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Eight new Neotropical species of Dexosarcophaga Townsend, 1917 are described, five from Brazil, Dexosarcophaga phoenix sp. nov., Dexosarcophaga jandainae sp. nov., Dexosarcophaga patiuorum sp. nov., Dexosarcophaga petra sp. nov., and Dexosarcophaga sphaera sp. nov., one from Costa Rica, Dexosarcophaga limon sp. nov., one from Ecuador, Dexosarcophaga napo sp. nov., and one from Colombia, Dexosarcophaga pallida sp. nov. Male and female morphology is documented with photographs and illustrations, including details of the male terminalia for all new species and female terminalia of Dexosarcophaga phoenix sp. nov. and Dexosarcophaga sphaera sp. nov. With the addition of these new species, 58 species of Dexosarcophaga are now known, with records from the American continent spanning from the southern United States to northern Argentina.
High-frequency changes in interest rates around FOMC announcements are an important tool for identifying the effects of monetary policy on asset prices and the macroeconomy. However, some recent studies have questioned both the exogeneity and the relevance of these monetary policy surprises as instruments, especially for estimating the macroeconomic effects of monetary policy shocks. For example, monetary policy surprises are correlated with macroeconomic and financial data that is publicly available prior to the FOMC announcement. The authors address these concerns in two ways: First, they expand the set of monetary policy announcements to include speeches by the Fed Chair, which essentially doubles the number and importance of announcements in our dataset. Second, they explain the predictability of the monetary policy surprises in terms of the “Fed response to news” channel of Bauer and Swanson (2021) and account for it by orthogonalizing the surprises with respect to macroeconomic and financial data. Their subsequent reassessment of the effects of monetary policy yields two key results: First, estimates of the high-frequency effects on financial markets are largely unchanged. Second, estimates of the macroeconomic effects of monetary policy are substantially larger and more significant than what most previous empirical studies have found.
The authors study the impact of dissent in the ECB‘s Governing Council on uncertainty surrounding households‘ inflation expectations. They conduct a randomized controlled trial using the Bundesbank Online Panel Households. Participants are provided with alternative information treatments concerning the vote in the Council, e.g. unanimity and dissent, and are asked to submit probabilistic inflation expectations. The results show that the vote is informative.
Households revise their subjective inflation forecast after receiving information about the vote. Dissenting votes cause a wider individual distribution of future inflation. Hence, dissent increases households‘ uncertainty about inflation. This effect is statistically significant once the authors allow for the interaction between the treatments and individual characteristics of respondents.
The results are robust with respect to alternative measures of forecast uncertainty and hold for different model specifications. The findings suggest that providing information about dissenting votes without additional information about the nature of dissent is detrimental to coordinating household expectations.
The Russian war of aggression against Ukraine since 24 February 2022 has intensified the discussion of Europe’s reliance on energy imports from Russia. A ban on Russian imports of oil, natural gas and coal has already been imposed by the United States, while the United Kingdom plans to cease imports of oil and coal from Russia by the end of 2022. The German Federal Government is currently opposing an energy embargo against Russia. However, the Federal Ministry for Economic Affairs and Climate Action is working on a strategy to reduce energy imports from Russia. In this paper, the authors give an overview of the German and European reliance on energy imports from Russia with a focus on gas imports and discuss price effects, alternative suppliers of natural gas, and the potential for saving and replacing natural gas. They also provide an overview of estimates of the consequences on the economic outlook if the conflict intensifies.
In the communication of the European Central Bank (ECB), the statement that „we act within our mandate“ is often referred to. Also among practitioners of the Eurosystem the term „mandate“ has become popular. In his Working Paper, Helmut Siekmann analyzes the legal foundation of the tasks and objectives of the Eurosysstem and price stability as a legal term. He finds that the primary law of the EU only very sparsely employs the term „mandate“. It is never used in the context of monetary policy and its institutions. Moreover, he comes to the conclusion that inflation targeting as a task, competence, or objective of the Eurosystem is legally highly questionable according to the common standards of interpretation.
Central banks have faced a succession of crises over the past years as well as a number of structural factors such as a transition to a greener economy, demographic developments, digitalisation and possibly increased onshoring. These suggest that the future inflation environment will be different from the one we know. Thus uncertainty about important macroeconomic variables and, in particular, inflation dynamics will likely remain high.
Veronika Grimm, Lukas Nöh, and Volker Wieland assess the possible development of government interest expenditures as a share of GDP for Germany, France, Italy and Spain. Until 2021, these and other member states could anticipate a further reduction of interest expenditure in the future. This outlook has changed considerably with the recent surge in inflation and government bond rates. Nevertheless, under reasonable assumptions current yield curves still imply that interest expenditure relative to GDP can be stabilized at the current level. The authors also review the implications of a further upward shift in the yield curves of 1 or 2 percentage points. These implications suggest significant medium-term risks for highly indebted member states with interest expenditure approaching or exceeding levels last observed on the eve of the euro area debt crisis. In light of these risks, governments of euro area member states should take substantive action to achieve a sustained decline in debt-to-GDP ratios towards safer levels. They bear the responsibility for making sure that government finances can weather the higher interest rates which are required to achieve price stability in the euro area.
The authors propose a new method to forecast macroeconomic variables that combines two existing approaches to mixed-frequency data in DSGE models. The first existing approach estimates the DSGE model in a quarterly frequency and uses higher frequency auxiliary data only for forecasting. The second method transforms a quarterly state space into a monthly frequency. Their algorithm combines the advantages of these two existing approaches.They compare the new method with the existing methods using simulated data and real-world data. With simulated data, the new method outperforms all other methods, including forecasts from the standard quarterly model. With real world data, incorporating auxiliary variables as in their method substantially decreases forecasting errors for recessions, but casting the model in a monthly frequency delivers better forecasts in normal times.
The authors present and compare Newton-based methods from the applied mathematics literature for solving the matrix quadratic that underlies the recursive solution of linear DSGE models. The methods are compared using nearly 100 different models from the Macroeconomic Model Data Base (MMB) and different parameterizations of the monetary policy rule in the medium-scale New Keynesian model of Smets and Wouters (2007) iteratively. They find that Newton-based methods compare favorably in solving DSGE models, providing higher accuracy as measured by the forward error of the solution at a comparable computation burden. The methods, however, suffer from their inability to guarantee convergence to a particular, e.g. unique stable, solution, but their iterative procedures lend themselves to refining solutions either from different methods or parameterizations.
The first case of COVID-19 infection in Africa was recorded in Egypt on 14 February 2020. Following this, several projections of the possible devastating effect that the virus can have on the population of African countries were made in the Western media. This paper presents evidence for Africa’s successful responses to the COVID-19 pandemic and under-reporting or misrepresentation of these successes in Western media. It proceeds to argue for accounting for these successes in terms of Africa’s communitarian way of life and conceptions of self, duty, and rights; and that a particular orientation in theorizing on global justice can highlight the injustices inherent in the misrepresentation of these successes and contribute shared perspectives to formulating a framework of values and concepts that would facilitate the implementation of global policy goals for justice. The paper is thus grounded in a rejection of the insular tenets of theorizing prevalent in the global justice debate and to persistent inclinations in Western scholarship to the thinking that theorizing in the African context that draws inspiration from the cultural past has little to contribute to the quest for justice globally. On the contrary, it argues that reflexive critique of cultural history is a necessary source of normative ideals that can foster tolerant coexistence and a cooperative endeavour toward shared conceptions of justice in the contemporary world.
This paper considers ways in which rulers can respond to, generate, or exploit fear of COVID-19 infection for various ends, and in particular distinguishes between ‘fear-invoking’ and ‘fear-minimising’ strategies. It examines historical precedent for executive overreach in crises and then moves on to look in more detail at some specific areas where fear is being mobilised or generated: in ways that lead to the suspension of civil liberties; that foster discrimination against minorities; and that boost the personality cult of leaders and limit criticism or competition. Finally, in the Appendix, we present empirical work, based on the results of an original survey in Brazil, that provides support for the conjectures in the previous sections. While it is too early to tell what the longer-term outcomes of the changes we note will be, our purpose here is simply to identify some warning signs that threaten the key institutions and values of democracy.
We live in tragic times. Millions are sheltering in place to avoid exacerbating the Coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic. How should we respond to such tragedies? This paper argues that the human right to health can help us do so because it inspires human rights advocates, claimants, and those with responsibility for fulfilling the right to try hard to satisfy its claims. That is, the right should, and often does, give rise to what I call the virtue of creative resolve. This resolve embodies a fundamental commitment to finding creative solutions to what appear to be tragic dilemmas. Contra critics, we should not reject the right even if it cannot tell us how to ration scarce health resources. Rather, the right gives us a response to apparent tragedy in motivating us to search for ways of fulfilling everyone’s basic health needs.
The COVID-19 pandemic is affecting countries across the globe. Only a globally coordinated response, however, will enable the containment of the virus. Responding to a request from policy makers for ethics input for a global resource pledging event as a starting point, this paper outlines normative and procedural principles to inform a coordinated global coronavirus response. Highlighting global connections and specific vulnerabilities from the pandemic, and proposing standards for reasonable and accountable decision-making, the ambition of the paper is two-fold: to raise awareness for the justice dimensions in the global response, and to argue for moving health from the periphery to the centre of philosophical debates about social and global justice.
The COVID-19 pandemic has both highlighted and exacerbated global health inequities, leading for calls for responses to COVID to promote social justice and ensure that no one is left behind. One key lesson to be learnt from the pandemic is the critical importance of decolonizing global health and global health research so that African countries are better placed to address pandemic challenges in contextually relevant ways. This paper argues that to be successful, programmes of decolonization in complex global health landscapes require a complex three-dimensional approach. Drawing on the broader discourse of political decolonization that has been going on in the African context for over a century, we present a model for unpacking the complex task of decolonization. Our approach suggests a three-dimensional approach which encompasses hegemomic; epistemic; and commitmental elements.
Regulatory required, classical toxicity studies for environmental hazard assessment are costly, time consuming, and often lack mechanistic insights about the toxic mode of action induced through a compound. In addition, classical toxicological non-human animal tests raise serious ethical concerns and are not well suited for high throughput screening approaches. Molecular biomarker-based screenings could be a suitable alternative for identifying particular hazardous effects (e.g. endocrine disruption, developmental neurotoxicity) in non-target organisms at the molecular level. This, however, requires a better mechanistic understanding of different toxic modes of action (MoA) to describe characteristic molecular key events and respective markers.
Ecotoxicgenomics, which uses modern day omic technologies and systems biology approaches to study toxicological responses at the molecular level, are a promising new way for elucidating
the processes through which chemicals cause adverse effects in environmental organisms. In this context, this PhD study was designated to investigate and describe MoA-characteristic
ecotoxicogenomic signatures in three ecotoxicologically important aquatic model organisms of different trophic levels (Danio rerio, Daphnia magna and Lemna minor).
Applying non-target transcriptomic and proteomic methodologies post chemical exposure, the aim was to identify robust functional profiles and reliable biomarker candidates with potential
predictive properties to allow for a differentiation among different MoA in these organisms. For the sublethal exposure studies in the zebrafish embryo model (96 hpf), the acute fish embryo toxicity test guideline (OECD 236) was used as conceptual framework. As different test compounds with known MoA, the thyroid hormone 3,3′,5-triiodothyronine (T3) and the thyrostatic 6-propyl-2-thiouracil (6-PTU), as well as six nerve- and muscle-targeting insecticides (abamectin, carbaryl, chlorpyrifos, fipronil, imidacloprid and methoxychlor) were evaluated. Furthermore, a novel sublethal immune challenge assay in early zebrafish embryos (48 hpf) was evaluated for its potential to assess immuno-suppressive effects at the gene expression level. Therefore, toxicogenomic profiles after an immune response inducing stimulus with and without prior clobetasol propionate (CP) treatment were compared. For the aquatic invertebrate D. magna, the study was performed with previously determined low effect concentrations (EC5 & EC20) of fipronil and imidacloprid according to the acute immobilization test in water flea (OECD 202). The aim was to compare toxicogenomic signatures of the GABA-gated chloride channel blocker (fipronil) and the nAChR agonist (imidacloprid). With similar low effect concentrations, a shortened 3 day version of the growth inhibition test with L. minor (OECD 221) was conducted to find molecular profiles differentiating between photosynthesis and HMG-CoA reductase inhibitory effects. Here, the biological interpretation of the molecular stress response profiles in L. minor due to the lack of functional annotation of the reference genome was particularly challenging. Therefore, an annotation workflow was developed based on protein sequence homology predicted from the genomic reference sequences.
With this PhD work, it was shown how transcriptomic, proteomic and computational systems biology approaches can be coupled with aquatic toxicological tests, to gain important mechanistic insights into adverse effects at the molecular level. In general, for the different investigated adverse effects for the different organisms, biomarker candidates were identified, which describe a potential functional link between impaired gene expressions and previously reported apical effects. For the assessed chemicals in the zebrafish embryo model, biomarker candidates for thyroid disruption as well as developmental toxicity targeting the heart and central nervous system were described. The biomarkers derived from nerve- and muscletargeting insecticides were associated with three major affected processes: (1) cardiac muscle cell development and functioning, (2) oxygen transport and hypoxic stress and (3) neuronal development and plasticity. To our knowledge, this is the first study linking neurotoxic insecticide exposure and affected expression of important regulatory genes for heart muscle (tcap, actc2) and forebrain (npas4a) development in a vertebrate model. The proposed immunosuppression assay found CP to affect innate immune induction by attenuating the response of genes involved in antigen processing, TLR signalling, NF-КB signalling, and complement activation ...
Large companies are increasingly on trial. Over the last decade, many of the world’s biggest firms have been embroiled in legal disputes over corruption charges, financial fraud, environmental damage, taxation issues or sanction violations, ending in convictions or settlements of record-breaking fines, well above the billion-dollar mark. For critics of globalization, this turn towards corporate accountability is a welcome sea-change showing that multinational companies are no longer above the law. For legal experts, the trend is noteworthy because of the extraterritorial dimensions of law enforcement, as companies are increasingly held accountable for activities independent of their nationality or the place of the activities. Indeed, the global trend required understanding the evolution of corporate criminal law enforcement in the United States in particular, where authorities have skillfully expanded its effective jurisdiction beyond its territory. This paper traces the evolution of corporate prosecutions in the United States. Analyzing federal prosecution data, it then shows that foreign firms are more likely to pay a fine, which is on average 6,6 times larger.
Introduction
(2022)
In the reactivation of the feminist collective of artists Le Nemesiache, this paper looks at the tension between rhetoric and translation in relation to the dislocation of archival materials from their situatedness in place (Naples) and time (1970 to the present). Translation emerges as the conveyor of the conditions from which the addresser started, as well as the ones of the addressees, as a potential that takes place in the moment of enunciation through a plurality of subjects. Considering the epistemological tension between history and fiction, as well as the mediation that happens through the body and the different subjectivities triggered by intra-action, this essay will engage with the following question: if the archive is the memory, can dramaturgy and reenactment from the archive become the message of a prophecy?
The present status in the field of strange mesons in nuclei and neutron stars is reviewed. In particular, the K̅N interaction, that is governed by the presence of the Λ(1405), is analyzed and the formation of the K̅NN bound state is discussed. Moreover, the properties of K̅ in dense nuclear matter are studied, in connection with strangeness production in nuclear collisions and kaon condensation in neutron stars.
The bee genus Austrosphecodes Michener, 1978 comprises 29 obligatory cleptoparasitic species distributed from Chile to Mexico. Currently, three species are known to occur in Brazil, Austrosphecodes brasiliensis (Schrottky, 1910), A. inornatus (Schrottky, 1902), and A. minarum (Schrottky, 1910). Here, we describe nine new species, Austrosphecodes asmodeus sp. nov., A. balrog sp. nov., A. cerberus sp. nov., A. gorgon sp. nov., A. jurupari sp. nov., A. krampus sp. nov., A. lucifer sp. nov., A. orcus sp. nov., and A. tartarus sp. nov. An identification key for the 12 known species from Brazil is presented. Specimens of A. asmodeus sp. nov. and A. brasiliensis were observed near nest aggregations of Caenohalictus incertus (Schrottky, 1902) in Curitiba (State of Paraná).
Global consensus is growing on the contribution that corporations and finance must make towards the net-zero transition in line with the Paris Agreement goals. However, most efforts in legislative instruments as well as shareholder or stakeholder initiatives have ultimately focused on public companies.
This article argues that such a focus falls short of providing a comprehensive approach to the problem of climate change. In doing so, it examines the contribution of private companies to climate change, the relevance of climate risks for them, as well as the phenomenon of brown-spinning (ie, the practice of public companies selling their highly polluting assets to private companies). We show that one cannot afford to ignore private companies in the net-zero transition and climate change adaptation. Yet, private companies lack several disciplining mechanisms that are available to public companies, such as institutional investor engagement, certain corporate governance arrangements, and transparency through regular disclosure obligations. At this stage, only some generic regulatory instruments such as carbon pricing and environmental regulation apply to them.
The article closes with a discussion of the main policy implications. Primarily, we discuss and evaluate the recent push to extend climate-related disclosure requirements to private companies. These disclosures would not only help investors by addressing information asymmetry, but also serve a wide group of stakeholders and thus aim at promoting a transition to a greener economy.
What is the relationship between reenactment and repetition compulsion? By shedding light upon the different levels of reenactment at stake in "Yella" by Christian Petzold, I analyse the 'transitional spaces' where the German filmmaker places his wandering characters who have 'slipped out of history'. In "Yella" Petzold mixes up past, present, future, and oneiric re-elaboration to question the memory of the past of GDR, which in his view has never really been constituted as history. The characters that populate this movie move in a setting constructed at the crossroad between a protected environment where the reenacted events are sheltered by the time and the space of the plot and a place weathered by the unpredictable atmospheric agents of the present. How and to which extent can the clash between different temporalities produce a minimal variation?
As one of the most widespread infectious diseases in the world, it is currently estimated that approximately 296 million people globally are chronically infected with Hepatitis B virus (HBV), the consequences of HBV infection cause more than 620,000 deaths each year. Although safe and effective HBV vaccines have reduced the incidence of new HBV infections in most countries, there are still around 1.5 million new infections each year. HBV remains a major health problem because there is no large-scale effective vaccination strategy in many countries with a high burden of disease, many people with chronic HBV infection are not receiving effective and timely treatment, and a complete cure for chronic infection is still far from being achieved.
Since its discovery, HBV has been identified as an enveloped DNA virus with a diameter of 42 nm. For efficient egress from host cells, HBV is thought to acquire the viral envelope by budding into multivesicular bodies (MVBs) and escape from infected cells via the exosome release pathway. It is clear that HBV hijacks the host vesicle system to complete self-assembly and propagation by interacting with factors that mediate exosome formation. Consequently, the overlap with exosome biogenesis, using MVBs as the release platform, raises the possibility for the release of exosomal HBV particles. Currently, virus containing exosomal vesicles have been described for several viruses. In light of this, this study explored whether intact HBV-virions wrapped in exosomes are released by HBV-producing cells.
First, this study established a robust method for efficient separation of exosomes from HBV virions by a combination of differential ultracentrifugation and iodixanol density gradient centrifugation. Fractionation of the density gradient revealed that two populations of infectious viral particles can be separated from the culture fluids of HBV-producing cells. The population present in the low-density peak co-migrates with the exosome markers. Whereas the population that appeared in the high-density fractions was the classical HBV virions, which are rcDNA-containing nucleocapsids encapsulated by the HBV envelope.
Subsequently, the characterization of this low-density population was performed, namely the highly purified exosome fraction was systematically investigated. Relying on the detergent sensitivity of the exosome membrane and the outer envelope of the HBV virus, disruption of the exosome structure by treatment with limited detergent revealed the presence of HBsAg in the exosomes. At the same time, mild and limited NP-40 treatment of highly purified exosomes and a further combination of density gradient centrifugation resulted in the stepwise release of intact HBV virions and naked capsids from the exosomes generated by HBV-producing cells. This implies the presence of intact HBV particles encapsulated by the host membrane.
The presence of exosome-encapsulated HBV particles was consequently also verified by suppressing the morphogenesis of MVBs or exosomes. Impairment of MVB- or exosome-generation with small molecule inhibitors has significantly inhibited the release of host membrane-encapsulated HBV particles as well. Likewise, silencing of exosome-related proteins caused a diminution of exosome output, which compromised the budding efficiency of wrapped HBV.
Moreover, electron microscopy images of ultra-thin sections combined with immunogold staining visualized the hidden virus in the exosomal structure. Additionally, the presence of LHBs on the surface of exosomes derived from HBV-expressing cells was also observed.
As expected, these exosomal membrane-wrapped HBV particles can spread productive infection in differentiated HepaRG cells. In HBV-susceptible cells, as LHBs on the membrane surface, this type of exosomal HBV appeared to be uptaken in an NTCP receptor-dependent manner.
Taken together these data indicate that a fraction of intact HBV virions can be released as exosomes. This reveals a so far not described release pathway for HBV. Exosomes hijacked by HBV act as a transporter impacting the dissemination of the virus.
Ischemic heart disease caused by occlusion of coronary vessels leads to the death of downstream tissues, resulting in a fibrotic scar that cannot be resolved. In contrast to the adult mammalian heart, the adult zebrafish heart can regenerate following injury, enabling the study of the underlying cellular and molecular mechanisms. One of the earliest responses that take place after cardiac injury in adult zebrafish is coronary revascularization. Previous transcriptomic data from our lab show that vegfc, a well-known regulator of lymphatic development, is upregulated early after injury and peaks at 96 hours post cryoinjury, coinciding with the peak of coronary endothelial cell proliferation. To test the hypothesis that vegfc is involved in coronary revascularization, I examined its expression pattern and found that it is expressed by coronary endothelial cells after cardiac damage. Using a loss-of-function approach to block Vegfc signaling, I found that it is required for coronary revascularization during cardiac regeneration. Notably, blocking Vegfc signaling resulted in a significant reduction in cardiomyocyte regeneration. Using transcriptomic analysis, I identified the extracellular matrix component gene emilin2a and the chemokine gene cxcl8a as effectors of Vegfc signaling. During cardiac regeneration, cxcl8a is expressed in epicardium-derived cells, while the gene encoding its receptor cxcr1 is expressed on coronary endothelial cells. I found that overexpressing emilin2a increases coronary revascularization, and induces cxcl8a expression. Using loss-of-function approaches, I observed that both cxcl8a and cxcr1 are required for coronary revascularization after cardiac injury.
Altogether, my findings indicate that Vegfc acts as an angiocrine factor that plays an important role in regulating cardiac regeneration in zebrafish. Mechanistically, Vegfc promotes the expression of emilin2a, which promotes coronary proliferation, at least in part by enhancing Cxcl8a-Cxcr1 signaling. This study helps in understanding the mechanisms underlying coronary revascularization during cardiac regeneration, with promising therapeutic applications for human heart regeneration.
To ensure the credibility of market discipline induced by bail-in, neither retail investors nor peer banks should appear prominently among the investor base of banks’ loss absorbing capital. Empirical evidence on bank-level data provided by the German Federal Financial Supervisory Authority raises a few red flags. Our list of policy recommendations encompasses disclosure policy, data sharing among supervisors, information transparency on holdings of bail-inable debt for all stakeholders, threshold values, and a well-defined upper limit for any bail-in activity. This document was provided by the Economic Governance Support Unit at the request of the ECON Committee.
Generally speaking, protein import into mitochondria and chloroplasts is a post-translational process during which the precursor proteins destined for mitochondria or chloroplasts are translated with cytosolic ribosomes and targeted. The previous results showed that the isolated chloroplasts can import in vitro synthesized proteins and the absence of ribosomes in the immediate area around chloroplasts in electron microscopy (EM) images. However, none of the EM images were recorded in the presence of a translation elongation inhibitor. Also, the observation showed that ribosomes stably bind to purified liver mitochondria in vitro, and the first indication of chloroplast localization of mRNAs encoding plastid proteins in Chlamydomonas rheinhardtii, which challenge the post-translational import and support the co-translational process. Therefore, in this study, the association of the ribosomes to the isolated chloroplasts were analyzed, a binding assay was established and showed that naked ribosomes are not considerably bound to chloroplasts. Additionally, mRNA localize in close vicinity to mitochondria also challenged post-translation protein import. Global analysis of transcripts bound to mitochondria in yeast or human revealed that around half of the transcripts of mitochondrial proteins displayed a high mitochondrial localization. The observed association of mRNAs with chloroplast fractions and the in vivo analysis of the distribution of mRNAs was used as base to formulate the hypothesis that mRNA can bind to chloroplast surface. Therefore, in this study, the mRNA binding assay was established and revealed that mRNAs coding for the mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase copper chaperone COX17 showed unspecific binding to the chloroplasts. The mRNA coding for chloroplast outer envelope transport protein OEP24 and mRNA coding for the essential nuclear protein 1 (ENP1) showed specific binding, and OEP24 has a 3-fold higher affinity than ENP1 mRNA. Moreover, the BY2-L (Nicotiana tabacum non-green cell culture) could confer the highest enhancement of OEP24 mRNA binding efficiency than the COX17 and ENP1 mRNA and the preparation of the BY2-L was optimized. Afterwards, the feasibility to fix the interaction between mRNA and the proteins on the surface of chloroplasts was confirmed. OEP24 mRNA showed more efficiency in the UV-crosslinking. Following, the pull-down with antisense locked nucleic acid (LNA)/DNA oligonucleotides was established which could be used for the further investigation of the proteins involved in the mRNA binding to the chloroplasts.
With 5-10 newly diagnosed patients per 100,000 people every year, glioblastoma is the most common malignant primary brain tumor. Despite extensive research activity in the last decades, clinical effectiveness of the currently available therapy standard of surgery, radiochemotherapy and tumor-treating fields is still limited and mean survival rates in unselected collectives are only about one year. Accordingly, there is an urgent need to explore new therapeutic options. The current standard of care includes surgery followed by radiation therapy in combination with the alkylating chemotherapeutic agent Temozolomide. Even with successful initial therapy, tumor recurrence is still inevitable. Currently, there are no defined recommendations for clinical management of the disease in the event of tumor recurrence. Only 20-30% of patients qualify for a second surgical resection, while other options include retreatment with Temozolomide, CCNU (Lomustine) or Regorafenib and enrollment in a clinical trial.
The development of immunotherapies for glioblastoma, in particular, has been the focus of intense preclinical and clinical efforts. However, low numbers of mutations and a highly immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment result in glioblastoma being considered an immunologically “cold” tumor. Strategies successfully established in mutagen-induced tumors with antibodies directed against the PD-1, PD-L1 or CTLA-A4 immune checkpoints have therefore failed in glioblastoma.
Cellular immunotherapies based on chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-technology have emerged as an alternative powerful option to tackle immunologically “cold” tumors. Several CAR-T cell products targeting glioma antigens have been developed and some evidence of clinical activity has been demonstrated. Natural killer (NK) cells as carriers of CAR constructs have several advantages over T cells, including a much lower risk of neurotoxicity and better interaction with immune cells in the microenvironment. Based on the human NK cell line NK-92, a clinical-grade product, suitable as an off-the-shelf therapeutic, has been developed. The NK-92/5.28.z clone (CAR-NK) expresses a CAR based on the HER2-specific antibody FRP5 in addition to signal-enhancing CD28 and CD3ζ domains. Similar to several other tumor entities, overexpression of the growth factor receptor HER2 is often found in glioblastoma patients. Because of its substantial role in the regulation of cell proliferation, survival, differentiation, angiogenesis and invasion, this receptor is classified as an oncogene. HER2 overexpression plays a major role in the malignant transformation of cells and its oncogenic potential has been studied in detail in breast cancer. However, HER2 expression was also found in up to 80% of glioblastomas, which correlates with an impaired probability of survival. Under physiological conditions, HER2 is not expressed in the adult central nervous system, making it a promising target antigen for glioblastoma immunotherapy.
In previous projects, it has already been shown that these CAR-NK cells exhibit a high and specific lytic activity towards HER2+ glioblastoma cells. While repetitive intratumoral injections of CAR-NK cells already significantly extended symptom-free survival in murine orthotopic xenograft models, CAR-NK cell therapy in immunocompetent mice promotes an endogenous anti-tumor immune response which improves tumor control and provides persisting anti-tumor immunity after therapy of early-stage tumors. However, in more advanced tumor models, efficacy is limited and induction of the checkpoint-molecule PD-L1 in response to CAR-NK-cell therapy was identified as a key mechanism of therapy resistance.
Immunotherapy employing the intravenous administration of checkpoint inhibitors has already revolutionized the treatment of various malignant diseases such as melanoma or lung cancer. In particular, the approach of cancer immunotherapy has focused on the systemic administration of antibodies directed against immune checkpoints such as PD-1, PD-L1 and CTLA-4. In glioblastoma, both tumor cells and microglia, the brain-resident macrophages, express PD-L1, which hinders the activation of CD8+ and CD4+ T cells. Therefore, immunotherapy directed against the PD-1/PD-L1 axis represents a promising approach for the treatment of glioblastoma. One problem, however, is the severe toxicity caused by the systemic effects of checkpoint inhibitors, since the immune response is stimulated not only in tumor tissue but also in healthy organs. Serious side effects such as colitis, hepatitis, pancreatitis or hypophysitis, including numerous deaths, have been reported.
This study aimed to improve the efficacy of CAR-NK cell therapy by combining it with adeno-associated virus (AAV)-mediated transfer of anti-PD-1 antibodies as a strategy to enable local combination therapy to control intracranial tumors.
AAVs carrying a payload coding for an anti-PD-1 immunoadhesin (aPD-1) retargeted to HER2-expressing cells by fusion of so-called Designed Ankyrin Repeat Proteins (DARPins) with a viral capsid protein were employed for this to focus checkpoint inhibitor therapy to the tumor area, resulting in high intratumoral and low systemic drug concentrations. ...
The European Central Bank (ECB) recently proclaimed a more active role for itself in the fight against climate change. Did the European Parliament (EP) play a part in this regard, and if so what was it? To answer this question, this paper builds on a multi-method text analysis of original datasets compiling communications between the ECB and the EP across three accountability forums between 2014 and 2021. The paper shows that there has been discursive convergence between central bankers and parliamentarians concerning the role of the ECB in combatting climate change. It argues that this convergence has resulted from a pragmatic (yet precarious) adoption of a common repertoire1 between ‘green’ central bankers and parliamentarians who have favored a more active role for the ECB in the fight against climate change. The adoption of a common repertoire is pragmatic, in that it results from the strategic use of specific discursive elements that are ambitious enough to address their respective opponents and trigger political change, yet vague enough to allow both sets of actors to converge on them momentarily. It is also precarious in the sense that it involves discarding fundamental political tensions, which is hardly tenable in the long term. The paper shows that both organizational and politicization dynamics have been at work in the emergence of this pragmatic yet precarious bedfellowship between ‘green’ central bankers and parliamentarians.
This briefing paper describes and evaluates the law and economics of institution(al) protection schemes. Throughout our analysis, we use Europe’s largest such scheme, that of German savings banks, as paradigm. We find strengths and weaknesses: Strong network-internal monitoring and early warning seems to be an important contributor to IPS network success. Similarly, the geographical quasi-cartel encourages banks to build a strong client base, including SME, in all regions. Third, the growth of the IPS member institutions may have benefitted from the strictly unlimited protection offered, in terms of euro amounts per account holder. The counterweighing weaknesses encompass the conditionality of the protection pledge and the underinvestment risk it entails, sometimes referred to as blackmailing the government, as well as the limited diversification potential of the deposit insurance within the network, and the near-incompatibility of the IPS model with the provisions of the BRRD, particularly relating to bail-in and resolution. Consequently, we suggest, as policy guidance, to treat large IPS networks similar to large banking groups, and put them as such under the direct supervision of the ECB within the SSM. Moreover, we suggest strengthening the seriousness of a deposit insurance that offers unlimited protection. Finally, to improve financial stability, we suggest embedding the IPS model into a multi-tier deposit re-insurance scheme, with a national and a European layer. This document was provided by the Economic Governance Support Unit at the request of the ECON Committee.
Sensors for high rate charge particle tracking have to withstand the harsh radiation doses deposited by the particles to be sensed. This holds particularly for the novel CMOS Monolithic Active Pixel Sensors, which are considered a promising sensor technology for future vertex detectors due to their very light material budget and excellent spatial resolution. To resist the radiation doses expected close to the interaction regions of heavy-ion experiments, the sensors have to be hardened against radiation doses, which exceed the native tolerance of CMOS technology significantly. In this thesis, the results of non-ionizing radiation hardness studies at the IKF on sensor prototypes developed at the IPHC in Strasbourg are presented. Our results demonstrate that the CMOS sensors evaluated in the context of this thesis can withstand non-ionizing radiation of up to 5×10^14 neq/cm^2. This hardness qualifies them as promising candidates for use in future vertex detectors.
The stellar nucleosynthesis of elements heavier than iron can primarily be attributed to neutron capture reactions in the s and r process. While the s process is considered to be well understood with regards to the stellar sites, phases and conditions where it occurs, nucleosynthesis networks still need accurate neutron capture cross sections
with low uncertainties as input parameters. Their quantitative outputs for the isotopic abundances produced in the s process, coupled with the observable solar abundances, can be used to indirectly infer the expected r process abundances. The two stable gallium isotopes, 69Ga and 71Ga, have been shown in sensitivity studies to have considerable impact on the weak s process in massive stars. The available experimental data, mostly derived from neutron activation measurements for quasi-stellar neutron spectra at kBT = 25 keV, show disagreements up to a factor of three.
Determining the differential neutron capture cross section can provide input data for the whole range of astrophysically relevant energies. To that end, a neutron time of flight experimental campaign at the n_TOF facility at CERN was performed for three months, using isotopically enriched samples of both isotopes. The data taken at the EAR1 experimental area covered a wide neutron energy range from thermal to several hundred keV. The respective differential and spectrum averaged neutron capture cross sections for 69Ga and 71Ga were determined in this thesis. They show good agreement with the evaluated cross sections for 71Ga, but reproduce the deviations from the evaluated data that other, more recent activation measurements showed for 69Ga.
The main task of modern large experiments with heavy ions, such as CBM (FAIR), STAR (BNL) and ALICE (CERN) is a detailed study of the phase diagram of quantum chromodynamics (QCD) in the quark-gluon plasma (QGP), the equation of state of matter at extremely high baryonic densities, and the transition from the hadronic phase of matter to the quark-gluon phase.
In the thesis, the missing mass method is developed for the reconstruction of short-lived particles with neutral particles in their decay products, as well as its implementation in the form of fast algorithms and a set of software for prac- tical application in heavy ion physics experiments. Mathematical procedures implementing the method were developed and implemented within the KF Par- ticle Finder package for the future CBM (FAIR) experiment and subsequently adapted and applied for processing and analysis of real data in the STAR (BNL) experiment.
The KF Particle Finder package is designed to reconstruct most signal particles from the physics program of the CBM experiment, including strange particles, strange resonances, hypernuclei, light vector mesons, charm particles and char- monium. The package includes searches for over a hundred decays of short-lived particles. This makes the KF Particle Finder a universal platform for short-lived particle reconstruction and physics analysis both online and offline.
The missing mass method has been proposed to reconstruct decays of short-lived charged particles when one of the daughter particles is neutral and is not regis- tered in the detector system. The implementation of the missing mass method was integrated into the KF Particle Finder package to search for 18 decays with a neutral daughter particle.
Like all other algorithms of the KF Particle Finder package, the missing mass method is implemented with extensive use of vector (SIMD) instructions and is optimized for parallel operation on modern many-core high performance com- puter clusters, which can include both processors and coprocessors. A set of algorithms implementing the method was tested on computers with tens of cores and showed high speed and practically linear scalability with respect to the num- ber of cores involved.
It is extremely important, especially for the initial stage of the CBM experiment, which is planned for 2025, to demonstrate already now on real data the reliability of the developed approach, as well as the high efficiency of the current implemen- tation of both the entire KF Particle Finder package, and its integral part, the missing mass method. Such an opportunity was provided by the FAIR Phase-0 program, motivating the use in the STAR experiment of software packages orig- inally developed for the CBM experiment.
Application of the method to real data of the STAR experiment shows very good results with a high signal-to-background ratio and a large significance value. The results demonstrate the reliability and high efficiency of the missing mass method in the reconstruction of both charged mother particles and their neutral daughter particles. Being an integral part of the KF Particle Finder package, now the main approach for reconstruction and analysis of short-lived particles in the STAR experiment, the missing mass method will continue to be used for the physics analysis in online and offline modes.
The high quality of the results of the express data analysis has led to their status as preliminary physics results with the right to present them at international physics conferences and meetings on behalf of the STAR Collaboration.
We present the first measurement of event-by-event fluctuations in the kaon sector in Pb – Pb collisions at √sNN = 2.76 TeV with the ALICE detector at the LHC. The robust fluctuation correlator νdyn is used to evaluate the magnitude of fluctuations of the relative yields of neutral and charged kaons, as well as the relative yields of charged kaons, as a function of collision centrality and selected kinematic ranges. While the correlator νdyn[K+,K−] exhibits a scaling approximately in inverse proportion of the charged particle multiplicity, νdyn[K0 S ,K±] features a significant deviation from such scaling. Within uncertainties, the value of νdyn[K0 S ,K±] is independent of the selected transverse momentum interval, while it exhibits a pseudorapidity dependence. The results are compared with HIJING, AMPT and EPOS–LHC predictions, and are further discussed in the context of the possible production of disoriented chiral condensates in central Pb – Pb collisions.
This paper studies the interactions between corporate law and VC exits by acquisitions, an increasingly common source of VC-related litigation. We find that transactions by VC funds under liquidity pressure are characterized by (i) a substantially lower sale price; (ii) a greater probability of industry outsiders as acquirers; (iii) a positive abnormal return for acquirers. These features indicate the existence of fire sales, which satisfy VCs' liquidation preferences but hurt common shareholders, leaving board members with conflicting fiduciary duties and litigation risks. Exploiting an important court ruling that establishes the board’s fiduciary duties to common shareholders as a priority, we find that after the ruling maturing VCs become less likely to exit by fire sales and they distribute cash to their investors less timely. However, VCs experience more difficult fundraising ex-ante, highlighting the potential cost of a common-favoring regime. Overall the evidence has important implications for optimal fiduciary duty design in VC-backed start-ups.
We estimate the cost of cultural biases in high-stake economic decisions by comparing agents’ peer-to-peer lending choices with those the same agents make under the assistance of an automated robo-advisor. We first confirm substantial in-group vs. out-group and stereotypical discrimination, which are stronger for lenders who reside where historical cultural biases are higher. We then exploit our unique setting to document that cultural biases are costly: agents face 8% higher default rates on favored-group borrowers when unassisted. The returns they earn on favored groups increase by 7.3 percentage points when assisted. The high riskiness of the marginal borrowers from favorite groups largely explains the bad performance of culturally-biased choices. Because varying economic incentives do not reduce agents’ biases, inaccurate statistical discrimination—unconscious biased beliefs about borrowers’ quality—can explain our results better than taste-based discrimination.
Prospective welfare analysis - extending willingness-to-pay assessment to embrace sustainability
(2022)
In this paper we outline how a future change in consumers’ willingness-to-pay can be accounted for in a consumer welfare effects analysis in antitrust. Key to our solution is the prediction of preferences of new consumers and changing preferences of existing consumers in the future. The dimension of time is inextricably linked with that of sustainability. Taking into account the welfare of future cohorts of consumers, concerns for sustainability can therefore be integrated into the consumer welfare paradigm to a greater extent. As we argue in this paper, it is expedient to consider changes in consumers’ willingness-to-pay, in particular if society undergoes profound changes in such preferences, e.g., caused by an increase in generally available information on environmental effects of consumption, and a rising societal awareness about how consumption can have irreversible impacts on the environment. We offer suggestions on how to conceptionalize and operationalize the projection of such consumers’ changing preferences in a “prospective welfare analysis”. This increases the scope of the consumer welfare paradigm and can help to solve conceptual issues regarding the integration of sustainability into antitrust enforcement while keeping consumer surplus as a quantitative gauge.
Since the 2008 financial crisis, European largest banks’ size and business models have largely remained unchallenged. Is that because of banks’ continued structural power over States? This paper challenges the view that States are sheer hostages of banks’ capacity to provide credit to the real economy – which is the conventional definition of structural power. Instead, it sheds light on the geo-economic dimension of banks’ power: key public officials conceive the position of “their own” market-based banks in global financial markets as a crucial dimension of State power. State priority towards banking thus result from political choices over what structurally matters the most for the State. Based on a discourse analysis of parliamentary debates in France, Germany and Spain between 2010 and 2020 as well as on a comparative analysis of the implementation of a special tax on banks in the early 2010s, this paper shows that State’s Finance ministries tend to prioritize geo-economic considerations over credit to firms. By contrast, Parliaments tend to prioritize investment. Power dynamics within the State thus largely shape political priorities towards banking at the domestic and international levels.
We provide the first comprehensive analysis of option information for pricing the cross-section of stock returns by jointly examining extensive sets of firm and option characteristics. Using portfolio sorts and high-dimensional methods, we show that certain option measures have significant predictive power, even after controlling for firm characteristics, earning a Fama-French three-factor alpha in excess of 20% per annum. Our analysis further reveals that the strongest option characteristics are associated with information about asset mispricing and future tail return realizations. Our findings are consistent with models of informed trading and limits to arbitrage.
The transition to a sustainable economy currently involves a fundamental transformation of our capital markets. Lawmakers, in an attempt to overcome this challenge, frequently seek to prescribe and regulate how firms may address environmental, social, and governance (ESG) concerns by formulating conduct standards. Deviating from this conceptual starting point, the present paper makes the case for another path towards achieving greater sustainability in capital markets, namely through the empowerment of investors.
This trust in the market itself is grounded in various recent developments both on the supply side and the demand side of financial markets, and also in the increasing tendency of institutional investors to engage in common ownership. The need to build coalitions among different types of asset managers or institutional investors, and to convince fellow investors of a given initiative, can then act as an in-built filter helping to overcome the pursuit of idiosyncratic motives and supporting only those campaigns that are seconded by a majority of investors. In particular, institutionalized investor platforms have emerged over recent years as a force for investor empowerment, serving to coordinate investor campaigns and to share the costs of engagement.
ESG engagement has the potential to become a very powerful driver towards a more sustainability-oriented future. Indeed, I show that investor-led sustainability has many advantages compared to a more prescriptive, regulatory approach where legislatures are in the driver’s seat. For example, a focus on investor-led priorities would follow a more flexible and dynamic pattern rather than complying with inflexible pre-defined criteria. Moreover, investor-promoted assessments are not likely to impair welfare creation in the same way as ill-defined legal standards; they will also not trigger regulatory arbitrage and would avoid deadlock situations in corporate decision-making. Any regulatory activity should then be limited to a facilitative and supportive role.
Trust between parties should drive contract design: if parties were suspicious about each others’ reaction to unplanned events, they might agree to pay higher costs of negotiation ex ante to complete contracts. Using a unique sample of U.S. consulting contracts and a negative shock to trust between shareholders/managers (principals) and consultants (agents) staggered across space and over time, we find that lower trust increases contract completeness. Not only the complexity but also the verifiable states of the world covered by contracts increase after trust drops. The results hold for several novel text-analysis-based measures of contract completeness and do not arise in falsification tests. At the clause level, we find that non-compete agreements, confidentiality, indemnification, and termination rules are the most likely clauses added to contracts after a negative shock to trust and these additions are not driven by new boilerplate contract templates. These clauses are those whose presence should be sensitive to the mutual trust between principals and agents.
In March 2019 the HADES experiment recorded 14 billion Ag+Ag collisions at √SNN = 2.55 GeV as a part of the FAIR phase-0 physics program. With the capabilities to measure and analyze particles forming the bulk matter, namely pions, protons and light nuclei, as well as rare probes like dilepton decays of vectormesons and strange hadrons, the HADES experiment allows to study the properties of matter at high densities in great detail. In this contribution a special focus is put on the reconstruction of weakly decaying strange hadrons.
A sense of repetition pervades contemporary South African political and cultural debate. Several recent studies have drawn attention to the fact that the renewed student protests since March 2015 parallel several features of the resistance and liberation movements of the 1970s and 1980s. At a pivotal position between the two moments of political struggle stands the 'miracle' of the peaceful transition in 1994. Within this set of circumstances a group of curators, artists, and writers, Gabi Ngcobo and Kemang Wa Lehulere, amongst others, formed a collective under the name CHR (Center for Historical Reenactments) in Johannesburg in 2010. The CHR has pursued several questions that interrogate the complexity of a shared memory bridging segregated Apartheid legacy: how do readings of the past inform contemporary urgencies, and what are the political potentials of artistic interpretations of histories? How do they participate in the formation of new subjectivities?
Probing the association between resting-state brain network dynamics and psychological resilience
(2022)
Abstract
This study aimed at replicating a previously reported negative correlation between node flexibility and psychological resilience, that is, the ability to retain mental health in the face of stress and adversity. To this end, we used multiband resting-state BOLD fMRI (TR = .675 sec) from 52 participants who had filled out three psychological questionnaires assessing resilience. Time-resolved functional connectivity was calculated by performing a sliding window approach on averaged time series parcellated according to different established atlases. Multilayer modularity detection was performed to track network reconfigurations over time, and node flexibility was calculated as the number of times a node changes community assignment. In addition, node promiscuity (the fraction of communities a node participates in) and node degree (as proxy for time-varying connectivity) were calculated to extend previous work. We found no substantial correlations between resilience and node flexibility. We observed a small number of correlations between the two other brain measures and resilience scores that were, however, very inconsistently distributed across brain measures, differences in temporal sampling, and parcellation schemes. This heterogeneity calls into question the existence of previously postulated associations between resilience and brain network flexibility and highlights how results may be influenced by specific analysis choices.
Author Summary
We tested the replicability and generalizability of a previously proposed negative association between dynamic brain network reconfigurations derived from multilayer modularity detection (node flexibility) and psychological resilience. Using multiband resting-state BOLD fMRI data and exploring several parcellation schemes, sliding window approaches, and temporal resolutions of the data, we could not replicate previously reported findings regarding the association between node flexibility and resilience. By extending this work to other measures of brain dynamics (node promiscuity, degree) we observe a rather inconsistent pattern of correlations with resilience that strongly varies across analysis choices. We conclude that further research is needed to understand the network neuroscience basis of mental health and discuss several reasons that may account for the variability in results.
After briefly reviewing the state of theoretical knowledge related to the behavior of the ϕ meson in nuclear matter, preliminary results of transport simulations of pA reactions corresponding to the KEK E325 experiment are presented. Finally, an outlook to current and future developments in the field is given.
The status of five genera recognized within subfamily Buccininae (Buccinidae) is critically re-assessed based on the molecular phylogenetic analysis of the cox-1, 16S, and 28S gene fragments. Our results suggest restoring Volutharpa P. Fischer, 1856 from synonymy of Buccinum and we also consider Plicibuccinum Golikov & Gulbin, 1977 as valid genus. New molecular data provide further support for the synonimization of Bathybuccinum Golikov & Sirenko, 1988 with Buccinum Linnaeus, 1758. Furthermore, our data demonstrate that Thysanobuccinum Golikov #38; Gulbin in Golikov, 1980 and Ovulatibuccinum Golikov & Sirenko, 1988 as currently construed are nested within Buccinum and their subgeneric rank is not confirmed. Therefore, we synonymize these genera with Buccinum. In the absence of molecular data the monotypic genus Corneobuccinum Golikov & Gulbin, 1977 is provisionally considered valid. Two new species, Buccinum hasegawai sp. nov. and B. bizikovi sp. nov. are described from the Kurile Islands; these species were previously erroneously identified as Bathybuccinum bombycinum (Dall, 1907) and Ovulatibuccinum ovulum (Dall, 1907), respectively. New replacement names are proposed for the secondary junior homonym Buccinum perlatum (Fraussen & Chino, 2009) and the primary junior homonyms Buccinum coronatum Golikov, 1980 and Buccinum costatum Golikov 1980.
A taxonomic review of tenebrionid platyopoid genera of the subfamily Pimeliinae from Eastern Europe, Central Asia, Afghanistan, Iran and Pakistan is given. This group of taxa was known before 1994 as the tribe Platyopini Motschulsky, 1849, which is now interpreted as a junior synonym of Pimeliini Latreille, 1802. The group is different from other Pimeliini in having dorso-lateral eyes, located above the level of the genae, and it includes the following ultrapsammophilic genera at least from Central and Southern Asia: Apatopsis Semenov, 1891, Habrochiton Semenov-Tjan-Shansky, 1907, Habrobates Semenov, 1903 [= Kawiria Schuster, 1935 syn. nov.], Dietomorpha Reymond, 1938, Przewalskia Semenov, 1893, Mantichorula Reitter, 1889, Platyope Fischer von Waldheim, 1820 [= Homopsis Semenov, 1893 syn. nov.], Earophanta Semenov, 1903. These genera are distributed in almost all large deserts of Palaearctic Asia: Karakum, Kyzylkum, Muyunkum, Taklamakan, Gobi, Registan, Dasht-e-Kawir, Dasht-e-Lut, as well as in other arid and semi-arid sandy landscapes from European Russia to the south of Eastern Siberia. The group of platyopoid genera is polyphyletic. We propose at least two monophyletic branches: the Habrobates genus group (the first four genera mentioned above), which represents the subtribe Habrobatina Nabozhenko & S. Chigray subtrib. nov. and the Platyope genus group (latter four genera) within the nominotypical subtribe. A new species is described from Pakistan (Balochistan): Dietomorpha gonzalesi S. Chigray & Nabozhenko sp. nov. Platyope granulata Fischer von Waldheim, 1820 is recorded for Kazakhstan for the first time. The following synonymy is resurrected: Apatopsis grombczewskii Semenov, 1890 = Apatopsis conradti Semenov, 1890, syn. resurr. Two new combinations resulting from the synonymy of genera are given: Habrobates gabrieli Schuster, 1935 comb. nov. (from Kawiria), Platyope grumi Semenov, 1893 comb. nov. (from Homopsis). Lectotypes are designated for the following taxa: Apatopsis grombczewskii (Semenov, 1891), Apatopsis conradti Semenov, 1891, Habrochiton vernus Semenov-Tjan-Shansky, 1907, Habrobates vernalis Semenov, 1903, Kawiria gabrieli Schuster, 1935, Platyope dilatata Reitter, 1887; Mantichorula semenowi Reitter, 1889, Mantichorula grandis Semenov, 1893, Homopsis grumi Semenov, 1893, Platyope serrata Semenov, 1893, Platyope planidorsis Reitter, 1889, Platyope tomentosa Semenov, 1893. Additional information for type specimens studied by the authors is given for Habrochiton primaeveris Semenov-Tjan-Shansky, 1907 (holotype), Habrobates vejisovi Kelejnikova, 1977, Platyope ordossica Semenov-Tjan-Shansky, 1907 (holotype), Earophanta autumnalis Semenov, 1903 (holotype, junior synonym of E. planidorsis Reitter, 1889), Earophanta loudoni Semenov, 1903 (holotype, junior synonym of Earophanta pilosissima Reitter, 1895), Earophanta pubescens Skopin, 1960 (holotype, paratypes), Earophanta beludzhistana Bogatchev, 1957 (holotype).
Asymptotic giant branch (AGB) stars are thought to be among the most important sources of fluorine in our Galaxy. While observations and theory agree at close-to-solar metallicity, stellar models overestimate fluorine production in comparison to heavy elements at lower metallicities. We present predictions for 19F abundance for a set of AGB models with various masses and metallicities, in which magnetic buoyancy induces the formation of the 13C neutron source (the so-called 13C pocket). In our new models, fluorine is mostly created as a consequence of secondary 14N nucleosynthesis during convective thermal pulses, with a minor contribution from the 14N existing in the 13C pocket zone. As a result, AGB stellar models with magnetic-buoyancyinduced mixing show low 19F surface abundances which agree with fluorine spectroscopic observations at both low and near-solar metallicity.
In Europe, the sugar refinery is largely based on sugar beets. This route for obtaining household sugar results in a large amount of biomass waste, consisting mainly of the insoluble beet resi-dues, e.g., cell wall fragments. To a vast moiety this debris consists of the polymer pectin (up to 20% in the dry total solids). The structure of pectin is based on a backbone of D-galacturonic acid units (GalA), but also contains various other sugar monomers, predominantly L-arabinose, D-galactose, L-rhamnose and D-xylose. The amount of GalA adds up to a moiety of up to 70% with-in this sugar cocktail. So far, this debris is only fed to cattle or simply burnt. In nature, pectin is a common substrate for various organisms. The degradation of pectin-rich biomass is often per-formed by filamentous fungi like Hypocrea jecorina (also known as Trichoderma reesei) and As-pergillus niger, which evolved pectinases to degrade the pectin backbone and pathways to con-sume the monomer GalA as a sole carbon source. The fungal catabolism of pectin residues starts with the reduction of GalA to L-galactonate (GalOA) by a GalA-reductase. Even though filamen-tous fungi are native hosts of the GalA-catabolism and certain engineering approaches have al-ready been demonstrated, this class of organisms remains challenging with regard to bioreactor cultivation and tedious genetic accessibility. In contrast, the yeast S. cerevisiae is well known in fermentation processes and easily modified by a versatile set of genetic tools. So far, first ap-proaches have already been conducted to transfer the GalA utilization pathways into S. cerevisiae, but these approaches indicated limitations regarding GalA-uptake and redox cofac-tor replenishment due to the relatively high oxidative state of GalA compared to other sugars like glucose and galactose. Furthermore, the generally strongly increased demand for redox co-factors must be met by GalA reduction by finding new cofactor sources or redirecting reactions of the core metabolism.
This work aimed at the production of GalOA, which is the first intermediate of the fungal GalA catabolism. This compound shows an interesting range of potential applications, for instance as a food and cosmetic additive. To overcome the oxidized character of GalA, the presence of a more reduced co-substrate as a redox donor and as a carbon and energy source was required. To further enhance the reduction of GalA, modulation of the redox-cofactor supply and enzyme engineering were performed.
The reanalysis products and derived products, ERA5 (Copernicus Climate Change Service, 2018) and W5E5 (WATCH Forcing Data (WFD) methodology applied to ERA5) (LANGE ET AL., 2021) have been recently published initiating a new phase of scientific research utilizing these datasets. ERA5 and W5E5 offer the possibility to reduce insecurities in model results through their improved quality compared to previous climate reanalyses (CUCCHI ET AL., 2020). The suitability of either climate forcing as input for the hydrological model WaterGAP and the influence of the models specific calibration routine has been evaluated with four model experiments. The model was validated by analysing the models ability to produce reasonable values for global water balance components and to reproduce observed discharge in 1427 basins as well as total water storage anomalies in 143 basins using well established efficiency metrics. Bias correction of W5E5 was found to lead to more global realistic mean precipitation and consequently discharge and AET values. In an uncalibrated model setup ERA5 results in better performances across all efficiency metrics. Model results produced with W5E5 as climate input were strongly improved through calibration ultimately leading to the best performances out of all four model experiments. However, model performances considerably improved through calibration with both climate forcings hence calibration was found to have the strongest effect on model performance. Furthermore, spatial differences in performance of either forcing were identified. Snow-dominated regions show an overall better performance with ERA5, while wetter and warmer regions are better represented with W5E5. Finally, it can be concluded that W5E5 should be preferred as climate input for impact modelling; however, depending on the spatial scale and region ERA5 should at least be considered, in particular for snow-dominated regions.
A new genus of derelomine flower weevil (Curculionidae: Derelomini sensu Franz 2006), Ebenacobius Haran gen. nov., is described to accommodate a clade of species morphologically and phylogenetically distinct from other genera in this tribe. This genus can be diagnosed as follows: protibiae armed with an apical mucro, claws free, eye convexity exceeding the contour of head in dorsal view and forehead with a median furrow. In total, 19 species are recognized in this genus; 14 species are described as new (E. curvisetis Haran gen. et sp. nov.; E. duplicatus Haran gen. et sp. nov.; E. grobbelaarae Haran gen. et sp. nov.; E. hessei Haran gen. et sp. nov.; E. hippopotamorum Haran gen. et sp. nov.; E. kuscheli Haran gen. et sp. nov.; E. mulanjensis Haran gen. et sp. nov.; E. oberprieleri Haran gen. et sp. nov.; E. rectirostris Haran gen. et sp. nov.; E. san Haran gen. et sp. nov.; E. pedi Haran gen. et sp. nov.; E. thoracicus Haran gen. et sp. nov.; E. tsonga Haran gen. et sp. nov. and E. xhosa Haran gen. et sp. nov.), five species of Derelomus Schoenherr (D. atratus Hesse; D. costalis Fåhraeus; D. incognitus Hesse; D. rhodesianus Hesse; D. turneri Marshall) are hereby transferred to Ebenacobius gen. nov. and one species name is placed in synonymy (Derelomus rugosicollis Hesse, 1929 = Derelomus costalis Fåhraeus, 1844 syn. nov.). Members of Ebenacobius gen. nov. seem to develop in inflorescences of dicot plants, with larval stages of at least two species recovered from the flowers of Euclea species (Ebenaceae). A key to the continental African genera of Derelomini and to species of Ebenacobius gen. nov. is provided. Pictures of habitus and terminalia of adults, along with distribution and life history data are also provided for each species.
Six new species of Amblypsilopus Bigot, 1888 from the Afrotropical region are described and illustrated: A. gabonensis sp. nov. from Gabon, A. martini sp. nov., A. mufindiensis sp. nov. and A. udzungwensis sp. nov. from Tanzania, A. milleri sp. nov. from South Africa, and A. spiniscapus sp. nov. from Ivory Coast. Amblypsilopus gabonensis sp. nov. and A. spiniscapus sp. nov. are remarkable in having a setose antennal scape. Amblypsilopus martini sp. nov. and A. mufindiensis sp. nov. are peculiar in bearing very long setae on the antennal pedicel, mesonotum and scutellum. Amblypsilopus milleri sp. nov. is considered a member of the South African A. fasciatus species group despite its unmodified wing venation. The new species differ also from other similar representatives of the genus in the morphology of the male cercus and the male secondary sexual characters on the legs. The male of A. bevisi (Curran, 1927) is described for the first time. The following species described from females are considered doubtful (nomina dubia): A. flavicollis (Becker, 1923), A. rectangularis (Parent, 1937), A. sudanensis (Parent, 1939) and A. tropicalis (Parent, 1933). Amblypsilopus subfascipennis (Curran, 1926) has a strongly sinuate wing vein dm-m and is transferred to Chrysosoma Guérin-Méneville, 1831 (comb. nov.). Chrysosoma ungulatum Parent, 1941 from Príncipe with an almost straight vein dm-m is transferred to Amblypsilopus (comb. nov.). Chrysosoma centrale Becker, 1923 from Tanzania also has a straight wing vein dm-m and modified fore tarsus, being very close in habitus to A. steelei Grichanov, 1996, and is also transferred to Amblypsilopus (comb. nov.). Chrysosoma asperum Parent, 1933 from South Africa has the same characters, is almost identical to South African A. bevisi and is also transferred here to Amblypsilopus (comb. nov.) and newly synonymized with A. bevisi (syn. nov.). Presently, 66 reliable species of Amblypsilopus are known from the Afrotropical region, including 37 from the Afrotropical mainland. A revised identification key to males of species of the Afrotropical mainland is provided. New records are given for some known species. The species diversity of the Afrotropical fauna and variability of morphological characters in the genus Amblypsilopus are briefly discussed.
Enabling cybersecurity and protecting personal data are crucial challenges in the development and provision of digital service chains. Data and information are the key ingredients in the creation process of new digital services and products. While legal and technical problems are frequently discussed in academia, ethical issues of digital service chains and the commercialization of data are seldom investigated. Thus, based on outcomes of the Horizon2020 PANELFIT project, this work discusses current ethical issues related to cybersecurity. Utilizing expert workshops and encounters as well as a scientific literature review, ethical issues are mapped on individual steps of digital service chains. Not surprisingly, the results demonstrate that ethical challenges cannot be resolved in a general way, but need to be discussed individually and with respect to the ethical principles that are violated in the specific step of the service chain. Nevertheless, our results support practitioners by providing and discussing a list of ethical challenges to enable legally compliant as well as ethically acceptable solutions in the future.
In this short note, we investigate simultaneous recovery inverse problems for semilinear elliptic equations with partial data. The main technique is based on higher order linearization and monotonicity approaches. With these methods at hand, we can determine the diffusion, cavity and coefficients simultaneously by knowing the corresponding localized Dirichlet-Neumann operators.
Can reenactment both as reactivation of images and restaging of exhibitions be considered an alternative way of tackling the critical task to re-present art history (i.e., to present it anew) in the here and now, over and over and over again? The gesture of restoring visibility to something no longer present, reactivating or reembodying it as an object/image in and for the present, is here proposed as a (political) act of restitution and historical recontextualization. Examining the boundaries between past and present, original and copy (as well as originality and copyright), repetition and variation, authenticity and auraticity, presence and absence, canon and appropriation, durée and transience, the paper focuses on remediation, reinterpretation, and reconstruction as creative gestures and cultural promises in contemporary art practice, curatorship, and museology.
Locating authenticity in artworks that are remade (all or in part) or re-performed over time presents a unique challenge for art conservators, whose activities have traditionally been oriented toward caring for the material aspects of art objects. The paper offers a brief overview of perspectives on authenticity and discusses various theoretical models that have been developed to conceptualize how media, installation, and performance artworks are displayed and cared for over time. These include the score/performance model, the concepts of autographicity and allographicity, the concept of iteration, and authenticity as a practice. The author proposes a theoretical model based on the ritual aspects of presenting artworks, arguing that authenticity, repetition, and community participation can be reconciled within a ritual context.
The reactivation of Rudi Fuchs' 1983 exhibition 'Summer Display' took place in 2009 as part of the collection series, 'Play van Abbe part 1: The Game and the Players', and was entitled 'Repetition: Summer Display 1983'. The reconstruction questioned the codes and systems used within (but also consciously and unconsciously outside) the museum and raised several questions, including: what story did the original composers want to tell, and how can this piece of history be understood today? Is the new presentation a separate exhibition entirely or a copy of the 'original' one? What is then the difference between the idea of copy, repetition, and reenactment? And what is the role of the museum's archive in the process of restaging? What can curatorial institutional archives tell us about the museum itself?
The article studies civil wars and trust dynamics from two perspectives. It looks, first, at rebel governance during ongoing armed conflict and, second, at mass mobilisation against the regime in post-conflict societies. Both contexts are marked by extraordinarily high degrees of uncertainty given continued, or collective memory of, violence and repression.
But what happens to trust relations under conditions of extreme uncertainty? Intuitively, one would assume that trust is shaken or even substantially eroded in such moments, as political and social orders are questioned on a fundamental level and threaten to collapse. However, while it is true that some forms of trust are under assault in situations of civil war and mass protests, we find empirical evidence which suggests that these situations also give rise to the formation of other kinds of trust. We argue that, in order to detect and explain these trust dynamics in contexts of extreme uncertainty, there should be more systematic studies of: (a) synchronous dynamics between different actors and institutions which imply trust dynamics happening simultaneously, (b) diachronous dynamics and the sequencing of trust dynamics over several phases of violent conflict or episodes of contention, as well as long-term structural legacies of the past. In both dimensions, microlevel relations, as well as their embeddedness in larger structures, help explain how episodes of (non-)violent contention become a critical juncture for political and social trust.
Two new species of shrubs in the genus Lasianthus Jack (Rubiaceae), L. naikii V.S.Dang & Vuong sp. nov. and L. sonlangensis V.S.Dang, Vuong & Quan sp. nov. from Kon Chu Rang Nature Reserve of Gia Lai Province in southern Vietnam, are described and illustrated. The similarities and differences of two new species with the morphologically closest allies are presented. Descriptions, illustrations, colour plates and vernacular names are provided.
The Sri Lankan species of the genus Carrhotus Thorell,1891 have remained taxonomically unrevised. The present study reviews all species of the genus in the island. Here we describe and diagnose three new species: Carrhotus albosetosus sp. nov. (♀), C. atratus sp. nov. (♂♀) and C. lobatus sp. nov. (♂). Further, C. silanthi Caleb, 2020 is reported in Sri Lanka for the first time. Carrhotus taprobanicus Simon, 1902 and C. viduus (C.L. Koch, 1846) are redescribed based on material from Sri Lanka. A key to the Carrhotus species in Sri Lanka is given.
This work is about resumptive and non-resumptive relative clauses (RCs) in the three big Ibero-Romance languages: Spanish, Portuguese, and Catalan. In (1), the examined structures are exemplified for Spanish: (1a.) No conozco el hombre que viste _ ayer. “I don’t know the man that you saw yesterday.” (1b.) Es este el hombre que le enviaron el libro. “This is the man to whom they sent the book.” (1c.) Es este el hombre a quien le enviaron el libro. “This is the man to whom they sent the book.”
(1a.) displays a non-resumptive, or canonical, RC, which is characterized by the canonical use of a relativizing operator and a gap in the subordinate’s object position, a piece of evidence which has induced most of the generative literature to assume wh-movement of the relative operator in the sense of Chomsky (1977). The last two decades, however, have seen a big debate regarding the exact derivational analysis, starting with Kayne’s (1994) antisymmetry theory and the following focus on reconstruction and anti-reconstruction effects in RCs. This search for the correct starting site of the RC’s head noun has dismissed the original Head External Analysis (HEA) (Chomsky 1965, 1977) and led to the development of a Head Raising Analysis (RA) (Kayne 1994, Bianchi 1999, a.o.) and a Matching Analysis (MA) (Munn 1994, Sauerland 1998, a.o.). The discussion in this work argues that the data on reconstruction and anti-reconstruction effects are not sufficiently clear and reliable in order to adopt one of the head-internal analyses, i.e. a HEA or a MA. Instead, the work follows a variant of the HEA proposed for Portuguese by Rinke & Aßmann (2017), which adheres to standard assumptions about Romance syntax, and avoids the empirical problems that the other proposals have to face. Arguing that the HEA holds for all Ibero-Romance languages, this work also takes a stance in the debate around the categorical status of the relativizing element que and argues that it is always a D-element, and never of category C, i.e. there is no such thing as a relativizing complementizer (cf. also Kayne 2010, Kato & Nunes 2008, Poletto & Sanfelici 2018).
The work argues that wh-movement in a HEA fashion is the correct analysis also for resumptive relative clauses as in (1b., c.), which crucially lack a gap in argument position but show a resumptive pronominal element instead. Furthermore, it takes advantage of the fact that the choice of such genetically closely related languages like Spanish, Portuguese, and Catalan enables research to address the phenomenon under consideration from a microcomparative perspective, which is “the closest we can come … to a controlled experiment in comparative syntax” (Kayne 2005: 281-282). The descriptive literature suggests that, at least for Spanish and Catalan, there are two types of a resumptive RC structure available: a simple resumption as in (1b.), including mere que, and a complex resumption structure which displays a more complex relativizer like a quien in combination with a resumptive pronoun (1c.). However, a corpus study carried out for this work reveals that speakers of the three languages behave alike insofar as the only resumptive RC used in spontaneous speech is a simple-resumption structure, while complex resumption never occurs. Additionally, a multivariate analysis shows that in all three languages, grammatical case is the most important factor when it comes to the possibility of a resumptive structure in RCs: with a dative argument, simple resumption is obligatory, while for accusative and nominative arguments, resumption is optional. The discussion concludes that simple and complex resumption constitute different phenomena also on a structural level: the latter one is argued to be a subcase of clitic doubling, and therefore, receives an analysis along the lines of Pineda (2016), who argues against a dative alternation in Romance languages and locates the (non-)realisation of the dative clitic in a transitive clitic-doubling structure outside of syntax, it being a case of silent variation along the lines of Sigurðsson (2004) and Kayne (2005). From this perspective, it follows naturally that in Portuguese, complex resumption structures are ungrammatical. Simple resumption, on the other hand, which is a possible structure in all three languages, is argued to represent the phonological counterpart of “scattered deletion”, i.e. the preferred interpretation for an A’-chain according to Chomsky (2003): in the operator position SpecCP, every feature except for the operator feature is deleted, resulting in the phonological outcome que, while in the variable position, everything but the operator is interpreted, resulting in a pronominal element according to the argument’s phi-features.
This work takes a stance in the latest topics on generative analyses for relative clauses. Using not only theoretical considerations but conclusions drawn from empirical data on three languages, it offers a new perspective on pending questions and proposes to take a fresh look on supposedly outdated analyses.
SAFE Update April 2022
(2022)
Apostolepis albicollaris and A. cerradoensis are two Elapomorphini snake species, described within a short timespan, from the Cerrado of central Brazil. In their brief descriptions, these two species were diagnosed from congeners largely based on highly variable external morphological characters. Interestingly enough, A. cerradoensis has remained known based on a single specimen since its description. Here, we present a reanalysis of both type specimens, as well as a careful examination of a large series of specimens formerly assigned to these species, based on the comparison of internal and external morphology. We conclude that both species are synonymous, providing evidence for the recognition of A. cerradoensis as a junior synonym of A. albicollaris. Furthermore, an account of its updated diagnosis, morphological variation, geographic distribution, hemipenial morphology, phylogenetic relationships and an osteological description are also provided. We also discuss its conservation status, suggesting that the species is under threat and qualifies to be listed as Vulnerable (VU ab(iii)), considering its rarity, small geographic range, and persistent environmental threats.
Benthic samples were collected during two expeditions near the Antarctic Peninsula and in the South-Eastern Weddell Sea. During these studies, a new species of Ampharetidae Malmgren, 1867, Anobothrus konstantini Säring & Bick sp. nov., was found. Here we present a detailed description of this species. We used the traditional light microscope and scanning electron microscope (SEM) to identify and describe the diagnostic characters: a circular glandular band on segment 6; an elongate ridge between the notopodia on segment 12 and modified notochaetae on this segment; 16 thoracic, two intermediate and ten abdominal segments. For the first time, micro-computed tomography (micro-CT) was used for a species description of Anobothrus. Micro-CT provided information on the shape of the prostomium (Ampharete-type) and the arrangement of branchiae (four pairs in two rows, without a gap). In addition, we provide quantitative information on the environmental niche based on sediment parameters (chlorophyll a content, organic matter content, chloroplast equivalent, grain size) for the new Anobothrus species, relevant for, e.g., species distribution modelling. Finally, an identification key for all Anobothrus species is provided.
Japanese species of the genus Georissus are revised. Seven species, including two new, G. (Neogeorissus) takahashii sp. nov. and G. (Ne.) satoi sp. nov. are recognized. Georissus (Neogeorissus) sakaii Satô, 1972 and G. (Ne.) katsuoi Nakane, 1995 are synonymized with G. (Ne.) japonicus Satô, 1972. Based on the type series and additional specimens, three subgenera and seven species are (re)described with SEM micrographs of the external morphology and figures of male and female genitalia. The terminology of some structures of the head and the pronotum are redefined for convenience of taxonomy. A key to the Japanese species is also given.
The Asplenium coenobiale complex is distributed in Eastern Asia and Southeast Asia with its distribution center in southwestern China. In this study, we carried out a detailed morphological, cytological, and phylogenetic study by adding two samples from Danxia landform in Guangdong. The sequences of five chloroplast markers and one nuclear marker of the A. coenobiale complex were analyzed with maximum likelihood and Bayesian inference, respectively. The morphological and phylogenetic analyses support the recognition of a new species (A. danxiaense K.W.Xu sp. nov.) of the A. coenobiale complex from a cave of Danxia mountain, Guangdong province, southern China. This new species can be distinguished from A. coenobiale and A. pulcherrimum by having scales narrowly triangular to lanceolate, apex ending in a short apical tail, basal basiscopic pinnule usually largest, fertile segment scarce, and exospore length usually more than 50 μm and shows significant molecular differences from other species in this complex. A detailed description and illustrations are presented.
Gait analysis as a clinical examination method has been increasingly used in recent years. In particular, the external knee adduction moment was often used as a surrogate measure for internal medial knee joint loading, e.g., in elderly individuals with medial knee osteoarthritis. Therefore, the knee adduction moment is also associated with the progression of knee osteoarthritis. Children and adolescents with valgus malalignment have been found to experience a reduced external knee adduction moment, but internal knee joint contact forces, particularly in the lateral compartment, were not previously studied.
First, medial and lateral knee joint contact forces were studied using muskulosceletal modeling in young individuals with and without valgus malalignment treated by guided growth. In addition, a systematic literature review was conducted to explore the relationship between external joint moments and internal joint contact forces. Finally, this relationship was investigated in children and adolescents with and without valgus malalignment. Furthermore, we examined whether statistical models could be determined to accurately predict internal knee joint contact forces by commonly used parameters from three-dimensional gait analysis, such as external knee joint moments.
It was found that guided growth normalized knee joint contact forces after treatment. In addition, the static radiographic mechanical axis angle correlated better after the treatment when the patients showed a typical limb alignment compared to the correlation before guided growth with the valgus malalignment due to compensating strategies during gait. Furthermore, the systematic review showed that the peak medial knee joint contact force was best predicted by the knee adduction moment and even better together with the knee flexion moment in the first half of stance. However, for the second half of stance of the medial knee joint contact force and the entire stance of the lateral knee joint contact force, only low correlations with knee adduction and/or flexion moment were found. Finally, statistical models could be determined with high accuracy for both medial and lateral knee joint contact force, for both peaks in the first and second half of stance, and for both study groups of children and adolescents with and without valgus malalignment by including knee adduction and flexion moment as predictors.
These results demonstrate the importance of examining not only the external knee adduction moment but also the knee flexion moment and, even better, the medial and lateral knee joint contact forces when evaluating knee joint loading. With these statistical models, clinicians can predict the medial and lateral knee joint contact forces without the need to perform musculoskeletal simulations and can therefore use standard three-dimensional gait analysis parameters such as knee adduction and flexion moment. This can improve guided growth treatment in children and adolescents with valgus malalignment with regard to implantation or explantation of the growth restricting plates or to rebound. Instrumented gait analysis could be particularly helpful in borderline cases, as kinematic compensation mechanisms during gait may play a role and the static radiograph alone does not provide information about dynamic joint loads.
A list of abbreviations regarding literature, collections and persons as used by early authors (1758–1779) of scarabaeoid beetles (Insecta: Coleoptera) is given together with modern referrals to the Literature Cited. Notes regarding referential errors are included. Hyperlinks to all mentioned and freely online available publications are provided.
ZooBank registration. urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:8508A5D0-CA65-4BBB-9FD4-8D14AC261F72
A key, an annotated checklist with detailed distribution, biological and host information, and color photographic plates are provided for the 91 species of dacine fruit flies (Diptera: Tephritidae: Dacini) known to occur in Oceania. Dacus virgatus Coquillett, previously a synonym of Bactrocera psidii (Froggatt), is instead considered a junior synonym of B. facialis (Coquillett). The species originally described in 1971 as Dacus (Asiadacus) perpusillus Drew, later reassigned as Bactrocera (Sinodacus) perpusilla (Drew) and in recent years as Zeugodacus (Sinodacus) perpusillus (Drew) actually belongs to genus Dacus, and is transferred back to Dacus, but to the subgenus Neodacus, restored combination. The presence of B. redunca (Drew) is recorded for the first time in New Caledonia. New male lure records include isoeugenol and dihydroeugenol for both B. neoxanthodes Drew and Romig and B. quadrisetosa (Bezzi) and zingerone for Dacus taui (Drew and Romig), all in Vanuatu.
ZooBank registration. urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:A105F057-F2A4-4C14-B82E-14912B319D57
A key, an annotated checklist with detailed distribution, biological and host information, and color photographic plates are provided for the 91 species of dacine fruit flies (Diptera: Tephritidae: Dacini) known to occur in Oceania. Dacus virgatus Coquillett, previously a synonym of Bactrocera psidii (Froggatt), is instead considered a junior synonym of B. facialis (Coquillett). The species originally described in 1971 as Dacus (Asiadacus) perpusillus Drew, later reassigned as Bactrocera (Sinodacus) perpusilla (Drew) and in recent years as Zeugodacus (Sinodacus) perpusillus (Drew) actually belongs to genus Dacus, and is transferred back to Dacus, but to the subgenus Neodacus, restored combination. The presence of B. redunca (Drew) is recorded for the first time in New Caledonia. New male lure records include isoeugenol and dihydroeugenol for both B. neoxanthodes Drew and Romig and B. quadrisetosa (Bezzi) and zingerone for Dacus taui (Drew and Romig), all in Vanuatu.
ZooBank registration. urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:A105F057-F2A4-4C14-B82E-14912B319D57
The nineteen species of Cybocephalidae (Coleoptera) occurring in North America and the West Indies (including Trinidad) are listed and keyed. Cybocephalus skelleyi new species and Cybocephalus edmondsoni new species are described, and Cybocephalus carrabeus T. R. Smith is found to be a new synonym of Cybocephalus geoffereysmithi T. R. Smith. Illustrations of morphological features, including detailed drawings of male genitalia, host records and distribution data, are provided.
ZooBank registration. urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:2425983D-0398-45D4-A728-3BF5991D07BE
New species, synonymy, new records, and taxonomic notes in American Cerambycidae (Coleoptera)
(2022)
Cotyclytus parumnotatus (Zajciw, 1963) (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae: Cerambycinae: Clytini) is revalidated and a neotype is designated. Anatinomma Bates, 1892 (Cerambycinae: Hesperophanini) is reported as a neuter gender and two species-group names are corrected: A. brevicorne Fisher, 1944 and A. insulare Chemsak and Linsley, 1964; the latter is newly recorded from Honduras. Pachymerola vitticollis Bates, 1892 (Cerambycinae: Hyboderini) is recorded for the first time in the Mexican state of Jalisco, and chromatic variation is reported. Smodicum dinellii Bruch, 1911 (Cerambycinae: Smodicini) is recorded from Bolivia; and Corcovado bezarki Martins and Galileo, 2008 (Lamiinae: Hemilophini) is recorded from Belize. Parhippopsis Breuning, 1973 (Lamiinae: Agapanthiini) is synonymized with Rosalba Thomson, 1864 (Lamiinae: Apomecynini) and Rosalba columbiana (Breuning, 1973) is a new combination. Neocompsa flavoquadripunctata Botero and Santos-Silva, new species (Cerambycinae: Neoibidionini), is described from Mexico (Jalisco); Temnopis spiculata Botero and Santos-Silva, new species (Cerambycinae: Oemini) is described from Bolivia (Beni); Trichohippopsis basilaris Botero and Santos-Silva, new species (Lamiinae: Agapanthiini) and Anobrium bicolor Botero and Santos-Silva, new species (Lamiinae: Pteropliini) are described from French Guiana.
ZooBank registration. urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:8722FCF5-3ACB-4CA5-93DD-9A7647163BD0
New information is presented for Neotropical Cerambycidae (Coleoptera). Dolichestola vittipennis Breuning, 1948 is synonymized with D. annulicornis Breuning, 1942, and the species is newly recorded from the Brazilian state of São Paulo. Dolichestola densepunctata Breuning, 1942 is newly recorded from Venezuela and Brazil, and the difference between it and D. annulicornis is reported. Mecas skillmani Santos-Silva and Androw, new species, is described from Mexico (Jalisco). Pannychella callicera (Bates, 1881) is illustrated, and notes on the genus and species are provided. Pannychis Thomson, 1864 is considered a genus different from Mecas LeConte, 1852, and notes on the genus and P. sericea Thomson, 1864, new combination, are given; therefore, Mecas has no subgenera. Pannychina Gilmour, 1962 is synonymized with Dylobolus Thomson, 1868, and Pannychina atripennis (Bates, 1885) is synonymized with Dylobolus rotundicollis Thomson, 1868.
ZooBank registration. urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:DCAB0F19-79E2-462F-B7AB-940BD901237D
Stromatium chilensis Cerda, 1968, an endemic species from Chile, is placed in Malcho Mondaca and Beéche, new genus (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae: Cerambycinae: Hesperophanini). The new genus is compared with Stromatium Audinet-Serville, included in a previous key to Hesperophanini, and a diagnosis and illustrations of the species are provided.
ZooBank registration. urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:215682BF-4BBD-4C7F-BD30-FCF5285C8DB2
Venture capital (VC) funds backed by large multi-fund families tend to perform substantially better due to cross-fund cash flows (CFCFs), a liquidity support mechanism provided by matching distributions and capital calls within a VC fund family. The dynamics of this mechanism coincide with the sensitivity of different stage projects owing to market liquidity conditions. We find that the early-stage funds demand relatively more intra-family CFCFs than later-stage funds during liquidity stress periods. We show that the liquidity improvement based on the timing of CFCF allocation reflects how fund families arrange internal liquidity provision and explains a large part of their outperformance.
Siarhei Biareishyk beschäftigt sich mit Spielarten der Kritik an der platonischen Ideenlehre, die er von der epikureischen Tradition über Spinoza bis hin zu Deleuze verfolgt. Diese habe ein Denken von prozessualer und "modaler Ganzheit" ("modal whole") herausgebildet, das gerade auf die Instabilität und die Endlichkeit des Ganzen abhebe. Damit arbeite sie der Vorstellung sowohl einer möglichen Pluralität von Ganzheiten als auch der einer inneren Heterogenität jedes einzelnen Ganzen bis heute überzeugend zu. Im Gegensatz zu einem von vornherein als übersummativ konzipierten Ganzen entfalte diese Tradition Formen des Ganzen, die dynamisch sind und sich prozesshaft konstituieren. Biareishyk versteht das als Chance, Diversität und Disparatheit philosophisch fundieren zu können, ohne die Hoffnung auf Ganzheit(en) preisgeben zu müssen. Lukrez und Spinoza attestiert er auf diese Art und Weise philosophisch wie politisch ein ganz ähnliches Potential wie das, das Latour oder Cuntz in der Leibniz'schen Monadologie sehen.
Die Vorstellung eines relational organisierten Ganzen nimmt Bruno Latour zum Ausgang für eine grundlegende Kritik der modernen Imaginationen des Staates und seiner Grenzen. Diese Imaginationen beruhten auf einer fragwürdigen Konzeption des Ganzen, die fatale Folgen für die Bekämpfung des Klimawandels wie für eine adäquate Einschätzung der Migration zeitige. Es seien althergebrachte, an die Natur und den Organismus angelehnte Vorstellungen von Ganzheit und Teil, die eine Affirmation des sogenannten Staatskörpers oder auch die einer ökonomischen Marktlogik bis heute irrtümlich als unumgänglich erscheinen ließen. Gleichnisse wie das eines die Gliedmaßen ernährenden Bauches aus Shakespeares "Coriolan" oder Mandevilles bekannte "Bienenfabel" suggerierten, dass jedes Gemeinwesen sich von innen aus Teilen zusammensetzen und sich nach außen klar abgrenzen müsse. Tatsächlich aber seien Innen und Außen als fundamental durchlässige Phänomene zu begreifen. Die Idee eines solide gestuften Ganzen müsse ersetzt werden durch die Idee pluraler Ganzheiten, die aus ständig sich überlappenden und immer nur provisorisch verbundenen Elementen bestünden. Latour ist es folglich nicht um eine Diskreditierung, sondern um eine Neukonzeption sowohl des Ganzen als auch der Relationalität zu tun. Das hat massive Konsequenzen für deren Formgebung. Um der Komplexität politischer Strukturen und aktuellen Problemlagen begegnen zu können, müssten Ganzheiten als Netzwerke und nicht mehr als aus Teilen bestehende Körper vorgestellt werden.
Financial ties between drug companies and medical researchers are thought to bias results published in medical journals. To enable readers to account for such bias, most medical journals require authors to disclose potential conflicts of interest. For such policies to be effective, conflict disclosure must modify readers’ beliefs. We therefore examine whether disclosure of financial ties with industry reduces article citations, indicating a discount. A challenge to estimating this effect is selection as drug companies may seek out higher quality authors as consultants or fund their studies, generating a positive correlation between disclosed conflicts and citations. Our analysis confirms this positive association. Including observable controls for article and author quality attenuates but does not eliminate this relation. To tease out whether other researchers discount articles with conflicts, we perform three tests. First, we show that the positive association is weaker for review articles, which are more susceptible to bias. Second, we examine article recommendations to family physicians by medical experts, who choose from articles that are a priori more homogenous in quality. Here, we find a significantly negative association between disclosure and expert recommendations, consistent with discounting. Third, we conduct an analysis within author and article, exploiting journal policy changes that result in conflict disclosure by an author. We examine the effect of this disclosure on citations to a previously published article by the same author. This analysis reveals a negative citation effect. Overall, we find evidence that disclosures negatively affect citations, consistent with the notion that other researchers discount articles with disclosed conflicts.
Erythropoietin (Epo) is a crucial hormone regulating red blood cell number and consequently the hematocrit. Epo is mainly produced in the kidney by interstitial fibroblast-like cells. Previously, we have shown that in cultures of the immortalized mouse renal fibroblast-like cell line FAIK F3-5, sphingosine 1-phosphate (S1P), by activating S1P1 and S1P3 receptors, can stabilize hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF)-2α and upregulate Epo mRNA and protein synthesis. In this study, we have addressed the role of intracellular iS1P derived from sphingosine kinases (Sphk) 1 and 2 on Epo synthesis in F3-5 cells and in mouse primary cultures of renal fibroblasts. We show that stable knockdown of Sphk2 in F3-5 cells increases HIF-2α protein and Epo mRNA and protein levels, while Sphk1 knockdown leads to a reduction of hypoxia-stimulated HIF-2α and Epo protein. A similar effect was obtained using primary cultures of renal fibroblasts isolated from wildtype mice, Sphk1−/−, or Sphk2−/− mice. Furthermore, selective Sphk2 inhibitors mimicked the effect of genetic Sphk2 depletion and also upregulated HIF-2α and Epo protein levels. The combined blockade of Sphk1 and Sphk2, using Sphk2−/− renal fibroblasts treated with the Sphk1 inhibitor PF543, resulted in reduced HIF-2α and Epo compared to the untreated Sphk2−/− cells. Exogenous sphingosine (Sph) enhanced HIF-2α and Epo, and this was abolished by the combined treatment with the selective S1P1 and S1P3 antagonists NIBR-0213 and TY52156, suggesting that Sph was taken up by cells and converted to iS1P and exported to then act in an autocrine manner through S1P1 and S1P3. The upregulation of HIF-2α and Epo synthesis by Sphk2 knockdown was confirmed in the human hepatoma cell line Hep3B, which is well-established to upregulate Epo production under hypoxia. In summary, these data show that sphingolipids have diverse effects on Epo synthesis. While accumulation of intracellular Sph reduces Epo synthesis, iS1P will be exported to act through S1P1+3 to enhance Epo synthesis. Furthermore, these data suggest that selective inhibition of Sphk2 is an attractive new option to enhance Epo synthesis and thereby to reduce anemia development in chronic kidney disease.
The essays in this volume seek to understand manifold kinds of medieval openness that become visible when one refrains from modern assumptions, and are also interested in how articulations of openness in the Middle Ages often stand in creative tension with forms of closure and can even be empowered by them. The chapters highlight the complex relationship between author, work, and text, but also explore several, often paradoxical, ways in which medieval culture mobilizes forms, practices, and experiences of openness without having a single abstract concept for it.
From opening books to read them, through the continuous effort at opening one's heart to God, to the eventual disclosure of God's mysteries to human beings, Augustine seems to trace an implicit conceptualization of openness in his "Confessions". The words of Matthew 7. 7–8 underlie Augustine's engagement with openness up to the very last sentence of the book, which ends with a sequence of verbs in the passive voice that culminates with the desired manifestation of the divine. The entire endeavour of opening oneself up undertaken in the "Confessions" aims at this final passive openness, which is (always) yet to come as much as human opera are (always) yet to come to completion.
Jameson argues that in 'a society bereft of all historicity', 'what used to be the historical novel can no longer set out to represent the historical past'. The 'postmodern fate' of the historical novel is to be forced to come to terms with 'a new and original historical situation in which we are condemned to seek History by way of our own pop images and simulacra of that history, which itself remains forever out of reach. Salman Rushdie's "Midnight's Children" (1981) and Patrick Süskind's "Das Parfum. Die Geschichte eines Mörders" (1984) stand out as two hugely successful novels from this period that raise questions about historical representation within the space of the popular. They might therefore be used as test cases for Jameson's concerns. "Midnight's Children" is a sprawling story of Indian and British imperial and post-imperial history across the twentieth century. "Das Parfum" tells the tightly framed tale of a murderous perfumer in eighteenth-century France. Seemingly very different texts, they bear one curious similarity: both feature a protagonist with an unusually sensitive sense of smell.
The hypnorum-complex of bumblebees (in the genus Bombus Latreille, 1802) has been interpreted as consisting of a single widespread Old-World species, Bombus hypnorum (Linnaeus, 1758) s. lat., and its closely similar sister species in the New World, B. perplexus Cresson, 1863. We examined barcodes for evidence of species’ gene coalescents within this species complex, using the closely related vagans-group to help calibrate Poisson-tree-process models to a level of branching appropriate for discovering species. The results support seven candidate species within the hypnorum-complex (Bombus taiwanensis Williams, Sung, Lin & Lu, 2022, B. wolongensis Williams, Ren & Xie sp. nov., B. bryorum Richards, 1930, B. hypnorum, B. koropokkrus Sakagami & Ishikawa, 1972, and B. hengduanensis Williams, Ren & Xie sp. nov., plus B. perplexus), which are comparable in status to the currently accepted species of the vagans-group. Morphological corroboration of the coalescent candidate species is subtle but supports the gene coalescents if these candidates are considered near-cryptic species.
Abstract
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is associated with systemic osteoporosis, which leads to severe disability and low quality of life. Current therapies target osteoclasts to reduce bone degradation, but more treatment options would be required to promote bone protection by acting directly on osteoblasts (OB). Recently, the local production of dopamine in inflamed joints of RA has been observed. Thus, in this project, we aimed to determine the implication of the neurotransmitter dopamine in the bone formation process in RA. Dopamine receptors (DR) in the human bone tissue of RA or osteoarthritis (OA) patients were examined by immunohistochemistry. DR in isolated human osteoblasts (OB) was analyzed by flow cytometry, and dopamine content was evaluated by ELISA. Osteoclasts (OC) were differentiated from the PBMCs of healthy controls (HC) and RA patients. Isolated cells were treated with specific dopamine agonists. The effect of dopamine on mineralization was evaluated by Alizarin red staining. Cytokine release in supernatants was measured by ELISA. Osteoclastogenesis was evaluated with TRAP staining. OC markers were analyzed via real-time PCR and bone resorption via staining of resorption pits with toluidine blue. All DR were observed in bone tissue, especially in the bone remodeling area. Isolated OB maintained DR expression, which allowed their study in vitro. Isolated OB expressed tyrosine hydroxylase, the rate-limiting enzyme for dopamine production, and contained dopamine. The activation of D2-like DR significantly increased bone mineralization in RA osteoblasts and increased osteoclastogenesis but did not alter the expression of OC markers nor bone resorption. DR were found in the bone remodeling area of human bone tissue and dopamine can be produced by osteoblasts themselves, thus suggesting a local autocrine/paracrine pathway of dopamine in the bone. D2-like DRs are responsible for bone mineralization in osteoblasts from RA patients without an increase in bone resorption, thus suggesting the D2-like DR pathway as a possible future therapeutic target to counteract bone resorption in arthritis
Cheilostomatid bryozoans are present in large quantities in Miocene sediments of western Kachchh. A detailed investigation, as presented here, has yielded 11 species. Among them, two species – Canda ukirensis sp. nov. and Antropora ramaniaensis sp. nov. – are new to science. Five species had already been reported from the same region, while a genus and the remaining three species are left in open nomenclature pending an exhaustive study using better preserved material.
Meat adulteration is a global problem which undermines market fairness and harms people with allergies or certain religious beliefs. In this study, a novel framework in which a one-dimensional convolutional neural network (1DCNN) serves as a backbone and a random forest regressor (RFR) serves as a regressor, named 1DCNN-RFR, is proposed for the quantitative detection of beef adulterated with pork using electronic nose (E-nose) data. The 1DCNN backbone extracted a sufficient number of features from a multichannel input matrix converted from the raw E-nose data. The RFR improved the regression performance due to its strong prediction ability. The effectiveness of the 1DCNN-RFR framework was verified by comparing it with four other models (support vector regression model (SVR), RFR, backpropagation neural network (BPNN), and 1DCNN). The proposed 1DCNN-RFR framework performed best in the quantitative detection of beef adulterated with pork. This study indicated that the proposed 1DCNN-RFR framework could be used as an effective tool for the quantitative detection of meat adulteration.