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The effect of nuclear interactions on measurable net-proton number fluctuations in heavy ion collisions at the SIS18/GSI accelerator is investigated. The state of the art UrQMD model including interaction potentials is employed. It is found that the nuclear forces enhance the baryon number cumulants, as predicted from grand canonical thermodynamical models. The effect however is smeared out for proton number fluctuations due to iso-spin randomization and global baryon number conservation, which decreases the cumulant ratios. For a rapidity acceptance window larger than Δy > 0.4 the effects of global baryon number conservation dominate and all cumulant ratios are significantly smaller than 1.
The Noether Symmetry Approach can be used to construct spherically symmetric solutions in f(R) gravity. Specifically, the Noether conserved quantity is related to the gravitational mass and a gravitational radius that reduces to the Schwarzschild radius in the e limit f(R) → R. We show that it is possible to construct the relation for neutron stars depending on the Noether conserved quantity and the associated gravitational radius. This approach enables the recovery of extreme massive stars that could not be stable in the standard Tolman–Oppenheimer–Volkoff based on General Relativity. Examples are given for some power law gravity models.
The statistical model with exact conservation of baryon number, electric charge, and strangeness – the Canonical Statistical Model (CSM) – is used to analyze the dependence of yields of light nuclei at midrapidity on charged pion multiplicity at the LHC. The CSM calculations are performed assuming baryon-symmetric matter, using the recently developed Thermal-FIST package. The light nuclei-to-proton yield ratios show a monotonic increase with charged pion multiplicity, with a saturation at the corresponding grand-canonical values in the high-multiplicity limit, in good qualitative agreement with the experimental data measured by the ALICE collaboration in pp and Pb–Pb collisions at different centralities and energies. Comparison with experimental data at low multiplicities shows that exact conservation of charges across more than one unit of rapidity and/or a chemical freeze-out temperature which decreases with the charged pion multiplicity improves agreement with the data.
It is shown that the description of a relativistic fluid at local thermodynamic equilibrium depends on the particular quantum stress-energy tensor operator chosen, e.g., the canonical or symmetrized Belinfante stress-energy tensor. We argue that the Belinfante tensor is not appropriate to describe a relativistic fluid whose macroscopic polarization relaxes slowly to thermodynamic equilibrium and that a spin tensor, like the canonical spin tensor, is required. As a consequence, the description of a polarized relativistic fluid involves an extension of relativistic hydrodynamics including a new antisymmetric rank-two tensor as a dynamical field. We show that the canonical and Belinfante tensors lead to different predictions for measurable quantities such as spectrum and polarization of particles produced in relativistic heavy-ion collisions.
We study the two-flavor color superconductivity of low-temperature quark matter in the vicinity of chiral phase transition in the quark–meson model where the interactions between quarks are generated by pion and sigma exchanges. Starting from the Nambu–Gorkov propagator in real-time formulation we obtain finite temperature (real axis) Eliashberg-type equations for the quark self-energies (gap functions) in terms of the in-medium spectral function of mesons. Exact numerical solutions of the coupled nonlinear integral equations for the real and imaginary parts of the gap function are obtained in the zero temperature limit using a model input spectral function. We find that these components of the gap display a complicated structure with the real part being strongly suppressed above , 2Δ0 where Δ0 is its on-shell value. We find Δ0 ≈ 40 MeV close to the chiral phase transition.
We investigate viscous effects on the dynamical evolution of QCD matter during the first-order phase transition, which may happen in heavy-ion collisions. We first obtain the first-order phase transition line in the QCD phase diagram under the Gibbs condition by using the MIT bag model and the hadron resonance gas model for the equation of state of partons and hadrons. The viscous pressure, which corresponds to the friction in the energy balance, is then derived from the energy and net baryon number conservation during the phase transition. We find that the viscous pressure relates to the thermodynamic change of the two-phase state and thus affects the timescale of the phase transition. Numerical results are presented for demonstrations.
We use black holes with a negative cosmological constant to investigate aspects of the freeze-out temperature for hadron production in high energy heavy-ion collisions. The two black hole solutions present in the anti-de Sitter geometry have different mass and are compared to the data showing that the small black hole solution is in good agreement. This is a new feature in the literature since the small black hole in general relativity has different thermodynamic behavior from that of the large black hole solution. We find that the inclusion of the cosmological constant (which can be interpreted as the plasma pressure) leads to a lowering of the temperature of the freeze-out curve as a function of the baryochemical potential, improving the description previously suggested by Castorina, Kharzeev, and Satz.
We present a systematic study of the normalized symmetric cumulants, NSC(n,m), at the eccentricity level in proton-proton interactions at within a wounded hot spot approach. We focus our attention on the influence of spatial correlations between the proton constituents, in our case gluonic hot spots, on this observable. We notice that the presence of short-range repulsive correlations between the hot spots systematically decreases the values of and in mid- to ultra-central collisions while increases them in peripheral interactions. In the case of we find that, as suggested by data, an anti-correlation of and in ultra-central collisions, i.e. , is possible within the correlated scenario while it never occurs without correlations when the number of gluonic hot spots is set to three. We attribute this fact to the decisive role of correlations on enlarging the probability of interaction topologies that reduce the value of and, eventually, make it negative. Further, we explore the dependence of our conclusions on the number of hot spots, the values of the hot spot radius and the repulsive core distance. Our results add evidence to the idea that considering spatial correlations between the subnucleonic degrees of freedom of the proton may have a strong impact on the initial state properties of proton-proton interactions [1].
We present an analysis of the role of the charge within the self-complete quantum gravity paradigm. By studying the classicalization of generic ultraviolet improved charged black hole solutions around the Planck scale, we showed that the charge introduces important differences with respect to the neutral case. First, there exists a family of black hole parameters fulfilling the particle-black hole condition. Second, there is no extremal particle-black hole solution but quasi extremal charged particle-black holes at the best. We showed that the Hawking emission disrupts the condition of particle-black hole. By analyzing the Schwinger pair production mechanism, the charge is quickly shed and the particle-black hole condition can ultimately be restored in a cooling down phase towards a zero temperature configuration, provided non-classical effects are taken into account.
We have built quasi-equilibrium models for uniformly rotating quark stars in general relativity. The conformal flatness approximation is employed and the Compact Object CALculator (cocal) code is extended to treat rotating stars with surface density discontinuity. In addition to the widely used MIT bag model, we have considered a strangeon star equation of state (EoS), suggested by Lai and Xu, that is based on quark clustering and results in a stiff EoS. We have investigated the maximum mass of uniformly rotating axisymmetric quark stars. We have also built triaxially deformed solutions for extremely fast rotating quark stars and studied the possible gravitational wave emission from such configurations.
Simulating Many Accelerated Strongly-interacting Hadrons (SMASH) is a new hadronic transport approach designed to describe the non-equilibrium evolution of heavy-ion collisions. The production of strange particles in such systems is enhanced compared to elementary reactions (Blume and Markert 2011), providing an interesting signal to study. Two different strangeness production mechanisms are discussed: one based on resonances and another using forced canonical thermalization. Comparisons to experimental data from elementary collisions are shown.
We present a detailed investigation of X-ray emission from both flat and nanowire zinc oxide targets irradiated by 60 fs 5 × 1016 W/cm2 intensity laser pulses at a 0.8 µm wavelength. It is shown that the fluence of the emitted hard X-ray radiation in the spectral range 150–800 keV is enhanced by at least one order of magnitude for nanowire targets compared to the emission from a flat surface, whereas the characteristic Kα line emission (8.64 keV) is insensitive to the target morphology. Furthermore, we provide evidence for a dramatic increase of the fast electron flux from the front side of the nanostructured targets. We suggest that targets with nanowire morphology may advance development of compact ultrafast X-ray sources with an enhanced flux of hard X-ray emission that could find wide applications in highenergy density (HED) physics.
Hemispherical and cylindrical antenna arrays are widely used in radar-based and tomography-based microwave breast imaging systems. Based on the dielectric contrast between healthy and malignant tissue, a three-dimensional image could be formed to locate the tumor. However, conventional X-ray mammography as the golden standard in breast cancer screening produces two-dimensional breast images so that a comparison between the 3D microwave image and the 2D mammogram could be difficult. In this paper, we present the design and realisation of a UWB breast imaging prototype for the frequency band from 1 to 9 GHz. We present a refined system design in light of the clinical usage by means of a planar scanning and compare microwave images with those obtained by X-ray mammography. Microwave transmission measurements were processed to create a two-dimensional image of the breast that can be compared directly with a two-dimensional mammogram. Preliminary results from a patient study are presented and discussed showing the ability of the proposed system to locate the tumor.
We present a new derivation of second-order relativistic dissipative fluid dynamics for quantum systems using Zubarev’s formalism for the non-equilibrium statistical operator. In particular, we discuss the shear-stress tensor to second order in gradients and argue that the relaxation terms for the dissipative quantities arise from memory effects contained in the statistical operator. We also identify new transport coefficients which describe the relaxation of dissipative processes to second order and express them in terms of equilibrium correlation functions, thus establishing Kubo-type formulae for the second-order transport coefficients.
We provide a discussion of the bulk viscosity of two-flavor quark plasma, described by the Nambu–Jona-Lasinio model, within the framework of Kubo-Zubarev formalism. This discussion, which is complementary to our earlier study, contains a new, detailed derivation of the bulk viscosity in the case of multiple conserved charges. We also provide some numerical details of the computation of the bulk viscosity close to the Mott transition line, where the dissipation is dominated by decays of mesons into quarks and their inverse processes. We close with a summary of our current understanding of this quantity, which stresses the importance of loop resummation for obtaining the qualitatively correct result near the Mott line
Three-dimensional (3D) nanomagnetism, where spin configurations extend into the vertical direction of a substrate plane allow for more complex, hierarchical systems and the design of novel magnetic effects. As an important step towards this goal, we have recently demonstrated the direct-write fabrication of freestanding ferromagnetic 3D nano-architectures of ferromagnetic CoFe in shapes of nano-tree and nano-cube structures by means of focused electron beam induced deposition. Here, we present a comprehensive characterization of the magnetic properties of these structures by local stray-field measurements using a high-resolution micro-Hall magnetometer. Measurements in a wide range of temperatures and different angles of the externally applied magnetic field with respect to the surface plane of the sensor are supported by corresponding micromagnetic simulations, which explain the overall switching behavior of in part rather complex magnetization configurations remarkably well. In particular, the simulations yield coercive and switching fields that are in good quantitative correspondence with the measured coercive and switching fields assuming a bulk metal content of 100 at % consisting of bcc Co 3 Fe. We show that thermally-unstable magnetization states can be repetitively prepared and their lifetime controlled at will, a prerequisite to realizing dynamic and thermally-active magnetic configurations if the building blocks are to be used in lattice structures.
Einstein’s theory of general relativity is often regarded as the best theory of gravity that we know. Yet, this theory often manifests itself under conditions where no symmetry is present and nonlinear dynamics dominates. I will discuss how these conditions are systematically accompanied by the restoration of some degree of symmetry. Hence, despite gravity appearing often under conditions devoid of symmetry, asymptotic solutions tend to restore symmetry.
We present a quantum field theoretical derivation of the nondecay probability of an unstable particle with nonzero three-momentum p. To this end, we use the (fully resummed) propagator of the unstable particle, denoted as Sto obtain the energy probability distribution, called dpS(E), as the imaginary part of the propagator. The nondecay probability amplitude of the particle S with momentum p turns out to be, as usual, its Fourier transform: ... (mth is the lowest energy threshold in the rest frame of S and corresponds to the sum of masses of the decay products). Upon a variable transformation, one can rewrite it as ... [here, ... is the usual spectral function (or mass distribution) in the rest frame]. Hence, the latter expression, previously obtained by different approaches, is here confirmed in an independent and, most importantly, covariant QFT-based approach. Its consequences are not yet fully explored but appear to be quite surprising (such as the fact that the usual time-dilatation formula does not apply); thus its firm understanding and investigation can be a fruitful subject of future research.
The production cross section and the transverse momentum distribution of charged particles is measured in pp collisions at √s = 2.76 TeV, 5.02 TeV, 7 TeV and 13 TeV, as well as for Pb-Pb collision at √s_NN = 5.02 TeV and Xe-Xe at √s_NN = 5.44 TeV in ALICE at the LHC. The measurement is performed in the transverse momentum region of 0.15 < p_T < 50 GeV/c and in the pseudorapidity range of |η| < 0.8. The precision of the measurement has been substantially enhanced as a result of the improved corrections, by taking into account a more realistic particle composition in the MC simulations. As a result, the systematic uncertainties have been reduced by more than a factor two in all systems and energies.
The average transverse momentum <p_T> results show a faster-than-linear increase with the center-of-mass energy and follow a similar trend with respect to previous measurements. The analysis of the p_T spectra in multiplicity intervals show a weak center-of-mass energy dependence when they are compared to their respective inelastic (INEL) pp measurement. The average multiplicity as a function of the collision energy shows a quadratic trend, and the comparison with other ALICE multiplicity measurements exhibits a remarkable agreement, within uncertainties.
The transverse momentum spectra in pp collisions are compared to state-of-the-art MC simulations, EPOS LHC and PYTHIA 8 event generators; none of them is able to reproduce the distributions over the full p_T range.
The differential cross section in pp collisions is an essential observable for the study of the Quark Gluon Plasma (QGP) created in ultra-relativistic heavy-ion collisions. The absence of a medium formation in pp collisions serves as an essential baseline for studies of particle production and suppression due to parton energy-loss in the QGP. Since pp collisions at √s = 5.44 TeV were not measured by ALICE, the pp reference at this energy was constructed by using a power law interpolation between the s = 5.02 TeV and 7 TeV data. The pp results are compared to the particle production in Pb-Pb collisions at √s_NN = 5.02 TeV and Xe-Xe collisions at √s_NN = 5.44 TeV.
The nuclear modification factor R_AA for Pb-Pb and Xe-Xe collisions was calculated and a strong suppression of high-p_T particles is observed in central collisions. The R AA in different systems allows for a differential study of the parton energy loss in the QGP. The comparison of the R AA in multiplicity intervals between the two systems provide insights into the path length dependence of a parton that propagates in the medium.
We describe two independent frameworks which provide unambiguous determinations of the deconfinement and the decoupling conditions of a relativistic gas at finite temperature. First, we use the Polyakov-Nambu-Jona–Lasinio model to compute meson and baryon masses at finite temperature and determine their melting temperature as a function of their strangeness content. Second, we analyze a simple expanding gas within a Friedmann-Robertson-Walker metric, which admits a well-defined decoupling mechanism. We examine the decoupling time as a function of the particle mass and cross section. We find evidences of an inherent dependence of the hadronization and freeze-out conditions on flavor, and on mass and cross section, respectively.
The High-Acceptance DiElectron Spectrometer (HADES) operates in the 1 - 2A GeV energy regime in fixed target experiments to explore baryon-rich strongly interacting matter in heavy-ion collisions at moderate temperatures with rare and penetrating probes. We present results on the production of strange hadrons below their respective NN threshold energy in Au+Au collisions at 1.23A GeV ( = 2.4 GeV). Special emphasis is put on the enhanced feed-down contribution of ϕ mesons to the inclusive yield of K- and its implication on the measured spectral shape of K-. Furthermore, we investigate global properties of the system, confronting the measured hadron yields and transverse mass spectra with a Statistical Hadronization Model (SHM) and a blastwave parameterization, respectively. These supplement the world data of the chemical and kinetic freeze-out temperatures.
Die Bestrahlung atmungsbewegter Tumoren stellt eine Herausforderung für die moderne Strahlentherapie dar. In der vorliegenden Arbeit werden zu Beginn die physikalischen, technischen und medizinischen Grundlagen vorgestellt, um dem Leser den Einstieg in die komplexe Thematik zu erleichtern. Des Weiteren werden verschiedene Techniken zur Bestrahlung atmungsbewegter Zielvolumina vorgestellt. Auch wird auf die Sicherheitssäume eingegangen, die notwendig sind, um Fehler in der Bestrahlungskette beim Festlegen des Planungszielvolumens für die Bestrahlung auszugleichen.
Im Rahmen dieser Arbeit wurde ein Konzept entwickelt, wodurch sich der Sicherheitssaum von bewegten Tumoren in der Radiochirurgie mit dem Tumor-Tracking-System des Cyberknifes noch weiter verkleinern lässt. Somit kann die sogenannte therapeutische Breite der Behandlung weiter vergrößert werden kann. Dafür wurden ein 4D-CT und ein Gating-System in den klinischen Betrieb aufgenommen. Die entwickelte Technik basiert auf den zehn individuellen Atemphasen des 4D-CTs und lässt eine Berücksichtigung bewegter Risikostrukturen bereits während der Bestrahlungsplanung zu. Diese Methode wurde mit aktuellen Bestrahlungstechniken mittels eines Vergleichs der Bestrahlungspläne anhand von zehn Patientenfällen verglichen. Zur Erstellung der Bestrahlungspläne kamen die Bestrahlungsplanungssysteme von Varian (Eclipse 13.5) und Accuray (Multiplan 4.6) zum Einsatz. Es wurden insbesondere die Bestrahlungsdosen an den Risikoorganen und die Volumina ausgewählter Isodosen betrachtet. Hier zeigte sich eine klare Abhängigkeit von der Belastung des gesunden Gewebes von der verwendeten Bestrahlungstechnik. Dies lässt die Schlussfolgerung zu, dass mit einer Reduzierung des Sicherheitssaums, welcher abhängig von der verwendeten Planungs- und Bestrahlungstechnik ist, eine Vergrößerung der therapeutischen Breite einhergeht. Zusätzlich bleibt bei einer geringen Belastung des umliegenden gesunden Gewebes die Möglichkeit für eine weitere Bestrahlung offen.
Anschließend wurden anhand von berechneten Testplänen Messungen an einem für diese Arbeit modifizierten Messphantom am Varian Clinac DHX und am Cyberknife VSI durchgeführt. Hier wurden die beim Planvergleich verwendeten Bestrahlungstechniken verwendet, um einen Abgleich von berechneter und tatsächlich applizierter Dosis zu erhalten. Das verwendete Messphantom simuliert die Atmung des Patienten und lässt gleichzeitig eine Verifikation der Dosisverteilung mit EBT3-Filmen sowie Messungen mit Ionisationskammern zu. Es zeigte sich, dass für die Techniken, welche aktiv die Atmung berücksichtigen (Synchrony am Cyberknife und Gating am Varian Clinac), selbst im Niedrigdosisbereich eine gute Übereinstimmung zwischen Messung und Berechnung der Dosisverteilung vorliegt. Sobald die Bewegung des Zielvolumens bereits bei der Bestrahlungsplanung berücksichtigt wird, steigt die Übereinstimmung weiter an. Für Techniken, welche die Atmung lediglich bei der Zielvolumen-Definition einbeziehen (ITV-Konzept), liegen sowohl die mit Ionisationskammern gemessenen Werte als auch die Übereinstimmung von berechneter und gemessener Dosisverteilung außerhalb des Toleranzbereichs.
Eine weitere Frage dieser Arbeit befasst sich mit der Treffsicherheit des Tumor-Tracking-Systems des Cyberknifes (Synchrony). Hier wurden Messungen mit dem XSightLung-Phantom und unterschiedlichen Sicherheitssäumen, welche die Bewegung des Tumors ausgleichen sollen, durchgeführt. Dies geschah sowohl mit dem für das Phantom vorgesehenen Würfel mit Einschüben für EBT3-Filme als auch mit einem Film-Sanchwich aus Flab-Material zur Untersuchung einer dreidimensionalen Dosisverteilung. Die Analyse der Filme ergab, dass es zumindest an einem Phantom mit einer einfachen kraniokaudalen Bewegung nicht nötig ist, die Bewegung des Zielvolumens durch einen asymmetrischen Sicherheitssaum in Bewegungsrichtung zu kompensieren um die Abdeckung des Zielvolumens mit der gewünschten Dosis zu gewährleisten.
Durch diese Arbeit konnten zusätzlich weitere wertvolle Erkenntnisse für den klinischen Alltag gewonnen werden: bei der Untersuchung der Bewegung von Tumoren in freier Atmung sowie bei maximaler Inspiration und Exspiration zeigte sich, dass zum Teil die Tumorbewegung in maximalen Atemlagen (3-Phasen-CT) deutlich von der freien Atmung abweicht. Dies lässt den Schluss zu, dass für eine Bestrahlung in freier Atmung ein 4D-CT die Tumorbewegung deutlich realistischer widerspiegelt als ein 3-Phasen-CT, zumal letzteres eine größere Dosisbelastung für den Patienten bedeutet.
Ebenfalls konnte anhand einer retrospektiven Untersuchung von Lungentumoren gezeigt werden, dass für die Berechnung von Bestrahlungsplänen für Tumoren in inhomogenem Gewebe der Ray-Tracing-Algorithmus die Dosis im Zielvolumen teilweise sehr stark überschätzt. Um eine realistische Dosisverteilung zu erhalten, sollte deshalb insbesondere bei Tumoren in der Lunge auf den Monte-Carlo-Algorithmus zurückgegriffen werden.
With the discovery of light beyond human visibility, scientists strove to extend the range of observation to invisible parts of the light’s spectrum. Realising that light of all frequencies is part the same physical phenomenon, brought a leap in understanding about electromagnetic waves. With the development of more advanced technology, detectors with higher sensitivity for adjacent frequencies to the visible were built. From this, with each new observable wavelength, more insight into otherwise invisible processes and phenomenons were observed. Hand in hand with this went the enhancement of the output power of corresponding sources. This has lead to higher sensitivity setups throughout the spectrum, leading to observations which have given a deeper understanding in various fields of science. Nowadays, detectors and emitters in many different regions of the invisible electro magnetic spectrum have found their way in our every day life. Innovations in technology has lead to practical applications such as X-rays in medicine, motion sensors and remote controls using infrared light, distance sensors and data transmission using radar and radio devices. The frequency regions above infrared are optically generated and below radar can be produced using electric methods. There is no straight line that separates these frequencies. There rather is a whole intermediate region known as the terahertz (THz) regime. Due to the lack of sensitive detectors and efficient sources, the THz frequency region has not been exploited for application use on a widespread basis so far. It combines properties from the surrounding frequency ranges which make it an ideal spectrum for various applications. Consequently, THz radiation and THz imaging are active fields of research.
The work presented in this thesis consists of the development and testing of novel THz imaging concepts, which uses a THz antenna coupled field effect transistor (TeraFET) detector. Two detection principles are applied using two different optical setups. The first uses a pulsed optical parametric oscillator (OPO) THz source where the optical output power is detected. The source relies on a nonlinear effect of a lithium niobate crystal to generate tunable THz pulses from a Q-switched pump laser. The THz signal is detected and amplified by a double stage operational amplifier for monitoring the real time 20 ns pulses on an oscilloscope where a signal to noise ratio (SNR) of ⇠ 25 at a frequency range from 0.75 to 1.1 THz is reached. Imaging of the area of interest with a resolution of 1.2 mm is achieved through raster scanning of the THz pulses. Also spectroscopy with a frequency resolution of ⇠ 50 GHz is demonstrated using a para-aminobenzoic acid sample. The second setup utilises two synchronised electronic multiplier chain sources where their output is mixed on the detector. To form a heterodyne detection setup, the intermediate frequency is fed to a lock-in amplifier which then amplifies the so called beat signal from the TeraFET detector. One source is fixed relative to the detector even through scanning to ensure a stable signal. This detection method allows for amplitude and phase detection for every scanning position, making numerical light field propagation and object reconstruction possible. Numerical focussing is a key feature achieving a lateral resolution of the input transmittance of ⇡ 2 mm.
After the introduction, the second chapter describes the setup, measurement results and challenges which arise using a TeraFET together with the pulsed THz source “Firefly-THz”. In the description of the setup, special attention is given to the shielding of the detector and the electronics. General findings discuss first the overall performance and later spectroscopy and imaging as application examples. Another subsection continues with potential noise sources before the chapter is concluded. Chapter three expands on the topic of Fourier optics from a theoretical point of view. First, parts of the theory of the Fourier Transform (FT) are set out for the reader and how the Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) results from the Discrete Fourier Transform (DFT). This approach is used for theoretical considerations and the implementation of a Fourier optic script that allows for numerical investigations on electro magnetic field propagation through an optical system. The boundary conditions are chosen to be practical relevant to make predictions on measurements presented in chapter four. The following fourth chapter describes the realisation of a heterodyne THz detection setup. Before the measurement results are presented, the setup and its electric configuration are shown. The results come close to the analytical predictions so that the same algorithm which propagates the field from an object to the Fourier plane is used to propagate the measured field back to the object. The influence of phase noise on the measurement results are discussed before simulation and measurement is compared. The last chapter in this thesis concludes on the findings in the pulsed THz detection and the heterodyne THz Fourier imaging and gives an outlook for both configurations.
We study the properties of the survival probability of an unstable quantum state described by a Lee Hamiltonian. This theoretical approach resembles closely Quantum Field Theory (QFT): one can introduce in a rather simple framework the concept of propagator and Feynman rules, Within this context, we re-derive (in a detailed and didactical way) the well-known result according to which the amplitude of the survival probability is the Fourier transform of the energy distribution (or spectral function) of the unstable state (in turn, the energy distribution is proportional to the imaginary part of the propagator of the unstable state). Typically, the survival probability amplitude is the starting point of many studies of non-exponential decays. This work represents a further step toward the evaluation of the survival probability amplitude in genuine relativistic QFT. However, although many similarities exist, QFT presents some differences w.r.t. the Lee Hamiltonian which should be studied in the future.
The beam energy dependence of v4 (the quadrupole moment of the transverse radial flow) is sensitive to the nuclear equation of state (EoS) in mid-central Au + Au collisions at the energy range of 3<sNN−−−−√<30 GeV, which is investigated within the hadronic transport model JAM. Different equations of state, namely, a free hadron gas, a first-order phase transition and a crossover are compared. An enhancement of v4 at sNN−−−−√≈6 GeV is predicted for an EoS with a first-order phase transition. This enhanced v4 flow is driven by both the enhancement of v2 as well as the positive contribution to v4 from the squeeze-out of spectator particles which turn into participants due to the admixture of the strong collective flow in the shocked, compressed nuclear matter.
n this contribution we lay down a lattice setup that allows for the nonperturbative study of a field theoretical model where a SU(2) fermion doublet, subjected to non-Abelian gauge interactions, is also coupled to a complex scalar field doublet via a Yukawa and an “irrelevant” Wilson-like term. Using naive fermions in quenched approximation and based on the renormalizedWard identities induced by purely fermionic chiral transformations, lattice observables are discussed that enable: a) in theWigner phase, the determinations of the critical Yukawa coupling value where the purely fermionic chiral transformation become a symmetry up to lattice artifacts; b) in the Nambu-Goldstone phase of the resulting critical theory, a stringent test of the actual generation of a fermion mass term of non-perturbative origin. A soft twisted fermion mass term is introduced to circumvent the problem of exceptional configurations, and observables are then calculated in the limit of vanishing twisted mass.
We investigate the properties of QCD at finite isospin chemical potential at zero and non-zero temperatures. This theory is not affected by the sign problem and can be simulated using Monte-Carlo techniques. With increasing isospin chemical potential and temperatures below the deconfinement transition the system changes into a phase where charged pions condense, accompanied by an accumulation of low modes of the Dirac operator. The simulations are enabled by the introduction of a pionic source into the action, acting as an infrared regulator for the theory, and physical results are obtained by removing the regulator via an extrapolation. We present an update of our study concerning the associated phase diagram using 2+1 flavours of staggered fermions with physical quark masses and the comparison to Taylor expansion. We also present first results for our determination of the equation of state at finite isospin chemical potential and give an example for a cosmological application. The results can also be used to gain information about QCD at small baryon chemical potentials using reweighting with respect to the pionic source parameter and the chemical potential and we present first steps in this direction.
We show the first results for parton distribution functions within the proton at the physical pion mass, employing the method of quasi-distributions. In particular, we present the matrix elements for the iso-vector combination of the unpolarized, helicity and transversity quasi-distributions, obtained with Nf = 2 twisted mass cloverimproved fermions and a proton boosted with momentum = 0.83 GeV. The momentum smearing technique has been applied to improve the overlap with the proton boosted state. Moreover, we present the renormalized helicity matrix elements in the RI’ scheme, following the non-perturbative renormalization prescription recently developed by our group.
In this proceeding we review our recent work using supervised learning with a deep convolutional neural network (CNN) to identify the QCD equation of state (EoS) employed in hydrodynamic modeling of heavy-ion collisions given only final-state particle spectra ρ(pT, Ф). We showed that there is a traceable encoder of the dynamical information from phase structure (EoS) that survives the evolution and exists in the final snapshot, which enables the trained CNN to act as an effective “EoS-meter” in detecting the nature of the QCD transition.
The standard implementation of the HRG model has been shown to be unable to describe all the available data on QCD matter. Here we show the balance of repulsive and attractive hadronic interactions on QCD thermodynamics through observables both calculated by lattice simulations and measured in experiment. Attractive interactions are mediated by resonance formation, which are here implemented through extra states predicted by the Quark Model, while repulsive interactions are modelled by means of Excluded Volume (EV) effects. Informations on flavour dependent effective sizes are extracted. It is found that EV effects are present in lattice QCD thermodynamics, and are essential for a comprehensive description of higher order fluctuations of conserved charges.
This paper traces the military role of Tibnīn and its rulers in the Latin East against the Muslims until 1187/ 583. Tibnīn played a key role in overcoming the Muslims in Tyre and controlled it in 1124. It also played a vital role in the conflict between Damascus and the Kingdom of Jerusalem. Tibnīn participated in defending Antioch, Banyas, Hebron and Transjordan several times. Furthermore, its soldiers and Knights joined the army of the Kingdom of Jerusalem to capture Ascalon in 1153, and joined the campaigns of Amaury I, King of Jerusalem, against Egypt from 1164 to1169. The military situation of Tibnīn under the rule of the royal house until its fall to the Muslims in 1187/ 583 will be studied as well
We will discuss the issue of Landau levels of quarks in lattice QCD in an external magnetic field. We will show that in the two-dimensional case the lowest Landau level can be identified unambiguously even if the strong interactions are turned on. Starting from this observation, we will then show how one can define a “plowest Landau level” in the four-dimensional case, and discuss how much of the observed effects of a magnetic field can be explained in terms of it. Our results can be used to test the validity of low-energy models of QCD that make use of the lowest-Landau-level approximation.
In this talk we discuss the effects of the hadronic rescattering on final state observables in high energy nuclear collisions. We do so by employing the UrQMD transport model for a realistic description of the hadronic decoupling process. The rescattering of hadrons modifies every hadronic bulk observable. For example apparent multiplicity of resonances is suppressed as compared to a chemical equilibrium freeze-out model. Stable and unstable particles change their momentum distribution by more than 30% through rescattering. The hadronic rescattering also leads to a substantial decorrelation of the conserved charge distributions. These findings show that it is all but trivial to conclude from the final state observables on the properties of the system at an earlier time where it may have been in or close to local equilibrium.
A full session was organized in memory of Helmut Oeschler during the 2017 edition of the Strangeness in Quark Matter Conference. It was heart-warming to discuss with the audience his main achievements and share anecdotes about this exceptionally praised and appreciated colleague, who was also a great friend for many at the conference. A brief summary of the session is provided with these proceedings.
Observations of long rang azimuthal correlations in small collision systems (p+p/A) have triggered an enormous excitement in the heavy-ion community. However, it is presently unclear to what extent the experimentally observed correlations should be attributed to initial state momentum correlations and/or the final state response to the initial state geometry. We discuss how a consistent theoretical description of the nonequilibrium dynamics is important to address both effects within a unified framework and present first results from weakly coupled non-equilibrium simulations in [1] to quantify the relative importance of initial state and final state effects based on theoretical calculations.
We compute hybrid static potentials in SU(3) lattice gauge theory. We present a method to automatically generate a large set of suitable creation operators with defined quantum numbers from elementary building blocks. We show preliminary results for several channels and discuss, which structures of the gluonic flux tube seem to be realized by the ground states in these channels.
We discuss the current developments by the European Twisted Mass Collaboration in extracting parton distribution functions from the quasi-PDF approach. We concentrate on the non-perturbative renormalization prescription recently developed by us, using the RI′ scheme. We show results for the renormalization functions of matrix elements needed for the computation of quasi-PDFs, including the conversion to the MS scheme, and for renormalized matrix elements. We discuss the systematic effects present in the Z-factors and the possible ways of addressing them in the future.
We report on the status of ongoing investigations aiming at locating the deconfinement critical point with standard Wilson fermions and Nf = 2 flavors towards the continuum limit (standard Columbia plot); locating the tricritical masses at imaginary chemical potential with unimproved staggered fermions at Nf = 2 (extended Columbia plot); identifying the order of the chiral phase transition at μ = 0 for Nf = 2 via extrapolation from non integer Nf (alternative Columbia plot).
Targeting for rare observables, the CBM experiment will operate at high interaction rates of up to 10 MHz, which is unprecedented in heavy-ion experiments so far. It requires a novel free-streaming readout system and a new concept of data processing. The huge data rates of the CBM experiment will be reduced online to the recordable rate before saving the data to the mass storage. Full collision reconstruction and selection will be performed online in a dedicated processor farm. In order to make an efficient event selection online a clean sample of particles has to be provided by the reconstruction package called First Level Event Selection (FLES).
The FLES reconstruction and selection package consists of several modules: track finding, track fitting, event building, short-lived particles finding, and event selection. Since detector measurements contain also time information, the event building is done at all stages of the reconstruction process. The input data are distributed within the FLES farm in a form of time-slices. A time-slice is reconstructed in parallel between processor cores. After all tracks of the whole time-slice are found and fitted, they are collected into clusters of tracks originated from common primary vertices, which then are fitted, thus identifying the interaction points. Secondary tracks are associated with primary vertices according to their estimated production time. After that short-lived particles are found and the full event building process is finished. The last stage of the FLES package is a selection of events according to the requested trigger signatures. The event reconstruction procedure and the results of its application to simulated collisions in the CBM detector setup are presented and discussed in detail.
Professor Walter Greiner, our mentor, colleague, and friend, passed away in the age of eighty. During his lifetime, the search for elements beyond uranium started and elements up to the so far heaviest one with atomic number 118 were discovered. In this talk I will present a short history from early searches for ‘trans-uraniums’ up to the production and safe identification of shell-stabilized ‘Super-Heavy Nuclei’ (SHN). The nuclear shell model reveals that these nuclei should be located in a region with closed shells for the protons at Z = 114, 120 or 126 and for the neutrons at N = 184. The outstanding aim of experimental investigations is the exploration of this region of spherical SHN. Systematic studies of heavy ion reactions for the synthesis of SHN revealed production cross-sections which reached values down to one picobarn and even below for the heaviest species. The systematics of measured cross-sections can be understood only on the basis of relatively high fission barriers as predicted for nuclei in and around the island of SHN. A key role in answering some of the open questions plays the synthesis of isotopes of element 120. Attempts aiming for synthesizing this element at the velocity filter SHIP will be reported.
We study tetraquark resonances with lattice QCD potentials computed for two static quarks and two dynamical quarks, the Born-Oppenheimer approximation and the emergent wave method of scattering theory. As a proof of concept we focus on systems with isospin I = 0, but consider different relative angular momenta l of the heavy b quarks. We compute the phase shifts and search for S and T matrix poles in the second Riemann sheet. We predict a new tetraquark resonance for l = 1, decaying into two B mesons, with quantum numbers I(JP) = 0(1−), mass MeV and decay width MeV.
Die vorliegende Dissertation befasst sich mit der Entwicklung und Erforschung eines konzeptionell neuartigen Injektionssystems zum Transport von Ionenstrahlen in toroidale Magnetfeldstrukturen. Die Forschungsarbeit ist dabei Teil des Figure-8 Speicherringprojekts (F8SR) des IAP, bei welchem es um die Erforschung der Physik und die Entwicklung eines niederenergetischen, supraleitenden, magnetostatischen Figure-8 Hochstromspeicherrings geht. Dieser neuartige Speicherring ermöglicht aufgrund des Einsatzes von fokussierenden solenoidalen und toroidalen Magnetfeldern das Speichern von Strahlströmen von bis zu einigen Ampere. Diese Arbeit baut auf früheren Forschungsarbeiten zu diesem Themenfeld auf, in welchen die Grundlagen und Ausgangsparameter für die experimentelle Untersuchung der Injektion gelegt und mit dem Aufbau des Injektionsexperiments begonnen wurde.
In dieser Dissertation wird den Fragen nachgegangen, ob ein magnetisches Konzept des Injektionssystems mittels eines „Scaled-Down“-Experiments experimentell umsetzbar ist und ob mit diesem die Injektion von Ionenstrahlen in toroidale Magnetfeldstrukturen realisiert werden kann. Ziel ist es dabei, ein Injektionssystem aufzubauen, durch welches sowohl ein seitlich injizierter Injektionsstrahl, welcher den in den Speicherring zu injizierenden Strahl darstellt, als auch ein gleichzeitig durch die toroidalen Magnetfelder driftender Ringstrahl, welcher den im Speicherring zirkulierenden Strahl darstellt, ohne Verluste transportiert werden können. Das Injektionssystem besteht dabei aus drei normalleitenden Magneten, wobei es sich um zwei baugleiche 30 Grad Toroide sowie einen Solenoid handelt. Die Toroide bilden den Transportkanal für den Ringstrahl, während der Injektionssolenoid senkrecht zwischen den beiden Toroiden endet und den Injektionskanal für den Injektionsstrahl darstellt.
Zunächst wurde das Injektionssystem mittels Strahltransportsimulationen untersucht und aufbauend auf den Ergebnissen die benötigen Vakuumkomponenten sowie der Injektionsmagnet ausgelegt, entwickelt und umgesetzt. Anschließend wurde mit dem fertigstellten Injektionsexperiment der Transport von zwei Ionenstrahlen durch das Injektionssystem experimentell erforscht. Dabei wurden die Strahlpfade mit einem in Entwicklung befindlichen Kameradetektorsystem aus verschiedenen Perspektiven aufgenommen und das Strahlverhalten in Abhängigkeit von unterschiedlichen Parametern phänomenologisch analysiert und diskutiert, mit den Ergebnissen der Simulationen verglichen sowie theoretisch bzgl. der RxB Drift und eines Gedankenmodells eingeordnet. Die technische Umsetzung, Inbetriebnahme und Durchführung verschiedener Vorabexperimente bzgl. weiterer Komponenten des Injektionsexperiments (bspw. Ionenquellen und Filterkanäle) ist ebenfalls Bestandteil dieser Arbeit.
Bei den experimentellen Untersuchungen mit Wasserstoff- und Heliumionenstrahlen konnte beobachtet werden, wie der Injektionsstrahl in den zweiten Toroid driftet und somit erfolgreich injiziert wird. Des Weiteren wurde eine Heliummessung durchgeführt, bei der sowohl der Injektionsstrahl als auch der Ringstrahl erfolgreich durch das Injektionssystem transportiert werden konnten. Auch die Auswirkungen des Injektionsmagneten auf den Ringstrahl konnten experimentell untersucht werden. Die verschiedenen Messungen wurden mittels des Gedankenmodells diskutiert und mit den Ergebnissen der Simulationen sowie untereinander verglichen.
Das abschließende Ergebnis dieser Arbeit ist, dass durch den Einsatz von solenoidalen und toroidalen Magnetfeldern der Injektionsstrahl vom Injektionsmagneten in den zweiten Toroid transportiert und dieser somit in die gekoppelte magnetische Konfiguration der Toroide eingelenkt werden kann. Der gleichzeitige verlustfreie Transport eines Ringstahls durch das Injektionssystem konnte dabei ebenfalls realisiert werden. Des Weiteren stimmen die Ergebnisse der Simulationen und Experimente sowie die theoretischen Überlegungen überein.
Das neuartige Injektionskonzept, welches als Schlüsselkomponente für die Umsetzung des Figure-8 Hochstromspeicherrings benötigt wird, wurde somit mittels Theorie, Simulation und Experiment überprüft und die Funktionalität bestätigt.
Zukünftige Forschungsfragen für welche der Figure-8 Hochstromspeicherring verwendet werden könnte, bspw. aus den Bereichen der experimentellen Astrophysik oder Fusionsforschung, wurden abschließend diskutiert.
Defossiliation of the energy system is crucial in the face of the impending risks of climate change. Electricity generation by burning fossil fuels is being displaced by renewable energy sources like hydro, wind and solar, driven by support schemes and falling costs from technological advances as well as manufacturing scale effects. The unavoidable shift from flexibly dispatchable generation to weather-dependent spatio-temporally varying generators transforms the generation and distribution of electricity into highly interdependent complex systems in multiple dimensions and disciplines:
In time, different scales, stretching from intra-day, diurnal, synoptic to seasonal oscillations of the weather interact with years and decades of planning and construction of capacity. In space, long-range correlations and local variations of weather systems as well as local bottlenecks in transmission networks affect solutions. The investment decisions about technological mix and spatial distribution of capacity follow economic principles, within restrictions which adapt in social feedback loops to public opinion and lobbyist influences.
In this work, a family of self-consistent models is developed which map physical steady-state operation, capacity investments and exogeneous restrictions of a European electricity system, in higher simultaneous spatial and temporal detail as well as scope than has previously been computationally tractable. Increasing the spatial detail of the renewable resources and co-optimizing the expansion of only a few transmission lines, reveals solutions to serve the European electricity demand at about today’s electricity cost with only 5% of its carbon-dioxide emissions; and importantly their electricity mix differs from the findings at low spatial resolution.
As important intermediate steps,
• new algorithms for the convex optimization of electricity system infrastructure are derived from graph-theoretic decompositions of network flows. Only these enable the investigation of model detail beyond previous computational limitations.
• a comprehensive European electricity network model down to individual substations at the transmission voltage levels is built by combining and completing data from freely available sources.
• a network reduction technique is developed to approximate the detailed model at a sequence of spatial resolutions to investigate the role of spatial scale, and identify a level of spatial resolution which captures all relevant detail, but is still computationally tractable.
• a method to trace the flow of power through the network, which is related to a vector diffusion process on a directed flow graph embedded in a network, is used to analyse the resulting technology mix and its interactions with the power network
The open-source nature of the model and restriction to freely available data encourages an accessible and transparent discussion about the future European electricity system, primarily based on renewable wind and solar resources.
We present a 360∘ (i.e., 4π steradian) general-relativistic ray-tracing and radiative transfer calculations of accreting supermassive black holes. We perform state-of-the-art three-dimensional general-relativistic magnetohydrodynamical simulations using the BHAC code, subsequently post-processing this data with the radiative transfer code RAPTOR. All relativistic and general-relativistic effects, such as Doppler boosting and gravitational redshift, as well as geometrical effects due to the local gravitational field and the observer’s changing position and state of motion, are therefore calculated self-consistently. Synthetic images at four astronomically-relevant observing frequencies are generated from the perspective of an observer with a full 360∘ view inside the accretion flow, who is advected with the flow as it evolves. As an example we calculated images based on recent best-fit models of observations of Sagittarius A*. These images are combined to generate a complete 360∘ Virtual Reality movie of the surrounding environment of the black hole and its event horizon. Our approach also enables the calculation of the local luminosity received at a given fluid element in the accretion flow, providing important applications in, e.g., radiation feedback calculations onto black hole accretion flows. In addition to scientific applications, the 360∘ Virtual Reality movies we present also represent a new medium through which to interactively communicate black hole physics to a wider audience, serving as a powerful educational tool.
In the course of this thesis we discuss a certain kind of supersolid, the lattice-supersolid, which can be realized using quantum gases in an optical lattice trap. The lattice-supersolid, which simultaneously possesses off-diagonal and diagonal long-range order in its density matrix and also breaks the discrete translational symmetry of an underlying lattice, is induced by self-ordering of the gas due to strong long-range van der Waals interactions. In the considered scenario, the interactions are facilitated by the excitation of atomic Rydberg states, which exhibit enhanced van der Waals forces.
In the first part of this thesis (chapters 1-3), we review the relevant basics of quantum gases, Rydberg physics and introduce the extended Bose-Hubbard model. We start with the relevant methods and devices of the vast toolbox available in common quantum gas experiments, as well as consider the main concepts behind superfluidity and supersolidity. This is followed by an introduction of some basic concepts of Rydberg atoms in quantum many-body systems, with a focus on the facilitation of long-range interactions and the implementation in a theoretical model. Thereafter a brief introduction is given, on the realization of the Bose-Hubbard model in optical lattice systems and its extension to include Rydberg states, which concludes the introductory part of this thesis.
In the following part (chapters 4-6), we introduce the theoretical tools used to derive the results presented in the final part. First, an introduction to a real-space extension of bosonic dynamical mean-field theory (RB-DMFT) for bosonic systems with long-range interactions in the Hartree approximation is given. This method is based on the non-perturbative self-consistent evaluation of the lattice Green’s function, which also incorporates the effect of nearest neighbor correlations due to the non-condensed particles. Then we focus on a quasiparticle expansion of the Bose-Hubbard model, which has its foundation in linearized fluctuations of a static mean-field ground-state, allowing for the prediction of a vast range of experimentally relevant observables. Lastly, we introduce an efficient truncation scheme for the local bosonic Fock-basis, which allows for the simulation of phases with high condensate density at a vastly reduced computational effort.
In the final part (chapters 7 and 8), we discuss the application of both methods to itinerant bosonic gases in two-dimensional optical lattices, in order to predict the equilibrium ground-state phases, as well as the signatures of supersolidity and its formation in spectral functions and the dynamic and static structure factor. Specifically, we focus on two limiting cases. Firstly, we consider a two-component gas, as realized by two hyperfine ground states, for example, of rubidium-87, where one component is off-resonantly excited to a Rydberg state, which generates a soft-core shaped interaction potential. Secondly, we discuss the opposing limit, using near-resonant excitations
of Rydberg states, where the interacting component now directly corresponds to the Rydberg state, which interacts via a van der Waals potential. In both cases we discuss the rich variety of supersolid phases, which are found for a wide range of parameters. We also discuss how some of these phases can be realized in experiment.
In the subsequent appendices (A to D) we discuss some methodological details. Most notably, we consider the possible Fock-extension of the Hartree approximation (appendix A), introduced in the RB-DMFT treatment of the extended Bose-Hubbard model.
This thesis presents the first measurement of the proton capture reaction on the isotope 124Xe performed in inverse kinematics. The experiment was carried out in June 2016 at the Experimental Storage Ring (ESR) at the GSI Helmholtz Centre for Heavy Ion Research in Darmstadt, Germany.
124Xe is one of about 35 p-nuclei that cannot be produced via neutron-induced nucleo- synthesis as the vast majority of heavy elements. Its production and destruction provide important information about the nucleosynthesis of the p-nuclei. Measuring the 124Xe(p,g)125Cs reaction also gives strong constraints for its reverse 125Cs(g,p)124Xe reaction.
Fully stripped 124Xe ions repeatedly passed a H2 gas jet target at five different energies between 5.5 MeV/u and 8 MeV/u. An electron cooler compensated for the energy loss in the target and reduced the beam momentum spread. The reaction product 125Cs55+ has a smaller magnetic rigidity than 124Xe54+. Therefore 125Cs55+ was deflected towards smaller radii in the first dipole after the target area and thereby separated from 124Xe54+. It was detected with a position-sensitive Double-Sided Silicon Strip Detector (DSSSD). The novelty of this experiment was the installation of the DSSSD inside the ultra-high vacuum of the storage ring using a newly designed manipulator.
Three High-Purity Germanium X-ray detectors were used to measure the X-rays following the Radiative Electron Capture (REC) events into 124Xe53+. The REC cross sections are well-known and were used to determine the luminosity.
The 124Xe(p,g)125Cs cross sections at ion beam energies between 5.5 MeV/u and 8 MeV/u were determined relatively to the K-REC cross sections and finally compared to the theoretically predicted cross sections. While theoretical predictions of the TENDL database are lower than the measured ones by a factor of up to seven, the NON-SMOKER data are higher by a factor of up to two, except of the cross section at 7 MeV/u, where NON-SMOKER data are slightly lower than the experimental value.
For the first time, a proton capture cross section could be measured in inverse kinematics close to the astrophysically relevant Gamow window. This allows the direct determination of the (p,g) cross section of isotopes with half-lives down to several minutes, which is not possible with any other technique.
In this thesis we work on the theoretical description of relativistic heavy-ion collisions, focussing on electromagnetic probes. We present mainly four topics: electric conductivity and diffusion properties of the hot plasma and hadronic matter, response of the quark-gluon plasma to external magnetic fields, direct photon production in the quark-gluon plasma and a study about initial and final state effects in small systems. The latter topic aims, i.a., at a better understanding of the initial state, which is crucial for electromagnetic probes. In all research areas we make use of the Boltzmann transport equation, whereby the presented methods provide analytical and numerical solutions. We pay particular attention to the construction of complete leading order photon production processes in numerical transport simulations of the quark-gluon plasma.
To begin with, our findings are the complete conserved charge diffusion matrix and electric conductivity. Those properties are important ingredients, e.g., for future simulations of baryon rich collisions. Next, we find that the influence of external magnetic fields to the QGP dynamics is not quantifiable in observables.
We present results for a variety of direct photon observables and we can partly explain experimental data. We emphasize the importance of the chemical composition and non-equilibrium nature of the medium to the direct photon puzzle. Lastly, we observe the interesting dynamic behavior of azimuthal correlations in small systems and identify signatures of the initial state in final observables. This will also be of interest for more precise simulations of electromagnetic probes and allows for various future studies.
Most of superconductors in a magnetic field are penetrated by a lattice of quantized flux vortices. In the presence of a transport current causing the vortices to cross sample edges, emission of electromagnetic waves is expected due to the continuity of tangential components of the fields at the surface. Yet, such a radiation has not been observed so far due to low radiated power levels and lacking coherence in the vortex motion. Here, we clearly evidence the emission of electromagnetic waves from vortices crossing the layers of a superconductor/insulator Mo/Si superlattice. The emission spectra consist of narrow harmonically related peaks which can be finely tuned in the GHz range by the dc bias current and, coarsely, by the in-plane magnetic field value. Our findings show that superconductor/insulator superlattices can act as dc-tunable microwave generators bridging the frequency gap between conventional radiofrequency oscillators and (sub-)terahertz generators relying upon the Josephson effect.