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The production of the hypertriton nuclei 3ΛH and 3Λ¯H¯¯¯¯ has been measured for the first time in Pb-Pb collisions at sNN−−−√ = 2.76 TeV with the ALICE experiment at LHC energies. The total yield, dN/dy ×B.R.(3ΛH→3He,π−)=(3.86±0.77(stat.)±0.68(syst.))×10−5 in the 0-10% most central collisions, is consistent with the predictions from a statistical thermal model using the same temperature as for the light hadrons. The coalescence parameter B3 shows a dependence on the transverse momentum, similar to the B2 of deuterons and the B3 of 3He nuclei. The ratio of yields S3 = 3ΛH/(3He ×Λ/p) was measured to be S3 = 0.60 ± 0.13 (stat.) ± 0.21 (syst.) in 0-10% centrality events; this value is compared to different theoretical models. The measured S3 is fully compatible with thermal model predictions. The measured 3ΛH lifetime, τ=181+54−39(stat.)±33(syst.) ps is compatible within 1σ with the world average value.
The neutron capture cross section of the s-process branch nucleus 63Ni affects the abundances of other nuclei in its region, especially 63Cu and 64Zn. In order to determine the energy-dependent neutron capture cross section in the astrophysical energy region, an experiment at the Los Alamos National Laboratory has been performed using the calorimetric 4πBaF2 array DANCE. The (n,γ) cross section of 63Ni has been determined relative to the well-known 197Au standard with uncertainties below 15%. Various 63Ni resonances have been identified based on the Q value. Furthermore, the s-process sensitivity of the new values was analyzed with the new network calculation tool NETZ.
Correlation functions provide information on the properties of mesons in vacuum and of hot nuclear matter. In this work, we present a new method to derive a well-defined spectral representation for correlation functions. Combining this method with the quark gap equation and the inhomogeneous Bethe–Salpeter equation in the rainbow-ladder approximation, we calculate in-vacuum masses of light mesons and the electrical conductivity of the quark–gluon plasma. The analysis can be extended to other observables of strong-interaction systems.
In the framework of the so-called extended linear sigma model (eLSM), we include a pseudoscalar glueball with a mass of 2.6 GeV (as predicted by Lattice-QCD simulations) and we compute the two- and three-body decays into scalar and pseudoscalar mesons. This study is relevant for the future PANDA experiment at the FAIR facility. As a second step, we extend the eLSM by including the charm quark according to the global U(4)R × U(4)L chiral symmetry. We compute the masses, weak decay constants and strong decay widths of open charmed mesons. The precise description of the decays of open charmed states is important for the CBM experiment at FAIR.
In the initial stage of relativistic heavy-ion collisions, strong magnetic fields appear due to the large velocity of the colliding charges. The evolution of these fields appears as a novel and intriguing feature in the fluid-dynamical description of heavy-ion collisions. In this work, we study analytically the one-dimensional, longitudinally boost-invariant motion of an ideal fluid in the presence of a transverse magnetic field. Interestingly, we find that, in the limit of ideal magnetohydrodynamics, i.e., for infinite conductivity, and irrespective of the strength of the initial magnetization, the decay of the fluid energy density e with proper time τ is the same as for the time-honoured “Bjorken flow” without magnetic field. Furthermore, when the magnetic field is assumed to decay , where a is an arbitrary number, two classes of analytic solutions can be found depending on whether a is larger or smaller than one. In summary, the analytic solutions presented here highlight that the Bjorken flow is far more general than formerly thought. These solutions can serve both to gain insight on the dynamics of heavy-ion collisions in the presence of strong magnetic fields and as testbeds for numerical codes.
We investigate charmonium production in Pb + Pb collisions at LHC beam energy Elab=2.76A TeV at fixed-target experiment (√sNN = 72 GeV). In the frame of a transport approach including cold and hot nuclear matter effects on charmonium evolution, we focus on the antishadowing effect on the nuclear modification factors RAA and rAA for the J/ψ yield and transverse momentum. The yield is more suppressed at less forward rapidity (ylab ≃ 2) than that at very forward rapidity (ylab ≃ 4) due to the shadowing and antishadowing in different rapidity bins.
Landau's Fermi liquid theory has been the main tool for investigating interactions between fermions at low energies for more than 50 years. It has been successful in describing, amongst other things, the mass enhancement in ³He and the thermodynamics of a large class of metals. Whilst this in itself is remarkable given the phenomenological nature of the original theory, experiments have found several materials, such as some superconducting and heavy-fermion materials, which cannot be described within the Fermi liquid picture. Because of this, many attempts have been made to understand these ''non Fermi liquid'' phases from a theoretical perspective. This will be the broad topic of the first part of this thesis and will be investigated in Chapter 2, where we consider a two-dimensional system of electrons interacting close to a Fermi surface through a damped gapless bosonic field. Such systems are known to give rise to non Fermi liquid behaviour. In particular we will consider the Ising-nematic quantum critical point of a two-dimensional metal. At this quantum critical point the Fermi liquid theory breaks down and the fermionic self-energy acquires the non Fermi liquid like {omega}²/³ frequency dependence at lowest order and within the canonical Hertz-Millis approach to quantum criticality of interacting fermions. Previous studies have however shown that, due to the gapless nature of the electronic single-particle excitations, the exponent of 2/3 is modified by an anomalous dimension {eta_psi} which changes, not only the exponent of the frequency dependence, but also the exponent of the momentum dependence of the self-energy. These studies also show that the usual 1/N-expansion breaks down for this problem. We therefore develop an alternative approach to calculate the anomalous dimensions based on the functional renormalization group, which will be introduced in the introductory Chapter 1. Doing so we will be able to calculate both the anomalous dimension renormalizing the exponent of the frequency dependence and the exponent renormalizing the momentum dependence of the self-energy. Moreover we will see that an effective interaction between the bosonic fields, mediated by the fermions, is crucial in order to obtain these renormalizations.
In the second part of this thesis, presented in Chapter 3, we return to Fermi liquid theory itself. Indeed, despite its conceptual simplicity of expressing interacting electrons through long-lived quasi-particles which behave in a similar fashion as free particles, albeit with renormalized parameters, it remains an active area of research. In particular, in order to take into account the full effects of interactions between quasi-particles, it is crucial to consider specific microscopic models. One such effect, which is not captured by the phenomenological theory itself, is the appearance of non-analytic terms in the expansions of various thermodynamic quantities such as heat-capacity and susceptibility with respect to an external magnetic field, temperature, or momentum. Such non-analyticities may have a large impact on the phase diagram of, for example, itinerant electrons near a ferromagnetic quantum phase transition. Inspired by this we consider a system of interacting electrons in a weak external magnetic field within Fermi liquid theory. For this system we calculate various quasi-particle properties such as the quasi-particle residue, momentum-renormalization factor, and a renormalization factor which relates to the self-energy on the Fermi surface. From these renormalization factors we then extract physical quantities such as the renormalized mass and renormalized electron Lande g-factor. By calculating the renormalization factors within second order perturbation theory numerically and analytically, using a phase-space decomposition, we show that all renormalization factors acquire a non-analytic term proportional to the absolute value of the magnetic field. We moreover explicitly calculate the prefactors of these terms and find that they are all universal and determined by low-energy scattering processes which we classify. We also consider the non-analytic contributions to the same renormalization factors at finite temperatures and for finite external frequencies and discuss possible experimental ways of measuring the prefactors. Specifically we find that the tunnelling density of states and the conductivity acquire a non-analytic dependence on magnetic field (and temperature) coming from the momentum-renormalization factor. For the latter we discuss how this relates to previous works which show the existence of non-analyticities in the conductivity at first order in the interaction.
Atomistic molecular dynamics approach for channeling of charged particles in oriented crystals
(2015)
Der Gitterführungseffekt ist der Prozess der Ausbreitung von geladenen Teilchen entlang der Ebenen oder Achsen von kristallinen Materialien. Seit den 1960er Jahren ist dieser Effekt weitgehend theoretisch und experimentell untersucht worden. Dieser Effekt wurde für die Manipulation von Hochenergiestrahlen, die Hochpräzisionsstruktur- und -fehleranalyse von kristallinen Medien und die Herstellung von hochenergetischer Strahlung angewendet. Zur Abstimmung der Parameter der Gitterführung und Gitterführungsstrahlung wurde dieser Prozess für den Fall von künstlich nanostrukturierten Materialien, wie gebogenen Kristallen, Nanoröhren und Fullerit, angenommen. In den letzten Jahren wurde das Konzept des kristallinen Undulators formuliert und getestet, das besondere Eigenschaften der Strahlung aufgrund der Gitterführung von Projektilen in regelmäßig gebogenen Kristallen vorhersagt.
In dieser Arbeit werden die Prozesse der Gitterführung von Sub- und Multi-GeV-Elektronen und -Positronen durch den atomistischen Molekulardynamik-Ansatz untersucht. Die Ergebnisse dieser Studien wurden in einer Reihe von Artikeln während meiner Promotion in Frankfurt vorgestellt. Dieser Ansatz ermöglicht die Simulation komplexer Fälle von Gitterführung in geraden, gebogenen und periodisch gebogenen Kristallen aus reinen kristallinen Materialien und von gemischten Materialien wie Si-Ge-Kristallen, in mehrschichtigen und nanostrukturierten kristallinen Systemen. Die Arbeit beschreibt die Methode der Simulationen, stellt Ergebnisse von Simulationen für verschiedene Fälle vor und vergleicht die Ergebnisse von Simulationen mit aktuellen experimentellen Daten. Die Ergebnisse werden mit Schätzungen der dechanneling-Länge verglichen, dem Anteil der gittergeführten Projektile, der Winkelverteilung der ausgehenden Projektile und des Strahlungsspektrums.
Ziel der vorliegenden Arbeit ist der Aufbau von koaxialen Plasmabeschleunigern und deren Verwendung für die Untersuchung der Eigenschaften von kollidierenden Plasmen. Zukünftig sollen diese kollidierenden Plasmen als intensive Strahlungsquelle im Bereich der ultravioletten (UV-) und vakuumultravioletten (VUV-)Strahlung sowie in der Grundlagenforschung als Target zur Ionenstrahl-Plasma-Wechselwirkung Verwendung finden. Für diese Anwendungen steht dabei eine Betrachtung der physikalischen Grundlagen im Vordergrund. So sind neben der Kenntnis der Plasmadynamik auch Aussagen bezüglich der Elektronendichte, der Elektronentemperatur und der Strahlungsintensität von Bedeutung. Im Einzelnen konnte gezeigt werden, dass es möglich ist, durch eine Plasmakollision die Elektronendichte des Plasmas im Vergleich zu der eines einzelnen Plasmas deutlich zu erhöhen - im Maximalfall um den Faktor vier. Gleichzeitig stieg durch die Plasmakollision die Lichtintensität im Wellenlängenbereich der UV- und VUV-Strahlung um den Faktor drei an...
Die vorliegende Arbeit handelt von der Entwicklung, dem Bau, den Zwischenmessungen sowie den abschließenden Tests unter kryogenen Bedingungen einer neuartigen, supraleitenden CH-Struktur für Strahlbetrieb mit hoher Strahllast. Diese Struktur setzt das Konzept des erfolgreich getesteten 19-zelligen 360 MHz CH-Prototypen fort, der einen weltweiten Spitzenwert in Bezug auf Beschleunigungsspannung im Niederenergiesegment erreichte, jedoch wurden einige Aspekte weiterentwickelt bzw. den neuen Rahmenbedingungen angepasst. Bei dem neuen Resonator wurde der Schwerpunkt auf ein kompaktes Design, effektives Tuning, leichte Präparationsmöglichkeiten und auf den Einsatz eines Leistungskopplers für Strahlbetrieb gelegt. Die Resonatorgeometrie besteht aus sieben Beschleunigungszellen, wird bei 325 MHz betrieben und das Geschwindigkeitsprofil ist auf eine Teilcheneingangsenergie von 11.4 MeV/u ausgelegt. Veränderungen liegen in der um 90° gedrehten Stützengeometrie vor, um Platz für Tuner und Kopplerflansche zu gewährleisten, und in der Verwendung von schrägen Stützen am Resonatorein- und ausgang zur Verkürzung der Tanklänge und Erzielung eines flachen Feldverlaufs. Weiterhin wurden pro Tankdeckel zwei zusätzliche Spülflansche für die chemische Präparation sowie für die Hochdruckspüle mit hochreinem Wasser hinzugefügt. Das Tuning der Kavität erfolgt über einen neuartigen Ansatz, indem zwei bewegliche Balgtuner in das Resonatorvolumen eingebracht werden und extern über eine Tunerstange ausgelenkt werden können. Der Antrieb der Stange soll im späteren Betrieb wahlweise über einen Schrittmotor oder einen Piezoaktor stattfinden. Für ein langsames/ statisches Tuning kann der Schrittmotor den Tuner im Bereich +/- 1 mm auslenken, um größeren Frequenzabweichungen in der Größenordnung 100 kHz nach dem Abkühlen entgegenzuwirken. Das schnelle Tuning im niedrigen kHz-Bereich wird von einem Piezoaktor übernommen, welcher den Balg um einige µm bewegen kann, um Microphonics oder Lorentz-Force-Detuning zu kompensieren. Der Resonator wird von einem aus Titan bestehendem Heliummantel umgeben, wodurch ein geschlossener Heliumkreislauf gebildet wird.
Derzeit befinden sich mehrere Projekte in der Planung bzw. im Bau, welche auf eine derartige Resonatorgeometrie zurückgreifen könnten. An der GSI basiert der Hauptteil des zukünftigen cw LINAC auf supraleitenden CH-Strukturen, um einen Strahl für die Synthese neuer, superschwerer Elemente zu liefern. Weiterhin könnte ein Upgrade des vorhandenen GSI UNILAC durch den Einsatz von supraleitenden CH-Resonatoren gestaltet werden. Zudem besteht die Möglichkeit, die bisherige Alvarez-Sektion des UNILAC alternativ durch eine kompakte, supraleitende CH-Sektion zu realisieren. Ebenfalls sollen die beiden parallelbetriebenen Injektorsektionen des MYRRHA-Projektes durch den Einsatz von supraleitenden CH-Strukturen erfolgen.
We present measurements of the azimuthal dependence of charged jet production in central and semi-central sNN−−−√ = 2.76 TeV Pb-Pb collisions with respect to the second harmonic event plane, quantified as vch jet2. Jet finding is performed employing the anti-kT algorithm with a resolution parameter R = 0.2 using charged tracks from the ALICE tracking system. The contribution of the azimuthal anisotropy of the underlying event is taken into account event-by-event. The remaining (statistical) region-to-region fluctuations are removed on an ensemble basis by unfolding the jet spectra for different event plane orientations independently. Significant non-zero vch jet2 is observed in semi-central collisions (30-50\% centrality) for 20 < pch jetT < 90 GeV/c. The azimuthal dependence of the charged jet production is similar to the dependence observed for jets comprising both charged and neutral fragments, and compatible with measurements of the v2 of single charged particles at high pT. Good agreement between the data and predictions from JEWEL, an event generator simulating parton shower evolution in the presence of a dense QCD medium, is found in semi-central collisions.
We present measurements of the azimuthal dependence of charged jet production in central and semi-central √sNN=2.76 TeV Pb–Pb collisions with respect to the second harmonic event plane, quantified as v2ch jet. Jet finding is performed employing the anti-kT algorithm with a resolution parameter R=0.2 using charged tracks from the ALICE tracking system. The contribution of the azimuthal anisotropy of the underlying event is taken into account event-by-event. The remaining (statistical) region-to-region fluctuations are removed on an ensemble basis by unfolding the jet spectra for different event plane orientations independently. Significant non-zero v2ch jet is observed in semi-central collisions (30–50% centrality) for 20<pTch jet<90 GeV/c. The azimuthal dependence of the charged jet production is similar to the dependence observed for jets comprising both charged and neutral fragments, and compatible with measurements of the v2 of single charged particles at high pT. Good agreement between the data and predictions from JEWEL, an event generator simulating parton shower evolution in the presence of a dense QCD medium, is found in semi-central collisions.
The ALICE collaboration at the LHC reports measurement of the inclusive production cross section of electrons from semi-leptonic decays of beauty hadrons with rapidity |y|<0.8 and transverse momentum 1<pT<10 GeV/c, in pp collisions at s√= 2.76 TeV. Electrons not originating from semi-electronic decay of beauty hadrons are suppressed using the impact parameter of the corresponding tracks. The production cross section of beauty decay electrons is compared to the result obtained with an alternative method which uses the distribution of the azimuthal angle between heavy-flavour decay electrons and charged hadrons. Perturbative QCD calculations agree with the measured cross section within the experimental and theoretical uncertainties. The integrated visible cross section, σb→e=3.47±0.40(stat)+1.12−1.33(sys)±0.07(norm)μb, was extrapolated to full phase space using Fixed Order plus Next-to-Leading Log (FONLL) predictions to obtain the total bb¯ production cross section, σbb¯=130±15.1(stat)+42.1−49.8(sys)+3.4−3.1(extr)±2.5(norm)±4.4(BR)μb.
The nuclear modification factor, RAA, of the prompt charmed mesons D0, D+ and D∗+, and their antiparticles, was measured with the ALICE detector in Pb-Pb collisions at a centre-of-mass energy sNN−−−√=2.76 TeV in two transverse momentum intervals, 5<pT<8 GeV/c and 8<pT<16 GeV/c, and in six collision centrality classes. The RAA shows a maximum suppression of a factor of 5-6 in the 10% most central collisions. The suppression and its centrality dependence are compatible within uncertainties with those of charged pions. A comparison with the RAA of non-prompt J/ψ from B meson decays, measured by the CMS Collaboration, hints at a larger suppression of D mesons in the most central collisions.
The nuclear modification factor, RAA, of the prompt charmed mesons D0, D+ and D∗+, and their antiparticles, was measured with the ALICE detector in Pb-Pb collisions at a centre-of-mass energy sNN−−−√=2.76 TeV in two transverse momentum intervals, 5<pT<8 GeV/c and 8<pT<16 GeV/c, and in six collision centrality classes. The RAA shows a maximum suppression of a factor of 5-6 in the 10% most central collisions. The suppression and its centrality dependence are compatible within uncertainties with those of charged pions. A comparison with the RAA of non-prompt J/ψ from B meson decays, measured by the CMS Collaboration, hints at a larger suppression of D mesons in the most central collisions.
We present a measurement of inclusive J/ψ production in p-Pb collisions at sNN−−−√ = 5.02 TeV as a function of the centrality of the collision, as estimated from the energy deposited in the Zero Degree Calorimeters. The measurement is performed with the ALICE detector down to zero transverse momentum, pT, in the backward (−4.46<ycms<−2.96) and forward (2.03<ycms<3.53) rapidity intervals in the dimuon decay channel and in the mid-rapidity region (−1.37<ycms<0.43) in the dielectron decay channel. The backward and forward rapidity intervals correspond to the Pb-going and p-going direction, respectively. The pT-differential J/ψ production cross section at backward and forward rapidity is measured for several centrality classes, together with the corresponding average pT and p2T values. The nuclear modification factor, QpPb, is presented as a function of centrality for the three rapidity intervals, and, additionally, at backward and forward rapidity, as a function of pT for several centrality classes. At mid- and forward rapidity, the J/ψ yield is suppressed up to 40% compared to that in pp interactions scaled by the number of binary collisions. The degree of suppression increases towards central p-Pb collisions at forward rapidity, and with decreasing pT of the J/ψ. At backward rapidity, the QpPb is compatible with unity within the total uncertainties, with an increasing trend from peripheral to central p-Pb collisions.