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We suggest to explore an entirely new method to experimentally and theoretically study the phase diagram of strongly interacting matter based on the triple nuclear collisions (TNC).We simulated the TNC using the UrQMD 3.4 model at the beam center of- mass collision energies √SNN = 200 GeV and √SNN = 2.76 TeV. It is found that in the most central and simultaneous TNC the initial baryonic charge density is about 3 times higher than the one achieved in the usual binary nuclear collisions at the same energies. As a consequence, the production of protons and Λ-hyperons is increased by a factor of 2 and 1.5, respectively. Using the MIT Bag model equation we study the evolution of the central cell in TNC and demonstrate that for the top RHIC energy of collision the baryonic chemical potential is 2-2.5 times larger than the one achieved in the binary nuclear collision at the same time of reaction. Based on these estimates, we show that TNC offers an entirely new possibility to study the QCD phase diagram at very high baryonic charge densities.
Testing a non-perturbative mechanism for elementary fermion mass generation: numerical results
(2018)
Based on a recent proposal according to which elementary particle masses could be generated by a non-perturbative dynamical phenomenon, alternative to the Higgs mechanism, we carry out lattice simulations of a model where a non-abelian strongly interacting fermion doublet is also coupled to a doublet of complex scalar fields via a Yukawa and an “irrelevant" Wilson-like term. In this pioneering study we use naive fermions and work in the quenched approximation. We present preliminary numerical results both in the Wigner and in the Nambu-Goldstone phase, focusing on the observables relevant to check the occurrence of the conjectured dynamical fermion mass generation effect in the continuum limit of the critical theory in its spontaneously broken phase.
This article presents the first measurement of the interaction between charm hadrons and nucleons. The two-particle momentum correlations of pD− and ¯pD+ pairs are measured by the ALICE Collaboration in high-multiplicity pp collisions at √s=13 TeV. The data are compatible with the Coulomb-only interaction hypothesis within (1.1–1.5)σ. The level of agreement slightly improves if an attractive nucleon (N)¯D strong interaction is considered, in contrast to most model predictions which suggest an overall repulsive interaction. This measurement allows for the first time an estimation of the 68% confidence level interval for the isospin I=0 inverse scattering length of the N¯D state f−10, I=0∈[−0.4,0.9] fm−1, assuming negligible interaction for the isospin I=1 channel.
Die vorliegende Arbeit befasst sich mit der Untersuchung der Transporteigenschaften inklusive Ladungsträgerdynamik von quasi-zweidimensionalen organischen Ladungstransfersalzen. Diese Materialien besitzen eine Schichtstruktur und weisen eine hohe Anisotropie der elektrischen Leitfähigkeit auf. Aufgrund der geringen Bandbreite und der niedrigen Ladungsträgerkonzentration gehören die Materialien zu den stark-korrelierten Elektronensystemen, wobei sich die elektronischen Eigenschaften leicht durch chemische Modifikationen oder äußere Parameter beeinflussen lassen. Die starken Korrelationen resultieren in Metall-Isolator-Übergängen, die sich beim Mott-isolierenden Zustand in einer homogenen Verteilung und beim ladungsgeordneten Zustand in einer periodischen Anordnung der lokalisierten Ladungsträger manifestieren.
Mithilfe der Fluktuationsspektroskopie, die sich mit der Analyse der zeitabhängigen Widerstandsfluktuationen befasst, konnten im Rahmen dieser Arbeit neue Erkenntnisse über die Ladungsträgerdynamik in den verschiedenen elektronischen Zuständen gewonnen werden. Die Metall-Isolator-Übergänge in den untersuchten Systemen, die auf den Molekülen BEDT-TTF (kurz: ET) bzw. BEDT-TSF (kurz: BETS) basieren, sind von der Stärke der strukturellen Dimerisierung abhängig und wurden durch die Kühlrate, eine Zugbelastung sowie durch die Ausnutzung des Feldeffekts beeinflusst.
In den Systemen κ-(BETS)₂Mn[N(CN)₂]₃, κ-(ET)₂Hg(SCN)₂Cl und κ-(ET)₂Cu[N(CN)₂]Br sind die Donormoleküle als Dimere angeordnet, sodass aufgrund der effektiv halben Bandfüllung bei genügender Korrelationsstärke häufig ein Mott-Übergang auftritt. In κ-(ET)₂Hg(SCN)₂Cl führt eine schwächere Dimerisierung jedoch zu einem Ladungsordnungsübergang, der mit elektronischer Ferroelektrizität einhergeht. Dabei wird die polare Ordnung durch eine Ladungsdisproportionierung innerhalb der Dimere verursacht. Die Widerstandsfluktuationen zeigen am ferroelektrischen Übergang einen starken Anstieg der spektralen Leistungsdichte, eine Abhängigkeit vom angelegten elektrischen Feld sowie Zeitabhängigkeiten, die auf räumliche Korrelationen der fluktuierenden Prozesse hindeuten. Diese Eigenschaften wurden ebenfalls für das System κ-(BETS)₂Mn[N(CN)₂]₃ beobachtet. Hierbei wurden mithilfe der dielektrischen Spektroskopie ebenfalls Hinweise auf Ferroelektrizität gefunden, während durch die Analyse der stromabhängigen Widerstandsfluktuationen die Größe der polaren Regionen abgeschätzt werden konnte. Das System κ-(ET)₂Cu[N(CN)₂]Br, das in einer Feldeffekttransistor-Struktur vorliegt, erlaubt neben der Untersuchung des Bandbreiten-getriebenen Mott-Übergangs durch die Zugbelastung eines Substrats auch die Beeinflussung der elektronischen Eigenschaften durch die Änderung der Bandfüllung mittels elektrostatischer Dotierung. Hierbei wurden starke Abhängigkeiten des Widerstands von der Gatespannung beobachtet und Ähnlichkeiten der Ladungsträgerdynamik zu herkömmlichen Volumenproben gefunden.
Bei den Systemen θ-(ET)₂MM'(SCN)₄ mit MM'=CsCo, RbZn, TlZn tritt ein Ladungsordnungsübergang auf, der eine starke Abhängigkeit von der Kühlrate zeigt. Durch schnelles Abkühlen lässt sich der Phasenübergang erster Ordnung kinetisch vermeiden, wodurch ein Ladungsglaszustand realisiert wird. Dieser metastabile Zustand zeigt neuartige physikalische Eigenschaften mit Ähnlichkeiten zu herkömmlichen Gläsern und wurde als Folge der geometrischen Frustration der Ladung auf einem Dreiecksgitter diskutiert. Im Rahmen dieser Arbeit konnte die Ladungsträgerdynamik in den verschiedenen Ladungszuständen von unterschiedlich frustrierten Systemen verglichen werden. Zur Realisierung sehr schneller Abkühlraten wurde dafür eine Heizpulsmethode verwendet und weiterentwickelt. Der Ladungsglaszustand zeigte dabei für verschiedene Systeme ein deutlich niedrigeres Rauschniveau als der ladungsgeordnete Zustand. In Kombination mit Messungen der thermischen Ausdehnung und kühlratenabhängiger Transportmessungen wurde in den Systemen mit der stärksten Frustration die Existenz eines strukturellen Glasübergangs nachgewiesen, der von einer starken Verlangsamung der Ladungsträgerdynamik begleitet wird. Diese Erkenntnisse werfen ein neues Licht auf die bisherige rein elektronische Interpretation des Ladungsglaszustands und heben den Einfluss der strukturellen Freiheitsgrade hervor.
We study the impact of the Gradient Flow on the topology in various models of lattice field theory. The topological susceptibility Xt is measured directly, and by the slab method, which is based on the topological content of sub-volumes (“slabs”) and estimates Xt even when the system remains trapped in a fixed topological sector. The results obtained by both methods are essentially consistent, but the impact of the Gradient Flow on the characteristic quantity of the slab method seems to be different in 2-flavour QCD and in the 2d O(3) model. In the latter model, we further address the question whether or not the Gradient Flow leads to a finite continuum limit of the topological susceptibility (rescaled by the correlation length squared, ξ2). This ongoing study is based on direct measurements of Xt in L × L lattices, at L/ξ ≃6.
ALICE (A Large Heavy Ion Experiment) is one of the four large scale experiments at the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) at CERN. The High Level Trigger (HLT) is an online computing farm, which reconstructs events recorded by the ALICE detector in real-time. The most computing-intensive task is the reconstruction of the particle trajectories. The main tracking devices in ALICE are the Time Projection Chamber (TPC) and the Inner Tracking System (ITS). The HLT uses a fast GPU-accelerated algorithm for the TPC tracking based on the Cellular Automaton principle and the Kalman filter. ALICE employs gaseous subdetectors which are sensitive to environmental conditions such as ambient pressure and temperature and the TPC is one of these. A precise reconstruction of particle trajectories requires the calibration of these detectors. As our first topic, we present some recent optimizations to our GPU-based TPC tracking using the new GPU models we employ for the ongoing and upcoming data taking period at LHC. We also show our new approach to fast ITS standalone tracking. As our second topic, we present improvements to the HLT for facilitating online reconstruction including a new flat data model and a new data flow chain. The calibration output is fed back to the reconstruction components of the HLT via a feedback loop. We conclude with an analysis of a first online calibration test under real conditions during the Pb-Pb run in November 2015, which was based on these new features.
The dynamics of strange pseudoscalar and vector mesons in hot and dense nuclear matter is studied within a chiral unitary framework in coupled channels. Our results set up the starting point for implementations in microscopic transport approaches of heavy-ion collisions, particularly at the conditions of the forthcoming experiments at GSI/FAIR and NICA-Dubna. In the K̄ N sector we focus on the calculation of (off-shell) transition rates for the most relevant binary reactions involved in strangeness production close to threshold energies, with special attention to the excitation of sub-threshold hyperon resonances and isospin effects (e.g. K̄ p vs K̄ n). We also give an overview of recent theoretical developments regarding the dynamics of strange vector mesons (K*, K̄* and ϕ) in the nuclear medium, in connection with experimental activity from heavy-ion collisions and nuclear production reactions. We emphasize the role of hadronic decay modes and the excitation of hyperon resonances as the driving mechanisms modifying the properties of vector mesons.
We analysed our experimental recent findings of the dipole response of the odd-mass stable nucleus 205Tl within the quasi-particle phonon model. Using the phonon basis constructed for the neighbouring 204Hg and wave function configurations for 205Tl consisting of a mixture of quasiparticle ⊗ N-phonon configurations (N=0,1,2), only one group of fragmented dipole excited states has been reproduced at 5.5 MeV in comparison to the experimental distribution which shows a second group at about 5 MeV. The computed dipole transition strengths are mainly of E1 character which could be associated to the pygmy dipole resonance.
The aim of this paper is to understand resonance production (and more generally particle production) for different collision systems, namely proton-proton (pp), proton-nucleus (pA), and nucleus-nucleus (AA) scattering at the LHC. We will investigate in particular particle yields and ratios versus multiplicity, using the same multiplicity definition for the three different systems, in order to analyse in a compact way the evolution of particle production with the system size and the origin of a very different system size dependence of the different particles.
In addition to the well-established quadrupole mixed-symmetry states, octupole and hexadecapole excitations with mixed-symmetry character have been recently proposed for the N = 52 isotones 92Zr and 94Mo. We performed two inelastic proton-scattering experiments to study this kind of excitations in the heaviest stable N = 52 isotone 96Ru. From the combined experimental data of both experiments absolute transition strengths were extracted.
The decay behavior of low-lying dipole states in 140Ce was investigated exploiting the γ3-setup at the HIγS facility using quasi-monochromatic photon beams. Branching ratios of individual excited states as well as average branching ratios to low-lying states have been extracted using γ – γ coincidence measurements. The comparison of the average branching ratios to QPM calculations shows a remarkable agreement between experiment and theory in the energy range from 5.0 to 8.5 MeV.
The electric dipole strength distribution in 130Te has been investigated using the method of Nuclear Resonance Fluorescence. The experiments were performed at the Darmstadt High Intensity Photon Setup using bremsstrahlung as photon source and at the High Intensity -Ray Source, where quasi-monochromatic and polarized photon beams are provided. Average decay properties of 130Te below the neutron separation energy are determined. Comparing the experimental data to the predictions of the statistical model indicate, that nuclear structure effects play an important role even at sufficiently high excitation energies. Preliminary results will be presented.
Fragment mass distributions for fission after full momentum transfer were measured in the reactions of 30Si,34,36 S,31P,40Ar + 238U at bombarding energies around the Coulomb barrier. Mass distributions change significantly as a function of incident beam energy. The asymmetric fission probability increases at sub-barrier energy. The phenomenon is interpreted as an enhanced quasifission probability owing to orientation effects on fusion and/or quasifission. The evaporation residue (ER) cross sections were measured in the reactions of 30Si + 238U and 34S + 238U to obtain information on fusion. In the latter reaction, significant suppression of fusion was implied. This suggests that fission events different from compound nucleus are included in the masssymmetric fragments. The results are supported by a model calculation based on a dynamical calculation using Langevin equation, in which the mass distribution for fusion-fission and quasifission fragments are separately determined.
Fission fragment mass distributions were measured in heavy-ion induced fissions using 238U target nucleus. The measured mass distributions changed drastically with incident energy. The results are explained by a change of the ratio between fusion and qasifission with nuclear orientation. A calculation based on a fluctuation dissipation model reproduced the mass distributions and their incident energy dependence. Fusion probability was determined in the analysis, and the values were consistent with those determined from the evaporation residue cross sections.
Charmonium production in heavy ion collisions is considered as an important diagnostic probe for studying the phase diagram of strongly interacting matter for potential phase transitions. The interpretation of existing data from the CERN SPS is hampered by a lack of knowledge on the properties of open charm particle production in the fireball. Moreover, open charm production in heavy ion collisions by itself is poorly understood. To overcome this obstacle, the NA61/SHINE was equipped with a Small Acceptance Vertex Detector (SAVD), which is predicted to make the experiment sensitive to open charm mesons produced in A-A collisions at the SPS top energy. This paper will introduce the concept and the hardware of the SAVD. Moreover, first running experience as obtained in a commissioning run with a 150 AGeV/c Pb+Pb collision system will be reported.
The 23Al(p, γ)24Si stellar reaction rate has a significant impact on the light-curve emitted in X-ray bursts. Theoretical calculations show that the reaction rate is mainly determined by the properties of direct capture as well as low-lying 2+ states and a possible 4+ state in 24Si. Currently, there is little experimental information on the properties of these states.
In this proceeding we will present a new experimental study to investigate this reaction, using the surrogate reaction 23Al(d,n) at 47 AMeV at the National Superconducting Cyclotron Laboratory (NSCL). We will discuss our new experimental setup which allows us to use full kinematics employing the Gamma-Ray Energy Tracking In-beam Nuclear Array (GRETINA) to detect the γ-rays following the de-excitation of excited states of the reaction products and the Low Energy Neutron Detector Array (LENDA) to detect the recoiling neutrons. The S800 was used for identification of the 24Si recoils. As a proof of principle to show the feasibility of this concept the Q-value spectrum of 22Mg(d,n)23Al is reconstructed.
The determination of astrophysically relevant neutron-induced cross sections is particularly difficult when the involved isotopes are radioactive or the cross sections are very small. Activation experiments at reactors offer the possibility to overcome these limitations with high neutron fluxes. The flux determination is typically based on the activation of two monitors with known cross sections to separate the different flux components. The usually applied cadmium difference method allows a distinction between the thermal and the epithermal part. By a combination of two linear functions representing both monitors the neutron flux components can be determined. However, if more than two monitors are used, the linear system of equations is overdetermined, which allows the identification of a probability distribution. In this proceeding, the feasibility and relevance of this method is demonstrated.
The complementary (γ, γ′) and (α, α′γ) reactions were used to study the isospin properties of low-lying E1 excitations in the doubly-magic nucleus 48Ca. In contrast to heavier nuclei, a state-to-state change in isospin character was revealed in 48Ca and a dominant isoscalar excitation was found which is interpreted as an isoscalar oscillation. Recently, protons at 80 MeV were used as an additional hadronic probe in a p-γ coincidence experiment on 140Ce for the first time. Results of the experiments on 48Ca and first results of the 140Ce will be presented in this contribution.
The quantum van der Waals (QvdW) extension of the ideal hadron resonance gas (HRG) model which includes the attractive and repulsive interactions between baryons – the QvdW-HRG model – is applied to study the behavior of the baryon number related susceptibilities in the crossover temperature region. Inclusion of the QvdW interactions leads to a qualitatively different behavior of susceptibilities, in many cases resembling lattice QCD simulations. It is shown that for some observables, in particular for χBQ11/χB2, effects of the QvdW interactions essentially cancel out. It is found that the inclusion of the finite resonance widths leads to an improved description of χB2, but it also leads to a worse description of χBQ11/χB2, as compared to the lattice data. On the other hand, inclusion of the extra, unconfirmed baryons into the hadron list leads to a simultaneous improvement in the description of both observables.