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Trust in policy makers fluctuates signi
cantly over the cycle and affects the transmission mechanism. Despite this it is absent from the literature. We build a monetary model embedding trust cycles; the latter emerge as an equilibrium phenomenon of a game-theoretic interaction between atomistic agents and the monetary authority. Trust affects agents' stochastic discount factors, namely the price of future risk, and through this it interacts with the monetary transmission mechanism. Using data from the Eurobarometer surveys, we analyze the link between trust and the transmission mechanism of macro and monetary shocks: Empirical results are in line with theoretical ones.
Es werden 12 tropische Moosarten (alles nur Laubmoose) aufgeführt, welche in den Tropen (vorwiegend den Neotropen) eine geschlossene Verbreitung haben, in Europa aber nur lokal oder regional begrenzt vorkommen. Sie belegen die Möglichkeit der transkontinentalen Fernverbreitung von Moosen. Der Zeitpunkt als auch die Art und Weise der Verbreitung wird diskutieert.
Die Große Kapuzinerkresse (Tropaeolum majus), meist kurz Kapuzinerkresse genannt, wurde zur Arzneipflanze des Jahres 2013 gewählt, die Kategorie der "Natur des Jahres", die insbesondere den pharmazeutischen Nutzen einer Art herausstellen will. Laut dem Studienkreis Entwicklungsgeschichte der Arzneipflanzen der Universität Würzburg, welcher die Arzneipflanze des Jahres kürt, können die in der Kapuzinerkresse enthaltenen Senföle die Vermehrung von Bakterien, Viren und Pilzen hemmen und dadurch Medikamente wie Antibiotika zum Teil ersetzen. Zusätzlich enthält die Pflanze viel Vitamin C, wodurch die Abwehrkräfte gestärkt werden.
Besser bekannt ist die Kapuzinerkresse als attraktive bodendeckende oder rankende Zierpflanze in Gärten oder Balkonkästen. Seltener findet man ihre Blüten, Blätter oder Früchte als Dekoration von Speisen. Studierende der Botanik kennen die Kapuzinerkresse außerdem aufgrund einer Reihe von Eigenschaften als Anschauungsobjekt aus Morphologiekursen.
Trixagus steineri (Coleoptera: Throscidae), a new species and first genus record from The Bahamas
(2014)
Trixagus Kugelann 1794 is the second largest genus of Throscidae with 80 valid species presently assigned. Horn (1885, 1890) reviewed the species for the United States and Mesoamerica, and then Blanchard (1917) revised part of the family for Canada and the United States in a posthumous article edited by H.C. Fall. Schenkling (1928) provided the only published worldwide catalog. Yensen (1975) provided a modern revision for the species for Canada and the United States, and then (Yensen 1980) described T. cobosi from Panama and provided a new key to all of the described American species. Among these studies only T. chevrolati (Bonvouloir 1859) was recorded from southern Florida, thus being a species potentially shared with The Bahamas. Aulonothroscus bicarinatus Fleutiaux (1911, 1947) (Blackwelder 1944), from Guadeloupe, is the only other throscid species previously described from the West Indies. Prior to the work of Lawrence and Newton (1995) the subfamily Lissominae received divergent treatment and was usually treated as a subfamily of Throscidae (e.g., Schenkling 1928, Blackwelder 1944, Yensen 1975). This subfamily is represented in The Bahamas by two species of Drapetes Megerle 1821 (Turnbow and Thomas 2008). Representation of the subsequently restricted family in The Bahamas was provided by two undetermined species of Aulonothroscus Horn listed by Turnbow and Thomas (2008) from Andros, Eleuthera, and Great Inagua islands; these will be treated separately from here. The reporting of a new species of Trixagus from New Providence Island provides a second genus from the country and the entire Lucayan Archipelago, and suggests that related species of both genera from Hispaniola and Cuba are probable and await discovery (Peck 2005; Perez-Gelabert 2008).
A cell-based high-throughput screen that assessed the cellular stability of a tumor suppressor protein PDCD4 (Programmed cell death 4) was used to identify a new guanidine-containing marine alkaloid mirabilin K (3), as well as the known compounds mirabilin G (1) and netamine M (2). The structures of these tricyclic guanidine alkaloids were established from extensive spectroscopic analyses. Compounds 1 and 2 inhibited cellular degradation of PDCD4 with EC50 values of 1.8 μg/mL and 2.8 μg/mL, respectively. Mirabilin G (1) and netamine M (2) are the first marine natural products reported to stabilize PDCD4 under tumor promoting conditions.
Trends in Nollywood: A Study of Selected Genres is a welcome addition to the growing body of works on the Nigerian cinema. It is part film history and part film theory and criticism. The history part traces the origin of the Nigerian cinema up to the present era of video productions. The work examines in detail, the contextual issues which have helped to define emergent trends within the industry.
Background: Aviscumine, a recombinant plant protein, is an immune modulator that induces ribotoxic stress at the 28S ribosomal RNA subunit. In this way cytokine release and T-cell responses are enhanced. This phase II trial was conducted to test the efficacy and safety of aviscumine in patients with systemically pre-treated metastatic melanoma stage IV.
Methods: A total of 32 patients with progressive stage IV melanoma after failure of standard therapy were enrolled onto a single-arm, multi-centre, open-label, phase II trial. All patients had an ECOG performance status of 0 or 1. Patients received 350 ng aviscumine twice weekly by subcutaneous injection until progression. The primary end points were progression-free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS). Safety was assessed as adverse events (AEs). Tumor response was assessed every eight weeks and survival of patients was followed up to one year after the end of therapy. Thirty one patients (intent-to-treat population (ITT)) were assessed for efficacy; safety was assessed in the whole population.
Results: One patient achieved a partial response (PR) and 10 patients showed stable disease/no change (SD). The median progression-free survival (mPFS) was 63 days (95% CI 57–85) and median overall survival (mOS) was 335 days (95% CI 210–604). In total 210 treatment-emergent adverse events were recorded. Grade 1 or 2 AEs occurred in 72% of patients and were mostly application-site effects such as pruritus Grade 3–4 treatment-emergent drug-related adverse events occurred in 9% of patients.
Conclusion: These results suggest that aviscumine may have a clinical impact in patients with previously treated metastatic melanoma and provide rationale for further clinical evaluation of this agent. In the light of effective new immune checkpoint blockers it might be a candidate for combinations with these agents.
Evidence based clinical guidelines are implemented to treat patients efficiently that include efficacy, tolerability but also health economic considerations. This is of particular relevance to the new direct acting antiviral agents that have revolutionized treatment of chronic hepatitis C. For hepatitis C genotypes 2/3 interferon free treatment is already available with sofosbuvir plus ribavirin. However, treatment with sofosbuvir-based regimens is 10–20 times more expensive compared to pegylated interferon alfa and ribavirin (PegIFN/RBV). It has to be discussed if PegIFN/RBV is still an option for easy to treat patients. We assessed the treatment of patients with chronic hepatitis C genotypes 2/3 with PegIFN/RBV in a real world setting according to the latest German guidelines. Overall, 1006 patients were recruited into a prospective patient registry with 959 having started treatment. The intention-to-treat analysis showed poor SVR (GT2 61%, GT3 47%) while patients with adherence had excellent SVR in the per protocol analysis (GT2 96%, GT3 90%). According to guidelines, 283 patients were candidates for shorter treatment duration, namely a treatment of 16 weeks (baseline HCV-RNA <800.000 IU/mL, no cirrhosis and RVR). However, 65% of these easy to treat patients have been treated longer than recommended that resulted in higher costs but not higher SVR rates. In conclusion, treatment with PegIFN/RBV in a real world setting can be highly effective yet similar effective than PegIFN± sofosbuvir/RBV in well-selected naïve G2/3 patients. Full adherence to guidelines could be further improved, because it would be important in the new era with DAA, especially to safe resources.
Moderate physical activity improves various cognitive functions, particularly when it is applied simultaneously to the cognitive task. In two psychoneuroendocrinological within-subject experiments, we investigated whether very low-intensity motor activity, i.e. walking, during foreign-language vocabulary encoding improves subsequent recall compared to encoding during physical rest. Furthermore, we examined the kinetics of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) in serum and salivary cortisol. Previous research has associated both substances with memory performance.In both experiments, subjects performed better when they were motorically active during encoding compared to being sedentary. BDNF in serum was unrelated to memory performance. In contrast we found a positive correlation between salivary cortisol concentration and the number of correctly recalled items. In summary, even very light physical activity during encoding is beneficial for subsequent recall.
Speolepta leptogaster (Winnertz, 1863) is frequently occurring in European subterranean environments. As for most cave animals, studies addressing non-anatomical aspects are sparse. Here we present the first molecular study on S. leptogaster. We investigated the demographic structure (i.e. COI locus) of 69 specimens from 36 underground populations in Hesse (Central German Uplands) to get first insights into the species’ dispersal ability.
In total, 14 haplotypes were revealed. Haplotype diversity was relatively high, whereas nucleotide diversity was low. Furthermore, a significant but low pattern of isolation-by-distance and (a) past population expansion event(s) were detected.
Our genetic results suggest a (good) active dispersal ability for Speolepta leptogaster. The occurrence of several surface records of adult specimens corroborates this hypothesis. We discuss the developmental stages of S. leptogaster in the context of the ecological classification system and regard the species as a eutroglophile. Evidence has been found to distinguish two larval types. A reconstructed life-cycle of the species is provided.
Selten hat mich jemand so beeindruckt wie die 17-jährige Malala Yousafzai, die heute gemeinsam mit dem indischen Kinderrechtsaktivisten Kailash Satyarthi den Friedensnobelpreis erhalten hat. Aus dem pakistanischen Swat-Tal stammend setzt sie sich seit sie 11 Jahre alt ist für Bildung ein. 2012 überlebte sie ein Attentat der Taliban. Gratulation an diese großartige, mutige junge Frau!
The present work deals with the integration of variable renewable energy sources, wind and solar energy into the European and US power grid. In contrast to other networks, such as the gas supply mains, the electricity network is practically not able to store energy. Generation and consumption therefore always have tobe balanced. Currently, the load curve is viewed as a rigid boundary condition, which must be followed by the generation system. The basic idea of the approach followed here is that weather-dependent generation causes a shift of focus of the electricity supply. At high shares of wind and solar generation, the role of the rigid boundary condition falls to the residual load, that is, the remaining load after subtraction of renewable generation. The goal is to include the weather dependence as well as the load curve in the design of the future electricity supply.
After a brief introduction, the present work first turns to the underlying weather-, generation and load data, which form the starting point of the analysis. In addition, some basic concepts of energy economics are discussed, which are needed in the following.
In the main part of the thesis, several algorithms are developed to determine the load flow in a network with a high share of wind and solar energy and to determine the backup supply needed at the same time. Minimization of the energy needed from controllable power plants, the capacity variable power plants, and the capacity of storing serve as guiding principles. In addition, the optimization problem of grid extensions is considered. It is shown that it can be formulated as a convex optimization problem. It turns out that with an optimized, international transmission network which is about four times the currently available transmission capacity, much of the potential savings in backup energy (about 40%) in Europe can be reached. In contrast, a twelvefold increase the transmission capacity would be necessary for a complete implementation of all possible savings in dispatchable power plants.
The reduction of the dispatchable generation capacity and storage capacity, however, presents a greater challenge. Due to correlations in the generation of time series of individual countries, it may be reduced only with difficulty, and by only about 30%.
In the following, the influence of the relative share of wind and solar energy is illuminated and examined the interplay with the line capacitance. A stronger transmission network tends to lead to a higher proportion of wind energy being better integrated. With increasing line capacity, the optimal mix in Europe therefore shifts from about 70% to 80% wind. Similar analyses are carried out for the US with comparable results.
In addition, the cost of the overall system can be reduced. It is interesting at this point that the advantages for the network integration may outweigh higher production costs of individual technologies, so that it is more favourable from the viewpoint of the entire system to use the more expensive technologies.
Finally, attention is given to the flexibility of the dispatchable power plants. Starting from a Fourier-like decomposition of the load curve as it was a few years ago, when hardly renewable generation capacity was present, capacities of different flexibility classes of dispatchable power plant are calculated. For this purpose, it is assumed that the power plant park is able to follow the load curve without significant surplusses or deficits. From this examination, it is derived what capacity must at least be available without having to resort to a detailed database of existing power plants.
Assuming a strong European cooperation, with a stronger international transmission network, the dispatchable power capacity can be significantly reduced while maintaining security of supply and generating relatively small surplusses in dispatchable power plants.
Transformationen von Fankultur : organisatorische und ökonomische Konsequenzen globaler Vernetzung
(2014)
The taxon Syndermata comprises the biologically interesting wheel animals (“Rotifera”: Bdelloidea + Monogononta + Seisonidea) and thorny-headed worms (Acanthocephala), and is central for testing superordinate phylogenetic hypotheses (Platyzoa, Gnathifera) in the metazoan tree of life. Recent analyses of syndermatan phylogeny suggested paraphyly of Eurotatoria (free-living bdelloids and monogononts) with respect to endoparasitic acanthocephalans. Data of epizoic seisonids, however, were absent, which may have affected the branching order within the syndermatan clade. Moreover, the position of Seisonidea within Syndermata should help in understanding the evolution of acanthocephalan endoparasitism. Here, we report the first phylogenomic analysis that includes all four higher-ranked groups of Syndermata. The analyzed data sets comprise new transcriptome data for Seison spec. (Seisonidea), Brachionus manjavacas (Monogononta), Adineta vaga (Bdelloidea), and Paratenuisentis ambiguus (Acanthocephala). Maximum likelihood and Bayesian trees for a total of 19 metazoan species were reconstructed from up to 410 functionally diverse proteins. The results unanimously place Monogononta basally within Syndermata, and Bdelloidea appear as the sister group to a clade comprising epizoic Seisonidea and endoparasitic Acanthocephala. Our results support monophyly of Syndermata, Hemirotifera (Bdelloidea + Seisonidea + Acanthocephala), and Pararotatoria (Seisonidea + Acanthocephala), rejecting monophyly of traditional Rotifera and Eurotatoria. This serves as an indication that early acanthocephalans lived epizoically or as ectoparasites on arthropods, before their complex lifecycle with arthropod intermediate and vertebrate definite hosts evolved.
On November 8, 2013, several members of the British House of Lords’ Subcommittee A conducted a hearing at the ECB in Frankfurt, Germany, on “Genuine Economic and Monetary Union and its Implications for the UK”. Professors Otmar Issing and Jan Pieter Krahnen were called as expert witnesses.
The testimony began with a general discussion on the elements considered necessary for a functioning internal market. Do economic union and monetary union require a fiscal union or even a political union, beyond the elements of the banking union currently being prepared? In this context, also the critique of the German current account surplus and the international expectations that Germany stimulate internal demand to support growth in crisis countries, were discussed.
With regard to the monetary union, the members of the subcommittee asked for an assessment of how European nations and the banking industry would have fared in the banking crisis that followed the Lehman collapse, had there not been a common currency. Given the important role that the ECB has played in the course of the crisis management, the members further asked for an evaluation of the OMT-program of the ECB and also if the monetary union is in need of common debt instruments, in order to provide the ECB with the possibility of buying EU liabilities, comparable to the Fed buying US Treasury bonds. Finally, the dual role of the ECB for monetary policy and banking supervision was an issue touched on by several questions.
Taking the history of trade and of traders as its subject matter, this book offers the first economic history of northern Namibia during the twentieth century. It traces Namibia's way from a rural, largely self-relying society into a globalised economy of consumption. This transformation built on colonial economic activities, but it was crucially shaped by local traders, a new social elite emerging during the 1950s and 1960s. Becoming a trader was one of the few possibilities for black Namibians to gain monetary income at home. It was a pathway out of migrant labour, to new status in the local society and often to prosperity. Politically, most traders occupied a middle ground: content of their own social position, but intent on political emancipation from colonial rule. Economically, their energy and business acumen transformed northern Namibia into an increasingly urban consumer society. The development path they chose, however, depended too much on the colonial reserve economy to remain sustainable after 1990. Their legacy still shapes spatial and social structures in northern Namibia, but most traders' businesses have today closed down. By telling the history of the rise and decline of traders and trade in northern Namibia, this book is thus also a reflection on the conundrums of economic development under conditions of structural inequality.
This book revisits the perennial challenge that scholars, economists, and politicians have been grappling with since the 1960s. Development, in this book, has been defined in a context that projects it as a multidimensional and complex process which seeks to enhance the human, social, economic and cultural welfare of the people. This book calls for a rethinking of trade and industry for Africa's development. It uses data drawn from national development plans and strategies, and trade and industry issues have been prioritized at the continental level, in key policy documents. On the whole Africa's industry and trade performance have been poor in spite of national, regional, and continental plans. The contributors to this volume propose some alternative strategies and policies which are necessary for trade and industry to grow and to contribute to the well-being of Africa's people. It calls for a developmental trade and industry policy which, fundamentally, must be people-centred. African states should invest time, energy and resources to develop policies which will take into consideration African realities.The different contributors are aware that Africa has experienced strong economic growth in the recent past but this growth has largely been due to a strong demand for Africa's primary commodity exports. It has also been a result of increases in productivity and domestic investment and remittances from Africans living in the Diaspora. It is important to note that despite this unprecedented growth performance, the impact of trade and industry on development has been limited. The book argues that a structural transformation of Africa's economies is inevitable if Africa is to achieve the shift from the dominant paradigm of production and export of primary goods. The various contributors to this book agree that there is need to rethink policy and strategy in order to achieve industrial development in Africa. There is no unique solution or answer that can fit all situations as African countries are not the same. While Africa can draw lessons from other regions which have successfully industrialized, this book argues that policies and strategies will have to be adapted to country-specific situations and circumstances.
The question of whether most gliomas are infected with human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) has been under dispute for more than 10 years. We recently reported our failure to detect HCMV in gliomas in Neuro-Oncology.1 Our article was accompanied by 2 related editorials,2,3 one of which boldly criticized our approach.3 Instead of fighting a petty, ivory tower dispute, we would like to lobby for a serious collaborative approach to providing conclusive evidence on the presence of HCMV in glioma (and other cancers). Since we developed the concept of oncomodulation (ie, that HCMV …
Touring Girls
(2014)
Touring Girls tells the story of Jacob Mbuy a young Cameroonian whose primary objective in life is having affairs with as many women as possible. He is obsessed with abusing young girls as well as instilling hopeless hope in adult women. His demise comes when he changes his world from the Christian to the Moslem world where he confronts a new type of women who behave strangely and cannot dance to his tunes. Protected by Islamic traditions and strict government laws, Jacob lands into a hell of unprecedented problems.
Poster presentation at 1st International Workshop on Odor Spaces.
Mice are exceptional in their ability to capture their chemical environment, mapping the olfactory world into a basic sensory representation with over one thousand different types of chemical sensors, that is, olfactory sensory neurons (OSNs). OSNs of each type converge in the olfactory bulb onto exclusive distinct physiological areas called glomeruli. The glomeruli constitute the first relay station of olfactory stimulus representation in the mouse brain. Thus, the stimulus induced glomerular input pattern spatially embodies an important part of the sensory representation in the olfactory bulb. Still, topographic organization principles (chemotopy, tunotopy) are under debate. One reason might be that investigation are, due to experimental limitations, only performed on stimuli sets in the size of one hundred odors. But this represents only a tiny snapshot of the vast amount of molecules in the olfactory world and topographic relationships might be disguised in the incomplete representation of molecular receptive ranges (MRR). Therefore we investigated the problem with the MOR18-2 glomerulus as point of reference: First we determined it's MRR. Then, based on a measurement set covering this MRR, we elucidated the topographic embedding. It shows that MOR18-2 is embedded in a hierarchy of patchy tunotopic domains.
Top-down influences on ambiguous perception: the role of stable and transient states of the observer
(2014)
The world as it appears to the viewer is the result of a complex process of inference performed by the brain. The validity of this apparently counter-intuitive assertion becomes evident whenever we face noisy, feeble or ambiguous visual stimulation: in these conditions, the state of the observer may play a decisive role in determining what is currently perceived. On this background, ambiguous perception and its amenability to top-down influences can be employed as an empirical paradigm to explore the principles of perception. Here we offer an overview of both classical and recent contributions on how stable and transient states of the observer can impact ambiguous perception. As to the influence of the stable states of the observer, we show that what is currently perceived can be influenced (1) by cognitive and affective aspects, such as meaning, prior knowledge, motivation, and emotional content and (2) by individual differences, such as gender, handedness, genetic inheritance, clinical conditions, and personality traits and by (3) learning and conditioning. As to the impact of transient states of the observer, we outline the effects of (4) attention and (5) voluntary control, which have attracted much empirical work along the history of ambiguous perception. In the huge literature on the topic we trace a difference between the observer's ability to control dominance (i.e., the maintenance of a specific percept in visual awareness) and reversal rate (i.e., the switching between two alternative percepts). Other transient states of the observer that have more recently drawn researchers' attention regard (6) the effects of imagery and visual working memory. (7) Furthermore, we describe the transient effects of prior history of perceptual dominance. (8) Finally, we address the currently available computational models of ambiguous perception and how they can take into account the crucial share played by the state of the observer in perceiving ambiguous displays.
Ich beginne mit einer etwas vereinfachten Darstellung der sogenannten 'Letzten Dinge' (Eschata) in der traditionellen (neu)scholastischen Theologie (Vgl. Siegfried Meier, Sterben, Tod und Auferstehung, in: Schulinformationen, Paderborn, 30. Jg., Nr. 2, 2000, S. 61ff.). Diese geht davon aus, daß sich im Tod die unsterbliche Seele vom sterblichen Leib trennt. Der Leichnam verfällt, die Seele hingegen kommt ganz allein vor das Gericht Gottes. Daher nennt man dieses Gericht auch das besondere Gericht (iudicium particulare). Derjenige, der im Zustand der Heiligkeit verstorben ist und alle zeitlichen Sündenstrafen schon in diesem Leben abgebüßt hat, dessen Seele kommt sofort in den Himmel. Stirbt hingegen ein Mensch im Zustand der Todsünde, beginnt durch den Richterspruch Gottes die sofortige Verdammnis in der Hölle. Der mittelmäßige Mensch, der weder als Heiliger noch als Todsünder gestorben ist, muß eine Zeit der Läuterungsqualen im Fegefeuer erleiden. Schwere und Menge der noch nicht abgebüßten Sündenstrafen bestimmen die Dauer und Intensität des dortigen Aufenthaltes. Erst danach kann die Seele in den Himmel gelangen. Am letzten Tag der Weltgeschichte, dem sogenannten 'Jüngsten Tag', kommt es zur Auferstehung der Toten. Das bedeutet, daß die Seelen mit dem toten Körper wieder zu lebendigen Menschen vereinigt werden. Dann wird Gericht gehalten über den ganzen Menschen. Dieses Gericht wird daher als das allgemeine Gericht (iudicium universale) bezeichnet. Nach diesem Gericht gibt es nur noch Himmel und Hölle.
Was das Fegefeuer und den damit verbundenen Ablaß anbelangt, so haben sich die Reformatoren mit diesem Bild von Tod und Auferstehung kritisch auseinandergesetzt, was aber Gemeinsamkeiten, die auch im Blick auf gemeinsames Erbe antiker Philosophie begründet sind, nicht ausschließt...
As Ama's wedding day approaches and her friends - Beauty, Matlakala and Pamela are there to lend varying degrees of support. But when tragedy strikes on Ama's wedding day and spreads to every corner of the group's lives they hold on to each other to survive. Will their misfortunes bring them closer together or will they tear the quilt of their friendship apart? They are our mothers, our sisters, our daughters, our girlfriends, our aunties. Pamela's body is a ravaged canvas of her troubles. Matlakala tries to prop up a failing relationship. Beauty's sharp tongue and dark secret threatens to doom her to a life lived alone. In To the Black Women We All Knew, Maenetsha showcases the modern township existence and its weakening yet ever-present link to tradition. Her vivid writing tells of the capriciousness of life and love and the strength of women in the face of a crisis..
This article focuses on the opportunities and challenges of implementing an extensive reading project in an English as a foreign language classroom in Germany. Studies such as PISA have shown that comparatively poor German and foreign language reading skills are still a prevalent issue in German society today. Consequently, the question of how these poor results can be improved is of utmost importance. Reading motivation is often described as the ‘driving force of reading’. Research has shown that if reading motivation and reading for pleasure are supported, interest in reading in a foreign language can be created, which may in turn have a positive impact on the other influential factors in reading and related skills. Dörnyei’s framework of L2 motivation sums up the current thinking on reading motivation. With its constituents ‘language’, ‘learner’, and ‘learning situation’, it shows the aspects to be taken into consideration when it comes to the improvement of motivation. Within this theoretical framework, an ER project was conducted at a grammar school (Gymnasium) in Frankfurt/Main, Germany. On the basis of the gathered data, gained from questionnaires, worksheets and the transcript of a focus group discussion, six main categories could be identified. They point to the development of a positive attitude towards reading among the students and the potential of graphic novels as a motivating factor. It was also confirmed that a successful application of reading strategies led to increased motivation. Generally, the project showed that reading is still an issue amongst many teenagers and that an ER project can affect learners, their motivation and related language skills in a positive way.
We use a unique data set from the Trade Reporting and Compliance Engine (TRACE) to study liquidity effects in the US structured product market. Our main contribution is the analysis of the relation between the accuracy in measuring liquidity and the potential degree of disclosure. Having access to all relevant trading information, we provide evidence that transaction cost measures that use dealer specific information such as trader identity and trade direction can be efficiently proxied by measures that use less detailed information. This finding is important for all market participants in the context of OTC markets, as it fosters our understanding of the information contained in transaction data. Thus, our results provide guidance for improving transparency while maintaining trader confidentiality. In addition, we analyze liquidity in the structured product market in general and show that securities that are mainly institutionally traded, guaranteed by a federal authority, or have low credit risk, tend to be more liquid.
This thesis serves two main purposes:
1. The introduction of a novel experimental method to investigate phase change dynamics of supercooled liquids
2. First-time measurements for the crystallization behaviour for hydrogen isotopes under various conditions
1) The new method is established by the synergy of a liquid microjet of ~ 5 µm diameter and a scattering technique with high spatial resolution, here linear Raman spectroscopy. Due to the high directional stability and the known velocity of the liquid filament, its traveling axis corresponds to a time axis static in space. Utilizing evaporative cooling in a vacuum environment, the propagating liquid cools down rapidly and eventually experiences a phase transition to the crystalline state. This temporal evolution is probed along the filament axis, ultimately resulting in a time resolution of 10 ns. The feasibility of this approach is proven successfully within the following experiments.
2) A main object of study are para-hydrogen liquid filaments. Raman spectra reveal a temperature gradient of the liquid across the filament. This behaviour can quantitatively be reconstructed by numerical simulations using a layered model and is rooted in the effectiveness of evaporative cooling on the surface and a finite thermal conductivity. The deepest supercoolings achieved are ~ 30% below the melting point, at which the filament starts to solidify from the surface towards the core. With a crystal growth velocity extracted from the data the appropriate growth mechanism is identified. The crystal structure that initially forms is metastable and probably the result of Ostwald’s rule of stages. Indications for a transition within the solid towards the stable equilibrium phase support this interpretation.
The analog isotope ortho-deuterium is evidenced to behave qualitatively similar with quantitative differences being mass related.
In further measurements, isotopic mixtures of para-hydrogen and ortho-deuterium are investigated. It is found that the crystallization process starts earlier and lasts significantly longer compared to the pure substances with the maximum values between 20-50% ortho-deuterium content. A solely temperature based explanation for this effect can be excluded. The difference in the quantum character and hence effective size of the isotopes suggests a strong influence of the progressing liquid-solid-interface. Small dilutions of each para-hydrogen and ortho-deuterium with neon show an even more extended crystallization process compared to above isotopic mixtures. Additionally, the crystal is strongly altered in favor of the equilibrium lattice structure of neon.
Ein milder Winter hat dazu geführt, dass recht früh Blütezeit und Pollenflug eingesetzt haben. Auch einige heimische Insekten haben sich stärker vermehrt. Doch wie sieht es aus mit neuen „Plagegeistern“ wie exotischen Stechmücken oder eingewanderten Pflanzen wie der Beifußambrosie? Welche Gefahren lauern, was kann man gegen ein weiteres Vordringen invasiver Arten tun? Die Experten vom LOEWE Biodiversität und Klima Forschungszentrum BiK-F, Prof. Sven Klimpel und Dr. Oliver Tackenberg, geben Auskunft.
Tiger in an African palace collects eight essays about kinship and belonging that Richard Fardon wrote to complement his monographs on West Africa. The essays extend those book-length descriptions by pursuing their wider implications for theory in social anthropology: exploring the relationship between comparison and historical reconstruction, and questioning the fit between personal, ethnic and cosmopolitan identities in contemporary West African nations. In an Introduction written specially for this Langaa collection, Richard Fardon retraces the career-long development of his preoccupation with concepts of identification and transformation, and their relevance to understanding West African societies comparatively and historically.
Paul Tillich wurde 1929 nach Frankfurt/M., wo es damals noch keine Theologische Fakultät gab, auf den Lehrstuhl für Philosophie mit der Verpflichtung berufen, „Philosophie und die Soziologie einschließlich Sozialpädagogik“ zu vertreten. Der ordinierte Pfarrer verstand die Konzentration auf die Philosophie gerade nicht als Absage an die Theologie; er sah sich immer als ein Grenzgänger, ohne Überläufer zu werden. Was seine Verbindung zur „Frankfurter Schule“ anbelangt, so wurde der Jude Theodor Wiesengrund Adorno von Tillich habilitiert; mit Max Horkheimer veranstaltete er Seminare. Während seiner Frankfurter Zeit hat sich Tillich z. B. dem Verhältnis von Protestantismus und Profanität zugewandt: „Das Heilige liegt nicht außerhalb des Profanen, sondern in seiner Tiefe. Es ist der schöpferische Grund des Profanen“; Kultur ist ihrer Substanz nach Religion. 1929 schloß sich Tillich der SPD an, aus der er 1933 austrat. Dennoch mußte er am 10.5.1933 mit ansehen, wie auf dem Frankfurter Römer auch ein Exemplar seines Buches „Die sozialistische Entscheidung“ verbrannt wurde. Zusammen mit Max Horkheimer wurde Tillich am 13.4.1933 „beurlaubt“ und am 20.12.1933 aus dem Staatsdienst entlassen. Er emigrierte in die USA, wo er 1965 starb.
Auch den großen katholischen Theologen Karl Rahner SJ, der sich 1937 in Innsbruck für katholische Dogmatik habilitierte, zeichnet eine ähnliche Breite des Wissens und Denkens aus. 1964 erhielt er den „Prestigelehrstuhl“ Romano Guardinis (Lehrstuhl für christliche Weltanschauung) in München. Seine akademische Lehrtätigkeit und sein Wirken als Konzilstheologe machten ihn schon in jungen Jahren weit über Deutschland und Europa hinaus bekannt.
Background: Diabetes mellitus and thyroid diseases frequently coexist. In order to evaluate how thyroid disorders interfere with glycemic control, we analysed insulin-treated type 2 diabetes patients with thyroid disease.
Methods: Diabetes patients (n = 1.957) were retrospectively investigated. We focused on type 2 diabetes patients who had been admitted for insulin-treatment and diagnosed thyroid diseases (n = 328). Patients were divided into three groups according to thyroid disease manifestation in relation to diabetes onset: prior to (group 1), same year (group 2) and thyroid disease following diabetes (group 3).
Results: Out of all diabetes patients 27.3% had a thyroid disorder with more women (62.2%) being affected (p < 0.001). Thyroid disease was predominantly diagnosed after diabetes onset. Patients with type 2 diabetes and prior appearance of thyroid disease required insulin therapy significantly earlier (median insulin-free period: 2.5 yrs; Q1 = 0.0, Q3 = 8.25) compared to patients who had thyroid dysfunction after diabetes onset (median insulin-free period: 8.0 yrs; Q1 = 3.0, Q3 = 12.0; p < 0.001). Age at diabetes onset correlated with insulin-free period (p < 0.001).
Conclusions: Thyroid disease may be a marker of a distinct metabolic trait in type 2 diabetes potentially requiring earlier insulin treatment.
Three new species of Pselnophorus are described from the Nearctic region. Pselnophorus chihuahuaensis Matthews, Gielis, and Watkins, Pselnophorus hodgesi Matthews, Gielis, and Watkins, and Pselnophorus kutisi Matthews, Gielis, and Watkins, are described and distinguished from the only previously named Nearctic congener Pselnophorus belfragei (Fish). Illustrations of the adults and male and female genitalia are provided along with a key to males.
Thomas Piketty, Forschungsdirektor an der EHESS Paris und Wirtschaftsprofessor an der Paris School of Economics, kam am 10. Oktober anlässlich der Veröffentlichung der deutschen Ausgabe seines Buches „Das Kapital im 21. Jahrhundert“ an die Goethe-Universität. Auch hier stieß Piketty auf großes Interesse bei Studierenden und Fachkollegen.
This Day
(2014)
Loss has left Ella Spinner alone to care for her husband, Bart, who suffers from clinical depression. Their days now echo the tides: any progress made, rolls back. Yet Ella keeps pushing against the monotony. Set in Mossel Bay, Ella?s day begins like any other. But on this day the minutes begin to crack allowing change to filter through. As we cheer on her tenacity, we?re left asking ourselves what motivates anyone to try again.
They are Coming
(2014)
This is the story of a small family in Lobengula township, Bulawayo: a shoemaker, Ngwenya, his wife, MaVundla, and their two children, Ambition and Senzeni, whose lives are turned upside-down when Senzeni joins the local youth militia. Mlalazi captures the texture of everyday life in the township, the humour, warmth, rivalry and fear as neighbours interact with each other or get swept up by events outside their control. Their constant search, however, is for autonomy and independence, for the ability to have control over their own lives. They are Coming provides us with perspectives often hidden from view, in a story where particular events are part of a more complex history.
We study the phase structure of QCD at finite temperature within a Polyakov-loop extended quark–meson model. Such a model describes the chiral as well as the confinement-deconfinement dynamics. In the present investigation, based on the approach and results put forward in [1], [2], [3], [4], both matter and glue fluctuations are included. We present results for the order parameters as well as some thermodynamic observables and find very good agreement with recent results from lattice QCD.
Peripheral T-cell lymphoma (PTCL) represents a relatively rare group of heterogeneous non-Hodgkin lymphomas with a very poor prognosis. Current therapies, based on historical regimens for aggressive B-cell lymphomas, have resulted in insufficient patient outcomes. The majority of patients relapse rapidly, and current 5-year overall survival rates are only 10–30%. It is evident that new approaches to treat patients with PTCL are required. In recent years, prospective studies in PTCL have been initiated, mainly in patients with relapsed/refractory disease. In some of these, selected histologic subtypes have been evaluated in detail. As a consequence, numerous new therapies have been developed and shown activity in PTCL, including: agents targeting the immune system (e.g. brentuximab vedotin, alemtuzumab, lenalidomide); histone deacetylase inhibitors (romidepsin, belinostat); antifolates (pralatrexate); fusion proteins (denileukin diftitox); nucleoside analogs (pentostatin, gemcitabine); and other agents (e.g. alisertib, plitidepsin, bendamustine, bortezomib). A variety of interesting novel combinations is also emerging. It is hoped that these innovative approaches, coupled with a greater understanding of the clinicopathologic features, pathogenesis, molecular biology, and natural history of PTCL will advance the field and improve outcomes in this challenging group of diseases. This review summarizes the currently available clinical evidence on the various approaches to treating relapsed/refractory PTCL, including the role of stem cell transplantation, with an emphasis on potential new drug therapies.
Der Entwicklung eines Instrumentes, eines standardisierten schriftlichen Intensiv-Interviews zur Messung von Einstellungen zu Recht und Gesetz, werden in Teil A der Arbeit theoretische Überlegungen vorangestellt. Der in der Rechtswissenschaft zentrale und umstrittene Begriff „Recht“ wird nur in seiner aktuellen und allgemeinen Bedeutung aufgenommen, in einer allgemeinen Bedeutung wie sie von Laien erfasst wird. Der Begriff „Recht“ wird weiter eingegrenzt auf ein Normverständnis in strafrechtlicher Sicht.
Alltägliche Situationen aus verschiedenen Gebieten des Strafrechts (Fälle) sollen die „Items“ bilden, zu denen Jugendliche, Heranwachsende und junge Erwachsene aus unterschiedlichen Schichten der Bevölkerung und mit verschiedenem Bildungsstand ihre Auffassungen aufschreiben. Begriffe wie Recht, Norm, Moral, Einstellung, Meinung, Stereotyp, Vorurteil und auch Überlegungen zum Verständnis von Recht und Gesetz als „Wert“ werden aufgenommen und im Zusammenhang mit der Entwicklung eines neuen Forschungsverfahrens erörtert.
5 Hypothesen werden formuliert zu Einstellungen von Recht und Gesetz und zur Wert-Orientierung von Individuen.
Vielfältige Überlegungen zur Entwicklung der Items (der Fälle) des standardisierten schriftlichen Intensiv-Interviews und der den Befragten vorzulegenden Stufen-Antworten stehen an. Die zu den einzelnen Items vorgegebenen Stufen-Antworten sollen Normorientierung, Einstellungen zu Recht und Gesetz, in verschiedenem Ausmaß abbilden. Der Inhalt wenigstens einer Item-Stufen-Antwort entspricht der Norm und der Inhalt einer Antwort ist klar nicht normorientiert. Die zusätzlich formulierten alternativen Stufen-Antworten zwischen einer Antwort mit klarer Normorientierung und einer Antwort mit fehlender Normorientierung sind „mehr oder weniger normorientiert“, sie berücksichtigen Aspekte der Normorientierung. Jene werden dargelegt und diskutiert. Besonders beachtet wird die Punkt-Bewertung der entworfenen Stufen-Antworten. Jene bilden schließlich den Einstellungs-Score des Individuums, den „Messwert“, der Auskunft gibt über seine individuelle Normorientierung, seine Einstellung zu Strafrecht und Gesetz.
Es wird im Voraus festgelegt, welche „Summen-Scores“ eine „positive“ Einstellung, welche nur eine „neutrale“ und welche „Summen-Scores“ eine „negative“ Einstellung zu Recht und Gesetz abbilden.
Voruntersuchungen zum Verständnis der Items (der Fälle), eine Überprüfung der Item-Formulierungen, Untersuchungen zum Verständnis der Test-Instruktion und zur Durchführung des Verfahrens mit Hilfe von Befragungen von etwa 100 Jugendlichen und Erwachsenen aus unterschiedlichen sozialen Schichten und mit verschiedenem Bildungsgrad führen in 2006 schließlich zur Endfassung des standardisierten schriftlichen Intensiv-Interviews. Jenes wird dargestellt zusammen mit den entworfenen zusätzlichen Fragen zur Person der Untersuchungsteilnehmer.
Teil B der Arbeit beschreibt und diskutiert erste empirische Befragungen von 13 anfallenden Stichproben mit dem Intensiv-Interview, die in den Jahren 2006 bis 2010 mit 100 Jugendlichen und jungen Erwachsenen, Studierenden einer Universität oder Hochschule, Schülern der 9. Klasse einer Hauptschule und Schülern der 11. Klasse zweier Gymnasien durchgeführt wurden.
Die einzelnen Stichproben mit ihren Personmerkmalen werden charakterisiert.
Stets wird überprüft, ob die ermittelten Ergebnisse die formulierten Hypothesen eher unterstützen oder ob die Hypothesen mit den erhobenen Daten nicht begründet werden können.
Validierungsbemühungen zum Verfahren beziehen sich in den Stichproben 1-5 auch auf die Beantwortung einzelner Items. Sie überprüfen, welche Items die Befragten relativ ähnlich beantworten und zu welchen Items die Testpersonen in unterschiedlicher Weise Stellung nehmen.
Zu 13 anfallenden Stichproben wird gefragt: lassen sich mit dem neuen Verfahren Unterschiede in der Einstellung zu Recht und Gesetz zwischen den Befragten beschreiben? Haben weibliche Jugendliche, Heranwachsende und junge Erwachsene statistisch bedeutsam positivere Einstellung zu Recht und Gesetz als männliche? Können statistisch bedeutsame geschlechtsspezifische Differenzen bei berichteten Konflikten mit dem Gesetz nachgewiesen werden? Gibt es statistisch bedeutsame Unterschiede in den Einstellungen zu Recht und Gesetz zwischen Schülern der 9. Klasse Hauptschule, Schülern der 11. Klasse Gymnasium und einer homogenen Stichprobe von Studierenden einer Universität oder Hochschule?
Zusätzlich erhoben werden die religiöse und politische Orientierung der Probanden.
Jene werden in ihrer Beziehung zu den Einstellungen zu Recht und Gesetz untersucht und verglichen.
Zur Wert-Einstellung der Probanden wird mit einem dafür entworfenen Verfahren untersucht, welche Position erhält der Wert-Bereich „Freiheit, Rechtssicherheit, Gleichheit vor dem Gesetz“ im Vergleich zu neun weiteren Wert-Bereichen in den drei Status-Gruppen?
Kakao wird in den unterschiedlichsten Verarbeitungsformen bereits für kleinstes Geld angeboten, insbesondere als Schokolade. Das war allerdings nicht immer so. Die Samen des Kakaobaums (Theobroma cacao) waren in seiner südamerikanischen Heimat zu Zeiten der präkolumbianischen Hochkulturen hochgeschätzt und dienten nicht nur zur Herstellung von aromatischen Getränken, sondern waren auch ein wichtiges Zahlungsmittel, teilweise noch bis ins 16. Jh. hinein. Der vorliegende Beitrag stellt biologische Aspekte sowie Verarbeitung und Verwendung des Kakaos dar.
The paper aims at the discussion of some major aspects of postmodern theatre from the vantage point of actual staging and performing. Theatre should be regarded as the result of varied cross-cultural, intermedial and intertextual elements merged into a hybrid art form. The paper illustrates my statements by referring to the theatrical activity of the German language players known as DUO BASTET from Braºov and some of their adaptations.
Theater der Spur
(2014)
The Wish
(2014)
Mria is a good student who excels at science and math, she dreams of skyscrapers and one day training to be an engineer. However, her father has different ideas, he would rather see her become a lawyer, believing that science is not a suitable subject for girls to study. With the support of her best friend Sipe and teachers at schools, Mria tries to ?nd a way to show her father her talents and importance of following her dreams. Mwamgwirani J. Mwakimatu has crafted memorable characters with real-life dilemmas in this touching and entertaining, award-winning novel. Young readers and adults alike will enjoy this tale which shows the importance of following your dreams and believing in yourself.
Walter Benjamin sah die Vergangenheit nicht in Geschichten, sondern „in Bildern zerfallen.“1 Wie kaum ein anderes Ereignis in der Moderne drückte sich der Vietnamkrieg in einer Vielzahl von Bildern aus und kann in diesem Zusammenhang als erster und in seiner Konsequenz vielleicht als einziger TV-Krieg in der Geschichte bezeichnet werden2. Im Gegensatz zu “klassischen Ikonen“ verankerten die elektronisch generierten Bilder des Krieges ihren Staus als Medienikone durch ihre Zirkulation im Medienapparat...
Background: HER2 status assessment is a prerequisite for the establishment of an appropriate treatment strategy in gastric cancer. Gastric cancers are very heterogeneous and separate evaluations of gene amplification and protein expression lead to uncertainties in localizing distinct clones and are time consuming. This study evaluates the equivalence of the novel method combining both gene and protein platforms on one slide.
Methods: Immunohistochemistry (IHC) and HER2 dual-colour silver in situ hybridization (SISH) as single methods (IHC/SISH) and gene-protein platform combining both methods on one slide (gene/protein) were performed in randomly collected 100 cases of gastric adenocarcinoma. Results of IHC/SISH were compared with gene/protein staining.
Results: 96 of 100 samples were assessable. In the gene/protein staining, pathologists were able to assess gene amplification and consequent protein expression at the single cell level. In comparison trials, gene amplification was observed in 14.6% by both, conventional SISH and gene/protein platform (agreement 100%; Kappa-coefficient κ = 1.0). Protein expression scores by IHC were 70.8% (0), 10.4% (1+), 9.4% (2+), and 9.4% (3+). Protein expression by gene/protein method were: 70.8% (0), 11.5% (1+), 7.3% (2+) and 10.4% (3+) of patients. There were complete concordances in IHC assessment of cases with score 0 (100.0%; κ = 1). High concordances are shown in score 1+ (98.96%; κ = 0.947) and 3+ (96.88%; κ = 0.825) cases and good concordances in 2+ cases (95.83%; κ = 0.728).
Conclusions: This novel combined platform has the advantage of being able to evaluate both gene and the protein status in the same cancer cell and may be of particular interest for research and patient's care.
After the Global Financial Crisis a controversial rush to fiscal austerity followed in many countries. Yet research on the effects of austerity on macroeconomic aggregates was and still is unsettled, mired by the difficulty of identifying multipliers from observational data. This paper reconciles seemingly disparate estimates of multipliers within a unified and state-contingent framework. We achieve identification of causal effects with new propensity-score based methods for time series data. Using this novel approach, we show that austerity is always a drag on growth, and especially so in depressed economies: a one percent of GDP fiscal consolidation translates into 4 percent lower real GDP after five years when implemented in the slump rather than the boom. We illustrate our findings with a counterfactual evaluation of the impact of the U.K. government’s shift to austerity policies in 2010 on subsequent growth.