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Institute
- Physik (201) (remove)
In this proceeding we review our recent work using supervised learning with a deep convolutional neural network (CNN) to identify the QCD equation of state (EoS) employed in hydrodynamic modeling of heavy-ion collisions given only final-state particle spectra ρ(pT, Ф). We showed that there is a traceable encoder of the dynamical information from phase structure (EoS) that survives the evolution and exists in the final snapshot, which enables the trained CNN to act as an effective “EoS-meter” in detecting the nature of the QCD transition.
We have built quasi-equilibrium models for uniformly rotating quark stars in general relativity. The conformal flatness approximation is employed and the Compact Object CALculator (cocal) code is extended to treat rotating stars with surface density discontinuity. In addition to the widely used MIT bag model, we have considered a strangeon star equation of state (EoS), suggested by Lai and Xu, that is based on quark clustering and results in a stiff EoS. We have investigated the maximum mass of uniformly rotating axisymmetric quark stars. We have also built triaxially deformed solutions for extremely fast rotating quark stars and studied the possible gravitational wave emission from such configurations.
Hemispherical and cylindrical antenna arrays are widely used in radar-based and tomography-based microwave breast imaging systems. Based on the dielectric contrast between healthy and malignant tissue, a three-dimensional image could be formed to locate the tumor. However, conventional X-ray mammography as the golden standard in breast cancer screening produces two-dimensional breast images so that a comparison between the 3D microwave image and the 2D mammogram could be difficult. In this paper, we present the design and realisation of a UWB breast imaging prototype for the frequency band from 1 to 9 GHz. We present a refined system design in light of the clinical usage by means of a planar scanning and compare microwave images with those obtained by X-ray mammography. Microwave transmission measurements were processed to create a two-dimensional image of the breast that can be compared directly with a two-dimensional mammogram. Preliminary results from a patient study are presented and discussed showing the ability of the proposed system to locate the tumor.
The masses of the low lying charmonium states, namely, the J/Ψ, Ψ(3686), and Ψ(3770) are shifted downwards due to the second order Stark effect. In p¯+Au collisions at 6–10 GeV we study their in-medium propagation. The time evolution of the spectral functions of these charmonium states is studied with a Boltzmann–Uehling–Uhlenbeck (BUU) type transport model. We show that their in-medium mass shift can be observed in the dilepton spectrum. Therefore, by observing the dileptonic decay channel of these low lying charmonium states, especially for Ψ(3686), we can gain information about the magnitude of the gluon condensate in nuclear matter. This measurement could be performed at the upcoming PANDA experiment at FAIR.
The aim of this paper is to understand resonance production (and more generally particle production) for different collision systems, namely proton-proton (pp), proton-nucleus (pA), and nucleus-nucleus (AA) scattering at the LHC. We will investigate in particular particle yields and ratios versus multiplicity, using the same multiplicity definition for the three different systems, in order to analyse in a compact way the evolution of particle production with the system size and the origin of a very different system size dependence of the different particles.
Complex I couples the free energy released from quinone (Q) reduction to pump protons across the biological membrane in the respiratory chains of mitochondria and many bacteria. The Q reduction site is separated by a large distance from the proton-pumping membrane domain. To address the molecular mechanism of this long-range proton-electron coupling, we perform here full atomistic molecular dynamics simulations, free energy calculations, and continuum electrostatics calculations on complex I from Thermus thermophilus. We show that the dynamics of Q is redox-state-dependent, and that quinol, QH2, moves out of its reduction site and into a site in the Q tunnel that is occupied by a Q analog in a crystal structure of Yarrowia lipolytica. We also identify a second Q-binding site near the opening of the Q tunnel in the membrane domain, where the Q headgroup forms strong interactions with a cluster of aromatic and charged residues, while the Q tail resides in the lipid membrane. We estimate the effective diffusion coefficient of Q in the tunnel, and in turn the characteristic time for Q to reach the active site and for QH2 to escape to the membrane. Our simulations show that Q moves along the Q tunnel in a redox-state-dependent manner, with distinct binding sites formed by conserved residue clusters. The motion of Q to these binding sites is proposed to be coupled to the proton-pumping machinery in complex I.
Das Standardmodell der Elementarteilchenphysik beschreibt nach aktuellem Kenntnisstand die Entstehung, den Aufbau und das Verhalten der Materie in unserem Universum am erfolgreichsten. Dennoch gibt es einige Phänomene, die sich nicht in dessen Rahmen beschreiben lassen, wie z. B. die Existenz von dunkler Materie und Energie, nicht-verschwindende Neutrinomassen oder die Baryonenasymmetrie. Speziell im Hinblick auf die starke Wechselwirkung, welche im Standardmodell durch die Quantenchromodynamik (QCD) beschrieben wird, gibt es noch immer viele offene Fragen.
Eine Umgebung, in der man die QCD experimentell ergründen kann, bieten vor allem Schwerionenkollisionen, die insbesondere am Large Hadron Collider (LHC) oder am Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider (RHIC) durchgeführt werden.
In dieser Arbeit soll ein Beitrag von theoretischer Seite aus hinsichtlich eines besseren Verständnisses dieser Schwerionenkollisionen und der zugrundeliegenden QCD erbracht werden. Der Fokus liegt dabei auf dem Isotropisierungsprozess unmittelbar nach der Kollision der beiden Kerne.
Neben etlichen effektiven Theorien, die sehr gute Ergebnisse in den entsprechenden Grenzbereichen liefern, ist die Beschreibung der QCD im Rahmen der Gittereichtheorie (Gitter-QCD) die am meisten etablierte. Diese beinhaltet in den meisten Fällen einen Übergang zur euklidischen Raumzeit, da somit ein Auswerten der hochdimensionalen Pfadintegrale mithilfe von Monte-Carlo-Simulation basierend auf dem sogenannten Importance Sampling ermöglicht wird. Aufgrund der Komplexwertigkeit der euklidischen Zeitkomponente ist man jedoch an das Studieren von statischen Observablen gebunden. Da wir aber gerade an einer Zeitentwicklung des Systems interessiert sind, sehen wir von dem Übergang zur euklidischen Raumzeit ab, was den Namen “real-time” im Titel der Arbeit erklärt.
Wir folgen dem sogenannten Hamilton-Ansatz und leiten damit Feldgleichungen in Form von partiellen Differentialgleichungen her, die wir dann mit den Methoden der Gitter-QCD numerisch lösen. Dabei bedienen wir uns der effektive Theorie des Farb-Glas-Kondensats (CGC, aus dem Englischen: “Color Glass Condensate”), um geeignete Anfangsbedingungen zu erhalten. Genauer gesagt basieren unsere Gitter-Anfangsbedingungen auf dem McLerran-Venugopalan-Modell (MV-Modell), das eine klassische Approximation in niedrigster Ordnung darstellt und nur Beiträge rein gluonischer Felder berücksichtigt.
Die klassische Näherung sowie das Vernachlässigen der fermionischen Felder wird insbesondere mit den hohen Besetzungszahlen der Feldmoden begründet. Einerseits dominieren Infrarot-Effekte, welche klassischer Natur sind, und andererseits ist dadurch der Einfluss der Fermionen, die dem Pauli-Prinzip gehorchen, unterdrückt. Gerade bei letzterer Aussage fehlt es jedoch an numerischen Belegen. Wir erweitern daher die klassische MV-Beschreibung durch stochastische Gitter-Fermionen, um diesem Punkt nachzugehen. Da sich Fermionen nicht klassisch beschreiben lassen, spricht man hierbei oft von einem semi-klassischen Ansatz.
Eines der Hauptziele dieser Arbeit liegt darin, den Isotropisierungsprozess, der bislang noch viele Fragen aufwirft, aber unter anderem Voraussetzung für das Anwenden von hydrodynamischen Modellen ist, zu studieren. Wir legen dabei einen besonderen Fokus auf die systematische Untersuchung der verschiedenen Parameter, die durch die CGC-Anfangsbedingungen in unsere Beschreibung einfließen, und deren Auswirkungen auf etwa die Gesamtenergiedichte des Systems oder die zugehörigen Isotropisierungszeiten. Währenddessen überprüfen wir zudem den Einfluss von unphysikalischen Gitter-Artefakten und präsentieren eine eichinvariante Methode zur Analyse der Güte unserer klassischen Näherung. Die Zeitentwicklung des Systems betrachten wir dabei sowohl in einer statischen Box als auch in einem expandierenden Medium, wobei Letzteres durch sogenannte comoving Koordinaten beschrieben wird. Zudem liefern wir einen Vergleich von der realistischen SU(3)-Eichgruppe und der rechentechnisch ökonomischeren SU(2)-Eichgruppe.
Mit unseren numerischen Ergebnissen zeigen wir, dass das System hochempfindlich auf die verschiedenen Modellparameter reagiert, was das Treffen quantitativer Aussagen in dieser Formulierung deutlich erschwert, insbesondere da einige dieser Parameter rein technischer Natur sind und somit keine zugehörigen physikalisch motivierten Größen, die den Definitionsbereich einschränken könnten, vorhanden sind. Es ist jedoch möglich, die Anzahl der freien Parameter zu reduzieren, indem man ihren Einfluss auf die Gesamtenergie des Systems analysiert und sich diesen zunutze macht. Dadurch gelingt es uns mithilfe von Konturdiagrammen einige Abhängigkeiten zu definieren und somit die Unbestimmtheit des Systems einzuschränken. Des Weiteren finden wir dynamisch generierte Filamentierungen in der Ortsdarstellung der Energiedichte, die ein starkes Indiz für die Präsenz von sogenannten chromo-Weibel-Instabilitäten sind. Unsere Studie des fermionischen Einflusses auf den Isotropisierungsprozess des CGC-Systems weist auf, dass dieser bei kleiner Kopplung vernachlässigbar ist. Bei hinreichend großen Werten für die Kopplungskonstante sehen wir allerdings einen starken Effekt hinsichtlich der Isotropisierungszeiten, was ein bemerkenswertes Resultat ist.
With the discovery of light beyond human visibility, scientists strove to extend the range of observation to invisible parts of the light’s spectrum. Realising that light of all frequencies is part the same physical phenomenon, brought a leap in understanding about electromagnetic waves. With the development of more advanced technology, detectors with higher sensitivity for adjacent frequencies to the visible were built. From this, with each new observable wavelength, more insight into otherwise invisible processes and phenomenons were observed. Hand in hand with this went the enhancement of the output power of corresponding sources. This has lead to higher sensitivity setups throughout the spectrum, leading to observations which have given a deeper understanding in various fields of science. Nowadays, detectors and emitters in many different regions of the invisible electro magnetic spectrum have found their way in our every day life. Innovations in technology has lead to practical applications such as X-rays in medicine, motion sensors and remote controls using infrared light, distance sensors and data transmission using radar and radio devices. The frequency regions above infrared are optically generated and below radar can be produced using electric methods. There is no straight line that separates these frequencies. There rather is a whole intermediate region known as the terahertz (THz) regime. Due to the lack of sensitive detectors and efficient sources, the THz frequency region has not been exploited for application use on a widespread basis so far. It combines properties from the surrounding frequency ranges which make it an ideal spectrum for various applications. Consequently, THz radiation and THz imaging are active fields of research.
The work presented in this thesis consists of the development and testing of novel THz imaging concepts, which uses a THz antenna coupled field effect transistor (TeraFET) detector. Two detection principles are applied using two different optical setups. The first uses a pulsed optical parametric oscillator (OPO) THz source where the optical output power is detected. The source relies on a nonlinear effect of a lithium niobate crystal to generate tunable THz pulses from a Q-switched pump laser. The THz signal is detected and amplified by a double stage operational amplifier for monitoring the real time 20 ns pulses on an oscilloscope where a signal to noise ratio (SNR) of ⇠ 25 at a frequency range from 0.75 to 1.1 THz is reached. Imaging of the area of interest with a resolution of 1.2 mm is achieved through raster scanning of the THz pulses. Also spectroscopy with a frequency resolution of ⇠ 50 GHz is demonstrated using a para-aminobenzoic acid sample. The second setup utilises two synchronised electronic multiplier chain sources where their output is mixed on the detector. To form a heterodyne detection setup, the intermediate frequency is fed to a lock-in amplifier which then amplifies the so called beat signal from the TeraFET detector. One source is fixed relative to the detector even through scanning to ensure a stable signal. This detection method allows for amplitude and phase detection for every scanning position, making numerical light field propagation and object reconstruction possible. Numerical focussing is a key feature achieving a lateral resolution of the input transmittance of ⇡ 2 mm.
After the introduction, the second chapter describes the setup, measurement results and challenges which arise using a TeraFET together with the pulsed THz source “Firefly-THz”. In the description of the setup, special attention is given to the shielding of the detector and the electronics. General findings discuss first the overall performance and later spectroscopy and imaging as application examples. Another subsection continues with potential noise sources before the chapter is concluded. Chapter three expands on the topic of Fourier optics from a theoretical point of view. First, parts of the theory of the Fourier Transform (FT) are set out for the reader and how the Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) results from the Discrete Fourier Transform (DFT). This approach is used for theoretical considerations and the implementation of a Fourier optic script that allows for numerical investigations on electro magnetic field propagation through an optical system. The boundary conditions are chosen to be practical relevant to make predictions on measurements presented in chapter four. The following fourth chapter describes the realisation of a heterodyne THz detection setup. Before the measurement results are presented, the setup and its electric configuration are shown. The results come close to the analytical predictions so that the same algorithm which propagates the field from an object to the Fourier plane is used to propagate the measured field back to the object. The influence of phase noise on the measurement results are discussed before simulation and measurement is compared. The last chapter in this thesis concludes on the findings in the pulsed THz detection and the heterodyne THz Fourier imaging and gives an outlook for both configurations.
The statistical model with exact conservation of baryon number, electric charge, and strangeness – the Canonical Statistical Model (CSM) – is used to analyze the dependence of yields of light nuclei at midrapidity on charged pion multiplicity at the LHC. The CSM calculations are performed assuming baryon-symmetric matter, using the recently developed Thermal-FIST package. The light nuclei-to-proton yield ratios show a monotonic increase with charged pion multiplicity, with a saturation at the corresponding grand-canonical values in the high-multiplicity limit, in good qualitative agreement with the experimental data measured by the ALICE collaboration in pp and Pb–Pb collisions at different centralities and energies. Comparison with experimental data at low multiplicities shows that exact conservation of charges across more than one unit of rapidity and/or a chemical freeze-out temperature which decreases with the charged pion multiplicity improves agreement with the data.
The quantum van der Waals (QvdW) extension of the ideal hadron resonance gas (HRG) model which includes the attractive and repulsive interactions between baryons – the QvdW-HRG model – is applied to study the behavior of the baryon number related susceptibilities in the crossover temperature region. Inclusion of the QvdW interactions leads to a qualitatively different behavior of susceptibilities, in many cases resembling lattice QCD simulations. It is shown that for some observables, in particular for χBQ11/χB2, effects of the QvdW interactions essentially cancel out. It is found that the inclusion of the finite resonance widths leads to an improved description of χB2, but it also leads to a worse description of χBQ11/χB2, as compared to the lattice data. On the other hand, inclusion of the extra, unconfirmed baryons into the hadron list leads to a simultaneous improvement in the description of both observables.
We have extended the Langevin equations to 4 dimensions (4D) by allowing the independent deformation for the left (δ1) and right fragments (δ2) of the fissioning nucleus. At the moment we are only able to use them in conjunction with the macroscopic transport coefficients. Nevertheless, we can see a considerable improvement in the preliminary results for the fission observables, especially those related to the total kinetic energy (TKE) of fission fragments. By plotting the TKE distributions we have revealed the super-long fission modes in 236U and super-short fission modes in 257Fm. By plotting the distribution of δ against the fragment’s TKE we have noted a correlation between the values of δ and Brosa’s fission modes. We have found that the standard fission modes correspond to prolate tips of the light fragments while the complementary heavy fragments have oblate fission tips. On the other hand, if both fragments were prolate at the tips, we get super-long fission modes. If both fragments were oblate at the tips, we get super-short fission modes.
Changes in the efficacies of synapses are thought to be the neurobiological basis of learning and memory. The efficacy of a synapse depends on its current number of neurotransmitter receptors. Recent experiments have shown that these receptors are highly dynamic, moving back and forth between synapses on time scales of seconds and minutes. This suggests spontaneous fluctuations in synaptic efficacies and a competition of nearby synapses for available receptors. Here we propose a mathematical model of this competition of synapses for neurotransmitter receptors from a local dendritic pool. Using minimal assumptions, the model produces a fast multiplicative scaling behavior of synapses. Furthermore, the model explains a transient form of heterosynaptic plasticity and predicts that its amount is inversely related to the size of the local receptor pool. Overall, our model reveals logistical tradeoffs during the induction of synaptic plasticity due to the rapid exchange of neurotransmitter receptors between synapses.
Changes in the efficacies of synapses are thought to be the neurobiological basis of learning and memory. The efficacy of a synapse depends on its current number of neurotransmitter receptors. Recent experiments have shown that these receptors are highly dynamic, moving back and forth between synapses on time scales of seconds and minutes. This suggests spontaneous fluctuations in synaptic efficacies and a competition of nearby synapses for available receptors. Here we propose a mathematical model of this competition of synapses for neurotransmitter receptors from a local dendritic pool. Using minimal assumptions, the model produces a fast multiplicative scaling behavior of synapses. Furthermore, the model explains a transient form of heterosynaptic plasticity and predicts that its amount is inversely related to the size of the local receptor pool. Overall, our model reveals logistical tradeoffs during the induction of synaptic plasticity due to the rapid exchange of neurotransmitter receptors between synapses.
Spontaneous brain activity is characterized in part by a balanced asynchronous chaotic state. Cortical recordings show that excitatory (E) and inhibitory (I) drivings in the E-I balanced state are substantially larger than the overall input. We show that such a state arises naturally in fully adapting networks which are deterministic, autonomously active and not subject to stochastic external or internal drivings. Temporary imbalances between excitatory and inhibitory inputs lead to large but short-lived activity bursts that stabilize irregular dynamics. We simulate autonomous networks of rate-encoding neurons for which all synaptic weights are plastic and subject to a Hebbian plasticity rule, the flux rule, that can be derived from the stationarity principle of statistical learning. Moreover, the average firing rate is regulated individually via a standard homeostatic adaption of the bias of each neuron’s input-output non-linear function. Additionally, networks with and without short-term plasticity are considered. E-I balance may arise only when the mean excitatory and inhibitory weights are themselves balanced, modulo the overall activity level. We show that synaptic weight balance, which has been considered hitherto as given, naturally arises in autonomous neural networks when the here considered self-limiting Hebbian synaptic plasticity rule is continuously active.
We describe two independent frameworks which provide unambiguous determinations of the deconfinement and the decoupling conditions of a relativistic gas at finite temperature. First, we use the Polyakov-Nambu-Jona–Lasinio model to compute meson and baryon masses at finite temperature and determine their melting temperature as a function of their strangeness content. Second, we analyze a simple expanding gas within a Friedmann-Robertson-Walker metric, which admits a well-defined decoupling mechanism. We examine the decoupling time as a function of the particle mass and cross section. We find evidences of an inherent dependence of the hadronization and freeze-out conditions on flavor, and on mass and cross section, respectively.
The properties of strange pseudoscalar and vectors mesons as well as strange baryon resonances in dense matter are reviewed. Some open questions on the properties of strange hadrons in medium are addressed, such as the experimental signatures of inmedium effects coming from the hadronic phase on the final observables in heavy-ion collisions for the experimental conditions at SIS, RHIC and LHC energies.
Most of the elements in the universe are produced via charged-particle fusion reactions during the primordial nucleosynthesis and different stellar burning stages, as well as via neutron-capture reactions. Around 35 heavy, proton-rich isotopes are bypassed by those reaction paths, the p nuclei. A series of photo-disintegration reactions occurring in supernovae, called the γ process, was suggested as a mechanisms to produce the p nuclei. Numerical simulations of the γ process have been unable to reproduce the observed abundances of the light p isotopes. Recent models showed that a series of proton capture reactions could provide the observed abundances. Hence, the cross sections of the crucial capture reactions have to be measured in order to test those assumptions.
Radiative proton captures in addition to the γ-process could reproduce the observed abundance pattern. This thesis presents preparations of a proton capture measurement on the radioactive 91Nb in standard kinematics with a calorimetric 4π setup. The 91Nb(p,γ)92Mo reaction might be the key to explain the production of one of the most abundant p-nuclei, 92Mo. So far, no experimental data for this reaction is available.
We produced a sample of 91Nb, with a half-life of 680 yr, at the Physikalisch Technische Bundesanstalt in Braunschweig, Germany, by irradiating 92Mo with protons in the energy range of 12 – 20MeV. 91Nb was produced via the reaction 92Mo(p,2p)91Nb and via 92Mo(p,pn)91Mo, where 91Mo decays to 91Nb with a half-life of 15.5min. To predict the amount of produced 91Nb the cross section of 92Mo(p, 2p) was measured. It was found to be higher than the value given by theoretical calculations with TALYS. Finally, 91Nb was chemically separated from the molybdenum carried at Paul-Scherrer- Institut, Villigen, Switzerland.
In-beam total absorption cross-section measurement of the reaction 91Nb(p,γ)92Mo with 2 MeV protons at FRANZ is planed with the produced 91Nb. A 4π BaF2 detector consisting of 41 crystals will be used. During this experiment we will measure the sum energy and the multiplicity of each event. The freshly produced 91Nb constitutes only a minor component of the sample material. The sum energy and multiplicity are crucial to distinguish the desired 91Nb(p,γ) from all the other more dominant reactions. The expected multiplicity and the efficiency of the setup were carefully simulated with DICEBOX and GEANT4. It was possible to show that background reactions can be effectively suppressed. The most important background contributions could be identified and result from 92Mo(p,γ), 19F(p,γ), and 19F(p,α).
In the current contribution we present a comprehensive study on the heteronuclear carbonyl complex H2FeRu3(CO)13 covering its low energy electron induced fragmentation in the gas phase through dissociative electron attachment (DEA) and dissociative ionization (DI), its decomposition when adsorbed on a surface under controlled ultrahigh vacuum (UHV) conditions and exposed to irradiation with 500 eV electrons, and its performance in focused electron beam induced deposition (FEBID) at room temperature under HV conditions. The performance of this precursor in FEBID is poor, resulting in maximum metal content of 26 atom % under optimized conditions. Furthermore, the Ru/Fe ratio in the FEBID deposit (≈3.5) is higher than the 3:1 ratio predicted. This is somewhat surprising as in recent FEBID studies on a structurally similar bimetallic precursor, HFeCo3(CO)12, metal contents of about 80 atom % is achievable on a routine basis and the deposits are found to maintain the initial Co/Fe ratio. Low temperature (≈213 K) surface science studies on thin films of H2FeRu3(CO)13 demonstrate that electron stimulated decomposition leads to significant CO desorption (average of 8–9 CO groups per molecule) to form partially decarbonylated intermediates. However, once formed these intermediates are largely unaffected by either further electron irradiation or annealing to room temperature, with a predicted metal content similar to what is observed in FEBID. Furthermore, gas phase experiments indicate formation of Fe(CO)4 from H2FeRu3(CO)13 upon low energy electron interaction. This fragment could desorb at room temperature under high vacuum conditions, which may explain the slight increase in the Ru/Fe ratio of deposits in FEBID. With the combination of gas phase experiments, surface science studies and actual FEBID experiments, we can offer new insights into the low energy electron induced decomposition of this precursor and how this is reflected in the relatively poor performance of H2FeRu3(CO)13 as compared to the structurally similar HFeCo3(CO)12.