures and chemical potentials typical for thermal models of hadron production in high energy collisions are presented. In the case of massless particles and zero chemical potential the Δ and Σ measures are calculated analytically.
The diagnosis of drug induced liver injury (DILI) is based primarily on the exclusion of alternative causes. To assess the frequency of alternative causes in initially suspected DILI cases, we searched the Medline database with the following terms: drug hepatotoxicity, drug induced liver injury, and hepatotoxic drugs. For each term, we used the first 100 publications. We reviewed references, selected those reports relevant to our study, and retrieved finally 15 publications related to DILI and alternative causes. A total of 2,906 cases of initially assumed DILI were analyzed in these 15 publications, with diagnoses missed in 14% of the cases due to overt alternative causes. In another 11%, the diagnosis of DILI could not be established because of confounding variables. Alternative diagnoses included hepatitis B, C, and E, CMV, EBV, ischemic hepatitis, autoimmune hepatitis, primary biliary cirrhosis, primary sclerosing cholangitis, hemochromatosis, Wilson’s disease, Gilbert’s syndrome, fatty liver, non alcoholic steatohepatitis, alcoholic liver diseases, cardiac and thyroid causes, rhabdomyolysis, polymyositis, postictal state, tumors, lymphomas, chlamydial and HIV infections. Causality assessment methods applied in these 15 publications were the CIOMS (Council for International Organizations of Medical Sciences) scale alone (n = 5) or combined with the Maria and Victorino (MV) scale (n = 1), the DILIN (Drug-Induced Liver Injury Network) method (n = 4), or the Naranjo scale (n = 1); the qualitative CIOMS method alone (n = 3) or combined with the MV scale (n = 1). In conclusion, alternative diagnoses are common in primarily suspected DILI cases and should be excluded early in future cases, requiring a thorough clinical and causality assessment.
The asymmetric unit of the title compound, C28H42N2O5·H2O, consists of one half of the organic molecule and one half-molecule of water, both of which are located on a mirror plane which passes through the central C atoms and the hydroxyl group of the heterocyclic system. The hydroxyl group at the central ring is disordered over two equally occupied positions. The six-membered ring adopts a chair conformation, and the 2-hydroxybenzyl substituents occupy the sterically preferred equatorial positions. The aromatic rings make dihedral angles of 75.57 (9)° with the mean plane of the heterocyclic ring. The dihedral angle between the two aromatic rings is 19.18 (10)°. The molecular structure features two intramolecular phenolic O-H...N hydrogen bonds with graph-set motif S(6). In the crystal, molecules are connected via O-H...O hydrogen bonds into zigzag chains running along the a-axis direction.
Connecting narrative worlds
(2014)
Cross-frequency coupling (CFC) has been proposed to coordinate neural dynamics across spatial and temporal scales. Despite its potential relevance for understanding healthy and pathological brain function, the standard CFC analysis and physiological interpretation come with fundamental problems. For example, apparent CFC can appear because of spectral correlations due to common non-stationarities that may arise in the total absence of interactions between neural frequency components. To provide a road map towards an improved mechanistic understanding of CFC, we organize the available and potential novel statistical/modeling approaches according to their biophysical interpretability. While we do not provide solutions for all the problems described, we provide a list of practical recommendations to avoid common errors and to enhance the interpretability of CFC analysis.
Abstract Trial-to-trial variability and spontaneous activity of cortical recordings have been suggested to reflect intrinsic noise. This view is currently challenged by mounting evidence for structure in these phenomena: Trial-to-trial variability decreases following stimulus onset and can be predicted by previous spontaneous activity. This spontaneous activity is similar in magnitude and structure to evoked activity and can predict decisions. Allof the observed neuronal properties described above can be accounted for, at an abstract computational level, by the sampling-hypothesis, according to which response variability reflects stimulus uncertainty. However, a mechanistic explanation at the level of neural circuit dynamics is still missing.
In this study, we demonstrate that all of these phenomena can be accounted for by a noise-free self-organizing recurrent neural network model (SORN). It combines spike-timing dependent plasticity (STDP) and homeostatic mechanisms in a deterministic network of excitatory and inhibitory McCulloch-Pitts neurons. The network self-organizes to spatio-temporally varying input sequences.
We find that the key properties of neural variability mentioned above develop in this model as the network learns to perform sampling-like inference. Importantly, the model shows high trial-to-trial variability although it is fully deterministic. This suggests that the trial-to-trial variability in neural recordings may not reflect intrinsic noise. Rather, it may reflect a deterministic approximation of sampling-like learning and inference. The simplicity of the model suggests that these correlates of the sampling theory are canonical properties of recurrent networks that learn with a combination of STDP and homeostatic plasticity mechanisms.
Author Summary Neural recordings seem very noisy. If the exact same stimulus is shown to an animal multiple times, the neural response will vary. In fact, the activity of a single neuron shows many features of a stochastic process. Furthermore, in the absence of a sensory stimulus, cortical spontaneous activity has a magnitude comparable to the activity observed during stimulus presentation. These findings have led to a widespread belief that neural activity is indeed very noisy. However, recent evidence indicates that individual neurons can operate very reliably and that the spontaneous activity in the brain is highly structured, suggesting that much of the noise may in fact be signal. One hypothesis regarding this putative signal is that it reflects a form of probabilistic inference through sampling. Here we show that the key features of neural variability can be accounted for in a completely deterministic network model through self-organization. As the network learns a model of its sensory inputs, the deterministic dynamics give rise to sampling-like inference. Our findings show that the notorious variability in neural recordings does not need to be seen as evidence for a noisy brain. Instead it may reflect sampling-like inference emerging from a self-organized learning process.
The electric dipole strength distribution in 130Te has been investigated using the method of Nuclear Resonance Fluorescence. The experiments were performed at the Darmstadt High Intensity Photon Setup using bremsstrahlung as photon source and at the High Intensity -Ray Source, where quasi-monochromatic and polarized photon beams are provided. Average decay properties of 130Te below the neutron separation energy are determined. Comparing the experimental data to the predictions of the statistical model indicate, that nuclear structure effects play an important role even at sufficiently high excitation energies. Preliminary results will be presented.
Fission fragment mass distributions were measured in heavy-ion induced fissions using 238U target nucleus. The measured mass distributions changed drastically with incident energy. The results are explained by a change of the ratio between fusion and qasifission with nuclear orientation. A calculation based on a fluctuation dissipation model reproduced the mass distributions and their incident energy dependence. Fusion probability was determined in the analysis, and the values were consistent with those determined from the evaporation residue cross sections.
The Facility for Antiproton and Ion Research (FAIR), under construction at Darmstadt will provide intense relativistic beams of exotic nuclei at its Superconducting-FRagment Separator. High-resolution in-beam γ-ray spectroscopy will be performed in the HISPEC experiment, using the European Advanced GAmma-ray Tracking Array (AGATA). The PreSPEC-AGATA campaign is the predecessor of HISPEC and runs from 2012 to 2014 at GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung GmbH. Up to19 AGATA modules were used at GSI's F Ragment Separator in 2012. We report on the status of the experiment including preliminary results from performance commissioning.
The n_TOF facility operates at CERN with the aim of addressing the request of high accuracy nuclear data for advanced nuclear energy systems as well as for nuclear astrophysics. Thanks to the features of the neutron beam, important results have been obtained on neutron induced fission and capture cross sections of U, Pu and minor actinides. Recently the construction of another beam line has started; the new line will be complementary to the first one, allowing to further extend the experimental program foreseen for next measurement campaigns.
The production of charmonia in the antiproton-nucleus reactions at plab = 3 − 10 GeV/c is studied within the Glauber model and the generalized eikonal approximation. The main reaction channel is charmonium formation in an antiproton-proton collision. The target mass dependence of the charmonium transparency ratio allows to determine the charmonium-nucleon cross section. The polarization effects in the production of χc2 states are evaluated.
The simultaneous description of the hadronic yields, pion, kaon and proton spectra, elliptic flows and femtoscopy scales in hydrokinetic model of A+A collisions is presented at different centralities for the top RHIC and LHC energies. The hydrokinetic model is used in its hybrid version that allows one to switch correctly to the UrQMD cascade at the isochronic hypersurface which separates the cascade stage and decaying hydrodynamic one. The results are compared with pure hybrid model where hydrodynamics and hadronic cascade are matching just at the non-space-like hypersurface of chemical freeze-out. The initial conditions are based on both Glauber- and KLN- Monte-Carlo simulations and results are compared. It seems that the observables, especially femtoscopy data, prefer the Glauber initial conditions. The modification of the particle number ratios caused, in particular, by the particle annihilations at the afterburn stage is analyzed.
The HADES collaboration has searched for the anti-kaonic nuclear cluster “ppK−” in p+p collisions by its decay into pΛ. In the course of this analysis several cross checks had to be performed. This report discusses two examples thereof. In one test it was checked whether the presence of background events could introduce a bias on the applied partial wave analysis. The second item discussed here is the extraction of the total pK+Λ production cross section necessary to derive the absolute upper limit on the “ppK−” production cross section.
The study of neutron-induced reactions is of high relevance in a wide variety of fields, ranging from stellar nucleosynthesis and fundamental nuclear physics to applications of nuclear technology. In nuclear energy, high accuracy neutron data are needed for the development of Generation IV fast reactors and accelerator driven systems, these last aimed specifically at nuclear waste incineration, as well as for research on innovative fuel cycles. In this context, a high luminosity Neutron Time Of Flight facility, n_TOF, is operating at CERN since more than a decade, with the aim of providing new, high accuracy and high resolution neutron cross-sections. Thanks to the features of the neutron beam, a rich experimental program relevant to nuclear technology has been carried out so far. The program will be further expanded in the near future, thanks in particular to a new high-flux experimental area, now under construction.
We propose an effective theory of SU(3) gluonic matter where interactions between color-electric and color-magnetic gluons are constrained by the center and scale symmetries. Through matching to the dimensionally-reduced magnetic theories, the magnetic gluon condensate qualitatively changes its thermal behavior above the critical temperature. We argue its phenomenological consequences for the thermodynamics, in particular the dynamical breaking of scale invariance.
The so-called Pygmy Dipole Resonance, an additional structure of low-lying electric dipole strength, has attracted strong interest in the last years. Different experimental approaches have been used in the last decade in order to investigate this new interesting nuclear excitation mode. In this contribution an overview on the available experimental data is given.
Many QCD based and phenomenological models predict changes of hadron properties in a strongly interacting environment. The results of these models differ significantly and the experimental determination of hadron properties in nuclear matter is essential. In this paper we present a review of selected physics results obtained at GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung GmbH by HADES (High-Acceptance Di-Electron Spectrometer). The e+e− pair emission measured for proton and heavy-ion induced collisions is reported together with results on strangeness production. The future HADES activities at the planned FAIR facility are also discussed.
The High Acceptance DiElectron Spectrometer HADES [1] is installed at the Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung (GSI) accelerator facility in Darmstadt. It investigates dielectron emission and strangeness production in the 1-3 AGeV regime. A recent experiment series focusses on medium-modifications of light vector mesons in cold nuclear matter. In two runs, p+p and p+Nb reactions were investigated at 3.5 GeV beam energy; about 9·109 events have been registered. In contrast to other experiments the high acceptance of the HADES allows for a detailed analysis of electron pairs with low momenta relative to nuclear matter, where modifications of the spectral functions of vector mesons are predicted to be most prominent. Comparing these low momentum electron pairs to the reference measurement in the elementary p+p reaction, we find in fact a strong modification of the spectral distribution in the whole vector meson region.
We review recent results on J/ψ production measured by the ALICE collaboration at the LHC. For pp collisions at √s = 7 TeV yields and spectra of inclusive and prompt J/ψ, as well as results on their polarization and the charged particle multiplicity dependence of yields are presented. Measurements of the nuclear modification factor RAA of inclusive J/ψ at mid-(|y| < 0.9) and forward-rapidities (2.5 < y < 4), covering the range to pt = 0, for centrality selected Pb-Pb collisions are discussed. Also, first results on the J/ψυ2 at forward-rapidities are shown.
During the 2011 Pb-Pb run, dedicated triggers were used by the ALICE Collaboration to enrich ultra-peripheral collisions (UPC) to measure the J/ψ production cross section and its rapidity dependence at a centre of mass energy of 2.76 TeV per nucleon pair. In this article, the ongoing studies on J/ψ photoproduction in UPC events are presented.
The neutron sensitivity of the C6D6 detector setup used at n_TOF facility for capture measurements has been studied by means of detailed GEANT4 simulations. A realistic software replica of the entire n_TOF experimental hall, including the neutron beam line, sample, detector supports and the walls of the experimental area has been implemented in the simulations. The simulations have been analyzed in the same manner as experimental data, in particular by applying the Pulse Height Weighting Technique. The simulations have been validated against a measurement of the neutron background performed with a natC sample, showing an excellent agreement above 1 keV. At lower energies, an additional component in the measured natC yield has been discovered, which prevents the use of natC data for neutron background estimates at neutron energies below a few hundred eV. The origin and time structure of the neutron background have been derived from the simulations. Examples of the neutron background for two different samples are demonstrating the important role of accurate simulations of the neutron background in capture cross-section measurements.
We report on the measurement of the inclusive Υ (1S) production in Pb–Pb collisions at √sNN = 2.76 TeV carried out at forward rapidity (2.5 < y < 4) and down to zero transverse momentum using its μ+μ−decay channel with the ALICE detector at the Large Hadron Collider. A strong suppression of the inclusive Υ (1S) yield is observed with respect to pp collisions scaled by the number of independent nucleon–nucleon collisions. The nuclear modification factor, for events in the 0–90% centrality range, amounts to 0.30 ± 0.05(stat) ± 0.04(syst). The observed Υ (1S) suppression tends to increase with the centrality of the collision and seems more pronounced than in corresponding mid-rapidity measurements. Our results are compared with model calculations, which are found to underestimate the measured suppression and fail to reproduce its rapidity dependence.
Transverse momentum spectra of π±, K± and p(p¯) up to pT = 20 GeV/c at mid-rapidity in pp, peripheral (60–80%) and central (0–5%) Pb–Pb collisions at √sNN = 2.76 TeV have been measured using the ALICE detector at the Large Hadron Collider. The proton-to-pion and the kaon-to-pion ratios both show a distinct peak at pT ≈ 3 GeV/c in central Pb–Pb collisions. Below the peak, pT < 3 GeV/c, both ratios are in good agreement with hydrodynamical calculations, suggesting that the peak itself is dominantly the result of radial flow rather than anomalous hadronization processes. For pT > 10 GeV/c particle ratios in pp and Pb–Pb collisions are in agreement and the nuclear modification factors for π±, K± and p(p¯) indicate that, within the systematic and statistical uncertainties, the suppression is the same. This suggests that the chemical composition of leading particles from jets in the medium is similar to that of vacuum jets.
Freeze-out radii extracted from three-pion cumulants in pp, p–Pb and Pb–Pb collisions at the LHC
(2014)
In high-energy collisions, the spatio-temporal size of the particle production region can be measured using the Bose–Einstein correlations of identical bosons at low relative momentum. The source radii are typically extracted using two-pion correlations, and characterize the system at the last stage of interaction, called kinetic freeze-out. In low-multiplicity collisions, unlike in high-multiplicity collisions, two-pion correlations are substantially altered by background correlations, e.g. mini-jets. Such correlations can be suppressed using three-pion cumulant correlations. We present the first measurements of the size of the system at freeze-out extracted from three-pion cumulant correlations in pp, p–Pb and Pb–Pb collisions at the LHC with ALICE. At similar multiplicity, the invariant radii extracted in p–Pb collisions are found to be 5–15% larger than those in pp, while those in Pb–Pb are 35–55% larger than those in p–Pb. Our measurements disfavor models which incorporate substantially stronger collective expansion in p–Pb as compared to pp collisions at similar multiplicity.
We report on a polarization measurement of inclusive J/ψ mesons in the di-electron decay channel at mid-rapidity at 2 < pT < 6 GeV/c in p + p collisions at √s = 200 GeV. Data were taken with the STAR detector at RHIC. The J/ψ polarization measurement should help to distinguish between different models of the J/ψ production mechanism since they predict different pT dependences of the J/ψ polarization. In this analysis, J/ψ polarization is studied in the helicity frame. The polarization parameter λθ measured at RHIC becomes smaller towards high pT , indicating more longitudinal J/ψ polarization as pT increases. The result is compared with predictions of presently available models.
The ALICE Collaboration at the LHC reports measurement of the inclusive production cross section of electrons from semi-leptonic decays of beauty hadrons with rapidity |y| < 0.8 and transverse momentum 1 < pT < 10 GeV/c, in pp collisions at √s = 2.76 TeV. Electrons not originating from semi-electronic decay of beauty hadrons are suppressed using the impact parameter of the corresponding tracks. The production cross section of beauty decay electrons is compared to the result obtained with an alternative method which uses the distribution of the azimuthal angle between heavy-flavour decay electrons and charged hadrons. Perturbative QCD predictions agree with the measured cross section within the experimental and theoretical uncertainties. The integrated visible cross section, σb→e = 3.47 ± 0.40(stat) +1.12 −1.33(sys) ± 0.07(norm) μb, was extrapolated to full phase space using Fixed Order plus Next-to-Leading Log (FONLL) calculations to obtain the total bb production ¯ cross section, σbb¯ = 130 ± 15.1(stat) +42.1 −49.8(sys) +3.4 −3.1(extr) ± 2.5(norm) ± 4.4(BR) μb.
Efficient algorithms for object recognition are crucial for the newly robotics and computer vision applications that demand real-time and on-line methods. Some examples are autonomous systems, navigating robots, autonomous driving. In this work, we focus on efficient semantic segmentation, which is the problem of labeling each pixel of an image with a semantic class.
Our aim is to speed-up all of the parts of the semantic segmentation pipeline. We also aim at delivering a labeling solution on a time budget, that can be decided on-the-fly. For this purpose, we analyze all the components of the semantic segmentation pipeline, and identify the computational bottleneck of each of them. The different components of the pipeline are over-segmenting the image with local regions, extracting features and classify the local regions, and the final inference of the image labeling with semantic classes. We focus on each of these steps.
First, we introduce a new superpixel algorithm to over-segment the image. Our superpixel method runs in real-time and can deliver a solution at any time budget. Then, for feature extraction, we focus on the framework that computes descriptors and encodes them, followed by a pooling step. We see that the encoding step is the bottleneck, for computational efficiency and performance. We present a novel assignment-based encoding formulation, that allows for the design of a new, very efficient, encoding. Finally, the image labeling output is obtained modeling the dependencies with a Conditional Random Field (CRF). In semantic image segmentation, the computational cost of instantiating the potentials is much higher than MAP inference. We introduce Active MAP inference to on-the-fly select a subset of potentials to be instantiated in the energy function, leaving the rest as unknown, and to estimate the MAP labeling from such incomplete energy function.
We perform experiments on all proposed methods for the different parts of the semantic segmentation pipeline. We show that our superpixel extraction achieves higher accuracy than state-of-the-art on standard superpixel benchmark, while it runs in real-time. We test our feature encoding on standard image classification and segmentation benchmarks, and we show that our method achieves competitive results with the state-of-the-art, and requires less time and memory. Finally, results for semantic segmentation benchmark show that Active MAP inference achieves similar levels of accuracy but with major efficiency gains.
'Provinzielle Weite' ist eine Formulierung, die eine Spannweite aufzumachen gedenkt zwischen einem Verständnis von Provinz/provinziell als beschränkter, statischer, nicht weltoffener Lebens- und Denkweise und einer zwar peripheren Position, die aber gleichwohl gesellschaftliche und mentale Veränderungen sensibel wahrnimmt und künstlerische, technische und wissenschaftliche Innovationen in ihrer ganzen "Weite" zu registrieren und produktiv zu verarbeiten weiß. Im besten Fall kann es sogar geschehen, dass die Provinz die Chance des weit Abgelegenen nutzt, die dort gegebenen Spielräume und Eigenheiten produktiv zu wenden, um damit sogar ins Zentrum zurückzuwirken. Mit dieser Schlusswendung und der Nennung eines Zentrums wird in das Begriffsfeld "provinzielle Weite" eingestandenermaßen eine Denkfigur eingeführt, die mit dem Begriffspaar Peripherie und Zentrum umschrieben ist. Der [...] Abschnitt wird sich allein auf Kerner in Weinsberg konzentrieren, um das erstaunliche Phänomen zu erörtern, auf welche Weise es Justinus Kerner gelang, mit geschärftem Bewusstsein in der Provinz und weitab von der großen Hauptstadt zu leben und doch eine selten erreichte, weltoffene, internationale Plattform errichten zu können, kurz, wie es Kerner schaffte, die weite Welt in der Provinz Weinsberg zu implantieren.
„Zu viel Musik“ lautet der Titel eines Aufsatzes des Pianisten, Komponisten, Dirigenten und Musikschriftstellers Ferdinand Hiller (1811-1885) über die Musikbelästigung eines musikalischen Bürgers durch unterschiedlichste Quellen in seinem Umfeld im Laufe eines Tages, sicherlich auf eigenen Erfahrungen fußend.1 Er wird als Titel für diesen Beitrag im übertragenen Sinne zitiert, weil der Nachlass Hiller in der Universitätsbibliothek Frankfurt am Main beim ersten Sichten bisher sehr unübersichtlich erschien. Der Nachlass umfasst 74 Bände Musikhandschriften, davon 21 Sammelhandschriften, dazu 9 Mappen mit Stimmen, 59 Bände Musikdrucke eigener Werke, davon 29 Sammelbände, dazu eine dicke Mappe mit Stimmen. Weitere Handschriften wurden nachträglich erworben. In verschiedenen Sammlungen sind darüber hinaus Briefe und Bildnisse Hillers überliefert.
Dieser Beitrag hat das Ziel, eine strukturierte Übersicht über die enthaltenen Werke zu geben: Der Inhalt der im Druck überlieferten Sammelbände wird anhand einer Tabelle dargestellt. Den Hauptteil dieses Beitrages bildet eine nach musikalischen Gattungen gegliederte Liste der in Frankfurt überlieferten Musikautographe, die als Register zu dem mittler weile digital verfügbaren Nachlassverzeichnis von Christine Ihl genutzt werden kann.
Beschäftigungsprognose 2014/2015 für die Region Rhein-Main : IWAK-Betriebsbefragung im Herbst 2013
(2014)
Folgende Beschäftigungstrends in der Region Rhein-Main sind für die Jahre 2014 und 2015 zu erwarten: Die Gesamtbeschäftigung in der Region Rhein-Main wird bis Ende 2014 voraussichtlich um ein Prozent steigen. Die Zahl der sozialversicherungspflichtig Beschäftigten steigt nach Einschätzung in etwa gleichem Maße an, eine Verdrängung sozialversicherungspflichtiger Beschäftigung durch andere Beschäftigungsformen findet demnach 2014 nicht statt. Die künftige Beschäftigungsentwicklung verläuft in den Sektoren unterschiedlich.
Mit einem Stellenabbau rechnet in 2014 nur der Finanzsektor, aber auch im Verarbeitenden Gewerbe finden sich unterdurchschnittliche Erwartungen. Der Dienstleistungssektor bleibt 2014 und 2015 bezogen auf die Beschäftigung die zentrale Wachstumsbranche in der Region Rhein-Main. Insbesondere im Bereich der Sonstigen Dienstleistungen, aber auch im Informations- und Kommunikationssektor und den wirtschaftsnahen Dienstleistungen werden deutliche Beschäftigungsanstiege prognostiziert. Dies betrifft 2014 sowohl die Gesamtbeschäftigung als auch sozialversicherungspflichtige Beschäftigungsverhältnisse. Ein Jobmotor der Region sind erneut die kleinen Betriebe, die bis Ende 2014 mit einem kräftigen Beschäftigungszuwachs, insbesondere bei den sozialversicherungspflichtigen Beschäftigungsverhältnissen rechnen. Anders ist dies bei den Großbetrieben, die weiterhin von einem Stellenabbau ausgehen. Die 2-Jahresprognose zeigt, dass die Betriebe in der Region Rhein-Main mittelfristig einen noch höheren Anstieg der Beschäftigung erwarten; es wird ein Zuwachs um etwa 2,6 Prozent erwartet. Hierbei ist aber, wie bereits bei den letztjährigen Prognosen, zu berücksichtigen, dass Prognosen über einen längeren Zeitraum auch mit höheren Unsicherheiten verbunden sind. Dieser Zuwachs bis Ende 2015 wird sektor- und betriebsgrößenübergreifend prognostiziert; auch in diesem Zeithorizont rechnen die Kleinstbetriebe sowie die Sonstigen Dienstleistungen, der IuK-Sektor sowie die wirtschaftsnahen Dienstleistungen mit deutlich mehr Beschäftigten.
Für die Beurteilung von Standortfaktoren der Region Rhein-Main sowie von Aktivitäten, die aus Sicht der Betriebe die Wettbewerbsfähigkeit beeinflussen, lassen sich folgende zentrale Befunde festhalten: Die Mehrzahl der erfassten Standortfaktoren wird seitens der Betriebe für wichtig gehalten. Besonders hohe Bedeutung haben die Kundennähe, Kostenaspekte (Mieten, Lohnkosten) und die Infrastruktur. Dienstleistungsbetriebe halten hierbei häufiger „weiche“ Standortfaktoren (Standortmarketing, Wohnungsangebot) für wichtig, während im Produzierenden Gewerbe vor allem die Nähe zu Kunden und Zulieferern von Bedeutung ist. Es zeigt sich zudem, dass mittelgroße und große Betriebe die meisten Faktoren tendenziell für wichtiger halten als Kleinst- und Kleinbetriebe, wobei vor allem Infrastruktur und Arbeitsmarktaspekte betont werden. Bei der Bewertung der Faktoren sind ebenfalls große Differenzen zwischen den Faktoren zu beobachten.
Positiv werden die Nähe zu Kunden, Partnern und Hochschulen, das Image der Region und die überregionale Verkehrsanbindung beurteilt; negativ das Wohnungsangebot, die Mieten und Lohnkosten. Alle erfassten Standortfaktoren wurden besser bewertet als bei der ersten Befragung im Jahr 2001. Insbesondere kritisch diskutierte Faktoren wie der Fachkräftemarkt oder die innerstädtische Verkehrssituation beurteilten die Betriebe deutlich positiver als vor zwölf Jahren.
Nimmt man Bedeutung und Bewertung zusammen, zeigen sich Kostenaspekte (Löhne, Mieten und Grundstückskosten) als zentrale Handlungsfelder, bei denen eine hohe Bedeutung und eine eher schlechte Bewertung zusammenkommen. Folgerichtig wird Aktivitäten zur Kostensenkung auch die höchste Bedeutung zur Stärkung der Wettbewerbsfähigkeit beigemessen. Fast ebenso wichtig sind nach Einschätzung der Betriebe jedoch auch Anstrengungen im Bildungs- und Arbeitsmarktbereich, vor allem aus Sicht des Dienstleistungssektors.
Arbeitszeitregelungen sowie Löhne und Gehälter sind zentrale personalpolitische Instrumente zur Erhöhung der Arbeitsplatzattraktivität und zur vorausschauenden Bewältigung der demografischen Heausforder- ungen. Die Daten des aktuellen IAB-Betriebspanels des Jahres 2013 zeigen jedoch nicht, dass diese Herausforderungen seitens der Betri ebe bereits bestehen bzw. wahrgenommen werden. Generell zeigen sich im Zeitverlauf vergleichsweise geringe Unterschiede. Wo dies nicht der Fall ist und deutlichere Ausschläge zu verzeichnen sind, kann dies in der Regel durch konjunkturelle Effekte erklärt werden. Dies gilt z.B. für die übertarifliche Entlohnung, deren Verbreitung nahezu wieder Vorkrisenniveau erreicht hat, für das Lohnniveau, bei dem ähnliches gilt, aber auch für die Nutzung von Arbeitszeitkonten, deren kontinuierliche Zunahme durch die Wirtschaftskrise nur unterbrochen wurde. Weitgehend konstant blieben zudem die vereinbarten Wochenarbeitszeiten, allein der Anteil der Betriebe mit sehr hohen Arbeitsvolumen war leicht rückläufig.
Insgesamt könnte man also annehmen, dass der Rückgang des Erwerbspersonenpotenzials für die hessischen Betriebe noch in weiter Ferne liegt, weshalb Verhaltensanpassungen weder erwartbar noch zielführend sind. Der genauere Blick offenbart jedoch, dass dies nicht für alle Befunde zutrifft. Insbesondere die deutliche Zunahme des Anteil der Betriebe, die Überstunden nutzten, ist hier zu nennen, zumal dieser vor allem in kleinen Betriebe sowie Betrieben des Produzierenden Gewerbes zu beobachten war, Betrieben also, die tendenziell größere Schwierigkeiten bei der Rekrutierung von Arbeitskräften haben als größere Betriebe bzw. Betriebe aus dem Öffentlichen Sektor oder dem Dienstleistungsbereich (vgl. Larsen/Nüchter 2012, RKW 2011). Dieser Befund verweist auch auf die beiden Interpretationsmöglichkeiten, mit denen Veränderungen von Arbeitszeiten und Löhnen betrachtet werden können. Eingangs wurde gesagt, dass deren aktive betriebliche Gestaltung Vorteile bei der Bewältigung der demografischen Herausforderungen bringen kann. Zugleich müssen Betriebe jedoch, falls es ihnen nicht gelingt, Arbeitskräfte im notwendigen Ausmaß zu gewinnen und an sich zu binden, die vorhandene Belegschaft stärker belasten als bislang. Zudem müssen sie, statt mit höheren Löhnen aktiv die eigene Attraktivität zu erhöhen, aus Wettbewerbs- oder anderen Gründen auch bei der Entlohnung geringere Spielräume in Kauf nehmen. Sowohl für die Arbeitszeitgestaltung als auch die Verbesserung der Attraktivität allgemein gilt demnach, dass Arbeitgeber sich nach Möglichkeit proaktiv kümmern sollten, um nicht zum Reagieren gezwungen zu werden. Der deutliche Anstieg der Verbreitung von Arbeitszeitkonten in den sehr kleinen Betrieben zeigt, dass dies zumindest teilweise bereits vollzogen wird.
Der Report ging zum Einen der Frage nach, wie sich die Weiterbil-dungsaktivitäten der hessischen Betriebe 2013 darstellen und welche Entwicklung zu beobachten ist, zum anderen wurde vertieft die Wei-terbildungsbeteiligung der an- und ungelernten Beschäftigten untersucht. Zur ersten Frage lässt sich festhalten, dass sich die Weiterbildungsbereitschaft der Betriebe auf hohem Niveau konso-lidiert hat: Die Beteiligung der Betriebe lag ähnlich hoch wie in den Vorjahren, und die Zahl der Beschäftigten, deren Weiterbildung gefördert wurde, erreichte erneut einen Höchststand.
Dies zeigt, dass Weiterbildung bei den hessischen Betrieben weiterhin einen hohen Stellenwert besitzt, wobei vor allem kleinere Betriebe und der Dienstleistungssektor aktiv sind. Eine Betrachtung der zeitlichen und finanziellen Organisation zeigt zudem, dass die Betriebe die Verantwortung für die Maßnahmen in der Regel nicht auf die Beschäftigten abwälzen. Eine jeweils deutliche Mehrheit der Betriebe übernimmt die anfallenden Kosten komplett und ermöglicht die Weiterbildung während der Arbeitszeit, sieht die Weiterbildung demnach als originäre betriebliche Aufgabe, für dessen Organisation und Kosten er die Verantwortung übernimmt. Dies ist keineswegs eine neue Entwicklung; bereits im vergangenen Jahrzehnt übernahmen die Betriebe mehrheitlich den anfallenden Aufwand. Ebenfalls wenig verändert zeigen sich die Präferenzen bei der Art der Weiterbildung: Noch immer ist der externe Kurs die bei weitem am häufigsten genutzte Form der Wissensvermittlung; flexible Formen wie die Weiterbildung am Arbeitsplatz haben ebenfalls eine hohe Verbreitung, ihre Bedeutung nahm aber im Gegensatz zu den Vorjahren nicht weiter zu. Ein schwieriges Thema bleibt die Integration Geringqualifizierter in die betriebliche Weiterbildung. Zwar ist deren Weiterbildungsquote, wohl auch durch vielfältige Fördermöglichkeiten, höher als in der Vergangenheit, liegt jedoch noch immer nur bei etwa der Hälfte des Durchschnittswerts. Mit anderen Worten: Die Wahrscheinlichkeit, im eigenen Betrieb weiterqualifiziert zu werden, ist für An- und Ungelernte weniger als halb so hoch wie für qualifizierte Beschäftigte. Besonders Betriebe aus Sektoren mit hohen Anteilen an Höherqualifizierten beziehen Geringqualifizierte seltener in die Weiterbildung ein. Insgesamt zeigt sich somit, dass die hessischen Betriebe eine gleichbleibend hohe Weiterbildungsaktivität zeigen, bestimmte Zielgruppen jedoch noch immer klar unterrepräsentiert sind. Gerade im Hinblick auf den zukünftigen Rückgang des Erwerbspersonenpotenzials bestehen hier innerbetriebliche Potenziale, die erschlossen werden sollten.
Leitfrage des Reports war, wie die Betriebe mit den Herausfor-derungen umgehen, geeignete Bewerber für ihre Ausbildungsplätze zu finden. Hiermit verbunden ist implizit die Frage, ob sich bereits heute Anzeichen für größer werdende Schwierigkeiten bei der Re krutierung von Auszubildenden zeigen und entsprechender Handlungs-druck herrscht, und ob die Betriebe diese Veränderungen wahrnehmen und hierauf reagieren. Eine pauschale Antwort fällt nach Betrachtung der Auswertung des letztjährigen IAB-Betriebspanels schwer. Zwar blieb nach wie vor eine hohe Zahl an Ausbildungsplätzen unbesetzt und es klagen viele Betriebe über einen Mangel an geeigneten Bewerbern und Bewerbungen überhaupt. Zugleich gibt aber eine deutliche Mehrheit der Betriebe an, bei der Besetzung von Ausbil-dungsstellen zu keinerlei Kompromissen gezwungen gewesen zu sein, während Jugendliche ohne Schulabschluss in der Regel ohne Chance auf einen Ausbildungsplatz bleiben. Da in vielen Fällen zudem keine Daten aus der Vergangenheit vorliegen, kann nicht gesichert gesagt werden, ob eine Veränderung des betrieblichen Verhaltens vorliegt. Dass die Betriebe aber ten-denziell bereit sind auf ein verändertes Umfeld zu reagieren, zeigen obige Auswertungen. So sind etwa drei Viertel aller Ausbildungsbetriebe grundsätzlich bereit, auch Jugendliche mit schlechten schu-lischen Leistungeauszubilden; Voraussetzungen hierfür sind in der Regel ein guter Gesamteindruck bzw. ein vorher absolviertes Prakti-kum. Selbiges bietet die große Mehrheit der Betriebe auch an; auf diesem Weg kann der Betrieb einen fundierten Eindruck von dem Ju-gendlichen gewinnen, während dieser erste Erfahrungen in der Arbeitswelt sammeln kann. An Angeboten zur Berufsorientierung nehmen die Betriebe hingegen seltener teil. Dass die Betriebe den Ausbil-dungsabsolventen häufiger als in der Vergangenheit auch eine Über-nahme in den Betrieb ermöglichen, kann ebenfalls als Indiz für eine größere Sensibilität gegenüber den Folgen des demografischen Wandels und des damit verbundenen Arbeitskräfterückgangs gedeutet werden. Generell zeigt jedoch die Differenzierung nach Sektoren, dass sehr wohl spezifische Problemlagen bestehen, auf die auch spezifisch reagiert wird. So beklagt das Produzierende Gewerbe, in dem traditionell viel ausgebildet wird, bereits heute einen absoluten Mangel an Bewerbern, während in den Dienstleistungssektoren eher die Qualität der Bewerber bemängelt wird und die Betriebe entsprechend häufiger zu Kompromissen gezwungen sind. Hier sind allerdings, wie auch in den anderen Bereichen, weitere Faktoren wirksam, weshalb der genaue Blick auf die Daten und Ergebnisse ratsam ist, um vorschnelle Schlussfolgerungen zu vermeiden.
Betriebliche Ausbildung in Hessen 2013: Stand und Entwicklung ; IAB-Betriebspanel-Report Hessen
(2014)
Die Verbreitung und Intensität der betrieblichen Ausbildung waren im vergangenen Jahrzehnt strukturell immer recht ähnlich, unterbrochen von kleineren, unter Umständen konjunkturbedingten Ausschlägen. So ist auch 2013 keine generelle Zu- oder Abnahme der Ausbildungsbe-reitschaft zu verzeichnen, die Ausbildungsbeteiligung und die Aus-bildungsquote bleiben konstant. Die eingangs gestellte Frage, ob sich der Rückgang von Schulabsolventen und geeigneten Bewerbern in Hessen bereits auf die betriebliche Ausbildung auswirkt, kann somit auf den ersten Blick verneint werden. Ein zweiter Blick offenbart einige Anzeichen für größer werdende Probleme. Insbesondere die hohe Zahl unbesetzter Ausbildungsstellen verweist auf die Heraus forder-ungen, die für viele ausbildungsbereite Betriebe bestehen. Besonders große Schwierigkeiten, Ausbildungsstellen zu besetzten, haben die kleinen Betriebe, Betriebe in Sektoren, die entweder sehr viel oder sehr wenig ausbilden, sowie Betriebe, die günstige Geschäftserwar-tungenhaben, also wachstumsorientierte dynamische Betriebe. Inwie- weit die hohe Zahl an unbesetzten Stellen bereits Folge zurückge-hender Bewerbungen ist, lässt sich mit den Daten des IA-Betriebs-panels nicht klären. Die Daten der BA geben in jedem Fall noch keinen Hinweis auf einen generellen Bewerberrückgang; interessant ist jedoch in jedem Fall, wie die Betriebe mit den offenkundig wachsenden Schwierigkeiten umgehen, geeignete Bewerber zu finden.
Der 2013 erreichte Höchststand an erfolgreichen Ausbildungsabsol-venten sowie die sehr hohe Zahl an angebotenen Ausbildungsstellen sind in jedem Fall erfreulich. Man kann somit festhalten, dass die hessischen Betriebe 2013 erfolgreich waren in dem Bemühen, eine große Zahl an Jugendlichen auszubilden. Inwieweit diesen Jugendlich- en auch eine Übernahme im Betrieb ermöglicht wird und welche weiteren Aktivitäten die hessischen Betriebe entfalten, um das heutige Ausbildungsniveau zu halten, wird Gegenstand des zweiten Ausbildungsreports sein.
Ein besonderes Kennzeichen des Frankfurter Arbeitsmarkts ist die hohe Teilhabe von Frauen an sozialversicherungspflichtiger Be-schäftigung. Dieser hohen Einbindung von vorrangig gut qualifi-zierten Frauen mit überwiegend deutscher Staatsangehörigkeit steht ein großes Segment an Frauen gegenüber, die arbeitslos sind und Defizite im Bereich der (formalen) Qualifikationen haben. Bei den arbeitslosen Frauen sind die ausländischen Frauen überproportional vertreten. Dieser gesplittete Arbeitsmarkt ist in Frankfurt am Main im Vergleich zu anderen Großstädten extrem stark ausgeprägt. Struk- turell und insbesondere hinsichtlich der Handlungsbedarfe lassen sich Frauen in Bezug auf ihre Arbeitsmarktteilhabe nach vier Gruppen differenzieren: Qualifizierte erwerbstätige Frauen (vorrangig mit deutscher Staatsangehörigkeit), Gering qualifizierte erwerbstätige Frauen (mit deutscher und ausländischer Staatsangehörigkeit), quali-fizierte arbeitslose Frauen (vorrangig mit deutscher Staats-angehörigkeit), gering qualifizierte arbeitslose Frauen (vorrangig mit ausländischer Staatsangehörigkeit).
[Nachruf] Walter Sterzel
(2014)
Wie sieht die Universität der Zukunft aus? Welchen Aufgaben wird sie sich stellen müssen, welche Wege sind die richtigen, um diese Aufgaben zu erfüllen? Oder ist die Universität, wie wir sie kennen, gar in Gefahr? Diesen Fragen sind Enrico Schleiff, Vizepräsident der Goethe-Universität und Professor für Molekularbiologie, und Werner Plumpe, Professor für Wirtschaftsgeschichte an der Goethe-Universität, beim Eröffnungsvortrag der Veranstaltungsreihe „Zwischen Humboldt und Humanressourcen“ auf den Grund gegangen.
Die Frankfurter Poetikvorlesungen werden im Wintersemester 2014/15 einen etwas anderen Weg beschreiten: Unter dem Motto „Poetiken zwischen den Künsten – Dialoge mit der Literatur“ werden die Bezüge zwischen musikalischen, filmischen und literarischen Kompositionen ausgelotet. Für dieses Projekt konnten der Komponist Wolfgang Rihm und der Regisseur Dominik Graf gewonnen werden. Die Musikwissenschaftlerin Prof. Marion Saxer und der Filmwissenschaftler Prof. Vinzenz Hediger stellen im Folgenden die beiden neuen Poetikdozenten vor.